EE101: RLC Circuits (with DC sources)

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit

i R L

VR VL

V0 C VC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit

i R L

VR VL

V0 C VC

1
Z
di
KVL: VR + VL + VC = V0 i R + L + i dt = V0
dt C

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit

i R L

VR VL

V0 C VC

1
Z
di
KVL: VR + VL + VC = V0 i R + L + i dt = V0
dt C
Differentiating w. r. t. t, we get,
di d 2i 1
R +L 2 + i = 0.
dt dt C

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit

i R L

VR VL

V0 C VC

1
Z
di
KVL: VR + VL + VC = V0 i R + L + i dt = V0
dt C
Differentiating w. r. t. t, we get,
di d 2i 1
R +L 2 + i = 0.
dt dt C
d 2i R di 1
i.e., + + i = 0,
dt 2 L dt LC
a second-order ODE with constant coefficients.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC

I0 R L C V

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC

I0 R L C V

1 1
Z
dV
KCL: iR + iL + iC = I0 V+ V dt + C = I0
R L dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC

I0 R L C V

1 1
Z
dV
KCL: iR + iL + iC = I0 V+ V dt + C = I0
R L dt
Differentiating w. r. t. t, we get,
1 dV 1 d 2V
+ V +C = 0.
R dt L dt 2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC

I0 R L C V

1 1
Z
dV
KCL: iR + iL + iC = I0 V+ V dt + C = I0
R L dt
Differentiating w. r. t. t, we get,
1 dV 1 d 2V
+ V +C = 0.
R dt L dt 2
d 2V 1 dV 1
i.e., + + V = 0,
dt 2 RC dt LC
a second-order ODE with constant coefficients.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

* A series RLC circuit driven by a constant current source is trivial to analyze.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

* A series RLC circuit driven by a constant current source is trivial to analyze.

Since the current through each element is known, the voltage can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
di
VR = i R, VL = L , VC = i dt .
dt C

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

* A series RLC circuit driven by a constant current source is trivial to analyze.

Since the current through each element is known, the voltage can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
di
VR = i R, VL = L , VC = i dt .
dt C
* A parallel RLC circuit driven by a constant voltage source is trivial to analyze.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

* A series RLC circuit driven by a constant current source is trivial to analyze.

Since the current through each element is known, the voltage can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
di
VR = i R, VL = L , VC = i dt .
dt C
* A parallel RLC circuit driven by a constant voltage source is trivial to analyze.
Since the voltage across each element is known, the current can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
dV
iR = V /R, iC = C , iL = V dt .
dt L

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

i R L

VR VL iR iL iC

I0 C VC V0 R L C V

* A series RLC circuit driven by a constant current source is trivial to analyze.

Since the current through each element is known, the voltage can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
di
VR = i R, VL = L , VC = i dt .
dt C
* A parallel RLC circuit driven by a constant voltage source is trivial to analyze.
Since the voltage across each element is known, the current can be found in a
straightforward manner.
1
Z
dV
iR = V /R, iC = C , iL = V dt .
dt L
* The above equations hold even if the applied voltage or current is not constant,
and the variables of interest can still be easily obtained without solving a
differential equation.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Series/Parallel RLC circuits

A general RLC circuit (with one inductor and one capacitor) also leads to a
second-order ODE. As an example, consider the following circuit:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

A general RLC circuit (with one inductor and one capacitor) also leads to a
second-order ODE. As an example, consider the following circuit:

i R1 L

V0 C V R2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

A general RLC circuit (with one inductor and one capacitor) also leads to a
second-order ODE. As an example, consider the following circuit:

i R1 L

V0 C V R2

di
V0 = R1 i + L +V (1)
dt
dV 1
i =C + V (2)
dt R2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series/Parallel RLC circuits

A general RLC circuit (with one inductor and one capacitor) also leads to a
second-order ODE. As an example, consider the following circuit:

i R1 L

V0 C V R2

di
V0 = R1 i + L +V (1)
dt
dV 1
i =C + V (2)
dt R2
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
V0 = R1 CV 0 + V /R2 + L CV 00 + V 0 /R2 + V , (3)

00 0
V [LC ] + V [R1 C + L/R2 ] + V [1 + R1 /R2 ] = V0 . (4)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

Consider the second-order ODE with constant coefficients,

d 2y dy
+a + b y = K (constant) .
dt 2 dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

Consider the second-order ODE with constant coefficients,

d 2y dy
+a + b y = K (constant) .
dt 2 dt
The general solution y (t) can be written as,

y (t) = y (h) (t) + y (p) (t) ,

where y (h) (t) is the solution of the homogeneous equation,
d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
and y (p) (t) is a particular solution.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

Consider the second-order ODE with constant coefficients,

d 2y dy
+a + b y = K (constant) .
dt 2 dt
The general solution y (t) can be written as,

y (t) = y (h) (t) + y (p) (t) ,

where y (h) (t) is the solution of the homogeneous equation,
d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
and y (p) (t) is a particular solution.
Since K = constant, a particular solution is simply y (p) (t) = K /b.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

Consider the second-order ODE with constant coefficients,

d 2y dy
+a + b y = K (constant) .
dt 2 dt
The general solution y (t) can be written as,

y (t) = y (h) (t) + y (p) (t) ,

where y (h) (t) is the solution of the homogeneous equation,
d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
and y (p) (t) is a particular solution.
Since K = constant, a particular solution is simply y (p) (t) = K /b.
In the context of RLC circuits, y (p) (t) is the steady-state value of the variable of
interest, i.e.,

y (p) = lim y (t),

t
which can be often found by inspection.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

For the homogeneous equation,

d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
we first find the roots of the associated characteristic equation,
r2 + a r + b = 0 .
Let the roots be r1 and r2 . We have the following possibilities:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

For the homogeneous equation,

d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
we first find the roots of the associated characteristic equation,
r2 + a r + b = 0 .
Let the roots be r1 and r2 . We have the following possibilities:
* r1 , r2 are real, r1 6= r2 (overdamped)
y (h) (t) = C1 exp(r1 t) + C2 exp(r2 t) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

For the homogeneous equation,

d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
we first find the roots of the associated characteristic equation,
r2 + a r + b = 0 .
Let the roots be r1 and r2 . We have the following possibilities:
* r1 , r2 are real, r1 6= r2 (overdamped)
y (h) (t) = C1 exp(r1 t) + C2 exp(r2 t) .
* r1 , r2 are complex, r1,2 = j (underdamped)
y (h) (t) = exp(t) [C1 cos(t) + C2 sin(t)] .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

General solution

For the homogeneous equation,

d 2y dy
+a + by = 0,
dt 2 dt
we first find the roots of the associated characteristic equation,
r2 + a r + b = 0 .
Let the roots be r1 and r2 . We have the following possibilities:
* r1 , r2 are real, r1 6= r2 (overdamped)
y (h) (t) = C1 exp(r1 t) + C2 exp(r2 t) .
* r1 , r2 are complex, r1,2 = j (underdamped)
y (h) (t) = exp(t) [C1 cos(t) + C2 sin(t)] .
* r1 = r2 = (critically damped)
y (h) (t) = exp(t) [C1 t + C2 ] .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

iL (0 ) = 0 A iL (0+ ) = 0 A.
V (0 ) = 0 V V (0+ ) = 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

iL (0 ) = 0 A iL (0+ ) = 0 A.
V (0 ) = 0 V V (0+ ) = 0 V .
d 2V 1 dV 1
+ + V = 0 (as derived earlier)
dt 2 RC dt LC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

iL (0 ) = 0 A iL (0+ ) = 0 A.
V (0 ) = 0 V V (0+ ) = 0 V .
d 2V 1 dV 1
+ + V = 0 (as derived earlier)
dt 2 RC dt LC
The roots of the characteristic equation are (show this):
r1 = 0.65 105 s 1 , r2 = 0.35 105 s 1 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

iL (0 ) = 0 A iL (0+ ) = 0 A.
V (0 ) = 0 V V (0+ ) = 0 V .
d 2V 1 dV 1
+ + V = 0 (as derived earlier)
dt 2 RC dt LC
The roots of the characteristic equation are (show this):
r1 = 0.65 105 s 1 , r2 = 0.35 105 s 1 .
The general expression for V (t) is,
V (t) = A exp(r1 t) + B exp(r2 t) + V (),

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH
I0 = 100 mA

iL (0 ) = 0 A iL (0+ ) = 0 A.
V (0 ) = 0 V V (0+ ) = 0 V .
d 2V 1 dV 1
+ + V = 0 (as derived earlier)
dt 2 RC dt LC
The roots of the characteristic equation are (show this):
r1 = 0.65 105 s 1 , r2 = 0.35 105 s 1 .
The general expression for V (t) is,
V (t) = A exp(r1 t) + B exp(r2 t) + V (),
i.e., V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ) + V (),
where 1 = 1/r1 = 15.4 s, 2 = 1/r1 = 28.6 s.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)
+ dV +
Our other initial condition is iL (0 ) = 0 A, which can be used to obtain (0 ).
dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)
+ dV +
Our other initial condition is iL (0 ) = 0 A, which can be used to obtain (0 ).
dt
+ 1 + dV +
iL (0 ) = I0 V (0 ) C (0 ) = 0 A, which gives
R dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)
+ dV +
Our other initial condition is iL (0 ) = 0 A, which can be used to obtain (0 ).
dt
+ 1 + dV +
iL (0 ) = I0 V (0 ) C (0 ) = 0 A, which gives
R dt
(A/1 ) + (B/2 ) = I0 /C . (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)
+ dV +
Our other initial condition is iL (0 ) = 0 A, which can be used to obtain (0 ).
dt
+ 1 + dV +
iL (0 ) = I0 V (0 ) C (0 ) = 0 A, which gives
R dt
(A/1 ) + (B/2 ) = I0 /C . (2)

From (1) and (2), we get the values of A and B, and

V (t) = 3.3 [exp(t/1 ) exp(t/2 )] V . (3)

(SEQUEL file: ee101 rlc 1.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Parallel RLC circuit

diL
As t , V = L = 0 V V () = 0 V .
dt
V (t) = A exp(t/1 ) + B exp(t/2 ),
Since V (0+ ) = 0 V , we have,
A + B = 0. (1)
+ dV +
Our other initial condition is iL (0 ) = 0 A, which can be used to obtain (0 ).
dt
+ 1 + dV +
iL (0 ) = I0 V (0 ) C (0 ) = 0 A, which gives
R dt
(A/1 ) + (B/2 ) = I0 /C . (2)

From (1) and (2), we get the values of A and B, and

V (t) = 3.3 [exp(t/1 ) exp(t/2 )] V . (3)

(SEQUEL file: ee101 rlc 1.sqproj)

100
0.8 iL (mA)
iR iL iC R=10
C=1 F 0.6
I0 R L C V
L=0.44 mH 0.4 iR (mA)
I0 = 100 mA 0.2 V (Volts)
iC (mA)
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
time (ms) time (ms)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

(a) Show that the condition for critically damped response is R = 63.2 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

(a) Show that the condition for critically damped response is R = 63.2 .
(b) For R = 20 , derive expressions for i(t) and VL (t) for t > 0 (Assume that
VC (0 ) = 0 V and iL (0 ) = 0 A). Plot them versus time.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

(a) Show that the condition for critically damped response is R = 63.2 .
(b) For R = 20 , derive expressions for i(t) and VL (t) for t > 0 (Assume that
VC (0 ) = 0 V and iL (0 ) = 0 A). Plot them versus time.
(c) Repeat (b) for R = 100 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

(a) Show that the condition for critically damped response is R = 63.2 .
(b) For R = 20 , derive expressions for i(t) and VL (t) for t > 0 (Assume that
VC (0 ) = 0 V and iL (0 ) = 0 A). Plot them versus time.
(c) Repeat (b) for R = 100 .
(d) Compare your results with the following plots.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rlc 2.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Series RLC circuit: home work

i R L

VR VL
5V
Vs C VC
0V L=1 mH
t=0
C=1 F

(a) Show that the condition for critically damped response is R = 63.2 .
(b) For R = 20 , derive expressions for i(t) and VL (t) for t > 0 (Assume that
VC (0 ) = 0 V and iL (0 ) = 0 A). Plot them versus time.
(c) Repeat (b) for R = 100 .
(d) Compare your results with the following plots.
(SEQUEL file: ee101 rlc 2.sqproj)
R = 20 R = 100
8
VC
5
VC
4
VL VR
0 VL
VR
0
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (ms) time (ms)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay