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Xử lý nước nồi hơi và cách chọn hệ thống xử lý nước: Tags
Xử lý nước nồi hơi và cách chọn hệ thống xử lý nước: Tags
nc
LN CP NHT CUI LC TH BY, 10 THNG 8 2013 21:31TH BY, 10 THNG 8 2013 21:04
Tags:
hi nc qu nhit
kim nh ni hi
l hi
ni hi
Cht lng nc cung cp cho l hi c ngha rt quan trng i vi vic m bo s an ton khi l vn hnh.
Ngun nc cp cho l thng ln cc tp cht tan v khng tan trong nc.
Nhng cht tan trong nc: nhng cht ny thng dng lng cc v c th phn hy thnh ion nh: Ca 2+,
Mg2+, Na+, K+,, Cl-, ,
Nhng cht khng ha tan lm cho nc b c. Nhng ht nh c kch thc <0,0001mm hu nh khng lng
ng m l lng trong nc.
X l nc ni hi (l hi)
c tnh ca nc:
Ngoi Ph, ngi ta cn nh gi cht lng ca nc theo cc ch tiu sau: cng, kim, kh kt,
cng ca nc l tng nng cc ion Canxi m Magi c trong nc. cng c th o bng milligram ng
lng trong mt lt nc.
kim ca nc l tng hm lng cc ion bicacbonat, hydrat l nhng gc mui ca cc axit yu khc.
Nc c a vo l tuy c x l nhng vn cn mt lng nht nh nhng cht tan v khng tan trong
nc. Trong qu trnh lm vic, nhng cht ny tr thnh pha cng tch ra khi nc di dng cu bm vo thit
b, nh hng n iu kin lm vic ca thit b.
H s dn nhit ca cu rt b so vi h s dn nhit ca thp nn khi lm vic nhit vch ng tng ln rt nhiu,
s hp th nhit ca l hi gim i, lng tiu hao nhin liu tng. ng thi cu cn c tc dng tng n mn
b mt.
X l nc trc khi cp vo l:
Phng php lng lc: ty theo ha cht dng m ta c cc phng php sau
Vi haVi xa Xt Xt Xa Xt Vi
Ch dng viCaO + Na2CO3 NaOH NaOH + Na2CO3 NaOH + CaO
Dng vi:
Khi trao i cation natri ton b cng u c kh, song kim v cc thnh phn anion khc c trong nc
khng thay i. Khi dng phng php trao di cation hydro, cng v kim u c kh nhng anion ca
cc mui to thnh axit, nc x l l nc axit s khng thun li cho vic cp nc l hi. V vy, nn dng
phi hp 2 phng php cation natri v hydro.
Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc cationit dn dn b kit ht cation. khi phc kh nng lm vic ca cationit ngi ta
cho chng trao di vi cht c kh nng cung cp cation. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh hon nguyn cationit.
thc hin qu trnh hon nguyn cationit natri ngi ta dng dung dch NaCl c nng t 6-8%, cactionit hdro
dng dung dch H2SO4 hoc HCl, cationit amn bng mui amn.
Nguyn tc ging nh phng php trao i cation. y, anion ca mui v axit trao i vi anion ca anionit.
Hoahocngaynay.com
Nc ni hi v cc bin php x l
Vi muc ich lam tai liu tham khao cho cac ng nghip cung cng tac trn tau. Vic bin soan lai nhng ki n thc
c ban, ngn gn v thc dng v nc n i hi d a vao cac tai liu cua cac nha ch tao, nha san xu t, Internet (ch
yu cp n ni hi thp n trung p). Bi vit ch c tnh tham kho, cc qu trnh vn hnh thc t phi tun
th cc hng dn ca nh sn xut.
-I. Cac tac ng cua mi trng gy hai cho n i hi - Phia nc, hi:
N i hi se chiu nhng anh hng, h hong do pha huy bi n mon hoa hoc, cau cn gy ra va cac tac nhn nay
cung c chuy n tai theo hi nc hoc do bt bng si cun i gy tac hai ca h th ng nhn hi cng tac.
-1. n mon hoa hoc: Gy muc g, mon buc, nt va can tr trao i nhit.
Fe + O2 => Fe2O3
Fe2O3 + O2 => Fe3O4 ( Mau en Co tac dung lam lp bao v ch ng acid thm nhp)
Fe3O4 + O2 => Fe2O3 (Mau o gy muc g pht trin can tr trao i nhit)
Cu + O2 => Cu2O (Mau Khng chng acid, gy muc g pht trin).Nhng
Cu2O + O2 => CuO ( Mau nu en Co tac dung lam lp bao v ch ng Oxy, acid thm nhp)
+ Khi Hydro H2: Chi i vi n i hi cao ap (trn 6Mpa), H2 tac ng vi Cacbon C cac t chc tinh th thep gy
v t nt t vi tai nut Carbon bi m t, khi co ng su t cuc b tp trung d n dn n nt vach n i, ng.
-Khi CO2, SO2, H2S co trong khng khi khi hoa tan vi nc (H+ OH-) tao: H2CO3, H2SO4, H2S, cung nh
l ng nho cac Acid khac a sn co trong nc no tac ng vi Fe, Cu tao cac mu i, gy n mon khng nhng vach
ng n i hi ma con ca thi t bi nhn hi cng tac.
c bit g phn trn v st mt nc khi ni hi khng s dng trong thi gian di (Bo qun: in y nc vo
bu ni,cp d ha cht kh oxy va hoa ch t khac, ng kn van.)
-2. Cau c n n i hi: Can tr trao i nhit Tao ng su t nhit cao,cuc b gy nt ng, vach n i; lam t cho cac
c c pin Ion gy n mon in hoa.
Cac thanh ph n hoa hoc chinh gy cau cn co trong nc Nhom khi m th Ca++, Mg++, SiO2 tao nc cng,
c bit vi nc trn b. Co nc chng c t u tiu chu n s dung la t t nh t.
2.1 Cac h p ch t tao cau cn t n tai khi cac tinh th a vi CaCO3, a gan ga magie MgCO3 hoa tan, va cac mu i
khac (Vd. MgCl, CaCl2, ...) tac ng vi cac acid muc trn (*) tao ra:
- Mu i b n:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 => H2O + CO2+ CaSO4 (thach cao Hoa tan t t n u bam din h thi tao cau m m Khng ty
c bng acid, ch lm sch bng c hc)
MgCO3 + H2SO4 => H2O + CO2 + MgSO4 (Hoa tan t t, k t tua bam dinh n u mi trng giau Ca++)
MgCl2 => Mg+ +Cl-
Mg+ n u gp nhom OH- thi Mg++ + OH- => Mg(OH)2 ( k t tua dang huy n phu, khng k t tua n u mi trng giau
Ca++)
Cl- + H+ <=> HCl tng tin
h acid gy n mon.
- Mu i khng b n:
Ca(HCO3)2 => CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 (cau cng bam thanh n i, vach ng - Ty c bng acid)
Mg(HCO3)2 => CO2 + H2O + MgCO3 (cau cng bam thanh n i, vach ng)
CaCO3, MgCO3 Khi b mt nhit cao t bam vao thanh n i, vach ng tao cau cng.
2.2 Silica (SiO2) : It gp, co mt s vung nc c bit, tao cau c c cng. Co th b cun theo hi bam vao thi t bi
cng tac Vd: canh tua bin. Vi n i hi cao ap acid silicic bay hi, bam din h tao cau c c cng, n mn kim loi.
Tuy thuc thi t k cac n i hi co th dung cac thi t bi c p hoa ch t theo 1 hoc 2 ki u loai nh trn hoc khng thi
chi tr c ti p vao ket.
-III. Cac bin phap giam thi u tac hai va cac loi hoa ch t c s dung ph bi n hi n nay:
1. Bin phap c hc:
Khi n ng Cl- (Chloride) cao:Gn mt; Khi n ng tap ch t cao - o b ng dn in (Conductivity) cao : Gan
mt v c xa cn ay.
inh
ky b t buc gan mt, xa ay: * M nho van*
Khoang 3 ngay 1 l n vi n i hi c ln quan trong va c bit khi cac loai n i hi dung nc trn b; khoang 5-7
ngay ngan mt lng nh trong 5 giy, xa ay lng nh trong 15 giy cho n i hi nho dung nc chng c t n
inh hoc a cm? trn knh thy (Xem khuy n cao cua cac nha ch tao). Do cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay ra lin tuc tao
k t tua ay n i, vang trn b mt nc, mu i c n phai xa i (qui trin
h gan mt, xa ay - xem VI). Thin
h thoang xa
ay, v sinh phin lc ( vi n), cac ket nc n u co th .
2. Bin phap hoa hoc - S dung hoa ch t:
Ham lng hoa ch t s dung trn 1m3 nc, cho 1 ngy phai tun theo hng dn cua nha
san xu t mt cach trit , nng d tha u c hi.
2.1 Ch ng n mon:
2.1.1 Kh Oxy (Oxygen Scavenger):
* Dung Hydrazine N2H4
N2H4 (To > 270oC) => NH3 cung O2, H2O tao mi trng co tinh acid
CuO + N2H4 (bay hi) = > Cu2O (mau , gi pht trin) + H2O + N2
Nc c p (Feed Water).
* Dung Sodium Sunfit Na2SO3 (nhm Sunfit chi dung cho n i hi di 4Mpa)
* Dng Diethylhydroxylamine (hay N-ethyl-N-hydroxyl) R-N-(OH)-R: L ha cht tin tin c tnh kim, c kh nng
kh Oxy, chng n mn, chng kt dnh.
a, Nc n i: (Boiler Water).
* Dung Sodium hydroxide NaOH hoc Potassium hydroxide KOH hoc Na2CO3
Vi n i hi cao ap(trn 6Mpa) tao lp mang bam vao thanh vach trao i nhit, n mon xung quanh bin dang tinh
th Fe gy nt v hin tng don ki m. Trng h p nay phai dung ch t kh ng ch :Coordinated PO4 va ham
l ng NaOH, KOH dung th p hn n i hi th p ap.
* Dung Xyclohexylamine (nhom amin) C6H11NH2 : D bay hi, co tinh ki m cao (nay t dng).
* Dung lun Hydrazine N2H4 ( kh Oxy) co th bay hi va co tin
h ki m th p.
Phng phap b sung: C4H9NO;ETA+R-N-(OH) ;C6H11NH2 c th hoa cung N2H4, b sung nh vi Hydrazine
trn .
b, N ng ki m t ng (M) - M ALKALINITY (hoc Total (T) Alkalinity) co pH > 4.3. (M) cao khng co l i vi tao
mi trng acid. No g m t ng cac thanh ph n Bicarbonate HCO3- (Ca(HCO3)2,Mg(HCO3)2), Carbonate CO3--
(CaCO3,MgCO3) va t ng l ng Hydroxide Alkalinity OH- (co trong d lng NaOH b sung cung nh
Ca(OH)2 n u co.) v 2/3 l ng phosphate PO43- (d).
1. Chon thi i m dung hi it va n inh khng bi n ng nhi u, khi va dng t hoc dung n i hi khi xa la t t
nh t. C p vao n i l ng nc ti mc qui inh
i vai phut cho n inh
(vd: Bm t dng)
2. M tht nho van xa ay n i, van gan mt hm nong toan b ng ng xa ti van thoat man.
3. ong van ay n i, van gan mt. Xu ng m van van thoat man (hoc khng ng cc van kia m m van thot
mn v x lun).
4. Tr lai m nho van van gan mt trc (trnh gy xo trn lp b mt), sau khi hoan thanh gan mt thi m nho
van xa ay Hoc b sung lai nc n i i cho n inh
thi xa ay ( bc 1,) cho n khi k t thuc qui trinh.
* M nho van xa tranh gy hong sn, v van, bi n dang mn tau ch thoat man. Tinh toan lng xa theo thi gian
la giy(s)(Min 5-10-15s) hoc theo lng nc xa i ma theo doi c tng i a cm qua kinh thuy hoc o xac
thc t th tch ket b sung ( sau khi xa mi cho bm c p chay lai) . Khng gan, xa khi n i hi ang dung cho bm
lam hang vi tau d u tranh s c phai dng t ngt do m t nc qua nhanh, cham vao mc cc th p (Water LL
alarm).
** Cac b t thng khi hin tng ng, khung kinh thuy bi n mon lin tuc c n xem lai ch t lng nc n i( pH qua
cao?), chu ky xa v sinh kinh thuy.
*** Trc khi l y mu phai xa bo sach ng ng, lo mu.Mu nc n i n u khng co sinh han nn l y vao cac lo
chiu nhit mc y tran, y n p kin, nhung vao nc lanh lam ngui. Cac mu nc khac cung lam tng t
tranh ti p xuc lu vi khng khi.
**** Khi o pH bng giy qu phi c ch th mu ngay khi ly ra khi dung dch th. %
Bi vit do tc gi c Thch gi cho Hoahocngaynay.com
Tc hi ca kh SO2, SO3
Kh SO2, SO3c sinh ra t qu trnh t nhin liu c cha lu hunh nh than, du FO, DO. Kh SO2 l loai kh
khng mu, khng chy, c v hng cay, do qu trnh quang ho hay do s xc tc kh SO2d dng b oxy ho v
bin thnh SO3trong kh quyn. Kh SO2, SO3 gi chung l SOx, l nhng kh thuc loi c hi khng ch i vi
sc kho con ngi, ng thc vt, m cn tc ng ln cc vt liu xy dng, cc cng trnh kin trc. Chng l
nhng cht c tnh kch thch, nng nht nh c th gy co git c trn ca kh qun. nng ln hn s
gy tng tit dch nim mc ng kh qun. Khi tip xc vi mt chng c th to thnh axit. SOx c th xm nhp
vo c th con ngi qua cc c quan h hp hoc cc c quan tiu ha sau khi c ha tan trong nc bt. V
cui cng chng c th xm nhp vo h tun hon. Khi tip xc vi bi, SOx c th to ra cc ht axit nh, cc ht
ny c th xm nhp vo cc huyt mch nu kch thc ca chng nh hn 2 -3 m. SO2 c th xm nhp vo c
th ca ngi qua da v gy ra cc chuyn i ha hc, kt qu ca n l hm lng kim trong mugim, amonic
b thot qua ng tiu v c nh hng n tuyn nc bt.
Hu ht dn c sng quanh khu vc nh my c nng SO2, SO3 cao u mc bnh ng h hp. SOxb oxy
ha ngoi khng kh v phn ng vi nc ma to thnh axit sulfuric hay cc mui sulfate gy hin tng ma
axit, nh hng xu n s pht trin thc vt. Khi tip xc vi mi trng c cha hm lng SO2 t 1 2ppm
trong vi gi c th gy tn thng l cy. i vi cc loi thc vt nhy cm nh nm, a y, hm lng 0,15
0,30 ppm c th gy c tnh cp. S c mt ca SOx trong khng kh nng m cn l tc nhn gy n mn kim loi,
b-tng v cc cng trnh kin trc. SOx lm h hng, lm thay i tnh nng vt l, lm thay i mu sc vt
liu xy dng nh vi, hoa, cm thch; ph hoi cc tc phm iu khc , tng i. St , thp v cc kim
loi khc trong mi trng kh m, nng v b nhim SOx th b han g rt nhanh. SOxcng lm h hng v gim
tui th cc sn phm vi , nylon , t nhn to , bng da v giy
Tc hi ca kh NO2
Nit dioxit (NO2) l kh c mu nu c mi gt v cay, mi ca n c th pht hin c vo khong 0,12 ppm.
NO2l kh c tnh kch thch mnh ng h hp, n tc ng n thn kinh v ph hy m t bo phi, lm chy
nc mi, vim hng. Kh NO2vi nng 100 ppm c th gy t vong cho ngi v ng vt sau mt s pht tip
xc . V vi nng 5 ppm sau mt s pht tip xc c th dn n nh hng xu i vi b my h hp. Con
ngi tip xc lu vi kh NO2khong 0,06 ppm c th gy cc bnh trm trng v phi . Mt s thc vt c tnh
nhy cm i vi mi trng s b tc hi khi nng NO2khong 1 ppm v thi gian tc dng trong khong mt
ngy, nu nng NO2 nh khong 0,35 ppm th thi gian tc dng l mt thng. NO2 cng gp phn vo s hnh
thnh nhng hp cht nh tc nhn quang ha v to axit, tnh cht quan trng ca n trong phn ng quang ho l
hp th bc x t ngoi ng vai tr quan trng trong s hnh thnh khi quang hc, c tc dng lm phai mu thuc
nhum vi, lm h hng vi bng ,v nylon, lm han g kim loi v sn sinh ra cc phn t nitrat lm tng s tch t
ca ht trong khng kh. Ngoi ra, NO2 l cht gp phn gy thng tng Ozon.
Tc hi ca bi tro v m hng
Trong phi ngi, bi c th l nguyn nhn gy kch thch c hc gy kh khn cho cc hot ng ca phi, chng
c th gy nn cc bnh v ng h hp. Ni chung bi tro v m hng nh hng n sc khe con ngi nh
gy bnh hen suyn, vim cung phi, bnh kh thng v bnh vim c phi . Bi khi c to ra trong qu trnh
t chy nhin liu c th cha cc hydrocacbon a vng (ging nh 3,4-benzpyrene) vi c t cao, c th gy ung
th. Bi gp phn chnh vo nhim do ht l lng v cc sol kh, c tc dng hp th v khuych tn nh sng mt
tri, lm gim trong sut ca kh quyn, tc l lm gim bt tm nhn. Loi nhim ny hin l vn nhim
khng kh thnh th nghim trng nht, cc nghin cu cho thy mi lin kt cht ch gia nhim khng kh ht v
s t vong, chng gy tc hi i vi thit b v mi hn in, lm gim nng sut cy trng, gy nguy him cho cc
phng tin giao thng ng b.
Tc hi ca kh CO
Kh CO l loi kh khng mu, khng mi v khng v, to ra do s chy khng hon ton ca nhin liu ch
carbon. Con ngi khng vi CO rt kh khn. Nhng ngi mang thai v au tim tip xc vi kh CO s rt
nguy him v i lc ca CO vi hemoglobin cao hn gp 200 ln so vi oxy, cn tr oxy t mu n m. Th nn
phi nhiu mu c bm n mang cng mt lng oxy cn thit. Mt s nghin cu trn ngi v ng vt
minh honhng c th tim yu iu kin cng thng trong trng thi d CO trong mu, c bit phi chu nhng
cn au tht ngc khi lng CO bao quanh nng ln. nng khong 5ppm CO c th gy au u, chng mt.
nhng nng t 10ppm n 250ppm c th gy tn hi n h thng tim mch, thm ch gy t vong. Ngi
tip xc vi CO trong thi gian di s b xanh xao, gy yu. Kh CO c th b oxy ho thnh cacbon dioxyt (CO2)
nhng phn ng ny xy ra rt chm di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. CO c th b oxy ho v bm vo thc
vt v chuyn dch trong qa trnh dip lc ho . Cc vi sinh vt trn mt t cng c kh nng hp th CO t kh
quyn. Tc hica kh CO i vi con ngi v ng vt xy ra khi n ho hp thun nghch vi hemoglobin (Hb)
trong mu. Hemoglobin c i lc ho hc i vi CO mnh hn i vi O2, khi CO v O2 c mt bo ho s lng
cng vi hemoglobin th nng HbO2(oxi hemoglobin) v HbCO (caroxihemoglobin) c quan h theo ng thc
Haridene nh sau :
[HbCO]/[HbO2] = M * P(CO)/P(O2) .
y P(CO) v P(O2) la i lc thnh phn (hay nng ) kh CO v O2, cn M l hng s v ph thuc vo hnh
thi ng vt . i vi con ngi , M c gi tr t 200 300 . Hn hp hemoglobin v CO lm gim hm lng oxi
lu chuyn trong mu v nh vy t bo con ngi thiu oxi . Cc triu chng xut hin bnh tng ng vi cc
mc HbCO gn ng nh sau :
+ 0,0 0,1 : khng c triu chng g r rt , nhng c th xut hin mt s du hiu ca stress sinh l .
+ 0.1 0.3 : au u .
+ 0,8 : t vong
Thc vt t nhy cm vi CO hn ngi , nhng nng cao (100 10.000ppm) n lm cho l rng , b xon
qun , din tch l b thu hp , cy non b cht yu. CO c tc dng km ch s h hp ca t bo thc vt.
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Phng php x l nc cp l hi
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ng 97-99% Bc 95-97%
% TDS 95-99%
e) Phng
php x l
dng ha cht
Loi b oxy ha tan: oxy ha tan c x l bng cc tc nhn kh
quen gi l
cc "cht kh oxy". Cc "cht kh oxy"c hai loi l:
Cht v c: ch yu l sunfit, hydrazin, carbchydrazit.
Cht hu c: hydro quinon, hydroxylamin, metyl etylxetoxim
Lm mm nc: C s ha hc ca lm mm nc l a cc ha cht
c kh nng kt hp vi cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ c trong nc to ra kt ta
CaCO3, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2 v loi tr chng bng cc bin php lng lc.
Dng vi ( Ca(OH)2): y l phng php thng dng nht kh
cng cacbonat. Cc phng trnh xy ra:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Dng vi kt hp vi sa: Khi tng hm hng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ln
hn tng hm hng cc ion HCO3- v CO32-, nu s dng vi th ch kh c
cng cacbonat cn cng non- cacbonat khng gim. gii quyt vn
ny ngi ta s dng thm sa.Qu trnh din ra nh sau:
Ca2+ + Mg2+ Ca(OH)2,
Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
Cc phng trnh
Phng php ny c thc hin bng nha trao i ion.Nha trao i ion c quyt
nh bi cc nhm c trng trong sn (khung) cao phn t ca nha v cc ion linh
ng. Cc nhm ny mang in tch m hoc dng to cho nha c tnh kim hoc
acid. Cc nhm c trng trong ionit ni vi cc ion linh ng c du ngc li bng lin
kt ion. Cc ion linh ng ny c kh nng trao i vi cc ion khc trong dung dch.
Loi nha trao i ion ny gm 2 loi:
Cc phn ng c trng:
Qu trnh trao i vi cationit
RSO3H + Na+ + Cl- RSO3Na+ + H+ + Cl-
L thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc cation ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c
kh nng sinh cu trong l vi cc cation ca ht cationit, to nn nhng vt cht
mi tan trong nc nhng khng to thnh cu trong l.
Trong k thut thng dng ba loi cationit sau: cationit natri (NaR), cationit
hydro(HR), cationit amn (NH4R).
Khi dng NaR th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2NaR+
Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NaHCO3.
2NaR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NaCl.
2NaR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4.
2NaR+ MgSO4 CaR2 + Na2SO4.
Khi dng HR th phn ng xy ra
nh sau:
2HR+ Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2HR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl.
2HR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4.
2HR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4.
Khi dng NH4R th phn ng sy ra nh sau:
2NH4R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2NH4HCO3.
2NH4R + CaCl2 CaR2 + 2NH4 Cl.
2NH4R + MgSO4 MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + CaSO4 CaR2 + (NH4)2SO4.
2NH4R + MgCl2 MgR2 + 2NH4Cl.
u v nhc im ca vic x l nc bng
cationit natri (NaR), cationit hydro(HR), cationit amn (NH4R).
- Khi dng NaR th ton b cng ca nc th c kh, song km v cc
thnh phn anion khc trong nc khng thay i. Anion ca cc mui s to thnh cc
acid. Do nc sau x l c tnh acid nn khi cp cho l hi khng c li. Do vy ngi ta
thng kt hp hai phng php trao i cation natri v hydro.
- Khi s dng NH4R th cng cng gim cn rt nh, nhng khi trong nc
s to thnh cc mui amn, cc mui ny khi vo l s b phn hy nhit to thnh cht
NH3 v acid gy n mn kim loi, nht l hp kim ng. Do ngi ta thng s dng
kt hp vi phng php trao i cation natri.
- Khi lc nc qua bnh lc cationit hydro ton b mui ho tan trong nc bin
thnh cc axit tng ng, acid cacbonit phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O. Nc ra khi bnh
HR s l dung dch ca acid sunfuric v clohydric, trc khi vo bnh NaR th kh CO 2 s
b kh ct kh kh . Khi dung dch ny qua bnh NaR cc acid s bin thnh cc mui
natri tng ng v nc lc ra khi bnh NaR s c cng v km b. Qu trnh ny
xy ra phn ng nh sau:
2HR+
Ca(HCO3)2 CaR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2 O
2HR+ Mg(HCO3)2 MgR2 + 2CO2 + 2H2 O
2HR+ CaCl2 CaR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ CaSO4 CaR2 + H2SO4
2HR+ MgCl2 MgR2 + 2HCl
2HR+ MgSO4 MgR2 + H2SO4
2NaR+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HR
NaR+ HCl NaCl + HR
Drewplus G-5170: l cht kim sot s to bt trnh hin tng bt, bn, cn
bn b cun theo ng hi i vo trong h thng gy nh hng n sn phm, thit
b.
C th thm trc tip vo Deaerator( H thng loi kh), Preboiler( H thng trc khi
un si) hoc Boiler( h thng un si).