Example 4.11. A 12-lbm/gal mud is being circulated at 400 gal/min. The 5.0-in. drillpipe has an internal diameter of 4.33 in., and the drill collars have an internal diameter of 2.5 in. The bit has a diameter of 9.875 in. Calculate the average velocity in the (1) drillpipe, (2) drill collars, and (3) annulus opposite the drillpipe. Solution. Using the expression given in Table 4.1 for units of gallons per minute, inches, and feet per second gives: I 400 8.715 fil . Vv, =————~ =8. iS. py 448(4.33)2 400 2. Vae=————— > = 26.143 fis . 2.448(2.5)? 400 3. dpe = > = 2.253 Hs “pe” 448(9.8752 ~ 5°)Expressing this equation in practical field units of pounds per square inch, pounds per gallons, feet per sec- ond, and feet gives P\ +0.052p(D2—D)—8.074 10-4 p(oF —b7?)+Ap,—Aps=p2. .---- (4.29) Example 4.12. Determine the pressure at the bottom of the drillstring if the frictional pressure loss in the drill- string is 1,400 psi, the flow rate is 400 gals/min, the mud density is 12 Ibm/gal, and the well depth is 10,000 ft. The internal diameter of the drill collars at the bottom of the drillstring is 2.5 in. and the pressure increase developed by the pump is 3,000 psi. Solution. The average velocity in the drill collars is 400 = Sasa? 2014 As. Vde The average velocity in the mud pits is essentially zero. Pz =0+0.052(12)(10,000) 8.074 x 10~4(12)(26. 14)? +3,000— 1,400 =0+6,240—6.6 +3,000— 1,400 =7,833 psi.Example 4.16. An upper plate of 20-cm? area i 1 cm above a stationary plate. Compute the viscos centipoise of a fluid between the plates if a force of “100 dyne is required to move the upper plate at a constant velocity of 10 cm/s. Solution. The shear stress 7 is given by 100 dyne So cm? =5 dyne/em?. cm The shear rate ¥ is given by _ 10. cm/s ¥ = ——=10 seconds! lcm Using Eq. 4.40, . 5 dyne/cm? pathy =—————— =0.5 dyne-s/em?, 10 seconds ~ or a = 50 cp.Example 4.18. An upper plate of 20 cm? is spaced | cm above a stationary plate. Compute the consistency index and flow-behavior index if a force of 50 dyne is required to move the upper plate at a constant velocity of 4 cm/s. and a force of 100 dyne is required to move the upper plate at a constant velocity of 10 cm/s. Solution. Application of Eq. 4.42 at the two rates of shear observed yields kG) and 10 soe): Dividing the second equation by the first gives (3) =(>)- Taking the log of both sides and solving for n yields _ log (100/50) log (10/4) =0.756. Substituting this value of 7 in the first equation above yields = 50g grp5 Bynes076 20(4)°755 ‘om =87.65 eq cp.