Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Báo Cáo Đề Tài - Furfural
Báo Cáo Đề Tài - Furfural
HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
THUYT MINH NG K
TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC SINH VIN NM 2018
(Thuc chng trnh: Chnh quy/KSTN/PFIEV)
1. TN TI 2. M S
5. THY/C HNG DN
H v tn: NGUYN HU HIU Hc v: Tin s M s cn b:
001986
Chc danh khoa hc: CBGD
Khoa, BM: K Thut Ha Hc, BM Qu Trnh v Thit B in thoi BM:
a ch nh: in thoi nh:
in thoi D: 0918498117 Fax: Email: nhhieubk@hcmut.edu.vn
6. C QUAN CH TR
Tn c quan: Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia Tp. HCM
a ch: 268 L Thng Kit, Q.10, Tp. H Ch Minh
in thoi: 8-8652442 Fax: 8-8653823 Email: khcn@hcmut.edu.vn
7. SINH VIN THC HIN TI
Ni dung nghin
H v tn MSSV Ch k
cu d kin c
giao
1 TRN MINH MN 1511952 Tng hp
RHA- silica
Ch to mng
ng RHA-
silica/MA- PVA
trn nn ceramic
3 Kho st c tnh
v kh nng lm
khan dung dch
cn ca mng
ng
4 Kho st c tnh
v kh nng lm
khan dung dch
cn ca mng
ng
2 Phng th nghim
Hunh K
chuyn ngnh V c
Phng H
213 B2
9. TNG QUAN V FURFURAL & CNG NGH THM THU BC HI
9.1 Furfural v tnh hnh sn xut
9.1.1. S lc v furfural:
Cc sn phm c sn xut c ngun gc t biomass, c bit l t ph phm
nng nghip , ang tr thnh nhng cht thay th hiu qu v y tim nng cho cc
sn phm t du m (Than , du FO,...) do qu trnh sn xut khng ch bn
vng m cn thn thin vi mi trng.
Furfural l mt aldehyde ca furan, mt loi ha cht in hnh c ngun gc t
biomass. y cng l mt loi ha cht nn quan trng trong vic to ra hn 1600
loi sn phm ha hc khc. N c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong i sng nh:
dung mi; cht trung gian tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp dc liu, ha hc,
polymer sinh hc;...
9.1.2. Sn xut furfural:
Furfural ch yu c sn sut bng qu trnh thy phn biomass c ngun gc
t cc ch phm thin nhin cha nhiu hemicellulose (nh ng, b ma, rm la,
m v ph thi sn, bao gm c cht thi t bt giy v giy, v cc ngnh cng
nghip xenluloza ethanol).
Chng ct thng thng: Qu trnh phn tch thng c thc hin bng
phng php chng ct dung dch sau khi thy phn, phng php ny thng ph
hp cc nh my sn xut c quy m nh. Yu cu thc t l ton b lng nhp
liu cn phi bc hi, trong khi ch c khong 3-6% trng lng ca furfural phi
c tch ra (Do h furfural-nc tn ti im ng ph), iu ny cho thy rng,
phng php ny khng tit kim hiu qu c v mt nng lng v kinh t.
Nhcim:
Thm thu bc hi (PV) l qu trnh tch hn hp lng bng cch thm thu v
ha hi cc cu t khi qua mng lc. Tn ca phng php ny bt ngun t hai bc
c bn ca qu trnh: l s thm thu qua mng (permeation) v ha hi
(evaporation).
1 W
J .
A t
yH 2O / yFurfural
xH 2O / xFurfural
PSI J .( 1)
Trong :
Thng lng thm thu J c nh ngha l khi lng dng thm thu
W (kg) qua 1 n v din tch mng A (m2) trong khong thi gian t (h).
chn lc c tnh ton vi x v y ln lt l nng khi lng ca nc
hoc Furfural trong dng nhp liu v dng thm thu.
PSI c trng cho hiu qu phn tch ca mng.
V mt l thuyt, mng c thng lng v chn lc ln s c hiu qu phn
tch cao hn.
Trong qu trnh thm thu bc hi, hai thng s J v c xu hng t l nghch
vi nhau v mi quan h ny c biu th qua ch s PSI. Khi PSI = 0, qu trnh
phn tch khng xy ra. l trng hp khi = 1 (mng khng c tnh chn
lc) hoc J = 0 (khng c dng thm thu qua mng).
9.2.2 u im chnh:
Sn phm to ra c tinh khit rt cao v khng gy nhim mi trng.
Cc hn hp a cu t vi chnh lch nhit si tng i nh cng c kh nng
tch ra mt cch hiu qu.
Tiu th lng nng lng nh cho qu trnh vn hnh.
C th p dng cho cc quy m khc nhau ty vo thit k phc v yu cu, mc ch
khc nhau.
H thng d dng khi ng, vn hnh v dng mt cch linh hot v ch ng.
Trong quy m cng nghip, h thng c thit k gn gng, lp rp mt cch n
gin ti nh my.
9.3. Mng Polymer cho qu trnh phn tch furfural t dung dch furfural
long:
Nhn chung y l mt trong nhng polymer nn tt nht cho vic sn xut mng
thm thu bc hi tch nc t dung dch cn, tch nc t dung dch axit
axetic/nc,...
Nhng vic p dng cho h furfural-nc l cha c nghin cu no s dng phng
php ny. Nhm nghin cu ca chng ti p dng loi mng ny da trn cc tnh
cht ca n kho st kh nng phn tch ca loi polymer thng dng ny cho h
dung dch furfural-nc.
9.3.3. Graphene Oxide (GO)
GO l mt n lp graphite oxit. GO c tng hp thnh cng trong phng
th nghim trong hn mt th k trc. C ba hng tip cn chnh tng hp oxit
graphite. GO c tng hp bng cch tch lp oxy ha cc vt liu graphite, xut
hin trong nhng nm gn y l mt trong nhng vt liu nano c nghin cu
nhiu nht. Mt khc, GO l mt nguyn liu th quan trng sn xut i tr
graphene thng qua vic loi b cc nhm cha oxy, ngha l kh GO. Trong s cc
phng php kh, vic kh bng ha hc c th xy ra nhit thp hoc trung bnh
vi s tham gia ca tc nhn kh, y l mt trong nhng cch ph bin nht bin
i GO thnh graphene.
Hnh 8: Cu trc ca grapheme oxide
Cc nhm chc cha oxy phn cc, bao gm cc nhm epoxit, hydroxy, v
cacboxy, to cho vt liu c nhiu tim nng ng dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau
nh quang hc, cm bin kh, vt liu composite, ro cn kh v cng ngh nano sinh
hc. Hin nay, mng n GO c chng minh l ro chn hiu qu i vi vic
tch kh v cht lng. Mt s bc t ph lin quan n mng GO t c.
Nghin cu ca Geim et al. chng minh mng GO cho nc thm thu qua
nhng gi li cc phn t khc.
Nghin cu ca Kim v cc ng nghip tng hp thnh cng cc mng GO
mng nh polyme vi chn lc CO2/N2 cao.
Nghin cu ca Yu et al. mng GO siu mng c tng hp (c dy gn 1,8
nm) vi kh nng phn tch H2 c chn lc cao trong qu trnh lc n gin.
....
Kt lun: Nhng cng trnh ny chng minh rng GO l mt vt liu mng c trin
vng tch kh v cht lng. y, chng ti trnh by v mng GO tinh ch cc
dung dch nc hu c thng qua qu trnh pervaporation (PV).
Cc phng php tng hp GO
Nguyn tc: GO thu c t cc phng php oxy ha graphite (Gi) sau c
tch lp [6].
Mc d lng oxy c trong GO kh khc bit qua cc phng php iu ch khc
nhau, t l C:O khong 2:1 l gii hn trn ca mc oxy ha, d l cc phng php
oxy ha qua mt hay nhiu bc (Brodie 1859, Hummers & Offeman 1958,
Dresselhaus & Dresselhaus 2002, Duquesne 2003) [9-12].
Cc phng php tng hp:
Phng php Brodie:
Phng php Brodie cng b vo nm 1859 l phng php tin phong s dng
axit bc khi HNO3 v KClO3 l tc nhn xen k v tc nhn oxy ha. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny c nhng nhc im nh:
- Phn ng ko di trong khong bn ngy.
- Cn c bn chu k oxy ha, ra v sy t c GiO c mc oxy ha
cao.
- S bay hi axit c hi v hn hp kh NO2/N2O4 t axit bc khi HNO3.
- Kh ClO2 d gy n sinh ra khi mui clorat trn vi cc axit mnh.
Thc t, c vi v n xy ra trong phng th nghim c ghi nhn khi thc
hin phng php Brodie [13].
Phng php Staudenmaier
Nm 1898, Staudenmaier ngh s dng hn hp hai phn H2SO4 v mt phn
HNO3 kt hp vi tc nhn oxy ha KClO3. Trong trng hp ny, mt bc oxy ha
oxy ha hon ton Gi thnh GiO. Tuy nhin, kh d n ClO2 vn cn v thi gian
phn ng vn l bn ngy.
Nhn xt: C hai phng php trn u nguy him v tn nhiu thi gian, khng thch
hp p dng trong quy m cng nghip [13].
Phng php Hummers & Offeman
Nm 1958, Hummers v Offeman pht trin mt phng php tng hp GO
v ang c s dng rng ri cho ti nay. H s dng H2SO4 vi s h tr ca
NaNO3 v KMnO4 oxy ha Gi. Phng php Hummers c nhiu u im so vi
phng php Brodie v Staudenmaier:
- Vic s dng tc nhn oxy ha KMnO4 nhm m bo phn ng hon thnh trong
vng vi gi.
- Khng c kh d n ClO2 v khng dng mui clorat.
- Vic thay th HNO3 bng NaNO3 loi b hin tng bc khi axit.
V vy, y c xem l phng php ha hn cho vic sn xut GO vi s
lng ln. Tuy nhin, y cha phi l phng php ti u v c t nht ba hn ch:
- S hnh thnh hn hp kh NO2/N2O4 do c mt NaNO3.
- Kh loi b ion Na+ v NO3- khi nc thi trong qu trnh tng hp GO v cc qu
trnh lc.
- Oxy ha khng hon ton dn n hnh thnh hn hp Gi/GO [13].
Phng php Hummers ci tin
Nm 2010, phng php Hummers ci tin loi b NaNO3, tng lng KMnO4 v
s dng hn hp axit vi t l 9:1 H2SO4/H3PO4 c cng b [14]. Tc nhn oxy
ha chnh l ion MnO4- sinh ra khi KMnO4 phn ng vi H2SO4. MnO4- tn cng
vo ni i ca alkene, hnh thnh nn diol. Nu khng c H3PO4, diol tip tc b
oxy ha thnh dione, to ra khuyt tt trong mng cacbon m sau qu trnh kh
khng th phc hi li c. Ngc li, nu c H3PO4, cu trc vng s c hnh
thnh, qua bo v nhm diol, gim thiu vic oxy ha qu mc to ra dione
[14,15].
Do dung dch furfural nguyn liu c gia nhit 50oC nn trng n ca mng
PVA cng ln tuy tng c thng lng nh chn lc khng cao, cht lng sn
phm km.
Khi mng trng n ln, mng li polymer khng cht dn n c tnh yu, c bit h
thng lm vic di p sut chn khng kh ln nn kh nng rch mng l rt cao.
GO th hin vai tr v cng quan trng trong kh nng nh hng ti tnh cht mng:
9.3.4 Mng PVA s dng RHA-silica lm cht n trn nn gm:
10. MC TIU CA TI
Tng hp thnh cng silica t tro tru;
Ch to thnh cng mng ng composite RHA-silica/MA-PVA trn nn
gm;
nh gi hiu qu lm khan nc dung dch cn ca mng ng ch to
c.
Dng c th nghim
C t, bp t, a khuy, nhit k, becker chng loi 100 mL, 250 mL, 500
mL; ng ong 50 mL, b siu m Sonic 410 (40 kHz), my ly tm (2000 rpm), cn
phn tch bn s, t sy, a petri, my khc x k,
Ha cht
Bng 4: Cc ha cht s dng
Trng
TT Ha cht K hiu ha hc c tnh Ngun gc
thi
Nung
HCl 3N
Tin x l
Dch
Lc chn
khng
NaOH 1N
Axit ha
Kt ta
Dch
Lc chn
khng
Sy 105oC,
12 gi
RHA-silica
Gin XRD cho thy mt nh dao ng trong khong 20o n 30o c trng
c cu trc v nh hnh ca RHA-silica.
Ph FTIR nh cc ph xut hin ln lt ti bc sng 3466 cm-1, 1654cm-1,
1091cm-1 v 467 cm-1 l do s hin ca cc nhm Silanol , hydroxyl (-OH), lin
kt Si-O-Si, lin kt Si-O.
nh TEM cho thy s kt t ca cc ht RHA-silica trong cu trc mng, iu
ny l do khi sy dung mi bay hi lin kt hydro gia nc v nhm Silanol b
ph hy hnh thnh lin kt Si-O-Si.
11.3 Kho st nng thch hp ca MA v RHA-silica
Sau khi c tng hp thnh cng, RHA-silica s c tin hnh kho st nng
thch hp bng cch tin hnh th nghim vi nng MA v RHA-silica khc nhau
vi m-un mng phng. u tin mng phng RHA-silica/MA-PVA c ch to
bng phng php bay hi dung mi. Quy trnh ny c thc hin nh sau: chun
b h huyn ph cha 2 gam PVA v SiO2 ln lt 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% v 20% khi
lng (SiO2/PVA) trong 100 ml nc ct, em khuy v gia nhit hn hp trn bp
t 80oC trong 1 gi. Sau , hm lng MA ti u (c kho st trn mng phng
MA-PVA vi nng ln lt 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% khi lng PVA
tm c hm lng ti u) c thm vo t t vo dung dch PVA v tip tc
khuy cho n khi dung dch cn khong 40 ml. Cho 20 ml dung dch ny vo a
petri (ng knh 100 mm) v bay hi t nhin trong vng 48 gi. Mng
SiO2/MA-PVA c ly ra t a petri s c sy 80oC trong 4 gi n nh
nn polyme. Mng phng sau khi c ch to s c kho st bng h thng Thm
thu bc hi vi m-un mng phng tm ra nng ti u.
11.4 Ch to ng gm:
ng gm (kch thc di: 30cm, ng knh: 1,5 cm, b dy: 2 mm) c tng
hp ti Khoa Vt Liu- i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM. Trc tin ng s to ra t
phi liu gm cao lanh, oxit nhm v bt alc vi t l thch hp. Sau khi nh lng,
phi liu c nghin mn. H phi liu c sy kh, ti to ht ri trn m thch
hp to hnh bng phng php rt trong khun thch cao. Sau khi to hnh,
mc c sy 110oC trong 24 gi ri em nung non 900oC. Bn thnh phm ny
c mi li c bn t kch thc yu cu, sau c nung 1200oC. Cui cng
mi tinh c ng ng kch thc mong mun. ng gm c l xp trn b mt
chim khong 5% din tch b mt.
Sau khi chn c nng MA v hm lng RHA-Silica thch hp, ta tin hnh
ph dung dch c chun b ln ng gm. Trc khi tin hnh ph ng, ng gm
c sy kh trong l 100oC trong vng 30 pht. Sau ng gm c nhng ngp
bng dung dch RHA-Silica/MA-PVA chun b trc trong vng 15 pht sau tip
tc c em sy 100oC trong vng 30 pht trong l sy vi trc quay lin tc. Qu
trnh ny c lp i lp li n khi t c s ln ph theo yu cu. Sau ng s
c x l nhit 120oC trong vng 3 gi. Cui cng, ta c ng sn sng cho
th nghim kh nng lm khan cn bng cng ngh thm thu bc hi.
nh hng ca s ln ph mng
Khi ng b iu nhit
iu chnh lu lng, bm
nhp liu vo m-un mng
Ly mu nh k
Kt thc th nghim
50 100 60 2 95