4 Jurzwk Wkhru - Sureohp VHW 51 Udpvh - prg0 Hov1 Oxfdv Prghov1

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4 Jurzwk Wkhru| Sureohp Vhw 51 Udpvh| prg0

hov1 Oxfdv prghov1


414 Sureohp 41 HJSV51 Iurp Plfkdho Ghyhudx{ XEF
sdjh1
Wdnh wkh yhuvlrq ri wkh Udpvh| jurzwk prgho zlwk surgxfwlrq \ @ EN  +DK ,4 /
fdslwdo dffxpxodwlrq Nb @ \  F / dqg Hxohu htxdwlrq

Fb 4
@ +u  ,
F 
zkhuh wkhuh lv qr srsxodwlrq jurzwk/ dqg qr h{rjhqrxv whfkqrorjlfdo surjuhvv1
Krzhyhu/ wkhuh lv dq h{whuqdolw| lq E/ dqg E lv d ixqfwlrq ri djjuhjdwh fdslwdo/
E @ N 41 E lv wdnhq dv jlyhq e| sulydwh djhqwv1
d, Zkdw lv wkh sulydwh uhwxuq rq fdslwdo/ uB
e, Fdq wklv hfrqrp| surgxfh shupdqhqw jurzwk lq rxwsxw shu fdslwdB Gh0
whuplqh wkh frqglwlrqv xqghu zklfk rxwsxw shu fdslwd zloo jurz lq wkh orqj uxq1
Ghwhuplqh wkh htxloleulxp udwh ri jurzwk dqg wkh lqyhvwphqw dqg frqvxpswlrq
wr rxwsxw udwlrv1
f, Vkrz krz wkh jurzwk udwh lv dhfwhg e| wkh surgxfwlylw| whup D1
g, Fkdqjh wkh prgho wr doorz iru d fdslwdo lqfrph wd{/ vr wkdw wkh uhwxuq
wr fdslwdo lv qrz +u   ,/ zkhuh  lv wkh wd{ udwh1 Wkh wd{ lv uhedwhg lq d oxps
vxp idvklrq/ vr lw grhv qrw dhfw wkh uhvrxufh frqvwudlqw1 Zkdw lv wkh hhfw ri
wkh wd{ udwh rq wkh jurzwk udwh/ dqg rq wkh udwlr F2\B
h, Frqvlghu wkh sodqqhu*v sureohp1 Zkdw lv wkh jurzwk udwh lq wkh sodqqhu*v
vroxwlrqB +Wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq lv wkh vdph,1

415 Sureohp 51 HJSV51 Sduhqwh dqg Suhvfrww +MSH 4<<7,


Frqvlghu d surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq jlyhq e|

| @ Dn
zkhuh D lv d whfkqrorjlfdo sdudphwhu wkdw jurzv h{rjhqrxvo| dw udwh {/ D@D
b @ {1
Wkhuh lv d exgjhw frqvwudlqw jlyhq e| | @ f . L / dqg frqvxphuv pd{lpl}h FUUD
xwlolw| zlwk sdudphwhu 1 Fdslwdo dffxpxodwlrq iroorzv
4
nb @ !n . L

zkhuh ! @  . {/ dqg  lv wkh udwh ri sk|vlfdo ghsuhfldwlrq/ dqg zkhuh 4 ?  ?
 ? 4=
d, Lqwhusuhw wkh sdudphwhu / ! @  . {/ dqg wkh frqfhsw ri fdslwdo wkdw lw
lpsolhv1
e, Lqwhusuhw wkh sdudphwhu  lq wkh dffxpxodwlrq htxdwlrq1
f, Zkdw lv wkh jurzwk udwh lq wklv prghoB

4
416 Sureohp 61 HJSV51 Oxfdv zlwk Ohduqlqj e| grlqj
Frqvlghu wkh iroorzlqj yhuvlrq ri wkh Oxfdv +4<;;, prgho

nb @ Dn+xk,4  f
kb @ E+4  x,k . #nb
zkhuh n lv sk|vlfdo fdslwdo/ k lv kxpdq fdslwdo/ x lv wkh iudfwlrq ri kxpdq fdslwdo
xvhg lq wkh surgxfwlrq ri sk|vlfdo rxwsxw/ f lv frqvxpswlrq dqg D/ E dqg duh
frqvwdqwv1 Qrwlfh wkdw zh dvvxph qr ghsuhfldwlrq dqg qr srsxodwlrq jurzwk1
Wkh whup #nb vkrzv wkdw wkh qhw lqyhvwphqw lq sk|vlfdo fdslwdo frqwulexwhv wr
wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri kxpdq fdslwdo ru h{shulhqfh1 Zh dvvxph wkdw lqglylgxdov
XQGHUVWDQG wklv hhfw +vr lw lv qrw dq h{whuqdolw|,1 Zh pd{lpl}h wkh xvxdo
xwlolw| ixqfwlrq +zlwk qr srsxodwlrq jurzwk,/
] 4 4  4 
X@ hw f 4
3 4 w

vxemhfw wr wkh 5 g|qdplf htxdwlrqv deryh1


d, Glvfxvv wkh glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq kxpdq fdslwdo dqg nqrzohgjh +lq jhq0
hudo/ qrw lq wklv sduwlfxodu prgho,1 Lqwhusuhw wkh suhvhqfh ri wkh whup #nb lq wkh
dffxpxodwlrq ri kxpdq fdslwdo1
e, Frqvwuxfw d Odjudqjhdq zklfk fdq khos |rx vroyh wklv prgho14
f, Glvsod| wkh frpsohwh vhw ri uvw rughu frqglwlrqv15
g, Vkrz wkdw wkh udwlr n@k pxvw eh frqvwdqw lq vwhdg| vwdwh vr wkdw erwk
vwrfnv jurz dw wkh vdph udwh1
h, Xvh |rxu qglqj lq +ly, dqg vkrz wkdw/ lq vwhdg| vwdwh doo f> n> k> | jurz
dw wkh vdph udwhv/ zkhuh | lv wkh rxwsxw ri wkh sk|vlfdo vhfwru1
i, Zkdw lv wkh uhodwlrq ehwzhhq wkh jurzwk udwh ri wkh wzr vkdgrz sulfhvB
j, Zkdw lv wkh vwhdg|0vwdwh jurzwk udwh ri f/ n/ k dqg |B
k, Ilqg wkh rswlpdo ydoxh ri x lq wkh vwhdg| vwdwh dv d ixqfwlrq ri sdudphwhuv
dqg dv d ixqfwlrq ri n2k1
Frqvlghu +diwhu |rx kdyh frpsxwhg wkh vroxwlrq, wkh ydoxh # @ 4/
zklfk vlpsolhv wklqjv d orw1
\rx Fdq dqvzhu wkh qh{w wzr txhvwlrqv zlwkrxw kdylqj wr vroyh
wkh hqwluh prgho djdlq1
l, Krz grhv wkh jurzwk udwh ri wklv prgho frpsduh zlwk wkh jurzwk |rx
zrxog jhw zlwk # @ 3/ +zklfk fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh ruljlqdo Oxfdv prgho,B
m, Krz grhv wkh ydoxh ri x- ri wklv prgho frpsduh zlwk wkh jurzwk |rx
zrxog jhw zlwk # @ 3B
H{sodlq lqwxlwlyho| |rxu qglqjv1
n, Frqvlghu wkh ruljlqdo sureohp exw zkhuh #nb lv dq h{whuqdolw|1 Jhw wkh
ghfhqwudol}hg vroxwlrq jurzwk udwh dqg frpphqw1
4 KLQW= xvh d wklug yduldeoh dqg d uhghqlwlrq ri yduldeohv> UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ=
iroorz wkh klqw1
5 KLQW= Rqfh |rx kdyh frpsxwhg wkh uvw rughu frqglwlrqv/ UHZULWH wkhp lq whupv ri

n dqg k +vr jhw ulg ri wkh wklug yduldeoh |rx xvhg lq +ll,,1

5
417 Sureohp 71 HJSV51 Srsxodwlrq dqg Lghdv
Frqvlghu d prgho zkhuh lqglylgxdov fduh derxw wkhlu frqvxpswlrq dqg wkh qxp0
ehu ri wkhlu rvsulqj1
Lqglylgxdov duh g|qdvwlf idplolhv1 D g|qdvw| eruq dw wlph }hur/ kdv xwlolw|
dw wlph v jlyhq e|
] 4
X3>v @ h+wv, ^orj+fw , . orj+Qw ,`
v
zkhuh F lv frqvxpswlrq /dqg Q lv wkh qxpehu ri phpehuv ri wkh g|qdvw| wkdw
duh dolyh dw wlph w1 Lqglylgxdov olyh iru mxvw rqh lqvwdqw zkhuh wkh| pdnh doo
wkhlu ghflvlrqv +frqvxpswlrq/ zrun/ dqg uhsurgxfwlrq,1 Li dq lqglylgxdo fkrrvhv
wr kdyh q rvsulqj/ wkh vl}h ri klv g|qdvw| jurzv dffruglqj wr Qb @ qQ 1
Vxssrvh hdfk lqglylgxdo kdv rqh xqlw ri oderu wr xvh lq hlwkhu zrun ru udlvlqj
rvsulqj1 Lw wdnhv  +q, wlph wr jhqhudwh q rvsulqj zkhuh  3 A 3>  33 A 31 Shu
fdslwd dvvhwv y dffxpxodwh dffruglqj wr

yb @ +u  q,y . z+4   +q,,  f  i


zkhuh z lv wkh zdjh dqg i duh shu fdslwd oxps vxp wd{hv1
Ilqdo rxwsxw lv surgxfhg dffruglqj wr

\ @ D N  O\4

zlwk  A 3/ dqg 3 ?  ? 41 D lv wkh vwrfn ri lghdv1


Ilqdoo|/ qhz lghdv duh surgxfhg e| uhvhdufkhuv xvlqj oderu dffruglqj wr Db @
OD 1 Hdfk uhvhdufkhu wdnhv  / dv h{rjhqrxv/ exw lq uhdolw| wklv lv d ixqfwlrq
+h{whuqdolw|,  @ D! OD4 / zkhuh  A 3> 3 ?  ? 4> ! ? 41
Dvvxph wkdw doo U)G lv grqh e| wkh jryhuqphqw zklfk ohylhv wd{hv I @ iQ /
dqg xvhv wklv wr sd| uhvhdufkhuv wkh jrlqj zdjh z1 Vxssrvh wkh jryhuqphqw nhhs
uhvhdufk dw d frqvwdqw iudfwlrq ri wkh oderu irufh/ OD @ vO1
d, Fkdudfwhul}h wkh surgxfwlrq ri lghdv1 Fdq wkh vrfldo ydoxh ri d pdujlqdo
xqlw ri uhvhdufk eh idoolqjB Zklfk sdudphwhu zrxog ghwhuplqh wklvB Zkhq gr
h{lvwlqj lghdv khos fuhdwh qhz rqhvB Zkhq gr wkh| pdnh nqrzohgjh dffxpxod0
wlrq kdughuB
e, Vhw xs wkh sureohp iru dq| lqglylgxdo djhqw zkr fkrrvhv frqvxpswlrq
dqg rvsulqj wr pd{lpl}h xwlolw|1 Vkrz wkdw wkh ihuwlolw| udwh fkrvhq e| wkh
krxvhkrog zloo vdwlvi|

+u  j\ ,+y . z 3 , xQ
@
Q xf
zkhuh j\ / lv wkh jurzwk udwh ri lqfrph1 Lqwhusuhw wklv frqglwlrq1 Zkdw zrxog
kdsshq li  33 @ 3/ iru h{dpsoh li  +q, @ 4  qB
f, Vkrz wkdw frqvxpswlrq vdwlvhv wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq
fb
@uq
f

6
Iurp surw pd{lpl}dwlrq e| upv/ vkrz wkdw u @ \@N 1 dqg z @ +4 
, 4|+q, 44 v 1
g, zkdw lv wkh jurzwk udwh ri shu fdslwd rxwsxw/ fdslwdo dqg frqvxpswlrq/
dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh jurzwk udwh ri lghdvB Vroyh iru wkh jurzwk udwh ri lghdv dv
d ixqfwlrq ri q1 Zkdw lv wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wkh jurzwk udwh ri shu fdslwd
rxwsxw dqg wkh srsxodwlrq jurzwk udwh/ qB Zkdw frqglwlrqv rq / dqg !/ duh
qhhghg iru edodqfhg jurzwkB
h, vxevwlwxwlqj iru +u  j\ ,/ dqg wkh zdjh/ uhzulwh wkh frqvxphu*v uvw rughu
frqglwlrq deryh/ dqg vlpsoli| wr vkrz wkdw lq wkh ghfhqwudol}hg fdvh/ wkh udwh
ri ihuwlolw| vdwlvhv
 4  v
@
4 
Krz gr fkdqjhv lq v/ dhfw wkh jurzwk udwh ri wkh hfrqrp|B
i, Vxsrsrvh zh qrz orrn dw wkh sodqqhu*v sureohp1 dvvxph wkdw wkh vr0
fldo sodqqhu fdq fkrrvh wkh ohyho ri uhvhdufk lqwhqvlw| v +dqg rwkhu yduldeohv ri
frxuvh,1 Wkh vrfldo sodqqhu pd{lpl}hv wkh xwlolw| ri d jhqhudwlrq
] 4
hw ^orj+fw , . orj+Qw ,`
3

vxemhfw wr

nb @ D n ^+4  v,+4  +q,,`4  f  qn


Db @ D!+v+4   +q,,,
Qb @ qQ
vroyh iru wkh rswlpdo uhvhdufk lqwhqvlw|/ v1 fkdudfwhul}h wkh rswlpdo ihuwlolw|
udwh lq wklv fdvh1 frpsduh zlwk wkh ghfhqwudol}hg fdvh1 Lv ihuwlolw| wrr orz ru wrr
kljk lq wkh ghfhqwudol}hg hfrqrp|B zk|B
j, gr |rx eholhyh wkdw wkh fkdqqho ri wklv prgho/ iurp ihuwlolw| wr jurzwk/ lv
uhdvrqdeohB zk| glg Fkduohv Mrqhv zulwh wklv h{dfw prgho +zkdw sureohp zlwk
wkh Mrqhv fulwltxh ri Urphu zdv kh wu|lqj wr vroyh,B

418 Sureohp 81 HJSV51 Oxfdv dqg Urphu1


U4
D uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw pd{lpl}hv/ zkhuh x +fw , @ oq +fw ,/ dqg X @ 3 hw x +fw ,/
dqg kdv dffhvv wr wkh iroorzlqj surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|

f @ | @ D +kOn, E
zkhuh E @ E +n, @ n4 lv dq h{whuqdolw|1 Wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri wkh dvvhw n
iroorzv nb @ !+4  k,OE 4 / zkhuh k lv wkh dprxqw ri wlph xvhg lq surgxfwlrq
4

+wrwdo dydlodeoh wlph htxdov O,1


d, Ilqg wkh jurzwk udwh ri rxwsxw dqg wkh htxloleulxp ydoxh ri k/ zkhuh E
lv dozd|v wdnhq dv dq h{whuqdolw|1 \rx grqw kdyh wr vkrz odjudqjhdqv ru vkrz

7
wkh wudqvyhuvdolw| frqglwlrq/ exw h{sodlq |rxu zrun dqg vkrz d elw ri dojheud
zkhuh |rx wklqn dssursuldwh1
e, Ilqg wkh vrfldo rswlpxp/ zkhuh E lv lqwhuqdol}hg1 Djdlq vkrz plqlpxp
dojheud exw h{sodlq zkdw |rx duh grlqj1 Frpsduh zlwk wkh suhylrxv txhvwlrq1
H{sodlq zkdw duh wkh lqh!flhqflhv lq wklv hfrqrp|1
f, Frqvlghu n wr eh kxpdq fdslwdo1 Frpsduh wklv prgho zlwk Oxfdv +4<;;,1
g, Frxog wklv prgho eh d uhgxfhg irup iru wkh Urphu prgho dqg klv oryh ri
UD
ydulhw| iudphzrunB Klqw= Lq Urphu surgxfwlrq lv jlyhq e| \ @ +O| ,4 3 { m/
dqg wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri ydulhwlhv lv jlyhq e| Db @ !Od D> zlwk O @ Od . O| 1
h, Zkdw gr |rx wklqn duh wkh pdlq glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri
kxpdq dqg sk|vlfdo fdslwdo +eh fohdu exw eulhi,1

419 Sureohp 91 HJSV51 Glhuhqw yhuvlrqv ri wkh Udpvh|


sureohp1
Wkh prgho lq Oxfdv +4<;;, lv wkh iroorzlqj/ ljqrulqj wkh h{whuqdolw|1 Zh
kdyh wzr vwrfnv1 Fdslwdo +N, dqg kxpdq fdslwdo +K,1 Rxwsxw lv jlyhq e|
\ @ DN  +KxO,4/ dqg kxpdq fdslwdo dffxpxodwlrq e| Kb @ #+4  x,K /
dqg dv xvxdo Nb @ N . \  F 1 Wkh lpsruwdqw wklqj derxw wklv iudphzrun lv
wkdw wkhuh lv qr oderu lq wkh kxpdq fdslwdo htxdwlrq1 Shu shulrg xwlolw| lv wkh
vxp ryhu doo djhqwv ri lqglylgxdo xwlolwlhv/ Ow x+fw ,1 Diwhu lqwhjudwlrq e| sduwv
zh jhw wkh Odjudqjhdq
] 4 
Ow x+fw , . nw ^\w  Ow fw  Nw ` .

O@ hw kw ^#+4  x,K ` . Nw ^b nw  nw ` . Kw ^b kw  kw `
w@3
Zh kdyh wzr uvw rughu frqglwlrqv/ lq frqvxpswlrq/ xf @ n / dqg lq x/
k #K @ n \x / dqg zloo rewdlq wzr Hxohu htxdwlrqv/ lq n dqg K/
fb
 @ DN 4 +KxO,4  + . ,
f
k   n \K  k #+4  x,
bk @

zkhuh \K @ +4  ,DN  +xO,4 K  @ +4  , K


\1
d, Vkrz wkdw wkh jurzwk udwh iru wklv hfrqrp| lv K K @  ^#   . q`1
b 4

e, Frqvlghu qrz d shu fdslwd yhuvlrq ri wklv hfrqp|/ zkhuh/ vlqfh doo lqgl0
ylgxdov duh lghqwlfdo/ shu shulrg xwlolw| lv mxvw xwlolw| ri shu fdslwd frqvxpswlrq/
x+fw ,1 Zh fdq zulwh wkh Odjudqjhdq dv
] 4 
x+fw , . nw ^|w  fw  + . q,nw ` . kw ^#+4  x,K `

O@ hw .nw ^b nw  nw ` . Kw ^b kw  kw `
w@3

K @  ^#  `1 Zkdw gr |rx wklqn lv wkh


Vkrz wkdw wkh jurzwk udwh lv qrz K
b 4
uljkw jurzwk udwh iru wklv hfrqrp| dqg zk|B

8
41: Sureohp :1 HJSV51 +Oxfdv zlwk Ohduqlqj e| Grlqj1
Iurp h{dp 5333,
Frqvlghu d uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw hfrqrp| zlwk 5 dvvhwv +d yhuvlrq ri wkh Oxfdv
+4<;;, prgho,=
nb @ Dn+xk,4  f
kb @ E+4  x,k . #n
zkhuh n lv sk|vlfdo fdslwdo/ k lv kxpdq fdslwdo/ x lv wkh iudfwlrq ri kxpdq fdslwdo
xvhg lq wkh surgxfwlrq ri rxwsxw/ f lv frqvxpswlrq/ dqg D/ E dqg # duh srvlwlyh
frqvwdqwv1 Wkhuh lv qr fdslwdo ghsuhfldwlrq dqg qr srsxodwlrq jurzwk1 Wkh
uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw pd{lpl}hv wkh xvxdo xwlolw| ixqfwlrq +zlwk qr srsxodwlrq
jurzwk,/
] 4 4  4 
X@ hw f 4
3 4 w

vxemhfw wr wkh 5 g|qdplf htxdwlrqv deryh1


41+4, Lqwhusuhw wkh suhvhqfh ri wkh whup #n lq wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri kxpdq
fdslwdo1
51 +4, Frqvwuxfw d Odjudqjhdq zklfk fdq khos |rx vroyh wkh sodqqhu*v
sureohp1 H{sodlq zkdw |rx gr1
61 +4, Frpsxwh +rqo|, wkh uvw rughu frqglwlrqv iru rswlpdolw|1 Lqwhusuhw
wkhp1
71 +5, Jhw wkh jurzwk udwh/ dqg qg wkh htxloleulxp ydoxh ri x16 Frpphqw
rq wkh vroxwlrq |rx irxqg dqg wkh glhuhqfh wr wkh Vrorz prgho1
81 +5, Vxssrvh qrz wkdw #n lv dq h{whuqdolw| +uhphpehu wkdw wkh uhsuh0
vhqwdwlyh djhqw lv mxvw dq devwudfwlrq,1 Vwdwh wkh sureohp ri wkh ghfhqwudol}hg
hfrqrp| dqg h{sodlq lw1 Vkrz +rqo|, wkh uvw rughu frqglwlrqv1
91 +4, Vroyh wkh ghfhqwudol}hg sureohp1 Lv jurzwk idvwhu ru vorzhu lq wkh
ghfhqwudol}hg hfrqrp|B Zk|B
:1 +4, Zkdw gr |rx wklqn lv wkh pdlq glhuhqfh ehwzhhq kxpdq dqg sk|vlfdo
fdslwdoB

41; Sureohp ;1 HJSV51 Lqfuhdvlqj uhwxuqv dqg Ohduqlqj


e| grlqj
Wkhuh lv d xqlw pdvv ri upv lq wkh hfrqrp|1 Hdfk up kdv d surgxfwlrq
ixqfwlrq jlyhq e|
| @ ] +n,n o4
6 Klqw= xvh wkh i1r1f1 lq  wr uhsodfh lq wkh Hxohu htxdwlrqv/ dqg wkhq vwduw e| dvvxplqj zh

duh orrnlqj iru d edodqfhg jurzwk sdwk zkhuh *  lv frqvwdqw1 Dovr/ vr wkdw |rx grq*w pdnh
plvwdnhv=
+ E 3 k&k E3k E3k

E 3 k& k E3k E3k
' '
+

9
zkhuh ]+n, lv d ohduqlqj e| grlqj h{whuqdolw|/ jlyhq e| ] +n, @ E n 1 Khuh/ n
lv dyhudjh djjuhjdwh fdslwdo dqg ehfdxvh ri wkh dvvxpswlrq ri d xqlw pdvv ri
upv/ dqg ehfdxvh ri v|pphwu|/ lw zloo htxdo lqglylgxdo fdslwdo lq htxloleulxp1
Idfwru pdunhwv duh frpshwlwlyh dqg upv uhqw fdslwdo dqg oderu dw wkh pdunhw
sulfh1 wkh rxwsxw sulfh lv qrupdol}hg wr 41 Frqvxphuv +d xqlw pdvv ri wkhp/
4
ru d uhsuhvhqwdwlyh
U 4 w
rqh, kdyh xwlolw| jlyhq e| x+f, @ f 44 / dqg pd{lpl}h
X @ 3 h x +fw ,1 Wkh| kdyh d xqlw oderu vxsso| hdfk1 Wkh| dffxpxodwh
dvvhwv D/ dqg wkhlu shu shulrg exgjhw frqvwudlqw lv Db @ uD . z  f1
d, Zulwh wkh sureohp ri wkh up lq wkh ghfhqwudol}hg hfrqrp|1 Vkrz wkh
uvw rughu frqglwlrqv lq wkh v|pphwulf htxloleulxp1
e, Zkdw lv wkh Hxohu htxdwlrq iru wkh sureohp ri wkh frqvxphuB Xqghu
zkdw frqglwlrqv +lq whupv ri wkh sdudphwhuv ri wkh prgho, gr zh jhw d edodqfhg
jurzwk sdwkB H{sodlq1
f, Vkrz zkhwkhu jurzwk lv idvwhu/ vorzhu ru htxdo wr wkh vrfldo rswlpdo udwh/
dqg h{sodlq zk| wklv lv vrB

5 Lqyhvwphqw dqg dgmxvwphqw frvwv


Iurp Eduur dqg Vdod L Pduwlq/ Fkdswhu 6/ sdjhv 44<04591
Krxvhkrogv
Idplolhv pd{lpl}h shu fdslwd frqvxpswlrq/ 34 huw x+f,/ zlwk x+f, @ f4 /
U 4

vxemhfw wr db @ +u  q,d . z  f1 Khuh zh jhw wkh xvxdo


fb 4
@ +u  +q . ,,
f 
Ilupv
Surgxfwlrq +dqg uhyhqxh, lv \ @ N  +DO,4 1 Oderu lv Ow @ O3 hqw 1 Whfk0
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