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Paper I (b) Differentiate the result in (a) w.r.t. x,
n
1 1 1 1 1 1
1. (1 + 2 x) n = ∑ ak x k --- <*> − + −
6 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 2) 2 6 ( x − 1) 2 ( x − 2) 2
k =0
−1 −1 1 1 5
we have A = , B= , C= and D = =
6 6 6 6 32
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence, =− ( − )− ( − )
( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4) 6 x +1 x + 2 6 x −1 x − 2
Page 1
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
3. (a) f ( x) = q1 ( x)( x − 1)( x − 4) + (− x + k ) and f ( x) = q 2 ( x)( x − 4) 2 + (kx − 10) π π
cos − sin
Put x = 4 , −4 + k = f (4) = 4k − 10 , 4. (a) Required matrix = 2 2 = 0 − 1
sin π π
cos 1 0
i.e. k=2 2 2
2
(b) Let g ( x) = ax + bx + c . We have x 0 − 11 − 3
(b) (i) Let Q = ( x, y ) . = =
3 2
x + ax + bx + c = f ( x) = q1 ( x )( x − 1)( x − 4) + (− x + 2) --- <*> y 1 0 3 1
3 2 2 i.e. Q = (−3, 1)
x + ax + bx + c = f ( x) = q 2 ( x)( x − 4) + (2 x − 10) --- <**>
* Put x = 1 into <*>: a+b+c = 0 --- <1> 0 − 1
(ii) (1) M =
* Put x = 4 into <**>: 16a + 4b + c = −66 --- <2> −1 0
* Differentiate <**>, 3π 3π
0 − 1 cos 2( 4 ) sin 2( 4 )
2 2
3x + 2ax + b = 2( x − 4)q 2 ( x) + ( x − 4) q ' 2 ( x) + 2 (2) Note M = =
− 1 0 sin 2( 3π ) − cos 2( 3π )
Put x = 4 , 8a + b = −46 --- <3> 4 4
3π
∴ T represents the reflection in the line y = x(tan ) = −x .
Now, < 2 > − < 1 >: 5a + b = −22 4
And <3>: 8a + b = −46 (3) Since reflection is area invariant, so
So, a = −8 , b = 18 . Sub, into <1>, c = −10 area of ∆O ' P' Q ' = area of ∆OPQ
2
Thus, g ( x) = −8 x + 18 x − 10 1
= (OP)(OQ )
Alternatively 2
Q deg f ( x ) = 3 and leading coefficient of f (x) is 1 1
2
= ( 3 2 + 12 )( 3 2 + 12 ) = 5
∴ f ( x) = ( x + A)( x − 4) + (2 x − 10) , and recall that 2
f ( x) = q1 ( x)( x − 1)( x − 4) + (− x + 2)
∴ (1 + A)(1 − 4) 2 + (2 × 1 − 10) = f (1) = q1 (1)(0)(1 − 4) + (−1 + 2)
∴ A=0, then f ( x) = x( x − 4) 2 + (2 x − 10)
= x 3 − 8 x 2 + 18 x − 10
i.e. g ( x) = f ( x) − x 3 = − 8 x 2 + 18 x − 10
Page 2
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
5. (a) Consider | z − a |= r where a ∈ C and r > 0 . 1 1 1 1
6. (a) Apply AM ≥ GM on 2 sets of numbers { α, β, γ, δ } and { , , , },
Then, 2 2
r =| z − a | = ( z − a)( z − a ) = zz − az − a z + | a | 2 α β γ δ
zz = az + a z − (| a | 2 −r 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1/ 4
we have α + β + γ + δ ≥ 4(αβγδ)1 / 4 and + + + ≥ 4( ) .
Compare the given equation , we have α β γ δ αβγδ
[3(α + β + γ + δ)] 1
+
1
+
1
+
1
≥ 16
β+ γ +δ α + γ +δ α+β+δ α+β+ γ
i.e. result follows.
(c) By (b), we have
16 α + β + γ + δ α + β + γ + δ α + β + γ + δ α + β + γ + δ
≤ + + +
3 β+ γ +δ α+γ+δ α+β+δ α+β+ γ
α β γ δ
= (1 + ) + (1 + ) + (1 + ) + (1 + )
β+γ+δ α+γ+δ α+β+δ α +β+ γ
α β γ δ 16 4
∴ + + + ≥ −4 =
β+ γ +δ α+ γ +δ α+β+δ α+β+ γ 3 3
Page 3
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
7. (a) (i) Coefficient determinant D x + y + z = 2 − −− <1>
1 1 1 (ii) (E): x − 2z = 1 − −− < 2 >
3 x + 4 y + 6 z = b − −− < 3 >
= a 0 − 4 = −12 + 4a − a(a + 4) + 16 = −(a + 2)(a − 2)
3 4 a+4 On solving <1> and <2>, we have x = 1+ 2 z and y = 1− 3 z
(E) has a unique solution For consistent, the above solution must satisfy <3>,
iff D≠0 ∴ b = 3(1 + 2 z ) + 4(1 − 3z ) + 6 z = 7
iff a ≠ 2 and a ≠ −2 Solution set = {( 1+ 2t , 1− 3t , t): t ∈ ℜ }
iff a < −2 or −2 < a < 2 or a > 2 (b) Solve the first 2 equations of (F): x = −1− 2 z and y = 3 + z
Now For consistent, the above solution must satisfy the third and fourth equation:
2 1 1 ∴ λ = 3(−1 − 2 z ) + 4(3 + z ) + 2 z = 9
D x = 2 0 − 4 = 32 − 2a − 4b and µ = 7(−1 − 2 z ) + 17(3 + z ) − 3z = 44
b 4 a+4 (c) Note the first equations of (G) equals the system (E)
1 2 1 2
by setting a = and b = 5 .
D y = a 2 − 4 = ab + 4b − 2a 2 − 6a − 22 3
3 b a+4 By (a), x = 3 , y = −1 , z = 0 which is obviously not satisfying the last
1 1 2 equation of (G).
D z = a 0 2 = 8a − ab − 2 i.e. (G) is inconsistent.
3 4 b
Dx 2a + 4b − 32 Dy 2a 2 + 6a + 22 − ab − 4b
x= = , y= =
D (a + 2)(a − 2) D (a + 2)(a − 2)
Dz ab + 2 − 8a
z= ==
D (a + 2)(a − 2)
Page 4
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
8. (a) ‘ ⇒ ’ If λ is a repeated root of p( x) = 0 , then 1 1
Consider f ( ) = 6 f (µ ) = 0 (by <1>)
2
p( x) = ( x − λ ) q1 ( x) for some polynomial q1 ( x) . µ µ
Therefore, p' ( x) = ( x − λ)[2q1 ( x) + ( x − α)q1 ' ( x)] . 1 1 1 1 1 1
f ' ( ) = 6 5 + 5a 4 + 4b 3 + 3c 2 + 2b + a
So, p (λ ) = p ' (λ ) = 0 . µ µ µ µ µ µ
Page 5
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
9. (a) (i) n =1, x1 > y1 is trivial. 5 1 2 7
(v) 4 x n +1 + 3 y n +1 = 4( x n + y n ) + 3( x n + y n ) = 4 x n + 3 y n
Assume x k > y k for some positive integer k. 6 6 9 9
11 =…
= (xk − y k ) > 0 by assumption.
18 = 4 x1 + 3 y1
The statement is also true for n = k + 1 . Taking limit on both sides,
By induction, x n > y n for all positive integers n.
lim (4 x n + 3 y n ) = lim (4 x1 + 3 y1 )
n →∞ n →∞
5 1 1
(ii) x n +1 − x n = ( x n + y n ) − x n = ( y n − x n ) < 0 (by (a)(i))
6 6 6
4 lim x n + 3 lim y n = 4 x1 + 3 y1
n →∞ n →∞
i.e. {x n } is strictly decreasing.
2 7 2 4 x1 + 3 y1
y n +1 − y n = ( x n + y n ) − y n = ( x n − y n ) > 0 (by (a)(i)) i.e. lim x n = (as lim x n = lim y n )
9 9 9 n →∞ 7 n →∞ n →∞
i.e. { y n } is strictly increasing. (b) Define X n = − x n and Yn = − y n for all positive integers n.
(iii) By (a)(i) and (ii), we have Then, (1) X 1 = − x1 > − y1 = Y1
x1 > x 2 > ... > x n −1 > x n > y n > y n −1 > ... > y 2 > y1 5 1 5 1
(2) X n +1 = − x n +1 = ( − x n ) + ( − y n ) = X n + Yn ,
∴ {x n } is strictly decreasing and bounded below by y1 , 6 6 6 6
{ y n } is strictly increasing and bounded above by x1 . 2 7 2 7
Yn +1 = − y n +1 = ( − x n ) + ( − y n ) = X n + Yn
i.e. Both {x n } and { y n } are convergent sequences. 9 9 9 9
5 1
∴ lim x n = lim x n + lim y n (Q lim x n , lim y n exist)
n →∞ 6 n → ∞ 6 n→ ∞ n →∞ n →∞
Page 6
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
10. (a) ‘ ⇒ ’ M is orthogonal. cos θ sin θ
‘ ⇐ ’ When M = ,
MM T = I , − sin θ cos θ
∴ 1 =| I |=| MM T |=| M | ⋅ | M T |=| M | 2 , | M |= ±1 cos θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ
MM T = = I
a b − sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
Let M = .
c d cos θ sin θ
When M = ,
Then, MM T = I gives M T = M −1 sin θ − cos θ
a c 1 d − b cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
∴ = MM T = = I
b d | M | − c a sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
d −c
∴ a= and b =
|M | |M | (b) (i) The statement is trivial for n = 1 .
Case (1) | M |= 1 : cos kθ sin kθ
Assume M k = for some positive integer k.
a = d , b = −c , ad − bc = 1 − sin kθ cos kθ
∴ a2 + b2 = 1 cos θ sin θ cos kθ sin kθ
M k +1 = MM k =
∴ −1 ≤ a, b ≤ 1 as M is a real matrix. − sin θ cos θ − sin kθ cos kθ
∴ there exits θ ∈ ℜ such that cos θ cos kθ − sin θ sin kθ sin kθ cos θ + cos kθ sin θ
=
a = cos θ and b = sin θ − (sin kθ cos θ + cos kθ sin θ) cos θ cos kθ − sin θ sin kθ
a b a b cos θ sin θ cos(k + 1)θ sin( k + 1)θ
i.e. M = = = =
c d − b a − sin θ cos θ − sin( k + 1)θ cos(k + 1)θ
Case (1) | M |= −1 : By induction, the statement is true for all positive integers n.
a = −d , b = c , ad − bc = −1 cos θ sin θ
(ii) For M = , note that M 2 = I
∴ 2
a +b =12
sin θ − cos θ
∴ 0 ≤ a, b ≤ 1 as M is a real matrix. M for n = 2k − 1
∴ Mn = , where k is a positive integer.
∴ there exits θ ∈ ℜ such that I for n = 2k
Page 7
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
cos θ sin θ 11. (a) (i) Let f ( x) = x − 1 − ln x for x > 0 .
(c) It is not possible for X to be in the form of , or else,
sin θ − cos θ < 0 for 0 < x < 1
1 x −1
by (b)(ii), X 400
=X 2 ( 200 )
= I ≠ −I . f ' ( x) = 1 − = = 0 for x =1
x x
> 0 for x >1
cos θ sin θ
So the orthogonal matrix X must be in the form of .
− sin θ cos θ ∴ f ( x) attains its absolute minimum at x = 1 .
cos θ sin θ n n
Thus, X = ∑ ai ln bi ≤ ∑ (a i bi − a i ) = 1 − 1 = 0
− sin θ cos θ i =1 i =1
Page 8
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
n
xi
∑ xi n
(c) (i) Put a i = n
and bi = i =1
n
xi
xi n ∏ xi
∑ xi ∑ xi 2
i =1
(ii) Put c i = 1
such that c i > 0 and ∏ ci = 1
=1.
i =1 i =1 i =1 ×n
n n n n
∏ xi ∏ xi
a i , bi > 0 ,
such that i =1 i =1
n Then, by (b)(ii),
n n xi
∑ xi 1
∑ ai = ∑ n
= i =1
n
= 1,
n
xi
1
xi n 1n
i =1 i =1
∑ xi ∑ xi ∏ xi n
∏ xi
i =1
i =1 i =1 i =1
n
xi n xi
1≤ ∏ 1 = ∏ 1
n i =1 i =1 n
∑ xi 2 n n n
n
x n2
∏ x i ∏ xi
∑ a i bi = ∑ n i =
i =1
=1.
i =1
i =1
i =1
n
∑ xi ∑ xi
i =1 2 2
i =1 i =1 xi
n
Then, by (a)(ii),
n
xi
∏ xi x i
xi i =1
∴ 1≤ ∏ =
n ∑n xi 1 x1 + x2 +...+ xn
∑ xi i =1 i =1
n n n n
n
i =1 ∏ x i ∏ xi
∏ n xi ≤1
i =1
i =1 i =1
∑ xi
2
i =1 x1 + x2 +...+ xn
n
n
1 i.e. x1 x2
x1 x 2 ...x n xn
≥ x1 x 2 ...x n
∑ xi n
∑ xi
i =1 n xi i =1
∴ n ∏ x i
≤1
∑ xi 2 i =1
i =1 --- End of Solutions of Paper I ---
n
∑ xi
n 2 i =1
∑ xi
n
i.e. ∏ xi x i
≤ i =n1
i =1 ∑ xi
i =1
Page 9
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
Paper II 3. (a) (i)
y
0 0
( ) ( )
x − sin x 0 1 − cos x 0
sin x 2
1. (a) lim = lim = lim =0
x→0 x sin x x →0 x cos x + sin x x →0 2 cos x − x sin x
y = f (x )
(b) f (x) is differentiate at x = 0 and hence continuous at x = 0
x
∴ lim− f ( x) = f (0)
x →0
O 1 2
x
lim (sin x + a ⋅ ) = 3 + b (0) + 0 2
x→0 − sin x
0 + a = 3 , i.e. a=3
For f (x) is differentiate at x = 0 , (ii) Q f (−3) = 2 = f (0) but −3 ≠ 0
sin x x − sin x
lim− + 3× = lim (b + x)
x→0 x x sin x x →0 +
1 + 3× 0 = b , b =1
Page 10
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
(b) (ii)
5. (a) ∫ (5 − x) x − 1dx = − ∫ [( x − 1) − 4]( x − 1)1 / 2 dx
y
= − ∫ ( x − 1) 3 / 2 dx + 4∫ ( x − 1)1 / 2 dx
4
y = g (x) 2 8
=− ( x − 1) 5 / 2 + ( x − 1) 3 / 2 + C
5 3
5
(b) volume = π ∫ (5 − x) x − 1dx
1
5
x 2 8 128π
= π− ( x − 1) 5 / 2 + ( x − 1) 3 / 2 =
–4 –2 O 2 4 5 3 1 15
4
dy
∫−4 g ( x)dx = area under graph of y = g (x) over [ −4 , 4]
(b) (i)
dy dt 4t
= = =t,
dy
=p (parameter of P is p)
dx dx 4 dx P
(4 + 8) × 4 dt
= = 24
2 −1
∴ slope of normal at P =
p
1
x⋅ − ln x
d ln x x 1 − ln x Equation of normal at P: x + py = (4 p ) + p(2 p 2 + 1)
4. (a) = 2
=
dx x x x2 x + py = 2 p 3 + 5 p
k 3 −1 (ii) Put x = −24 and y = 31 , then
1 − ln(1 + ) 2 n 1 − ln(1 + k × )
1 2n n = lim 3 − 1 2n
(b) lim ∑ ∑ 0 = p 3 − 13 p + 12 = ( p − 1)( p − 3)( p + 4)
n →∞ n k =1 k n →∞ 2n k =1 3 −1 2
(1 + ) 2 (1 + k × )
n 2n I,e, p = 1, 3 or −4
3
3 1 − ln x ln x 1
=∫ dx = = ln 3
1
x2 x 1 3
Page 11
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
x −1 ( x + 3) − 4 1 4 (e)
7. (a) f ( x) = 3
= 3
= 2
− 3
( x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x + 3)
y
2 12 −2( x − 3)
f ' ( x) = − + =
( x + 3) 3 ( x + 3) 4 ( x + 3) 4
6 48 6( x − 5)
f " ( x) = 4
− 5
=
( x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x + 3) 5
(b) (i) x > 1 or x < −3
(ii) x < −3 or −3 < x < 3 y = f ( x)
x −1
c = lim [ f ( x) − mx] = lim =0
x →∞ x →∞ ( x + 3) 3
∴ y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.
1
1 for k ≤ 0 or k > 108
1
(f) n(k ) = 2 for k =
108
1
3 for 0 < k < 108
Page 12
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
8. (a) Differentiate y (1 + x 2 ) = 1 w.r.t. x by ( n + 2 ) times, 1 −2 x
(c) y= 2
, y' =
1+ x (1 + x 2 ) 2
[
0 = (1 + x ) y 2
]( n + 2)
6x 2 − 2
n+ 2
y" =
−2
(1 + x 2 ) 3
[(1 + x 2
]
) − x ⋅ 4x =
(1 + x 3 ) 3
= ∑ 2 ( r ) ( n + 2− r )
n + 2 C r (1 + x ) y
r =0
= n + 2 C 0 (1 + x 2 ) y ( n + 2) + n + 2 C1 (2 x) y ( n +1) + n + 2 C 2 (2) y ( n ) −2 x
When n = 1 , f 1 ( x) = (1 + x 2 ) 2 y ' = (1 + x 2 ) 2 × = −2 x
= (1 + x ) y 2 ( n + 2)
+ 2(n + 2) xy ( n +1)
+ (n + 2)(n + 1) y (n) (1 + x 2 ) 2
(b) (i) Multiple (1 + x 2 ) n + 2 on both sides of (a), then result follows. ∴ f 1 ( x) is a polynomial of degree 1 and
(ii) f n ( x) = (1 + x 2 ) n +1 y ( n ) the coefficient of x 1 = − 2 = (−1)1 (1 + 1)!
f n ' ( x) = (1 + x 2 ) n +1 y ( n +1) + 2(n + 1)(1 + x 2 ) n xy ( n ) 6x 2 − 2
When n = 2 , f 2 ( x) = (1 + x 2 ) 3 y" = (1 + x 2 ) 3 × 2 3
= 6x 2 − 2
Therefore, (1 + x )
2 2 n+2 ( n +1) 2 n +1 (n) ∴ f 2 ( x) is a polynomial of degree 2 and
(1 + x ) f n ' ( x) = (1 + x ) y + 2(n + 1)(1 + x ) xy
∴ (1 + x 2 ) f n ' ( x ) = (1 + x 2 ) n + 2 y ( n +1) + 2(n + 1) xf n ( x) the coefficient of x 2 = 6 = (−1) 2 (2 + 1)!
Differentiate once, Assume f k ( x) = [(−1) k (k + 1)! ]x k + q1 ( x) and
(1 + x 2 ) f n " ( x) + 2 xf n ' ( x ) f k +1 ( x ) = [(−1) k +1 (k + 2)! ]x k +1 + q 2 ( x) for some positive
= (1 + x 2 ) n + 2 y ( n + 2) + 2(n + 2)(1 + x 2 ) n +1 xy ( n +1) integer k, where deg q1 ( x) ≤ k − 1 and deg q 2 ( x) ≤ k .
+2(n + 1) f n ( x) + 2(n + 1) xf n ' ( x) Consider n = k + 2 , by (b)(i),
2 n +1 2 ( n + 2) ( n +1)
= (1 + x ) [(1 + x ) y + 2(n + 2) xy ] f k + 2 ( x) = −2(k + 2) xf k +1 ( x) − (k + 1)(k + 2)(1 + x 2 ) f k ( x )
+2(n + 1) f n ( x) + 2(n + 1) xf n ' ( x) {
= −2(k + 2) x [(−1) k +1 (k + 2)! ]x k +1 + q 2 ( x) }
= − (1 + x ) 2 n +1
(n + 2)(n + 1) y (n)
(by (a)) 2
{
− (k + 1)(k + 2)(1 + x ) [(−1) (k + 1)! ]x k + q1 ( x)
k
}
+2(n + 1) f n ( x) + 2(n + 1) xf n ' ( x) which is obviously a polynomial of degree k + 2 , with
= −(n + 2)(n + 1) f n ( x) +2(n + 1) f n ( x) + 2(n + 1) xf n ' ( x) the coefficient of x k + 2
i.e. (1 + x 2 ) f n " ( x) − 2nxf n ' ( x) + n(n + 1) f n ( x) = 0 = − 2(k + 2)[(−1) k +1 (k + 2)! ] − (k + 1)(k + 2)[(−1) k (k + 1)! ]
= (−1) k + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1)!{2(k + 2) − (k + 1)}
= (−1) k + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1)! (k + 3)
= (−1) k + 2 (k + 3)! . The proof is completed.
Page 13
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
(d) By (c), we can let 9. (a) * The inequality is obviously true for n = 1 .
n n n −1 n−2
f n ( x) = (−1) (n + 1)! x + a n −1 x + a n−2 x + ... + a1 x + a 0 2n 4
* We are going to show by induction that ≤ for integer n ≥ 2 .
where a i ∈ ℜ n! n
n −1 n−2
n
f n ' ( x) = (−1) n(n + 1)! x + (n − 1)a n −1 x + (n − 2)a n − 2 x n −3 + ... + a1 22 4
When n = 2 , =2= ∴ the statement is true for n = 2 .
f n " ( x) = (−1) n n(n − 1)(n + 1)! x n − 2 + (n − 1)(n − 2)a n −1 x n −3 2! 2
+ (n − 2)(n − 3)a n − 2 x n − 4 + ... + 2a 2 2k 4
Assume ≤ for some integer k ≥ 2 .
k! k
By (b)(ii), Consider n = k + 1 ,
(1 + x 2 ) f n " ( x) − 2nxf n ' ( x) + n(n + 1) f n ( x) = 0 2 k +1 2k 2 4 2
= ≤ (by assumption)
Compare coefficient of x n −1 : (k + 1)! k! k + 1 k k + 1
(n − 1)(n − 2)a n −1 − 2n(n − 1)a n −1 + n(n + 1)a n −1 = 0 4
≤ (Q k ≥ 2 )
2a n −1 = 0 , ∴ a n −1 = 0 k +1
2n 4 4
Now 0 < ≤ and lim 0 = 0 = lim
n n! n n →∞ n →∞ n
Now ∑ ak = sum of roots of f n ( x) = 0
k =1 2n
∴ lim =0 (by sandwich theorem)
n →∞ n!
(−1) coefficient of x n −1
=
coefficient of x n e −1 e
I 1 = ∫ x −3 ln xdx =
2 ∫1
(b) (i) ln xdx − 2
1
−a n −1
=
(−1) n (n + 1)!
=0
=−
2
[
1 −2 e
]
1 e
x ln x 1 + ∫ x − 2 d ln x
2 1
e −2 1 e −3
=− + ∫ x dx
2 2 1
e −2 1 − 1 − 2
=−
2
+ ( )x
2 2
[ ] e
1
1
= (1 − 3e − 2 )
4
Page 14
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
e −1 e e −2 r + 1
I n +1 = ∫ x −3 (ln x) n +1 dx =
2 ∫1
(ii) (ln x) n +1 dx − 2 I r +1 = − + Ir
1
2 2
e −2 r + 1 1 r
=−
2
[
1 −2
x (ln x) n +1 ]
e
1 +
1 e −2
2 ∫1
x d (ln x) n +1 =−
2
+
2
1
(r! ) r +1 − 2 ∑
− k )!2
1
k +1
2 e k = 0 (r
e −2 n + 1 e −3 1 1 1 r
1
= (r + 1)! r + 2 − 2 ∑
2 ∫1
=− + x (ln x) n dx − 2
2 e ⋅ 2 ⋅ (r + 1)! e − k )!2 k +2
2 k =0 (r
e −2 n + 1 1 1 1 r +1
1
=− + In = (r + 1)! r + 2 − 2 − 2 ∑
2 e ⋅ 2 ⋅ (r + 1)! e (r − t + 1)!2 t +1
2 2 t =1
1 1 n
1 (put t = k + 1 )
(iii) When n = 1 , n! n +1 − 2 ∑
2 k +1 1
e k = 0 ( n − k )!2 1 r +1
1
= (r + 1)! r + 2 − 2 ∑
2 k +1
1 1 1
1 e k = 0 ( r + 1 − k )!2
= −
4 e2
∑ k +1
k = 0 (1 − k )!2 The proof is completed.
1 1 1 1 (iv) For 1 ≤ x ≤ e , e −2 ≤ x −2 ≤ 1
= − ( + )
4 e2 2 4 ∴ e −2 x −1 (ln x) n ≤ x −3 (ln x) n ≤ x −1 (ln x) n
1 e e e
= (1 − 3e − 2 ) = I 1 ∴ e −2 ∫ x −1 (ln x) n dx ≤ ∫ x −3 (ln x) n dx ≤ ∫ x −1 (ln x ) n dx
4 1 1 1
1 1 r
1
Assume I r = r! r +1 − 2 ∑ for some e e
2 k +1 ∴ e −2 ∫ x −1 (ln x) n dx ≤ I n ≤ ∫ x −1 (ln x) n dx
− k )!2 1 1
e k =0 (r
positive integer r. e
e −1 e (ln x) n +1 1
where ∫ 1
x (ln x) n dx = ∫ (ln x) n d ln x =
1 +
=
+1
n 1 1 n
1 1
i.e. ≤ In ≤
e 2 (n + 1) n +1
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Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
n
1 1 n
2 n −k 1 n
2k
H ' ( x) = 2 ∫ f (t ) g (t )dt f ( x) g ( x)
x
(c) Note that ∑ k +1
= n +1 ∑ (n − k )! = n +1 ∑ 10. (a) (i) (1)
0
k = 0 ( n − k )!2 2 k =0 2 k = 0 k!
1 1 1 n
2k n
2k
= n! 1 − 1 − ∫ ( f (t )) 2 dt ( g ( x)) 2 − ∫ ( g (t )) 2 dt ( f ( x )) 2
x x
I n = n! n +1 − 2 n +1
2 ∑ 2 n +1 e 2 ∑
(by (iii))
0 0
e 2 k = 0 k! k = 0 k!
1 n! 1 n
2k
≤ 1
∴ 2
≤ n +1
1− 2 ∑ n +1
(by (iv))
x
{
= − ∫ [ f (t ) g ( x)] 2 − 2[ f (t ) g ( x)][ f ( x) g (t )] + [ f ( x) g (t )] 2 dt }
k = 0 k!
e (n + 1) 0
2 e
1 2 n +1 1 n
2k 2 n +1 x
∴ 2 ( n + 1)!
≤ 1− 2 ∑ ≤
(n + 1)!
= − ∫ [ f (t ) g ( x ) − f ( x) g (t )] 2 dt
k = 0 k!
e e 0
2 n +1 n
2k 2 n +1 ≤0
∴ e 2 [1 − ]≤ ∑ ≤ e2 −
(n + 1)! k =0 k! (n + 1)! i.e. H ( x) is decreasing on I.
2 n +1 2 n +1 (2) Q H ( x) is decreasing on I.
As lim e 2 [1 − ] = e 2 = lim [e 2 − ]
n →∞ (n + 1)! n→∞ (n + 1)! ∴ H ( x ) ≤ H (0 ) = 0 for all x ∈ I .
∞
2k n
2k 2
x f (t ) g (t )dt ≤ x( f (t )) 2 dt x( g (t )) 2 dt
∴ ∑ k! n→∞ ∑ k! = e 2
= lim (by sandwich theorem) i.e.
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
k =0 k =0
for all x ∈ I .
Page 16
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
(ii) (1) Put f (t ) = 1 and g (t ) = h' (t ) 11. (a) Suppose the converse that sin θ = 0 or sin φ = 0 .
such that f and g are continuous on I. * Consider sin θ = 0 , P = (0, 20 cos θ )
By (a)(i)(2), result follows by noting that h(0) = 0 . As O, P and Q are collinear,
x 1 x we have sin φ = 0
∫ 0 (h' (t )) dt = ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt − ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt
2
(2) * Note that
0 1 Thus, cos θ ≠ 0 and cos φ ≠ 0
1 2x 2 y dy
≤ ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt * Now differentiate the equation of (E): + =0
0 144 400 dx
(Q (h' (t )) 2 ≥ 0 and x ≤ 1 ) dy 5 sin θ dy 5 sin φ
∴ =− , =−
dx P 3 cos θ dx Q 3 cos φ
x
* (h( x)) 2 ≤ x ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt (by (a)(ii)(2))
0 (as cos θ ≠ 0 and cos φ ≠ 0 )
1 dy dy
≤ x ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt (proved before) * ∴ =0, =0
0 dx P dx Q
Taking integration for the above inequality over [0, 1] ∴ the slope of tangents at P
=the slope of tangents at Q
dt ≤ ∫ x ∫ (h' (t )) 2 dt dx
1 1 1
∫ 0 (h( x))
2
0 0 As P and Q are distinct points with equal
slopes of tangents, the two tangents cannot
= dt
1 1
∫ 0 xdx ⋅ ∫ 0 (h' (t ))
2
have an intersection.
1 1 1 1 Contradiction!
∫ 0 (h' (t )) dt = ∫ 0 (h' ( x )) dx
2 2
=
2 2 Similar argument can be applied on the case sin φ = 0 .
To sum up, sin θ ≠ 0 and sin φ ≠ 0
(b) Put h( x) = ln(sec x + tan x) for x ∈ [0, 1]
1 1 1 2 1 1
∫0 (ln(sec x + tan x)) sec xdx = [tan x ]10 = tan 1
2 ∫0
2
dx ≤
2 2
Page 17
Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2010 By Y.K. Ng (last update: 14/4/2010) ykng2007@hotmail.com
dy 5 sin θ x(5 sin θ) + y (3 cos θ) = 60
(b) (i) =− (ii)
dx P 3 cos θ x(5 sin φ) + y (3 cos φ) = 60
Equation of tangent at P: 5 sin θ 60
x(5 sin θ) + y (3 cos θ) = (12 sin θ)(5 sin θ) + (20 cos θ)(3 cos θ) 5 sin φ 60 20(sin θ − sin φ) 20(sin θ − sin φ)
y= = =
∴ x(5 sin θ) + y (3 cos θ) = 60 5 sin θ 3 cos θ sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ sin(θ − φ)
(5 cos θ − 4)(sin θ − sin φ) = 5(cos θ − cos φ) sin θ ∴ (slope of PA)( slope of AR) = −1
5 cos θ(sin θ − sin φ) − 4(sin θ − sin φ) = 5 sin θ(cos θ − cos φ) i.e. ∆PAR is a right angled triangle.
4(sin θ − sin φ) = 5 cos θ(sin θ − sin φ) − 5 sin θ(cos θ − cos φ)
= 5(sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ) --- End of Solutions of Paper II ---
= 5 sin(θ − φ)
Page 18