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Tear Trough Deformity Review of Anatomy and Treatment Options
Tear Trough Deformity Review of Anatomy and Treatment Options
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What is This?
Oculoplastic Surgery
Abstract
The lower eyelid can be a challenging area in facial rejuvenation. While lower eyelid bags are commonly the reason that patients present for lower eyelid
rejuvenation, a separate entity known as a tear trough deformity may occur in conjunction with lower eyelid bags or alone. In this article, the authors
outline the current understanding of the tear trough anatomy; describe multiple classification systems, which provide an objective means of evaluating
the deformity and aid the surgeon in choosing appropriate treatment options; and review surgical and nonsurgical techniques for correcting the tear
trough deformity. Treatment options include hyaluronic acid filler, fat grafting, skeletal implants, and fat transposition. Each procedure is associated with
advantages and disadvantages, and each should be considered more complex than traditional lower blepharoplasty alone. While lower blepharoplasty
removes excess fat and may tighten the anterior lamella, tear trough procedures require the addition of volume to the underlying depression. These
procedures requiring release of the ligamentous structures and orbicularis (of which the tear trough is composed), as well as fat transposition or fat
grafting, are associated with additional complications, which are also reviewed.
Keywords
tear trough deformity, nasojugal depression, blepharoplasty, oculoplastics
While lower lid bags are more commonly caused by pro- orbicularis oculi and angular head of the quadrates labii
truding orbital fat, there may be a concave deformity cau- superioris muscles.3 The term nasojugal fold was first
dal to the orbital fat that is noticeable as a result of introduced in 1961 by Duke-Elder and Wybar; it was
inherited anatomic differences and aging.1 This concave, defined as running downwards and outwards from the
obliquely-oriented groove has been named the tear trough inner canthus, the junction of the loose tissue of the lower
deformity (Figure 1).2 Patients presenting with tear trough lid with the denser structure of the cheek, marking the line
deformity often complain of dark circles or a tired, aged, along which the fascia is anchored to the periosteum
and/or aesthetically-displeasing depression in that region. between the muscles of the lid and those of the upper
The aesthetically-attractive lower eyelid should display a lip.4 Later, Loeb and Flowers better defined this area
relatively-smooth transition between the preseptal and in an effort to clinically improve the deformity. Loeb
orbital portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle and con-
tinue into the upper malar region without a definable
transition point. There has been some debate regarding Dr. Stutman and Dr. Codner are plastic surgeons in private practice
the contributing anatomy of tear trough deformity and in Atlanta, Georgia.
the appropriate treatment options. In this review article,
Corresponding Author:
we discuss the anatomy of the tear trough region and
Dr. Mark A. Codner, 1800 Howell Mill Road, Suite 140, Atlanta, GA
describe the most common surgical and nonsurgical treat- 30318 USA.
ment options. E-mail: macodner@gmail.com
Classification Systems
Multiple classification systems have been introduced to
provide an objective means of evaluating the tear trough
deformity and to aid the surgeon in choosing appropriate
treatment options.
Figure 4. Hirmand classification of tear trough deformity.
In 2010, Hirmand proposed a classification system of
Adapted from: Hirmand, H. Anatomy and nonsurgical
the tear trough deformity based on clinical evaluation (see
correction of the tear trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg
Figure 4).7
2010;125(2):699-708.
Sadick et al developed the Tear Trough Rating Scale by Hyaluronic Acid Filler
objectively and subjectively evaluating the clinical appear-
ance of the tear trough with regard to depth of the trough, In a 2006 multispecialty consensus recommendation arti-
hyperpigmentation, volume of prolapsed fat, and skin cle, the tear trough was listed as the most challenging
rhytidosis.20 A numerical score was then assigned with area to treat with hyaluronic acid (HA).25 The currently-
respect to severity: popular HA fillers are produced by bacterial fermentation
(Streptococcus strains) and stabilized by chemical cross-
Depth of the tear trough: distance from the anterior linking. The nonanimal-derived products have substan-
lacrimal crest to the depth of the trough; each tially decreased allergic reactions.26 The products all differ
in their cross-linking methods, concentrations, and parti-
millimeter of depth is given one point
cle sizes.27,28 These variations determine the products
Hyperpigmentation: dyspigmentation, while not
resistance to degradability, ease of injection, and gel solid-
directly contributing to the depth of the trough,
ity. HA fillers are most often recommended in the tear
creates an illusion of depth; no hyperpigmenta- trough area, as undesired results can be reversed with
tion is given one point, mild is given two points, injection of hyaluronidase. This has led to a sharp fall in
moderate hyperpigmentation is given three the placement of bovine collagen-based fillers in this area
points, and intense or deep hyperpigmentation is due to increased rates of absorption, hypersensitivity reac-
given four points; subdermal dark casting caused tions, and irregularities that are often difficult to correct.29
by venous pooling can also be graded as hyper- Several other semipermanent filler materials are available
pigmentation for tear trough injection and have shown good results,30,31
Prolapse of nasal fat pad/pockets: prominent pro- but the nonanimal HA products remain most popular.
lapse of the nasal fat pad accentuates the depth
of the trough and is rated as mild (one point), Lambros technique.25 After application of an ice pack to
moderate (two points), or severe (three points) the lower lid and cheek, local anesthetic consisting of 0.5%
Rhytidosis: lower eyelid skin rhytidosis accentuates lidocaine with epinephrine (0.2 to 0.4 mL) is injected into
the fatty prolapse and the depth of the trough; the orbicularis within the tear trough boundaries. Finger
skin rhytidosis is rated on a scale of one to four pressure is applied to flatten the injection area. A half-inch,
(mild, moderate, advanced, and severe, according 30-gauge needle is inserted through the skin at the most lat-
to Glogaus scale) and the rating corresponds to eral extent of the tear trough, advancing fully and potentially
the number of points assigned indenting the skin with the hub for full reach. The HA is
then injected deep to the dermis as the needle is withdrawn.
This process is repeated above and below the original injec-
Nonsurgical Treatment Options tion site. The area is then inspected, and additional passes
are made as needed to yield a smooth contour. Last, the area
Correction of a tear trough deformity with nonsurgical is massaged lightly, compressed with finger pressure, and
techniques presents unique challenges. Unlike other facial rolled with a cotton applicator. In his description of the tech-
hollows (such as the nasolabial folds, which are easily nique, Lambros stressed the importance of not forcefully
camouflaged), the tear trough requires more technically- compressing the product during massage, as this can dis-
demanding treatment due to the breadth of the hollow, place the product into the cheek and exaggerate the tear
skin quality changes (thinning), and the presence of adja- trough. Postinjection care involves applying ice to the area
cent orbital fat pads. the night of procedure, and patients are instructed to refrain
Lambros stressed that when one engages in nonsurgical from massaging the area.
treatment for tear trough correction, it is important to Kane technique. 32 After evaluation and marking of the
evaluate the following factors: tear trough, Betacaine topical anesthetic ointment is
applied to the lower eyelids at least 20 minutes before
1. skin quality, as patients with thick, smooth skin injection. After skin preparation with alcohol, a 30- or
will have better results than those with thin 32-gauge needle is inserted for injection. The deepest por-
extremely-wrinkled skin; tion of the medial tear trough is treated first. The needle is
2. definition of the hollow, since a more defined threaded below the surface of the skin above the orbicula-
hollow is more amenable to filler; ris oculi. Parallel threads of filler are injected cephalad and
3. the orbital fat pad, as larger fat pads are more caudad to the tear trough. The raised area of the filler
difficult to correct due to puffiness caused by is then tapered off medially along the nasal sidewall
the injection; and superiorly at the most cephalad significant rhytid, inferiorly
4. the color of the overlying skin, since filler may at least abutting or immediately caudal to the thick cheek
improve shadowing but will not improve dark skin, and laterally to at least the junction of the medial and
pigmentation.24 lateral third of the inferior orbital rim.
If the tear trough is deep, the direction of the needle is
changed throughout the injection so that filler is applied
It is important that any nonsurgical option address in a crosshatched fashion. For some patients, more than
these important variables. 100 needle passes may be required. The volume range is
Figure 5. (A) This 37-year-old woman presented for treatment of a tear trough deformity. (B) The patient is shown during
nonsurgical treatment with HA filler. (C) Fourteen days postinjection.
0.1 to 0.45 mL per eyelid, with most patients requiring the orbicularis retaining ligament. A combination of
0.2 to 0.3 mL. crosshatching and linear threading is utilized with a
Kane recommends that patients stop taking all aspirin 30-gauge needle with care not to inject superficially. The
and nonsteroidal drugs for two weeks preinjection. product is lightly massaged with cotton-tipped applica-
Postinjection, all patients are instructed to rest, with strict tors to disperse any visible irregularities. After injection,
head elevation position and cold compresses applied for the patient is instructed to apply ice to the area over the
two days. Kane also discourages patients from massaging. next 24 hours as needed to decrease edema and ecchy-
mosis (Figure 5).
Authors preferred technique.6 Due to the thin skin overly-
ing the tear trough, caution is advised when treating a tear
Filler complications. Reported complications of HA filler
trough deformity with filler. Favorable results can be
include:
achieved with proper patient selection, but patients should
be counseled that HA injection alone will not address skin
pigmentation changes. ecchymosis and swelling, which can be decreased
With the patient seated, the tear trough deformity and with application of ice packs33 and infiltration of
lid-cheek junction are marked with easily-removable white local anesthesia containing epinephrine;
eyeliner. The patient is advised to apply ice packs to the pain and erythema at injection site, which is usu-
area several minutes before injection to minimize bruising ally self-limiting;
and for anesthetic purposes. After the markings are con- irregularities, which usually can be massaged
firmed with the patient, HA is injected deep in the prepe- away either at the time of injection or several
riosteal plane, to reduce visibility of the product. The HA weeks laterhowever, more significant irregulari-
is placed beneath the insertion of the medial orbicularis ties can be dissolved with hyaluronidase (10 units
muscle at the maxilla and continues laterally inferior to of hyaluronidase per area);
discoloration, which may result from superficial suctioning, and injection of steroids, phosphatidylcho-
injection that renders a faint bluish tint to the skin line, or deoxycholate for cases of contour irregularity or
(Tyndall effect); and overcorrection.45 However, some reports caution that
patients lack of perceived effect, which can be surgical correction is required (through a blepharoplasty
resolved through review of preinjection photos, incision) for correction of contour irregularities resulting
since these will serve as a visual reminder for pa- from fat grafting,44 which defeats the original intent of a
tients and often alleviate their concerns. nonsurgical approach. Additionally, the potentially-dev-
astating complication of blindness, while never described
specifically with fat injection into the tear trough, has
Filler results. The duration of efficacy for HA filler in the been described in treatment of other periorbital areas,
tear trough has been reported from six months to two specifically the glabellar frown lines.46-48 To decrease the
years.25,32,34,35 Donath et al36 quantified residual HA in the risk of this disastrous complication, it is advisable to
tear trough with a three-dimensional camera and found limit the amount of material or bolus injected in one
that, despite the small sample size, 85% of aesthetic result site, in addition to the recommended use of blunt nee-
was maintained at 15 months. This long-lasting effect was dles, superficial plane of injection, and minimal pressure
hypothesized to be a result of the relative lack of soft tissue upon injection.49
movement in the area as compared to the nasolabial folds or
lips.
Excellent aesthetic results can be achieved when HA Surgical Treatment Options
filler is injected with good technique in appropriately-
selected patients; previous studies have reported an 85% Blepharoplasty has evolved from the old paradigm of pure
to 88% aesthetic improvement.37,38 Patient selection is fat and skin removal50 to the modern practice of preserv-
critical, as patients with thick skin, minimal pigmentation ing orbital fat with limited resection to restore a youthful
changes, and moderate deformity are the best candidates contour.51-53 Similarly, techniques aimed at treatment of
for HA filler correction of the tear trough deformity. the tear trough now address midfacial fat atrophy and
Patients with more significant deformities and lower lid descent. Fat transposition and grafting are useful in filling
bags require lower lid blepharoplasty. the tear trough and rendering a more youthful lid-cheek
junction without causing a periorbital hollow.
Rohrich et al54 proposed a five-step lower blepharo-
Fat Grafting plasty that addresses both the tear trough and the lid-
cheek junction. This approach systematically treats both
The use of autologous fat has been advocated in facial reju- elements by evaluating and addressing the following: (1)
venation due to its ready availability and ease of harvest in deep malar fat augmentation, (2) orbicularis oculi muscle
most patients.39-41 Additionally, the absence of foreign mate- preservation with conservative fat pad removal, (3) selec-
rial and potential for permanent effect are particularly attrac- tive release of the orbicularis retaining ligament, (4) lateral
tive to many patients. Fat grafting can be performed canthopexy, and (5) conservative skin excision. Regardless
nonsurgically by lipoinjection or by direct placement in con- of the particular technique utilized, it is important to
junction with open surgical techniques for lower eyelid reju- evaluate each of these five steps to optimally treat the tear
venation. Coleman is a proponent of the lipoinjection trough deformity.
technique, citing the fact that fat often migrated when graft-
ing was combined with open approaches.42
When one performs lipoinjection, it is recommended Transconjunctival Approach
that an 18- or 19-gauge blunt cannula be attached to a
1-mL syringe for transfer.43 The cannula is introduced Goldberg technique.55 Following preoperative marking of
into the lower lid via a stab incision, camouflaged later- the tear trough deformity, a standard transconjunctival inci-
ally into a natural crease in the crows feet area. The sion is made from the caruncle to the lateral fornix to begin
fat is then laid down from the medial to lateral lower the Goldberg procedure. The lateral and central fat pads are
eyelid in the supraperiosteal plane.6 While volumes of up conservatively excised. Dissection is then carried medially,
to 3 mL per side have been described, injection sizes of with transection of the arcus marginalis and with subperi-
1 mL or less should be considered to maximize safety osteal dissection extending beneath the preoperatively-
and minimize complications, depending on the depth of marked tear trough. The medial fat pad is then transposed
the tear trough. To avoid palpability or contour irregu- as a random-pattern flap into the subperiosteal dissection.
larities, it is recommended that the deformity not be The central fat pad can be added for increased volume after
overcorrected. it is freed from the inferior oblique muscle. The transposed
A relatively-unpredictable resorption rate, frequent fat pads are then secured with three or four externalized,
requirement of several procedures, and risk of permanent lazy loops of 6-0 suture, which are removed after three to
contour irregularities are the main drawbacks for fat five days. The subperiosteal plane is preferred, due to its
grafting the tear trough deformity.44 A report by Coleman relative avascularity and ease of dissection (Figure 6). Addi-
recommended treatment with massage, direct excision, tional filler may be required, depending on the amount of
Figure 7. Hidalgo transconjunctival technique with fat transposition for tear trough correction.
Adapted from: Hidalgo DA. An integrated approach to lower blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(1):386-395.
evacuation of a periorbital hematoma, and only two early deformity (Figure 9). In an effort to reduce potential middle
patients underwent secondary removal of excess medial lamellar shortening, their technique included the addition
fat. of orbital septum irrigation with 0.5 mL of triamcinolone
Hamras technique is often employed with his compos- solution (5 mg/mL), placement of a traction stitch during
ite rhytidectomy, which also involves repositioning of the septal advancement, and routine postoperative upward
orbicularis muscle and cheek fat. Hamra has advocated lid-stretching exercises. Results were analyzed with an
the usefulness of this technique for primary and second- anatomic grading system applied to pre- and postoperative
ary blepharoplasty, especially for patients presenting photographic comparisons (the classification system was
with a hollowed-out appearance. This technique has described earlier). Overall, 95% of patients included in the
also proved beneficial in the correction of malar implant study improved at least one grade postoperatively. The
visibility, which can occur as a result of continued facial authors concluded that this technique was safe, with the
fat descent with age. most common complication being prolonged edema. Addi-
Since this technique places inferior tension on the sep- tionally, no incidence of middle lamellar shortening or
tum, the theoretical risk of ectropion should be considered, contracture was observed.
as the septum inserts into the tarsoligamentous sling.
Excess tension, scarring, or hematoma may contribute to an Carraway technique.61 Carraways technique for correc-
increased risk of lid malposition. tion of the tear trough incorporates two aspects: treating
the paucity of tissue between the tear trough and orbital
Barton technique.23 Barton et al performed an objective rim and addressing the bulkiness of the orbicularis
analysis of their experience with arcus marginalis release, muscle, both cranial and caudal to the deformity. His pre-
fat excision, and septal resetsimilar to the technique ferred technique involves lower eyelid blepharoplasty
described by Hamra60for treatment of tear trough through a subciliary incision with a subcutaneous skin or
Figure 11. Yaremchuk infraorbital rim implant. Figure 12. Flowers infraorbital rim augmentation.
Adapted from: Yaremchuk MJ, Kahn DM. Periorbital skeletal Adapted from: Flowers RS, Nassif JM. Aesthetic periorbital
augmentation to improve blepharoplasty and midfacial surgery. In: Mathes SJ, ed. Plastic Surgery. Vol 2.
results. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124(6):2151-2160. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006:77-126.
inferior orbital rim and lead to a loss of midfacial skeletal were chemosis and self-limiting lower eyelid retraction.
projection.62-65 Tear trough deformities can be accentuated Furthermore, there were no reported symptoms related to
by atrophy and/or descent of midfacial soft tissue, com- the infraorbital nerve.
bined with infraorbital rim retrusion. Therefore, periorbi-
tal skeletal augmentation is another method of treating the Authors preferred surgical technique. The tear trough
tear trough deformity. Yaremchuk recommends infraorbi- deformity is marked with the patient in a seated position
tal periorbital augmentation for improvement of the globe- before induction of general anesthesia. After induction,
lid relationship, cheek deflation, lower lid lengthening, 2% lidocaine with epinephrine is injected into the lower
widened palpebral fissures, and the anterior outline of the eyelid to the level of the tear trough and lid-cheek junc-
lid-cheek junction.66,67 In patients with a negative-vector tion. As described previously, we prefer a transcutaneous
globe/orbital rim relationship, the implant can serve as a subciliary approach, with development of a skin-muscle
stable, supportive framework from which suspension of flap in a stair-step approach, leaving the pretarsal orbicu-
the cheek soft tissues can be advanced (Figure 11).68 laris muscle undisturbed.71 Dissection then proceeds
Redraping soft tissues over the implant further aids in anterior to the orbital septum to the level of the infraorbi-
disguising the tear trough deformity. tal rim. The medial origin of the orbicularis muscle is
Flowers recommends examining the tear trough with released from the maxilla, with lateral extension through
the side of ones finger. If a bony furrow is evident, then a the orbitomalar ligament in the supraperiosteal plane by
direct tear trough (suborbital malar) implant is advised for cutting cautery. We believe that the supraperiosteal plane
correction.1,69 His technique involves placement of the more effectively releases the medial insertion of the
implant in a subperiosteal pocket accessed through a orbicularis and orbitomalar ligament attachments. After
blepharoplasty incision, a transconjunctival incision, a confirmation of the tear trough depression, a small strip
transoral approach, or a direct incision if skin and festoon of orbital septum is excised. A conservative resection of
reductions are also required. Subsequent to implant place- fat from all three lower lid compartments is performed on
ment, fixation is accomplished with either a self-tapping an individualized basis. The resected fat is kept in a moist
screw or a 6-0 Vicryl suture (Ethicon, Inc.; Somerville, NJ) sponge for possible later fat grafting. The medial and cen-
secured to the periosteum. After identification of the tral fat pads are then transposed caudally into the
infraorbital nerve, an eyelet section is removed from the supraperiosteal dissection plane. With appropriate supra-
implant to ensure that pressure is not applied directly over periosteal dissection, the senior author (MAC) has found
the nerve (Figure 12). Closure is completed with a lateral suture fixation unnecessary. In cases of residual depres-
canthopexy and insertion of a closed-suction drain that is sion, the previously-excised orbital fat is minced with
removed one day postoperatively. scissors and placed directly into the defect as free fat
Terino and Edwards70 reviewed their experience with grafts (Figure 13). We routinely advocate providing lat-
an extended suborbital tear troughmalar implant. eral canthal support and have previously reported
Excellent contouring of the lid-cheek junction was accom- excellent postoperative lid contour with this technique.72
plished in all cases. The most common complications To complete the procedure, the skin-muscle flap is
Figure 13. The senior authors (MAC) preferred technique with fat transposition and free fat grafting.
redraped with conservative excision of preseptal orbicu- often successfully treated with antiinflammatory and ster-
laris muscle and lower lid skin (Figure 14). oid eye drops and ointment. Some patients may benefit
A video of the surgical procedure is available at www. from patching the eye closed to prevent exposure. Severe
aestheticsurgeryjournal.com. You may also use any smart- chemosis can be treated with the addition of conjunc-
phone to scan the code on the first page of this article to tivotomy and vasoconstrictive eye drops. Persistent che-
be taken directly to the video on www.YouTube.com. mosis is often caused by lid malposition, which must be
treated to correct the chemosis.
Lid malposition can range from minimal scleral show to
Potential Surgical Complications ectropion, and it may occur as a result of either transcutane-
ous or transconjunctival approaches. Scleral show can often
While there are several options for surgical correction of be corrected conservatively with early postoperative lid mas-
the tear trough deformity, as described, all can be success- sage and taping. Postoperative ectropion should be classified
ful in the right hands. Each technique has a learning as either early (first postoperative week) or late (first postop-
curve, and each has its own advantages and disadvan- erative month). Early ectropion is the result of canthopexy/
tages. All of these techniques should be considered more canthoplasty fixation failure, and treatment requires early
advanced and complex procedures, beyond the scope of a surgical correction. Late ectropion will usually present with
traditional blepharoplasty alone and with longer recovery gradual worsening over the course of the first or second
periods. All of the techniques listed have potential for month postoperatively and is a result of anterior or posterior
complications, and surgeons are advised to proceed with lamellar scarring. The level of scarring can be evaluated by
caution, as improper technique and patient selection can attempting to manipulate the lower lid with the examiners
lead to poor results and complications. What follows is a finger. If the lower lid can be elevated and is mobile, the scar-
list of common complications. ring is within the anterior lamella. However, if the lower lid
Chemosis is often reported, due to a combination of cannot be manually elevated and is fixed to the orbital rim,
postoperative periorbital lymphatic obstruction and dry- the scarring is within the posterior lamella. Treatment of late
ness of the conjunctiva. Mild to moderate chemosis is ectropion should initially start with a trial of six to eight
Figure 14. (A) This 29-year-old woman presented for correction of tear trough deformity. (B) Four months after bilateral lower
blepharoplasty with fat transposition and free fat grafting with skin-muscle flap (authors preferred technique).
weeks of conservative management. However, if the ectro- While each method has advantages and disadvantages,
pion persists, anterior lamellar scarring should be surgically the surgeon should base treatment decisions on patient
resected, and posterior lamellar scarring often requires the anatomy and surgical preference. Patients with thick
addition of a spacer graft. skin, minimal skin discoloration, and mild to moderate
Overdissection in the nasojugal area should be avoided defects without excessive periorbital fat herniation may
and may result in injury to the buccal branch of the facial be good candidates for HA filler or fat grafting alone.
nerve. This can result in difficulties with blinking and eyelid However, patients with more pronounced deformities
closure or decreased tone of the lower lid, and it may affect and fat herniation are often better served by lower eyelid
the eyelid pumping mechanism for the lacrimal apparatus. blepharoplasty and either fat transposition or grafting.
Persistent dark circles from periorbital hyperpigmenta- Treatment of patients with tear trough deformity is com-
tion are best treated with topical skin care, such as plex; however, aesthetically-pleasing results are possible
hydroquinone. through knowledge of the underlying anatomy and
Postoperative edema and ecchymosis are to be expected proper treatment selection.
in the early postoperative period. Additional dissection
and manipulation of the tear trough may result in more Disclosures
substantial areas of ecchymosis and edema than those Dr. Codner receives educational grants and is a paid con-
seen with less extensive blepharoplasty procedures. The sultant for Mentor Corporation and receives royalties for
patient should be informed of this possibility preopera- books published by Quality Medical Publishing and
tively. While the edema and ecchymosis will resolve with- Elsevier Publishing Company. Dr. Stutman has nothing to
out treatment, supportive care in the early postoperative disclose.
period with ice packs, head-of-bed elevation, abstinence
from salty foods and alcohol, and avoidance of strenuous Funding
activity is advised. The authors also recommend a regi- The authors received no financial support for the research,
men of preoperative and postoperative oral supplements authorship, and publication of this article.
Arnica montana and bromelain.
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