CONTROL SYSTEMS

PROJECT

State Space modelling of Second Order

System and its implementation Using
OP Amps

Ishan Darwhekar (BT15ECE021)

Animesh Giradkar (BT15ECE027)

Jayesh Iwarkar (BT15ECE031)

Vikas Jha (BT15ECE034)

Kewal Guglani (BT15ECE039)

Under the able guidance of Dr Ritesh Kumar Keshari Sir

 INTRODUCTION
We performed the state space analysis of a second order system with transfer function

6
T ( s) 2
s 2s 12
We simulated the function using transfer function model in matlab and state space model in
simulink. Further the block diagram representation was simulated on multisim. Finally the
system was implemented physically using opamp blocks on a breadboard. This report
includes all the above mentioned steps.

State space modelling of the system

6
T ( s)
s 2 s 12
2

x( s ) 6
2
u ( s) s 2s 12

s 2 x(s) 2sx(s) 12 x(s) 6u(s)

Taking inverse Laplace Transform of both the sides

x (t ) 2 x (t ) 12 x(t ) 6u (t )

6u (t ) 12 x(t ) 2 x (t ) x (t )

Let the state variables be as follows

x1 x
x 2 x1 x 2
x 2 x

6u 12 x1 2 x 2 x 2
x1 x 2
x 2 12 x1 2 x 2 6u

x1 0 1 x1 0
u
x2 12 2 x2 6
 SIMULATION ON SIMULINK
Simulink simulation :

This is the ideal expected response when the block diagram of the circuit is simulated on
Simulink
 SIMULATION ON MATLAB
Matlab Simulation :

This is the graph we obtained on simulating the above Transfer

Function on MATLAB by running the code to obtain the Waveform.
The parameter observed have clearly been mentioned above
 SIMULATION ON MULTISIM
Multisim Simulation :
R12
R14
XFG1 150k
C2 100k
VCC
15V C3
VCC
15V R8 0.01F XSC1
7 1 5
0.01F
U1 100k VCC15V
VCC15V Ext T rig
7 1 5 U3
3 +
R6 _
6 3 A B
R1 _ _
2 100k 6 7 1 5 U6 7 1 5 U7
+ +
R4
100k 2
4 3 3
741 100k
4 741 R11 6 6
-15V VEE R5 R13
2 2
100k
R2 100k 100k
4 741 4 741
500k -15V VEE

-15V VEE
-15V VEE

VCC
15V

5 1 7 U12
3

6
2 R17

4 741 100k

VCC
15V
-15V VEE

R19

27k 5 1 7 U10
3
6
R16
2

100k
4 741

R18

1500k
-15V VEE

Formulae :

For an inverting amplifier : Gain = Rf/R1

For a non inverting amplifier : Gain = (1 + Rf/R1)

In all the amplifiers the value of R1 is 100k. The value of Rf is accordingly selected.

For Amplifier as an Integrator :

PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE SYSTEM
The physical circuit

Display on CRO from circuit

 CHALLENGES FACED
The most important challenged faced by us was the switch from Simulation to making the actual
circuit on hardware.

The optimisation of te circuit was a tough challenge to reduce the circuitry for example the number
of Operational Amplifiers used.

The cost spent per person was roughly Rs. 36. This was a highlight of the project to have completed
it in minimum costs.

Soldering the whole circuit on Dot PCB was very tough and due to lack of time, the circuit was
implemented successfully on Breadboard.

Adjusting the various values in the Opamp circuit to get the desired waveform and gain was the
most difficult task, because all parameters from frequency to excessive gain had to be kept in mind.

Overall, it was a good learning experience for us.

CONCLUSION
The given transfer function was simulated on MATLAB, SIMULINK, MULTISIM and then realised later
on actual circuit as well. The results of various simulations and the physical circuit are similar. Some
deviation in the step response is observed due to practical considerations.

We learnt in this Mini Project the importance and the hardships faced in implementing a simulated
system on hardware. It surely motivated us though to continue the same to implement this circuit
on a PCB to fabricate in its entirity so that we can contribute our bit to help the coming batches in
learning these concepts on practically implemented circuits.

WHAT LIES AHEAD

Hereafter we aim to fabricate this circuit on a PCB so that it can permanently be used for
experimentation.

We aim to go for more complex systems to gain more insight into the subject.