17-Oct-16

How fat can be good...

Fats are important for many metabolic processes:
Energy production
Transporters of lipid soluble vitamins
Important in the synthesis of Vitamin D,
cholesterol, and steroid hormones.
Fats Structurally important in cell membranes

Fat can be classified by its structure:

Second Major Energy Unsaturated: contain double bonds between
Source carbons

Includes the essential fatty acids that must
be consumed in our diet.
Saturated: single bonds between carbons

Linked with cardiovascular disease, should be
limited to less than 10% of total calories.

Physiological roles of fat and

Properties of Lipids
cholesterol

Fat serves as a potent energy molecule and is
stored in cells as droplets; most is stored in
Water insoluble
adipocytes.

Adipocytes gauge energy storage status and send

Can be solid (fats) and liquid (oils) at
hormones to the brain to help regulate appetite. room temperature

Phospholipids are found in cell membranes,
lipoprotein shells, and bile.
Triglycerides are the main form of

Essential fatty acids are used to make lipids in food and body (storage)
eicosanoids (i.e. prostaglandins, thromboxanes),
which help regulate local events (i.e. blood vessel
Energy dense (9 kcal /gm
/gm))
constriction/dilation, inflammatory processes).

Cholesterol serves as the precursor for vitamin D
Fats give 4.69 kcal per liter O2
and steroid hormones (i.e. testosterone,
estrogens, and aldosterone)
Carbohydrates give 5.05 kcal per
liter O2

Properties of Lipids When fats are used?

Do not readily dissolve in water

Fats are solid at room temperature

Oils are liquid at room temperature

Triglycerides are the main form of
lipids in food and body (storage)

Energy dense (9 kcal /gm)

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When fats are used? Fatty Acid Structure

(Fig. 5-
5-1-A)

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HHO
H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

omega end alpha end

degree of saturation

Saturated Fatty Acid Structure Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

(Fig. 5-
5-1-A) Structure (Fig. 5-
5-1-B)

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HHO H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O
H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

omega end alpha end omega end alpha end

degree of saturation: single carbon bond One double bond

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Essential Fatty Acids
Structure (Fig. 5-
5-1-C)

H H H H H H H H H H H HH O

Body can only make double
H-C--C--C--C--C--C=C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH
bonds after the 9th carbon from
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
the omega end

Needed for immune function,
vision, cell membrane, and
omega end alpha end production of hormone-
hormone-like
> 2 double bonds compounds

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Essential Fatty Acid-

Acid- Omega
Omega--3 (alpha-
(alpha-
linolenic acid)
Omega--3 Fatty Acid
Omega

Primarily from fish oil
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HH O

Also found in canola or soybean oil
H-C--C--C=C--C--C =C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH

Recommend intake of ~2 servings of
H H H H H H H H H H H fish per week

omega end alpha end

1st double bond is located on the 3rd
carbon from the omega end

Essential Fatty Acid-

Acid- Omega
Omega--6 (linoleic
acid)
Omega--6 Fatty Acid
Omega

Found in vegetable oils
H H H H H H H H H H H H H O

Only need
H-C--C--C--C-- C--C =C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH
~ 1 tablespoon a day
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

omega end alpha

end
1st double bond is located on the 6th
carbon from the omega end

Essential Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Omega 6

Alpha-linolenic acid Linoleic acid

DHA EPA Arachidonic Acid

(docosahexanoic (eicosapentaenoic

acid) acid)

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The Different Effects Triglycerides

Archidonic acid (Omega-
(Omega-6 ) H O
H O
increase blood clot H--C--OH HO-C-R
H--C--O--C-- R + H2O
increase inflammatory responses O
O

DHA, EPA (Omega-
(Omega-3) H--C--OH + HO-C-R
H--C--O--C-- R + H20
decrease blood clotting O
O
reduces heart attack H--C--OH HO-C-R
H--C--O--C-- R + H20
excess may cause hemorrhagic stroke H
H
large amounts may decrease inflammation
pain with rheumatoid arthritis (Ester bond)
Glycerol + 3 FAs Triglyceride +
3 H20

Emulsifier

Hydrophilic end
(attracts water)

Hydrophobic end
(attracts lipid)

Emulsification

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Fig. 5.6

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Frayn et al. Essays biochem. 42: 89-103, 2006

Fat Ingestion

Insulin;
splanchnic flow

DNL = de novo
lipogenesis;
LPL = lipoprotein
lipase

Triglycerides
H
H O
H--C--OH
H--C--O--C-- Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
O
H--C--OH + Fatty Acid
H--C--O--C-- Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid O
H--C--OH
H--C--O--C-- Fatty Acid
H
H

esterification

desterification

Fats metabolism Adipocyte

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Adipocyte
Phospholipid

Built on a glycerol backbone

Has at least one fatty acid replaced
with phosphorus compound

Found in body

Synthesized by the body as needed
Cholesterol

A multi-
multi-ringed structure

Do not have a glycerol backbone

Waxy substance

Do not readily dissolve in water

Cholesterol is a sterol
17-Oct-16
Fats
metabolism
Functions of Phospholipids

Make up cell membrane

Emulsifier
Bile acids
Lecithins
Improves food products
Functions of Cholesterol

Essential component of cell
membrane

Produced by the liver

Found only in animal products

Forms important hormones
Estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D

Precursor to bile acids
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Lipids in Foods Recommendation

No RDA

4% of total kcal should come from
essential fatty acids

No more than 15% from PUFA

Current diet supplies ~33% of total
kcal from fat
much from animal, whole milk, pastries,
cheese, margarine, and mayo

Other Recommendations

Fat intake can be higher as long as
Triglyceride (fat) = glycerol + 3 fatty
saturated and trans fatty acid are acids
minimal

Eat diet with plenty of fruits and
vegetables ketones

Cut down on red meats gluconeogenesis

Cut down on simple sugars and
refined CHO glucose

Lipolysis Exercise

Lipolysis fat breakdown Insulin, - + A, NA, TSH,

ACTH,
GH,
lactate glucagon
Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in G-protein coupled
fat cells/tissues. receptor
This process, releases free fatty acids (FFA)
via PKA
into the bloodstream and circulate
throughout the body.
Ketones are produced. HSL HSL P
Large quantity of ketones in blood lead to
ketosis.
Ketones can be converted to glucose via
gluconeogenesis.

HSL Hormone-sensitive lipase

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Lipolysis Lipolysis-induced hormones

Hormones trigger 7TM receptors (G protein-coupled
The following hormones induce lipolysis:
receptors), which activate adenylate cyclase.  Epinephrine (adrenaline)

This results in increased production of cyclic AMP,  Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
which activates protein kinase A, which subsequently  Glucagon
activate lipases found in adipose tissue.  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Lipases catalyst lipolysis.

Fat metabolism overview

Activation
Albumin Fatty acid
transporter
(FAT) Carnitine
Blood

-oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Krebs NADH
Glycerol 3 fatty acids cycle H+
Lipolysis ATP

H+
Triacylglycerol (fat) Mitochondrion
Fat cell Muscle cell

Lipolysis in the muscle

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ATP Production from -oxidation

Fat contributions

= (7n 6) 120

Fat energy expended per

n = number of carbon of fatty acid

hour (kcal/kg of BW)

100

Example: 80

ATP C16:0 fatty acids = 7(16) 6 = 112 6 = 106. 60

Every double bond present must deduct 2 ATP. 40 muscle triglyceride

Example: 20

ATP C18:3 fatty acids = 7(18) 6 2 2 2 = 114. 0

25%
65%
85%
Intensity (% of VO2 max)

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