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Reinforced Concrete Design I PDF
Reinforced Concrete Design I PDF
g I
Lecture 0
Syllabus
Reinforced Concrete Design
I
Instructor D N
Dr. Nader
d OkOkasha.
h
Email nao204@lehigh.edu
Offi Hours
Office H A needed.
As d d
Reinforced Concrete Design
If you d
dont
meet this
hi criteria
i i you will
ill not be
b
allowed to continue this course.
Reinforced Concrete Design
References:
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and
commentary (ACI 318M-08). American Concrete Institute,
2008.
2008
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design
g is an analysis
y of trial sections. The strength
g
of each trial section is compared with the expected
load effect.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced Concrete Design
Course outline
Week Topic
Introduction:
Syllabus and course policies.
-Syllabus policies
-Introduction to reinforced concrete.
1
-Load types,
yp load p paths and tributaryy areas.
-Design philosophies and design codes.
Analysis and design of beams for bending:
-Analysis of beams in bending at service loads.
-Strength analysis of beams according to ACI Code.
2 3,4
2, 34 -Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams.
beams
-Design of T and L beams.
-Design of doubly reinforced beams.
4 Design of beams for shear.
5 Midterm
Midterm.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Course outline
Week Topic
Design of slabs: One way solid slabs One way
6
ribbed slabs.
7 Design of short concentric columns.
columns
9 Staircase design.
10 Final
Reinforced Concrete Design
Grading
Exam Policy
Mid-term exam:
Only one A4 cheat-sheet is allowed.
Necessary figures and tables will be provided with the exam forms.
Final exam:
Open book.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Homework Policy
You may get the HW points if you copy the solution from
other students. However, you will have lost your chance in
practicing the concepts through doing the HW. This will lead
you to loosing points in the exams, which you could have
gained if you did your HWs on your own.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Violation of discipline
p rules mayy have you
y dismissed from
class and jeopardize your participation points.
Reinforced Concrete Design
In all equations,
equations the input and output units are as follows:
Distance (L,b,d,h
L b d h): mm
Area (Ac,Ag,As): mm2
Volume (V): mm3
Force (P,V,N): N
Moment (M): N.mm
N mm
Stress (fy, fc): N/mm2 = MPa = 106 N/m2
Pressure (qs): N/mm2
Distributed load per unit length (wu): N/mm
Distributed load per unit area (qu): N/mm2
Weight per unit volume (): N/mm3
Reinforced Concrete Design
Distance (L,b,d,h
L b d h): cm , m
Area (Ac,Ag,As): cm2, m2
Volume (V): cm3, m3
Force (P,V,N): kN
Moment (M): kN.m
kN m
Pressure (qs): kN/m2
Distributed load per unit length (wu): kN/m
Distributed load per unit area (qu): kN/m2
Weight per unit volume (): kN/m3
Reinforced Concrete Design
Unit conversions
1 m = 102 cm = 103 mm
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 106 mm2
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 109 mm3
1 kN = 103 N
kN m = 106 N.mm
1 kN.m N mm
1 kN/m2 = 10-3 N/mm2
1 kN/m3 = 10-66 N/mm3
Reinforced Concrete Design
ACI Equations
The equations taken from the ACI code will be indicated throughout the
slides by their section or equation number in the code provided in
shading.
Examples:
4 00 f c
Ec = 4700 ACI 8.5.1
851
f r = 0.62 f c ACI E
Eq. 9-10
9 10
Some of the original equations may have included the symbol = 1.0
for normal weight concrete and omitted in slides.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Re-do
Re do the lecture examples
examples.
DO YOUR HOMEWORK!!!!!
Check your solution with the HW solution uploaded to upinar.
upinar
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 1
Introduction to reinforced concrete
Contents
1. Concrete-producing materials
3. Steel reinforcement
2
Part 1:
Concrete-Producing
Materials
3
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
1. It has considerable compressive strength.
4
Advantages of reinforced concrete
as a structural material
6. It is usually the only economical material for footings,
basement walls, etc.
5
Disadvantages of reinforced
concrete as a structural material
1. It has a very low tensile strength.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it
hardens.
3. Concrete members are very large and heavy because of the
low strength per unit weight of concrete.
4. Properties of concrete vary due to variations in
proportioning and mixing.
6
Compatibility of concrete and steel
1. Concrete is strong in compression, and steel is strong in
tension.
2. The two materials bond very well together.
3. Concrete protects the steel from corrosive environments
and high temperatures in fire.
4. The coefficients of thermal expansion for the two
materials are quite close.
7
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates, and water. This mixture creates a formable
paste that hardens into a rocklike mass.
8
Concrete Producing Materials
Portland Cement
Aggregates
Water
Admixtures
9
Portland Cement
The most common type of hydraulic cement used in the
manufacture of concrete is known as Portland cement, which is
available in various types.
10
Types of Cement
Type I: General Purpose
11
Types of Cement
Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
Slowly dissipates heat less distortion (used for
large structures).
Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates consist of gravel or crushed rock particles
not less than 5 mm in size.
Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates consist of sand or pulverized rock particles
usually less than 5 mm in size.
13
Water
Mixing water should be clean and free of organic materials that
react with the cement or the reinforcing bars.
14
Admixtures
Applications:
Improve workability (superplasticizers)
Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
Aid in curing
Improve durability
15
Concrete Mixing
In the design of concrete mixes, three principal
requirements for concrete are of importance:
Quality
Workability
Economy
16
Part 2:
Mechanical Properties of
Concrete
17
Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c
18
Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c
19
Mechanical Concrete Properties
'
f
Compressive Strength, c
20
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Compressive-Strength Test
21
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
Corresponds to the secant modulus at 0.45 c
'
f
For normal-weight concrete:
Ec 4700 f c ACI 8.5.1
22 0.002 0.003
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f c'
23
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength
Modulus of Rupture, fr
P
unreinforced
concrete beam
fr
Mc 6M
fr 2
24 I bh
Mechanical Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength
Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
Poissons
Effect
2P
f ct
Ld
25
Creep
Creep is defined as the long-term deformation caused
by the application of loads for long periods of time,
usually years.
26
Creep
The total deformation is divided into two parts; the first
is called elastic deformation occurring right after the
application of loads, and the second which is time
dependent, is called creep
27
Shrinkage
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the reduction in
volume of concrete due to loss of moisture. As a
result, shrinkage cracks develop.
Shrinkage continues for many years, but under ordinary
conditions about 90% of it occurs during the first
year.
28
Part 3:
Steel Reinforcement
29
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests
30
Steel Reinforcement
Tensile tests
31
Steel Reinforcement
Stress-strain diagrams
fs = Es fy
Yield point
elastic plastic
All steel grades have same modulus of elasticity Es= 2x105 MPa
= 200 GPa 32
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes, f, #
Bars are available in nominal diameters ranging from 5mm
to 50mm, and may be plain or deformed. When bars have
smooth surfaces, they are called plain, and when they have
projections on their surfaces, they are called deformed.
Steel grades, fy
ksi MPa
40 276
60 414
80 552
33
Steel Reinforcement
Bars are deformed to increase bonding with concrete
34
Steel Reinforcement
Marks for ASTM Standard bars
35
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to ASTM Standards
U.S. customary units
36
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to ASTM Standards
SI Units
37
Steel Reinforcement
Bar sizes according to European Standard (EN 10080)
W Number of bars
mm N/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 2.2 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283
8 3.9 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 6.2 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 8.9 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
14 12.1 154 308 462 616 770 924 1078 1232 1385 1539
16 15.8 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011 Areas
18 19.9 254 509 763 1018 1272 1527 1781 2036 2290 2545
20 24.7 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
are in
22 29.8 380 760 1140 1521 1901 2281 2661 3041 3421 3801 mm2
24 35.5 452 905 1357 1810 2262 2714 3167 3619 4072 4524
25 38.5 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
26 41.7 531 1062 1593 2124 2655 3186 3717 4247 4778 5309
28 45.4 616 1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158
30 55.4 707 1414 2121 2827 3534 4241 4948 5655 6362 7069
32 63.1 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042 38
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 2
Load types, load paths and tributary areas
Load paths
Structural systems transfer gravity loads from the floors
and roof to the ground through load paths that need to
be clearly identified in the design process.
Load is distributed over the area of the floor. This distributed load
has units of (force/area), e.g. kN/m2.
w {kN/m}
q {kN/m2} Loads
P {kN}
Beam Beam Column
Slab Beam
Footing
Slab
Beam Beam
Soil
6
Load paths loads on (one-way) beams
In order to design a beam, the tributary load from the floor carried
by the beam and distributed over its span is determined. This load
has units of (force/distance), e.g. kN/m.
Notes:
-In some cases, there may be concentrated loads carried by the beams as well.
-All spans of the beam must be considered together (as a continuous beam) for design.
w {kN/m}
7
Load paths loads on (one-way) beams
This tributary load is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
width for the beam.
8 S1 S2
Load paths loads on (two-way) beams
The tributary areas for a beam in a two way system are areas which
are bounded by 45-degree lines drawn from the corners of the
panels and the centerlines of the adjacent panels parallel to the long
sides.
A panel is part of the slab formed by column centerlines.
9
Load paths loads on (two-way) beams
An edge beam is bounded
by panels from one side.
An interior beam is
bounded by panels from
two sides.
qD
11
Load paths loads on (two-way) beams
12
Load paths loads on columns
The tributary load for the column is concentrated. It has units of
(force) e.g., kN. It is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
area for the column.
13
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
Determine the loads acting on beams B1 and B2 and columns C1
and C2. Distributed load over the slab is q = 10 kN/m2. This is a 5
story structure.
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
14
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B1:
w = 10 (4)/2 = 20 kN/m
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
15
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B2:
w = 10 (4+5)/2 = 45 kN/m
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
16
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
B1:
w = 20 kN/m
B2:
w = 45 kN/m
17
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
C1:
P = 10 (4.5/2 6/2) 5 = 337.5 kN
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
18
Load paths loads on structural members
Example
C2:
P = 10 [(4.5+5)/2 (6+5.5)/2] 5 = 1366 kN
B1
4m
B2
5m
4.5 m C2
C1
6m 5.5 m
19
Load types
Classification by direction
1- Gravity loads
2- Lateral loads
20
Load types
1- Dead loads
2- Live loads
3- Environmental loads
21
Loads on Structures
All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated to
act during the life span of such elements. These loads should not
cause the structural elements to fail or deflect excessively under
working conditions.
22
Minimum live Load values on slabs
com/icod/ibc/2009/index.ht Wholesale 5
Exit facilities 5
m?bu=IC-P-2009- Manufacturing
000001&bu2=IC-P-2009- Light 4
23
000019 Heavy 6
Environmental loads
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and
gusts. It is a type of dynamic load that is considered static to
simplify analysis. The magnitude of this force depends on the
shape of the building, its height, the velocity of the wind and the
type of terrain in which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load depends
on the mass of the structure and the acceleration caused by the
earthquake.
24
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 3
Design philosophies and design codes
Design Versus Analysis
Design involves the determination of the type of structural system to
be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the required
reinforcement. The designed structure should be able to resist all
forces expected to act during the life span of the structure safely and
without excessive deformation or cracking.
2
Structural Design Requirements:
The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1)Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the
various structural members.
2)Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service
load conditions, which implies providing adequate stiffness to
contain deflections, crack widths and vibrations within acceptable
limits.
3)Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or part of it under the action of loads.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer should
keep in mind: Economy and aesthetics.
3
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
4
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
Model Codes: Consensus documents that can be adopted
by government agencies as legal documents.
5
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
3 Model Codes in the U.S.
6
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
International Building Code (IBC): published by International
Code Council (2000 ,1st edition). To replace the 3 model codes for
national and international use.
7
Building Codes, Standards, and Specifications:
Summary:
8
Design Methods (Philosophies)
Two methods of design have long prevalent.
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service
loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater than the service loads when failure may be imminent.
The Strength Design Method is deemed conceptually more realistic
to establish structural safety.
The Working-Stress Design Method
This method is based on the condition that the stresses caused by
service loads without load factors are not to exceed the allowable
stresses which are taken as a fraction of the ultimate stresses of the
materials, fc for concrete and fy for steel. 9
The Ultimate Strength Design Method
At the present time, the ultimate-strength design method is the
method adopted by most prestigious design codes.
In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces
produced by factored loads do not exceed the corresponding
reduced strength capacities.
11
Safety Provisions (the strength requirement)
The strength design method, involves a two-way safety measure. The
first of which involves using load factors, usually greater than unity
to increase the service loads. The second safety measure specified by
the ACI Code involves a strength reduction factor multiplied by the
nominal strength to obtain design strength. The magnitude of such a
reduction factor is usually smaller than unity
R i Li
i
ACI 9.3 ACI 9.2
12
Load factors
ACI 9.2.1
Dead only
U = 1.4D
Dead and Live Loads
U = 1.2D+1.6L
Dead, Live, and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.6W
Dead and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+0.8W or U=0.9D+1.6W
Dead, Live and Earthquake Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.0E
Dead and Earthquake Loads
U=0.9D+1.0E
13
Load factors
ACI 9.2
Symbols
14
Strength Reduction Factors ACI 9.3
According to ACI, strength reduction factors are given as follows:
a- For tension-controlled sections = 0.90
b- For compression-controlled sections,
Members with spiral reinforcement = 0.75
Other reinforced members = 0.65
c- For shear and torsion = 0.75
15
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 4
Analysis of beams in bending at service loads
Introduction
A beam is a structural member used to support the internal moments
and shears and in some cases torsion.
2
Basic Assumptions in Beam Theory
Plane sections remain plane after bending. This means that in an initially straight
beam, strain varies linearly over the depth of the section after bending.
4
Stages of flexural behavior
w {kN/m}
If load w varies from zero to until the beam fails, the beam will
go through three stages of behavior:
1. Uncracked concrete stage
2. Concrete cracked Elastic Stress stage
3. Beam failure Ultimate Strength stage
5
Stage I: Uncracked concrete stage
At small loads, when the tensile stresses are less than the
modulus of rupture, the beam behaves like a solid rectangular
beam made completely of concrete.
6
Stage II: Concrete cracked Elastic Stress range
Once the tensile stresses reach the modulus of rupture, the
section cracks. The bending moment at which this
transformation takes place is called the cracking moment Mcr.
7
Stage III: Beam failure Ultimate Strength stage
As the stresses in the concrete exceed the linear limit (0.45
fc), the concrete stress distribution over the depth of the beam
varies non-linearly.
8
0.002 0.003
Stages of flexural behavior
w {kN/m}
9
Flexural properties to be determined:
1- Cracking moment.
11
Cracking moment Mcr
Example 1:
Calculate the cracking moment
for the section shown
750 mm
1500 mm2
1 3
Ig bh
12
1
I g (350)(750) 3 1.2305 1010 mm4
12 f c 30MPa
f r 0.62 f c 0.62 30 3.4MPa
fr I g 3.4 1.2305 1010
M cr 1.1143 108 N .mm 111.43kN.m
yt (750 / 2)
12
Elastic stresses Cracked section
After cracking, the steel bars carry the entire
tensile load below the neutral surface. The
upper part of the concrete beam carries the
compressive load.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where
n = the modular ratio= Es/Ec
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2 n As x n As d 0
2
The height of the concrete compression block is x.
The normal stress in the concrete and steel
My My
fc fs n
It It 13
Elastic stresses Cracked section
Example 2:
f c 30MPa
Calculate the bending stresses for the
section shown, M= 180 kN.m
15
Elastic stresses Cracked section
Example 3:
Calculate the allowable moment for the f c 30MPa
section shown, f s(allowable)= 180 MPa,
f c(allowable)= 12 MPa
f s It 180 3.8295 109 750 mm
Ms 1500 mm2
ny ( 7.77 )( 700 185.16 )
M s 1.7234 108 N .mm 172.34kN .m
f c I t 12 3.8295 109
Mc
y 185.16
M c 2.4819 108 N .mm 248.19kN .m
M allowable 172.34kN .m
16
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 5
Strength analysis of beams according to ACI Code
Strength requirement for flexure in beams
Md Mu
M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)
M u Internal ultimate moment
M u 1.2M D 1.6M L
Md Mn
M n Theoretical or nominal resisting moment.
2
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block
Actual Approximate
Strain
Stress Distribution Stress Distribution
Distribution
3
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block
The shape of the
stress block is not
important.
However, the
equivalent block must
provide the same
resultant (volume)
acting at the same
location (centroid).
The Whitney block
has average stress
0.85fc and depth
a=b1c. ACI 10.2.7.1
4
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block
Fx=0 C=T
6
Derivation of beam expressions
7
Derivation of beam expressions
Design aids can also be used:
Assume
Md = Mu = Mn
= Rn fMn=fRnbd2
Rn is given in tables and figures of design aids. 8
Design Aids
9
Design Aids
10
Tension strain in flexural members
fy
y
Es
t y ? Strain Distribution
11
Types of flexural failure:
12
Types of flexural failure:
[1] Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes and the steel yields simultaneously.
cu=0.003
cb
d
h
t = y
b
c>c
c>cb b
d
h d
h
b t <t y< y
b
c<cb
c<cb
d
h d
h
b
b
16
Allowed strains for sections in bending ACI 10.3.5
17
Strength reduction factor
cu=0.003
y
y
Es
at
c
b1
t
d c
y
c
c
18
ACI R9.3.2.2
Balanced steel
0.003
cb d
0.003 f y E S
Es 2105 MPa
600
cb d
600 f y
=b1c
0.003
cmax d
0.003 0.005
3
cmax d
8
3
=b1c b1cmax db1
8
3 0.85 b1 f c '
max
8 fy
20
Minimum steel allowed
ACI 10.5.1
0.25 f c
bw d
fy
A s,min max
1.4 b d
f
w
y
bw = width of section
d = effective depth of section
21
Design Aids
22
Summary:
To calculate the moment capacity of a section:
0.25 f c
bw d
fy
1-) As,min max
1.4 b d
f
w
y
As f y df y
2-) a or a
0.85f c b 0.85f c
a
6-) M d M n As f y d
2
or fMn=fRnbd2 (find Rn from table)
A singly reinforced concrete beam has the cross-section shown in the figure
below. Calculate the design moment strength. Can the section carry an
Mu = 350 kN.m?
f y 414MPa
25
Example
Solution
a) f c 20.7MPa
0.25 f c 0.25 20.7
bw d (254)(457)=319 mm 2
fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414
=393 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a 239mm
0.85f c b 0.85 20.7 254
a 239
4 c 281mm
b1 0.85
d c 457 281
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.00186
c 281
t 0.004 Section is compression controlled
==> Does not satisfy ACI requirements
==> Reject section
27
Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5MPa
0.25 f c 0.25 34.5
bw d (254)(457)=412 mm 2
fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414
=412 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a 143.4mm
0.85f c b 0.85 34.5 254
0.05( f c ' 28 )
3 b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 34.5MPa 28 MPa
7
0.05( 34.5 28 )
b1 0.85 0.804 0.65 28
7
Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5MPa
a 143.4
4 c 178.5mm
b1 0.804
d c 457 178.5
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.00468
c 178.5
0.004 t 0.005 Section is in transision zone
29
Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5MPa
a
6 M d M n A s f y d
2
143.4
0.874 2850 414 457 360 10 6
N .mm
2
360 kN .m
7 M u 350kN .m M n 360kN .m
Section is adequate
30
Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1MPa
fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414
=552 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK
As f y 2580 414
2 a 80mm
0.85f c b 0.85 62.1 254
31
Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1MPa
0.05( f c ' 28 )
3 b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 62.1MPa 28 MPa
7
0.05( 62.1 28 )
b1 0.85 0.61 0.65
7
b1 0.65
a 80
4 c 123mm
b1 0.65
d c 457 123
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.0081
c 123
t 0.005 Section is tension controlled
==> Satisfes ACI requirements ==> f =0.9 32
Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1MPa
a
6 M d M n A s f y d
2
80
0.9 2850 414 457 520 106 N .mm
2
520kN .m
7 M u 350kN .m M n 520kN .m
Section is adequate
33
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 6
Design of singly reinforced rectangular beams
Design of Beams For Flexure
The main two objectives of design is to satisfy the:
1) Strength and 2) Serviceability requirements
1) Strength
M d M n Mu
M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)
M u 1.2M D 1.6M L
2
Design of Beams For Flexure
Derivation of design expressions h d
As
Assume
Mn = Mu b
Beam cross section
Solve for r:
0.85 f c' 2M u
1 1 As = rbd
fy 0.85 f c' b d 2
3
Remember: 1 kN.m = 106 N.mm
Design of Beams For Flexure
Design aids can also be used:
0.85 f c' 2M u
1 1
fy 0.85 f c' b d 2
Calculate:
4
Design Aids
5
Design of Beams For Flexure
2) Serviceability
The serviceability requirement ensures adequate performance
at service load without excessive deflection and cracking.
6
Minimum Beam Thickness
ACI 9.5.2.2
hmin
h d
h hmin As
b
7
Beam cross section
Detailing issues:
Concrete Cover
Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the reinforcement from
fire, corrosion, and other effects. Concrete cover is measured from
the concrete surface to the closest surface of steel reinforcement.
Side
cover
Bottom 8
ACI 7.7.1 cove
Detailing issues:
Spacing of Reinforcing Bars
The ACI Code specifies limits for bar spacing to permit concrete to
flow smoothly into spaces between bars without honeycombing.
According to the ACI code, S Smin must be satisfied, where:
bar diameter, d b
ACI 7.6.1
S min max 25 mm
4/3 maximum size of coarse aggregate
ACI 3.3.2
When two or more layers are used, bars in
the upper layers are placed directly above
the bars in the bottom layer with clear distance Clear
distance
between layers not less than 25 mm.
ACI 7.6.2 Clear spacing S 9
Estimation of applied moments Mu
Beams are designed for maximum moments along the spans in both
negative and positive directions.
10
Estimation of applied moments Mu
The magnitude of each moment is found from structural analysis of the
beam. To find the moments in a continuous (indeterminate) beam, one
can use: (1) indeterminate structural analysis (2) structural analysis
software (3) ACI approximate method for the analysis.
+
+ +
+
+ +
12
Estimation of applied moments Mu
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
ACI Code permits the use of the following approximate moments for
design of continuous beams, provided that:
There are two or more spans.
Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans
not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
Loads are uniformly distributed.
Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead
load.
Members are of similar section dimensions along their lengths
(prismatic).
13
Estimation of applied moments Mu
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
14
Estimation of applied moments Mu
Approximate Structural Analysis ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
l n = length of clear
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
For calculating
negative moments,
l n is taken as the
average of the
adjacent clear span
lengths.
15
Design procedures
Method 1: When b and h are unknown
1- Determine h (h>hmin from deflection control) and assume b.
Estimate beam weight and include it with dead load.
2- Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
3- Assume that =0.9 and calculate the reinforcement ( and As).
4- Check solution:
(a) Check spacing between bars
(b) Check minimum steel requirement
(c) Check = 0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
(d) Check moment capacity (Md Mu ?)
5- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.
16
Design procedures
Method 2: When b and h are known
1- Calculate the factored load wu and bending moment Mu.
2- Assume that =0.9 and calculate the reinforcement ( and As).
3- Check solution:
(a) Check spacing between bars
(b) Check minimum steel requirement
(c) Check = 0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
(d) Check moment capacity (Md Mu ?)
4- Sketch the cross section and its reinforcement.
17
Example 1
Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam having a 6 m simple span. A
service dead load of 25 kN/m (not including the beam weight) and a
service live load of 10 kN/m are to be supported.
Use fc =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. wd=25 kN/m & wl =10 kN/m
6m
Solution:-
b & d are unknown
1- Estimate beam dimensions and weight wu=50.5 kN/m
hmin = l /16 =6000/16 = 375 mm
Assume that h = 500mm and b = 300mm 6m
Beam wt. = 0.5x0.3x25 = 3.75 kN/m
2- Calculate wu and Mu
wu = 1.2 D+1.6 L =1.2(25+3.75)+1.6(10)
227.3 kN.m
=50.5 kN/m
Mu = wul2/8 = 50.5(6)2/8 =227.3 kN.m
18
Example 1
3- Assume that =0.9 and calculate and As
d = 500 40 8 (20/2) = 442 mm
(assuming one layer of 20mm reinforcement and 8mm stirrups)
0.85f c ' 2 Mu
1 1
fy 0.85f c ' b d 2
0.85(25) 2 227.3 106
1 1 0.0116
420 (0.9) 0.85(25) 300 (442) 2
19
W Number of bars
mm N/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
25 mm OK
b) Check minimum steel requirement
0.25 f c 0.25 25
bw d (300)(442)=395 mm 2
fy 420
A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(300)(442)=442 mm 2
fy 420
=442 mm 2 < A s,sup =1571 mm 2 OK
21
Example 1
c) Check =0.9 (tension controlled assumption)
As f y 1571 420
a 103.5 mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(25)300
a 103.5
1 0.85 for f c ' 25MPa 28 MPa c 121.7 mm
1 0.85
dc 442 121.7
t 0.003 0.003 0.0079 0.005
c 121.7
for t 0.005 0.90, the assumption is true the section is tension controlled
2
M d 231.7 kN.m M u 227.3kN.m OK 22
Example 1
50 44.2
520
30
23
Example 2
The rectangular beam B1 shown in the figure has b = 800mm and h =
316mm. Design the section of the beam over an interior support. Columns
have a cross section of 800x300 mm. The factored distributed load over the
slab is qu =14.4 kN/m2.
Use fc =25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 m
S1 = S2= S3 = 4 m
B1
Solution:
b & d are known
1- Calculate wu and Mu
wu=4(14.4) = 57.6 kN/m
ln = 6 0.3=5.7 m
wu
24
Example 2
0.85f c ' 2 Mu
1 1
fy 0.85f c ' b d 2
0.85(25) 2 187.5 106
1 1 0.0102
420 (0.9) 0.85(25)800 (260) 2
3- Check solution
a) Check spacing between bars
800 2 40 2 8 1116
sc 52.8 mm d b 16 mm
11 1
25 mm OK
b) Check minimum steel requirement
0.25 f c 0.25 25
bw d (800)(260)=620 mm 2
fy 420
A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(800)(260)=693 mm 2
fy 420
=693 mm 2 < A s,sup =2212 mm 2 OK
27
Example 2
c) Check =0.9
As f y 2212 420
a 55 mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(25)800
a 55
1 0.85 for f c ' 25MPa 28 MPa c 64 mm
1 0.85
dc 260 64
t 0.003 0.003 0.0091 0.005
c 64
for t 0.005 0.90, the assumption is true the section is tension controlled
1116
316 260
800
29
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 7
Design of T and L beams
T Beams
Reinforced concrete systems may consist of slabs and dropped
beams that are placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act
together to resist loads. The beams have extra widths at their tops
called flanges, which are parts of the slabs they are supporting, and
the part below the slab is called the web or stem.
Flange
web
2
Flange Width b
Parts of the slab near the webs are more highly stressed than areas
away from the web.
hf
d
stirrup
bw bw
L-beam T-beam
4
Effective Flange Width be
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating be ACI 8.12.2
According to the ACI code, the effective flange width of a T-beam,
be is not to exceed the smallest of:
1. One-fourth the span length of the beam, L/4.
2. Width of web plus 16 times slab thickness, bw +16 hf .
3. Center-to-center spacing of beams, b.
L /4
beff min b w +16hf
b
5
Effective Flange Width be
ACI Code Provisions for Estimating be ACI 8.12.3
According to the ACI code, the effective flange width of an L-beam,
be is not to exceed the smallest of:
1. bw + L/12.
2. bw + 6 hf .
3. bw + 0.5(clear distance to next web).
b w L /12
beff min b w 6hf
b 0.5b
w c
6
A T-beam does not have to look like a T
7
Various Possible Geometries of T-Beams
Single Tee
Double Tee
Box
8
Various Possible Geometries of T-Beams
Flange Flange
web web
Same as
9
T- versus Rectangular Sections
If the neutral axis falls within the slab depth: analyze the beam as a
rectangular beam, otherwise as a T-beam.
10
T- versus Rectangular Sections
When T-beams are subjected to negative moments, the flange is
located in the tension zone. Since concrete strength in tension is
usually neglected in ultimate strength design, the sections are treated
as rectangular sections of width bw.
Tension
Compression zone zone
+ +
Section at midspan Section at support
11
Moment Diagram Positive moment Negative moment
Analysis of T-beams
T C
Asf y a
a M n A s f y d
0.85 f c b e 2
12
Analysis of T-beams
C f 0.85 f c be bw hf
C w 0.85 f c bw a
T As f y
From equilibrium of forces
T C f Cw
A s f y 0.85 f c be bw hf
a
0.85 f c bw
a hf
M n C w d Cf d
2 2
13
Minimum Reinforcement, As,min
ACI 10.5.2
be
+ve Moment
hf
d
0.25 f c As
bw d
fy
A s,min max bw
1.4 b d
f
w be
y
As hf
-ve Moment
d
bw
14
Analysis procedure for calculating he ultimate strength of T-beams
To calculate the moment capacity of a T-section:
1- Calculate be
2- Check As,sup> As,min
3- Assume a hf and calculate a using:
Asf y
a
0.85 f c b e
If a hf a is correct
As f y 0.85 f c be bw hf
If a > hf a
0.85 f c bw
a
As f y
5000 420 71.9mm h 150mm OK
0.85f c b e 0.85 25 1370
f
a 71.9
c 85 mm
b1 0.85
d c 400 85
es 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.005 Tension controled
c 85
17
Example 1
Calculate Md
a
M d A s f y d
2
71.8
0.9 5000 420 400
2
688 106 N.mm 688 kN.m
18
Example 2
10
Solution:- 10
h= 75
1- Check min. steel
25
d 750-40-10-32- 655.5mm 832
2
0.25 f c ' 1.4 30
A s,min max bw d ; bw d
f y fy
0.25 25 1.4
A s,min max 300 655.5 ; 300 655.5
420 420
A s,min 656 mm 2 A s,sup 6434 mm 2 OK
19
Example 2
10
10
h= 75
a= 141.3> hf = 100 mm
i.e. assumption is wrong
832
20
Example 2
A s f y - 0.85 f c be bw hf
a
0.85 f c bw
6434 420 0.85 25 900 300 100
a 224mm
0.85 25 300
a 224
c 264 mm
1 0.85
dc 655.5 264
t 0.003 0.003
c 264
t 0.00447 0.004 0.005 Transision zone
4- Calculate Md
Cf 0.85f c ' (be b w ) h f 0.85 25 900 300 100 1275 103 N 1275 kN
Cw 0.85f c ' a b w 0.85 25 224 300 1427.4 103 N 1427.4 kN
a hf
M d C w d C f
d
2 2
224 3 100
0.855 1427.4 103 655.5 1275 10 655.5
2 2
1323.4 106 N .mm 1323.4 kN .m
22
Design of T-Beams --- Positive moment
To analyze the section, the steel is divided in two portions: (1) Asf, which provides a
tension force in equilibrium with the compression force of the overhanging flanges, and
providing a section with capacity Muf and (2) Asw, the remaining of the steel, providing
a section with capacity Muw.
M u M uf M uw
Step 1
24 Step 2
24
Design of T-Beams --- Positive moment
M u M uf M uw M uw M u M uf Step 3
Asw bw d Step 5
be be
Same as
bw
26
Design of T-Beams --- Negative moment
be
bw
Design as a rectangular
section with width bw
27
Flange Reinforcement
When flanges of T-beams are in tension, part of the flexural
reinforcement shall be distributed over effective flange width, or a
width equal to one-tenth of the span, whichever is smaller
Additional Additional
Reinforcement min (beff & l/10)
Reinforcement
-ve moment
Main Reinforcement
1 1 u
fy 0.85 f ' b d 2 hf
c e d
As f y As
As = be d a
0.85 f c ' b e bw
5- If a hf: the assumption is right continue as rectangular section
If a > hf: revise As using T-beam equations (steps 1-6).
6- Check the =0.90 assumption (t 0.005) and As,sup As,min
29
Example 3
A floor system consists of a 14.0cm
concrete slab supported by continuous
T-beams with a span L. Given that
bw=30cm and d=55cm, fc =28 MPa and
fy = 420 MPa.
Lm
Determine the steel required at
midspan of an interior beam to resist
a service dead load moment 320
kN.m and a service live load moment
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
250 kN.m in the following two cases:
hf Slab
(A) L = 8 m
Spandrel
(B) L = 2 m beam
bw
30
Solution (A) L = 8 m 200
14
784 kN.m
Determine be according to ACI requirements 55
As
L 8000
4 4 2000mm 30
be min 16hf b w 16 140 300=2540mm
b 3000 mm
be is taken as 2000 mm, as shown in the figure
Calculate As assuming that a < hf with beam width = be & =0.90
Mu = 1.2(320)+1.6(250)=784 kN.m
0.85 f c ' 2M u
1- 1-
fy 0.85 f c ' be d 2
31
Solution (A) L = 8 m 200
14
784 kN.m
0.85 28 2 784 10 6 55
1 1
420 0.9 0.85 28 2000 550 2 As
30
0.00354
As be d 0.00354 2000 550 3892 mm 2
Check a hf assumption
As f y 3892 420
a 34.3mm h f 140mm
0.85f c 'be 0.85 28 2000
The assumption is right Rectangular section design
Use 825mm (As,sup= 3927 mm2) arranged in two layers.
300 2 40 2 8 4 25
sc 34.5 mm d b 25 mm
4 1
32 25 mm OK
Solution (A) L = 8 m
Check the =0.90 assumption (t 0.005) and As,sup As,min
0.25 f c ' 1.4
0.25 28 1.4
As ,min max bw d ; bw d max 300 550 ; 300 550
fy fy
420
420
As,min 550 mm 2 As,sup 3927 mm 2 OK
14
0.85f c 'be 0.85 28 2000
55
a 34.7
c 40.8 mm 825
1 0.85 30
dc 550 40.8
t 0.003 0.003
c 40.8
33 0.0374 0.005 0.9 OK
Solution (A) L = 8 m
Check moment capacity
a
M d As f y d
2
34.7
0.9 3927 420 550
2
M d 790.7 106 N.mm 790.7 kN.m M u 784 kN.m
200
14
55 825
30
34
Solution (B) L = 2 m 50
14
784 kN.m
Determine be according to ACI requirements 55
L 2000 As
4 4 500mm 30
be min 16hf b w 16 140 300=2540mm
b 3000 mm
be is taken as 500 mm, as shown in the figure
Calculate As assuming that a < hf with beam width = be & =0.90
Mu = 1.2(320)+1.6(250)=784 kN.m
0.85 f c ' 2M u
1 1
fy 0.85 f c ' be d 2
35
Solution (B) L = 2 m 50
784 kN.m
14
0.85 28 2 784 10 6 55
1 1
420 0.9 0.85 28 500 550 2 As
30
0.0159
As be d 0.0159 500 550 4389 mm 2
Check a h assumption
f
As f y 4389 420
a 155mm > h f 140mm
0.85 f c ' be 0.85 28 500
36
Solution (B) L = 2 m
50
14
Calculate required reinforcement
55
0.85 f c '( b bw ) hf
Asf
fy 30
hf
M uf As f y d
2
140
0.9 1586 420 550 288 10 6
N .m
2
M uw M u M uf 784 106 288 106 496 106 N .m
37
Solution (B) L = 2 m
0.85 f c ' 2M u
1 1
fy 0.85 f c ' bw d 2
14
Asw bw d 0.017( 300 )( 550 ) 2808mm 2
55
828
As Asf Asw 1586 2808 4395mm 2
30
Lecture 8
Design of doubly reinforced beams
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Beams having steel reinforcement on both the tension and
compression sides are called doubly reinforced sections. Doubly
reinforced sections are useful in the case of limited cross sectional
dimensions being unable to provide the required bending strength.
Increasing the area of reinforcement makes the section brittle.
2
Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement
1- Increased strength.
2- Increased ductility.
3
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Divide the section:
Mn Mn2 Mn1
To analyze the section, the tension steel is divided in two portions: (1) As2, which is in
equilibrium with the compression steel, and providing a section with capacity Mn2 and
(2) As1, the remaining of the tension steel, providing a section with capacity Mn1.
4
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Find As1 and As2:
T s 2 C s As 2f y Asf s
Asf s
As 2 We need fs to find As2
fy
5
As As 1 As 2 A s 1 A s A s 2
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Find fs:
c d c
s 0.003
c
c d
f s sE s 0.003E s f y
c
E s 2 105 MPa
6
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Find c:
T C c C s
a
M d M n As 1f y d - A s f s d - d '
2
8
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
Procedure:
c d find c, a
1) As f y 0.85f c1cb As 0.003E s
c
c d
2) f s 0.003E s f y
c
3) As 2 Asf s
fy
4) As 1 As As 2
d c
5) Check if f = 0.9 s c 0.003 0.005?
a
6) M d M n As 1f y d - Asf s d - d '
2
9
Example 1
For the beam with double reinforcement shown in the figure,
calculate the design moment Md. 5.0
fc =35MPa and fy = 420 MPa. 225
60
632
Solution:-
30
0.05( f c ' 28 )
1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 35MPa 28 MPa
7
0.05( 35 28 )
1 0.85 0.8 0.65
7
c d
As f y 0.85f c 1cb A s 0.003E s
c
c 50
10 4825(420) 0.85(35)(0.8)c (300) 982 0.003(2 10 5
)
c
Example 1
c 50
4825(420) 0.85(35)(0.8)c (300) 982 0.003(2 10 5
)
c
229.5c 2 1437300c 29460000 0 5.0
c 220mm 225
632
c d
fs 0.003E s f y
c 30
220 50
f s 0.003(2 10 5
) 463 f y 420MPa
220
f s f y 420
11
Example 1 5.0
225
Asf s 982(420)
As 2 982mm 2 60
fy (420) 632
0.003
cmax d
0.003 0.005
3
cmax d
8
3
=1c 1cmax d1
8
3 0.85 1 f c '
max
8 fy
3 0.85 1f c '
As ,max bd
8 fy 13
Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
3) Design As1 for maximum reinforcement (slide 13) and find Mn1, a, c
4) M n M u
f
5) Mn2 = Mn Mn1
c d
6) f s sE s 0.003E s f y
c
M n2 Asf s
7) As As 2 As As 1 As 2
f s(d d ) fy 14
Example 2
Design the beam shown in the figure to resist Mu=1225 kN.m. If
compression steel is required, place it 70 mm from the compression
face.
fc =21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
Solution:
Try first to design the section as a singly reinforced section:
0.85f c ' 2 Mu
1 1
fy 0.85f c ' b d 2
0.85(21) 2 1225 106
1 1 0.0284
420 (0.9) 0.85(21) 350 (700) 2
As= b d = 0.0284(350)(700) = 6947 mm2
15 Use 10 32 mm in two rows (As,sup =7069 mm2)
Example 2
Check the ductility of the singly reinforced section:
As f y 7069 420 a 475
a 475 mm c 559mm
0.85f c ' b 0.85(21)350 1 0.85
dc 700 559
t 0.003 0.003 0.00076 0.004
c 559
Section is brittle! can not be used.
Use compression reinforcement.
Mu
1225
Mn 1361kN .m
f 0.9
3 0.85 1f c ' 3 0.85 ( 0.85 )( 21)
As 1 As ,max bd ( 350 )( 700 )
8 fy 8 ( 420 )
16
As 1 3307mm 2
Example 2
As f y 3307( 420 )
a 222.3mm
0.85f cb 0.85( 21)( 350 )
a 222.3
c 261.55mm
1 0.85
a 222.3
M n 1 A s f y d - ( 3307 )( 420 )( 700 )
2 2
M n 1 818 106 N .mm 818kN .m
17
Example 2
c d
f s 0.003E s f y
c
261.55 70
fs 0.003(2 10 5
) 439MPa f y 420MPa
261.55
f s f y 420
M n2 543 106
As 2052mm 2
f s(d d ) 420(700 70)
Asf s (2052)(420)
As 2 2052mm 2
fy (420)
As As 1 As 2 3307 2052 5359mm 2
Use 830 in two rows for tension steel (As,sup = 5655 mm 2 )
18 Use 4 26 for compression steel (As,sup = 2124 mm 2 )
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 9
Design of beams for shear
Shear Design vs Moment Design
Beams are usually designed
for bending moment first.
Accordingly, cross sectional
dimensions are determined
along with the required
amounts of longitudinal
reinforcement.
2
Shear Design vs Moment Design
3
Shear and flexural stresses
Flexural stresses:
Shear stresses:
5
Shear and cracks in beams
6
Shear and cracks in beams
7
7
Types of Shear Cracks
Two types of inclined cracking occur in beams:
1- Web Shear Cracks
Web shear cracking begins from an interior point in a member at the level of
the centroid of the uncracked section and moves on a diagonal path to the
tension face when the diagonal tensile stresses produced by shear exceed the
tensile strength of concrete.
2- Flexure-Shear Cracks
The most common type, develops from the tip of a flexural crack at the tension
side of the beam and propagates towards mid depth until it reaches the
compression side of the beam.
8
Shear and cracks in beams
It is concluded that the shearing force acting on a vertical
section in a reinforced concrete beam does not cause direct
rupture of that section. Shear by itself or in combination with
flexure may cause failure indirectly by producing tensile
stresses on inclined planes. If these stresses exceed the
relatively low tensile strength of concrete, diagonal cracks
develop. If these cracks are not checked, splitting of the beam
or what is known as diagonal tension failure will take place.
9
Failure by shear in beams
10
Types of Shear Reinforcement
The code allows the use of three types of Shear Reinforcement
Vertical stirrups
Inclined stirrups
Bent up bars
Bent up bars
11
Designing to Resist Shear
The strength requirement for shear that has to be satisfied is:
12
Strength of Concrete in Shear
As
where w
b wd
13
Strength of Concrete in Shear
For members subject to axial compression Nu plus shear Vu, ACI
Code gives the following equation for calculating Vc
N
Vc 0.17 1 u f c' bw d ACI Eq. 11-4
14 A
g
For members subject to axial tension Nu plus shear Vu, ACI Code
gives the following equation for calculating Vc
0.29 N u
Vc 0.17 1 f c' bw d ACI Eq. 11-8
A
14
g
Designing to Resist Shear
To find the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement:
Vu Vn
Vn Vc Vs
Vu
V s V c
15
Three cases of shear requirement:
Case 1:
For Vu Vc shear reinforcement is required
Case 2:
For Vu 0.50Vc minimum shear reinforcement is required
Case 3:
For Vu < 0.50Vc no shear reinforcement is required
16
Design of Stirrups
Shear reinforcement required when
Vu
Vu Vc Vs
V c
ACI 11.4.7.1
The bar size of the stirrups is established and the spacing is calculated:
A vf yd Av f y d
Vs s ACI Eq. 11-15
s Vs
For inclined stirrups (with angle a)
Av f y d sin cos Av f y d sin cos
Vs s ACI Eq. 11-16
s Vs
where Av = the area of shear reinforcement within spacing s (for a 2-legged stirrup in
a beam: Av = 2 times the area of the stirrup bar). 17
ACI 11.4.6.1
Minimum Amount of Shear Reinforcement
1
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (Av,min) required when Vu Vc
2
bw s bw s
Av min 0.062 f c ' 0.35 ACI Eq. 11-13
f ys f ys
Av f ys Av f ys
s=min ;
0.062 f c ' bw 0.35 bw
except in:
(a) Footings and solid slabs
(b) Concrete joist construction
(c) Beams with h not greater than 250 mm
(d) Beams integral with slabs with h not greater than 600 mm and
not greater than the larger of 2.5 times the thickness of flange, and
0.5 times width of web. 18
Spacing limits for Shear Reinforcement
d
If V s 0.33 f c bw d s max min ;600mm
2
ACI 11.4.5
d
If V s 0.33 f c bw d s max min ;300mm
4
20
Critical Section for Shear ACI 11.1.3.1
Critical section for shear may be taken a distance d away from the
face of the support as in cases (a) and (b), but must be taken at face
of the support as in cases (c) and (d).
21
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
ACI Code permits the use of the following approximate shears for design
of continuous beams, provided:
There are two or more spans.
Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans
not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
Loads are uniformly distributed.
Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead
load.
Members are of similar section dimensions along their lengths
(prismatic).
22
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
23
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
l n = length of clear
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
24
Summary of ACI Shear Design Procedure for Beams
1- Draw the shearing force diagram and establish the critical section
for shear Vu.
2- Calculate the nominal capacity of concrete in shear Vs.
Vc 0.17 f c ' bw d
3- Calculate the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement
Vu
V s V c
4- Check the code limit on Vs
Vu
V s V c 0.66 f c ' bw d
If this condition is not satisfied, the concrete dimensions should be
increased.
25
Summary of ACI Shear Design Procedure for Beams
5- Classify the factored shearing forces acting on the beam according
to the following
* For Vu < 0.50Vc , no shear reinforcement is required.
* For Vu 0.50Vc , minimum shear reinforcement is required
Av f ys Av f ys
s=min ;
0.062 f c ' bw 0.35 bw
*For Vu Vc , shear reinforcement is required (in addition, check min shear)
A v f yd Av f y d sin cos
For vertical
stirrups
s For inclined
s
Vs stirrups Vs
6- Maximum spacing smax must be checked
d
If V s 0.33 f c bw d s max min ;600mm
2
d
26 If V s 0.33 f c bw d s max min ;300mm
4
Example
A rectangular beam has the dimensions shown in the figure and is
loaded with a uniform service dead load of 40 kN/m (including own
weight of beam) and a uniform service live load of 25 kN/m.
Design the necessary shear reinforcement given that fc =28 MPa and
fy=420 MPa. Width of support is equal to 30 cm.
60
0.3m 0.3m
30
7.0 m
27
Example
Solution:
wu=1.2(40)+1.6(25)=88 kN/m
Assuming 8 mm stirrups and
20 mm flexural steel,
d=60-4-0.8-1.0=54.2 cm 0.3m
54.2
7.0 m
308 kN 247.1 kN
1- Draw shearing force diagram:
Critical section for shear is located
at a distance of d = 54.2 cm from the face 308 kN
of support.
28
Example
2- Calculate the shear capacity of concrete:
V c 0.17 f c ' bw d 0.17 28 300 542 146.3 103 N 146.3kN
V c 0.75 144.2kN 109.7kN
V c
54.85 kN
2
3- Calculate the force required to be resisted by shear reinforcement Vs.
V 247.1
V s u V c 146.3 183.2kN
0.75
4- Check the code limit on Vs :
0.66 f c ' bw d 0.66 28 300 542 567. 9 103 N 567. 9kN
The beam can be designed to resist shear based on Vu= 247.1 kN over the
entire span. However, to reduce reinforcement cost, the beam will not be
designed for this shear over the entire span. The span will rather be divided
into zones of different shear demands as shown below
308 kN
247.1 kN
Vc=109.7 kN
Zone C 0.5Vc=54.85 kN
Zone B
Zone A
0.61 m
1.23 m
30
Example
Zone (A): [ Vu 0.5Vc ]
No shear reinforcement is required, but it is recommended to use minimum
area of shear reinforcement.
Try 8 mm vertical stirrups
Av f ys Av f ys
s=min ;
0.062 f c ' bw 0.35 bw
2(50) 420 2(50) 420
s min 427mm ; 400 mm s 400mm
0.0062 28 300 0.35 300
31
Example
32
Example
Check maximum stirrup spacing:
308 kN
247.1 kN
Vc=109.7 kN 8@25 60
Zone C 0.5Vc=54.85 kN
8@12 Zone B Zone A
8@25 8@25 30
Section in zones A&B
0.61 m
1.23 m
8@12 60
8@12 8@25 30
Section in zone C
34
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 10
Design of slabs
Regula
(3
y
Introduction Plate/Shell (2D) z
x z x
A slab is a structural element whose thickness is small compared
t<<(x,z) to
its own length and width.
h
t L , S zS
t t
Lx
Slabs in buildings are usually used to transmit the loads on floors and
roofs to the supporting beams Loads
Dimensional Hierarchy of Structural
Slab Beam
Footing
Slab
Beam Beam
Soil
2
Introduction
Slabs are flexural members. Their flexure strength requirement may
be expressed by
Mu M n
Types of Slabs
Solid slabs :- which are divided into
- One way solid slabs One-way slab
- Two way solid slabs
3
Solid Slab
L L
Two way slab 2 One-way slab 2
S S
Ribbed Slab (joist construction)
5
Ribbed slab with hollow blocks
6
One-way solid slabs
A one-way solid slab curves under loads in one direction only.
Accordingly, slabs supported on two opposite sides only and slabs
supported on all four sides, but L/S 2 are classified as one-way
slabs.
shrinkage Reinft.
Main Reinft.
Main Reinft.
S
Main Reinft.
9
Minimum thickness of one way slabs ACI Table 9.5(a)
11
Loads Assigned to Slabs
wu=1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L
12
a- Dead Load (D.L)
1- Weight of slab covering materials, total =2.315 kN/m2
tiles (2.5cm thick) =0.02523 = 0.575 kN/m2
cement mortar (2.5cm thick) =0.02521 = 0.525 kN/m2
sand (5.0cm thick) =0.0518 = 0.9 kN/m2
plaster (1.5cm thick) =0.01521 = 0.315 kN/m2
tiles 2.5 cm
cement mortar 2.5 cm
sand 5 cm
slab
plaster 1.5 cm
13
2-Equivalent partition weight
This load is usually taken as the weight of all walls (weight of 1m span
of wall total spans of all walls) carried by the slab divided by the floor
area and treated as a dead load rather than a live load.
To calculate the weight of 1m span of wall:
Each 1m2 surface of wall contains 12.5 blocks
A block with thickness 10cm weighs 10 kg
A block with thickness 20cm weighs 20 kg
2- Ribbed slab:
Example
Find the total ultimate load per rib for the ribbed slab shown:
15
3- Own weight of slab
Solution
Total volume (hatched) = 0.5 0.25 0.25 = 0.03125 m3
S1 S2
18
Design of one way SOLID slabs
19
One-way solid slabs
One-way solid slabs are designed as a number of independent 1 m
wide strips which span in the short direction and are supported on
crossing beams. These strips are designed as rectangular beams.
1m
S1 S2
L
0.85f c 2M u
1 1 2
fy
0.85 f c bd
S1 S2
20
One-way solid slabs
shrinkage Reinft.
Main Reinft.
21
Check on tension/compression control (maximum allowed steel)
Method 1: Check et
3 0.85 b1 f c '
max
8 fy
22
Shrinkage Reinforcement Ratio
According to ACI Code and for fy =420 MPa ACI 7.12.2.1
shrinkage 0.0018 As ,shrinkage 0.0018 b h
where, b = width of strip, and h = slab thickness
24
Approximate Structural Analysis
Bending Moment
ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
25
Approximate Structural Analysis
ACI 8.3.3
Bending Moment
Two spans
l n = length of clear
span measured
face-to-face of
supports.
For calculating
negative moments,
l n is taken as the
average of the
adjacent clear span
lengths.
26
Approximate Structural Analysis
Shear ACI 8.3.3
More than two spans
27
Approximate Structural Analysis
Shear ACI 8.3.3
Two spans
28
Summary of One-way Solid Slab Design Procedure
1- Select representative 1m wide design strip/strips to span in the
short direction.
2- Choose a slab thickness to satisfy deflection control requirements.
When several numbers of slab panels exist, select the largest
calculated thickness.
3- Calculate the factored load wu
4- Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for each of
the strips.
5- Check adequacy of slab thickness in terms of resisting shear by
satisfying the following equation: V u 0.17 f c ' b d
where b = 1000 mm
If the previous equation is not satisfied, go ahead and enlarge the
thickness to do so.
29
Summary of One-way Solid Slab Design Procedure
6- Design flexural and shrinkage reinforcement:
Flexural reinforcement ratio is calculated from the following
equation
0.85f c 2M u
1 1 2
fy
0.85 f c bd
where b = 1000 mm
8.0 m
31
Solution:
1- Select a representative 1 m wide slab strip:
The selected representative strip is shown in the figure
8.0 m
For one-end continuous spans,
17cm
hmin = l/24 =4.0/24=0.167m
Slab thickness is taken as 17 cm
4.0 m 4.0 m 4.0 m
Wu
32
Solution:
3- Calculate the factored load wu per unit length of the selected strip:
Own weight of slab = 0.17 25 = 4.25 kN/m2
wu= 1.20 (3+4.25) +1.60 (3)= 13.5 kN/m2
For a strip 1 m wide, wu=13.5 kN/m
4- Evaluate the maximum factored shear forces and bending moments
in the strip:
The clear span length, ln = 4.0 0.30 = 3.70 m
wu=13.5 kN/m
33
Solution:
18.5 18.5
16.8 16.8
7.7 7.7
16.8
16.8
25 28.7
25
25 25
28.7
36
Solution:
For max. negative moment, Mu = 18.5 kN.m
37
Solution:
For max. positive moment, Mu = 16.8 kN.m
38
Solution:
Calculate the area of shrinkage reinforcement:
Area of shrinkage reinforcement = 0.0018 (100) (17) = 306 mm2
For shrinkage reinforcement use 10 mm @ 25 cm (from previous slides calculations)
Shrinkage reinft.
10@25 10@25 10@20 10@20 10@25
17cm
39
Solution:
40
Design of one way RIBBED slabs
41
One-way ribbed slabs
Ribbed slabs consist of regularly spaced ribs monolithically built
with a toping slab. The voids between the ribs may be either light
material such as hollow blocks [figure 1] or it may be left unfilled
[figure 2].
Topping slab
w u l c2
t
1240 f c
h 3.5 bw
bw 100
44
Key components of one-way ribbed slabs
Shear strength: ACI 8.13.8
Shear strength provided by rib concrete Vc may be taken 10% greater
than those for beams.
Flexural strength:
Ribs are designed as rectangular beams in the regions of negative
moment at the supports and as T-shaped beams in the regions of
positive moments between the supports.
45
Key components of one-way ribbed slabs
Hollow blocks:
Hollow blocks are made of lightweight concrete or other lightweight
materials. The most common concrete hollow block sizes are 40 25
cm in plan and heights of 14, 17, 20, and 24 cm.
46
Summary of one-way ribbed slab design procedure
1. The direction of ribs is chosen.
2. Determine h, and select the hollow block size, bw and t
3. Provide shrinkage reinforcement for the topping slab in both
directions.
4. The factored load on each of the ribs is computed.
5. The shear force and bending moment diagrams are drawn.
6. The strength of the web in shear is checked.
7. Design the ribs as T-section shaped beams in the positive moment
regions and rectangular beams in the regions of negative moment.
8. Neat sketches showing arrangement of ribs and details of the
reinforcement are to be prepared.
47
Example
Design a one-way ribbed slab to cover a 3.8 m x 10 m panel, shown in the
figure below. The covering materials weigh 2.25 kN/m2, equivalent
partition load is equal to 0.75 kN/m2, and the live load is 2 kN/m2.
Use fc=25 MPa, fy=420MPa
3.8 m
10 m
48
Solution
1. The direction of ribs is chosen:
Ribs are arranged in the short direction as shown in the figure
3.8 m
5.0 m 5.0 m
2. Determine h, and select the hollow block size, bw and t:
From ACI Table 9.5(a), hmin = 380/16 = 23.75cm use h = 24 cm.
Let width of web, bw =10 cm
Use hollow blocks of size 40 cm 25 cm 17 cm (weight=0.17 kN)
Topping slab thickness = 24 17 = 7cm > lc/12 =40/12= 3.3cm > 5cm OK
For a unit strip of topping slab:
wu=[1.2(0.07 25 + 0.75 + 2.25) + 1.6(2)] 1m = 8.9 kN/m = 8.9 N/mm
w u l c2 8.9( 400 ) 2
t 16mm OK
1240 f c ( 0.9 )1240 25
49
Solution
3. Provide shrinkage reinforcement for the topping slab in both directions:
Area of shrinkage reinforcement, As=0.0018(1000)70=126 mm2
Use 5 6 mm/m in both directions.
1.0 m
= 0.24- 0.136 = 0.104 m3
0.25 m
Weight of concrete in 1m2
= 0.104 25 = 2.6 kN/m2
Weight of hollow blocks in 1m2
= 8 0.17= 1.36 kN/m2
7 cm
0.4 m 0.1 m 0.4 m
Total dead load /m2
= 2.25 + 0.75 + 2.6 + 1.36
0.24 m
= 7.0 kN/m2
50
Solution
wu=1.2(7)+1.6(2)=11.6 kN/m2
wu/m of rib =11.6x0.5= 5.8 kN/m of rib
5. Critical shear forces and bending moments are determined (simply supported beam):
Maximum factored shear force = wul/2 = 5.8 (3.8/2) = 11 kN
Maximum factored bending moment = wul2/8 = 5.8 (3.8)2/8 = 10.5 kN.m
6. Check rib strength for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 2420.60.6 =20.8 cm, assuming 12mm reinforcing
bars and 6 mm stirrups.
1.1V c 1.1 0.75 0.17 25 100 208 14400 N = 14.4 kN Vu,max 11kN
51
Solution
7. Design flexural reinforcement for the ribs:
There is only positive moments over the simply supported beam, and the
section of maximum positive moment is to be designed as a T-section
Assume that a<70mm and =0.90Rectangular section with b = be =500mm
0.85 25 50
2 10.5 106
1 1
105 kN.m
7
420 0.9 0.85 25 500 2082
24
As
0.0013
10
As be d 0.0013 500 208 135 mm 2
As f y 157 420
a 6.2 mm 70mm
0.85f c 'be 0.85 25 500
The assumption is right
52
Solution
Check As,min
0.25 f c ' 1.4
As,min max bw d ; bw d
fy
fy
As,min 70 mm 2 A s,sup 157 mm 2 OK
Check =0.9
a 6.2
c 7.3 mm
1 0.85
dc 208 7.3
t 0.003 0.003
c 7.3
t 0.083 0.005 0.9 OK
53
Solution
8. Neat sketches showing arrangement of ribs and details of the reinforcement are to be
prepared
110 m
110 m
110 m
110 m
3.8 m
A A
5.0 m 5.0 m
6mm stirrups 6mm mesh
@25 cm @20 cm
7cm
24cm
17cm
210mm 10 40 cm 10 210mm
Section A-A
Lecture 11
Design of short concentric columns
Columns
Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the
load-carrying beams. They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then
to the soil through the foundations.
Loads
Beam Beam
P Column
h Slab
b Beam
Column Beam Beam
h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam
Soil
2
Columns
Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross
section, and the bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross
section.
The main reinforcement in a columns is longitudinal, parallel to the direction of the load
and consists of bars arranged in a square, rectangular, or circular shape.
3
Length of the column in relation to its lateral dimensions
Columns can be classified as
1- Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the dimensions of the cross section
2- Slender Columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.
4
Analysis and Design of Short Columns
Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
5
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Axial load tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced columns
having the same cross-sectional areas of concrete and steel reinforcement
behave in the same manner up to the ultimate load.
At that load, tied columns fail suddenly due to excessive cracking in
the concrete section followed by buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement
between ties within the failure region. For spirally reinforced columns, once the
ultimate load is reached, the concrete shell covering the spiral starts to spall off
but the core will continue to carry additional loads because the
spiral provides a confining force to the concrete core, thus enabling
the column to sustain large deformations before final collapse.
6
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
7
Nominal Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads
Pn rP0
Pn r Ag 0.85f c Ast (f y 0.85f c)
9
Design Capacity under Concentric Axial Loads
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85f c Ast f y 0.85f c Pu
or
Pn r A g 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c Pu
where g = Ast / Ag
10
= 0.75 for spiral columns r = 0.85 ( spiral )
Design of Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c Pu
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c Pu
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c Pu
Pu 1
g 0.85f c
r A g f y 0.85f c
13
Design of spirals
Asp D c
from: s
[( / 4 ) D c ] s
2
Longitudinal Steel
ACI 10.9.1
16
Design Considerations
Longitudinal Steel
ACI 10.9.2
17
Design Considerations
Longitudinal Steel
- Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars (Longitudinal Steel)
For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars, shown in the figure, is not to
be less than the larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or
40 mm. This is done to ensure free flow of concrete
among reinforcing bars.
ACI 7.6.3
S c max 1.5 d b , 40mm
18
Design Considerations
Lateral Ties
Lateral Ties
Lateral Ties
ACI 7.10.5.2
21
Design Considerations
Lateral Ties
ACI 7.10.5.1
22
Design Considerations
Spirals
size 10 mm diameter
ACI 7.10.4.3
Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal
forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.
24
Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column. This can be done by:
a- Tributary Area Method
b- Pu is the sum of the reactions of the beams supported by the column.
2. Assume a starting reinforcement ratio g that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually a
2 % ratio is chosen for economic considerations.
5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area in the
respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code limits.
25
Design Procedure for Short Concentrically Loaded Columns
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed reinforcing
bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is needed, while a minimum
of six bars is used for circular columns.
8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or
spirals.
9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies ACI
Code requirements.
10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
longitudinal and lateral reinforcement.
26
Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in the
figure. It is reinforced with 616mm bars. Calculate the design load
capacity of the cross section. Ties 8@25cm
f c 30MPa f y 420MPa
Solution
Assume first that g 2%
Pu
Ag
0.65 0.8 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c
1000 103
Ag
0.65 0.8 0.85 30 0.02 420 0.85 30
29 A g 57594mm 2
Example 2
A g 57594mm 2
b 250mm
h 230mm
use column 25cm 25cm
Stirrup design
Use 8 mm (for longitudinal bars with 14 mm < 30 mm)
8 mm @ 200 mm 250 mm
250 mm
32
Example 3
Solution
A s 0.01 (3502 ) 962mm 2
4
use 714 (A s,sup =1078 mm 2 )
35
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 12 Part I
Bond, development length, and splicing
Bond
2
Concept of Bond Stress
Bond stresses are existent whenever the tensile stress or force in a reinforcing bar
changes from point to point along the length of the bar in order to maintain equilibrium.
Without bond stresses, the reinforcement will pull out of the concrete.
Concrete
Reinforcing bar
PL/4
M
M+dM
avg
dx
Moment diagram
3
Concept of Bond Stress
F 0.0
T2 T1 Fbond
If this equation is not true (bond force Fbond is not strong enough), the bar will pull out
avg
f - f d
= s2 s1 b
l T2=fs2Ab
fs2=fs1+fs
4l
4
Mechanism of Bond Transfer
A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by adhesion between concrete &
reinforcement, and a small amount of friction.
This is different in a deformed bar. Once adhesion is lost at high bar stress and some
slight movement between the reinforcement and the concrete occurs, bond is then
provided by friction and bearing on the deformations of the bar. At much higher bar
stress, bearing on the deformations of the bar will be the only component contributing to
bond strength.
5
Splitting cracks
6
Splitting cracks
Splitting of concrete may occur along the bars, either in vertical planes as in
figure (a) or in horizontal plane as in figure (b).
7
Splitting cracks
The minimum distance from the bar to the surface of the concrete or to the
next bar. The smaller the distance, the smaller is the splitting load.
The tensile strength of the concrete. The higher the tensile strength, the
higher is the splitting resistance.
The average bond stress. The higher the average bond stress, the higher is the
splitting resistance.
If the concrete cover and bar spacing are large compared to the bar diameter,
a pullout failure can occur, where the bar and the ring of concrete between
successive deformations pullout along a cylindrical failure surface joining
the tips of the deformations.
8
Development Length
9
Development Length
10
Development Length
The development length ld is that length of embedment necessary to develop the full
tensile strength of the bar (on both sides of sections where fy stress is required),
controlled by either pullout or splitting.
avg =
f s2 f s1 d b
4l
f s2 f s1 f y
f y db
ld , where avg,u is the value avg at bond failure
4 avg,u
11
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Tension
fy
ld d b 300 mm,
1.1 f c C K tr ACI Eq. 12-1
db
C K tr
where 2.5 ACI 12.2.3
db
where,
ld = development length
db = nominal diameter of bar
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement
C = spacing or cover dimension (see next slide)
Ktr = transverse reinforcement index (see slide 12)
12 abgl = see next slides
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Tension [contd.]
ACI 12.2.4
is a reinforcement size factor that reflects better performance of the smaller diameter
reinforcement
(a) 20mm and smaller bars... 0.8
(b) 22mm and larger bars..... 1.0
14
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Tension [contd.]
16
Example 1
Determine the development length in tension required for the uncoated bottom bars as
shown in the figure. If (a) Ktr is calculated (b) Ktr is assumed = 0.0
Use fc = 25 MPa normal weight concrete and fy = 420 MPa
(c) Check if space is available for bar development in the beam shown
60 cm
10@20
420
40 cm
Section A-A
17
Example 1
Determine the development length in tension required for the uncoated bottom bars as
shown in the figure. If (a) Ktr is calculated (b) Ktr is assumed = 0.0
Use fc = 25 MPa normal weight concrete and fy = 420 MPa
(c) Check if space is available for bar development in the beam shown
Solution:
60 cm
(a) Ktr is calculated 10@20
420
=1.0 for bars over concrete < 30 cm thick
=1.0 for uncoated bars 40 cm
60 cm
i.e., use 2.5 10@20
db 420
fy
ld d b 300 mm
1.1 f c C K tr
40 cm
db Cover is 4 cm on all sides
420 (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)
ld 20 489 mm 300 mm OK
1.1 25 2 .5
b) Assuming K tr 0.0
C K tr 467 0
2.33 2.5 OK
db 20
420 (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)
ld 20 524 mm 300 mm OK
19 1.1 25 2.33
Example 1 [contd.]
60 cm
10@20
420
40 cm
Section A-A
20
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Compression ACI 12.3
Shorter development lengths are required for compression than for tension since
flexural tension cracks are not present for bars in compression. In addition, there is
some bearing of the ends of the bars on concrete.
The development length ld for deformed bars in compression is computed as the product
of the basic development length ldc and applicable modification factors, but ld is not to
be less than 200 mm.
ld = ldc x applicable modification factors 200 mm.
The basic development length ldb for deformed bars in compression is given as
0.24 f y d b
ldc max ;0.043 f y d b
fc '
21
Development Length of Deformed Bars in Compression [contd.] ACI 12.3
Applicable Modification Factors
1. Excessive reinforcement factor =As required / As provided
2. Spirals or Ties: the modification factor for reinforcement, enclosed with spiral
reinforcement 6mm in diameter and 10 cm pitch or within 12mm ties spaced at
10 cm on center is given as 0.75
22
Critical
section
ldh
Development length ldh for deformed bars in tension terminating in a standard hook is
computed as the product of the basic development length lhb and applicable
modification factors, but ldh is not to be less than 8db, nor less than 150 mm.
ldh = lhb x applicable modification factors 15 cm or 8db.
The basic development length lhb for hooked bars is given as
0.24 e f y
ACI 12.5.1
lhb db
l fc '
For lightweight aggregate concrete, l = 0.75. ACI 12.5.2
For epoxy-coated reinforcement, e= 1.2.
Otherwise, l = 1.0, e= 1.0
23
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension [contd.]
ACI 12.5.3
Applicable Modification Factors
1. Concrete cover: for db 36mm, side cover (normal to plane of hook) 65 mm, and
for 90 degree hook, cover on bar extension beyond hook 50 mm, the modification
factor is taken as 0.7.
65 mm
65 mm
24
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension [contd.]
ACI 12.5.3
Applicable Modification Factors
2. Excessive reinforcement factor =As required / As provided
3. Spirals or Ties: for db 36mm, hooks enclosed vertically or horizontally within ties
or stirrups spaced along the full development length ldh not greater than 3db , where db is
the diameter of the hooked bar, and the first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of
the hook, within 2db of the outside of the bend, the modification factor is taken as 0.8.
25
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension [contd.]
ACI 7.1
90-degree hook
Development length ldh is measured
from the critical section of the bar
to the out-side end or edge of the
hooks. Either a 90 or a 180-degree
hook, shown in the figure, may be used
ldh
44 through 56
26
ACI 12.1.2 ldh
Part (b)
Development of Standard Hooks in Tension [contd.]
ACI 12.5.4
Confinement of hooks
For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous ends of members with both
side cover and top (or bottom) cover over hook less than 65 mm, the hooked bar shall be
enclosed within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not
greater than 3db along ldh. The first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of the
hook, within 2db of the outside of the bend, where db is the diameter of the hooked bar.
27
Example 2
Determine the development length or anchorage required for the epoxy-coated top bars
of the beam shown in the figure. The beam frames into an exterior 80cm x 30cm
column (the bars extend parallel to the 80 cm side). Show the details if:
(a) If a 180-degree hook is used
(b) If a 90-degree hook is used
Use fc = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa 432
50 cm
12@15
Solution:
=1.3 for bars over concrete > 30 cm thick 40 cm
=1.5 for coated bars (take the larger of 1.2 and 1.5 conservatively)
=1.3x1.5 = 1.95 > 1.7 use 1.7
=1.0 for 32mm, =1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 40+12+16=68 mm
{[400-2(40)-2(12)-32]/(3)}/(2)=44 mm
i.e., C is taken as 44 mm
28
Example 2 [contd.]
40Atr 2( 113 )
K tr 15.1 mm
sn ( 150 )( 4 )
C K tr 44 15 432
1.85 2.5
50 cm
OK
db 32 12@15
fy
ld d b 300 mm
1.1 f c C K tr
40 cm
db
420 ( 1.7 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )
ld 32 2127 mm 300 mm OK
1.1 28 1 .85
4db =128 mm
Critical section
5db =160 mm
180o hook
Critical section
30 90o hook
Splicing
31
Splices of Reinforcement
ACI 12.14
Splicing of reinforcement bars is necessary, either because the available bars are not
long enough, or to ease construction, in order to guarantee continuity of the
reinforcement according to design requirements.
Types of Splices:
(a) Welding (b) Mechanical connectors
(c) Lap splices (simplest and most economical method)
In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is transferred to the concrete, which transfers it to
the adjacent bar.
Splice length is the distance over which the two bars overlap.
32
Splice length
Splices of Reinforcement
Important note:
Lap splices have a number of disadvantages, including congestion of reinforcement at
the lap splice and development of transverse cracks due to stress concentrations. It is
recommended to locate splices at sections where stresses are low.
T T
ls Direct contact
2. Non-Contact Splice (spaced) the distance between two bars cannot be greater than
1/5 of the splice length nor 15 cm
ACI 12.14.2.3
T
s
T
ls Bars are spaced
33
Splices of Deformed Bars in Tension
ACI 12.15
ACI code divides tension lap splices into two classes, A and B. The class of splice used
is dependent on the level of stress in the reinforcing and on the percentage of steel that
is spliced at particular location.
ACI 12.15.1
Class A:
A splice must satisfy the following two conditions to be in this class:
(a) the area of reinforcement provided is at least twice that required by analysis over the
entire length of the splice; and
(b) one-half or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required lap length.
Class B:
If conditions above are not satisfied classify as Class B.
34
Example 3
Solution:
Class B splice is required where ls = 1.3 ld
=1.0, =1.0 =1.0 < 1.7 OK
ls
=1.0, =1.0
C the smallest of 75+8=83 mm
250/2=125 mm 16 @ 250
16 @ 25
ls=58 cm
16 @ 25
36
Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression
ACI 12.16
Bond behavior of compression bars is not complicated by the problem of transverse
tension cracking and thus compression splices do not require provisions as strict as
those specified for tension
When bars of different size are lap-spliced in compression, splice length shall be the
larger of either development length of the larger bar, or splice length of the smaller bar.
ACI 12.16.2
ACI 12.15.3
37
Example 4
Design a compression lap splice for a tied column whose cross section is shown in the
figure when:
(a) 16 mm bars are used on both sides of the splice.
(b) 16 mm bars are lap spliced with 18 mm bars.
Use fc = 30 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
Solution:
(a) For bars of same 16 mm diameter
Splice length in compression and for fy =420 MPa
is equal to 0.071 fy db = 0.071 (420)(16)
= 477 mm >300 mm
taken as 480 mm
38
Example 4 [contd.]
Splice length of smaller diameter bar was calculated in part (a) as 477 mm. Thus, the
splice length is taken as 480 mm.
39
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 12 PART II
Bar cutoff
Bar cutoff
2
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Example
3
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Example
4
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Example
5
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Example
6
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
7
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
8
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: -1/11, +1/16, -1/11)
9
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: -1/16, +1/14, -1/10)
10
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: -1/24, +1/14, -1/10)
11
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Bending moment envelope for typical span (moment coefficient: 0, +1/11, -1/10)
12
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
ACI 12.10.3
Reinforcement shall extend
beyond the point at which it is no
longer required to resist flexure
for a distance equal to d or 12db,
whichever is greater, except at
supports of simple spans and at
free end of cantilevers.
ACI 12.10.4
Continuing reinforcement shall
have an embedment length not
less than ld beyond the point
where bent or terminated tension
reinforcement is no longer
required to resist flexure.
13
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
a. Factored shear force at the cutoff point does not exceed two-thirds of the design shear
strength, Vn .
b. Stirrup area exceeding that required for shear and torsion is provided along each
cutoff bar over a distance from the termination point equal to three-fourths of the
effective depth of the member. Excess stirrup area Av is not to be less than 0.41bwS /fy .
Spacing S is not to exceed d/8b where b is the ratio of area of reinforcement cutoff to
total area of tension reinforcement at the section.
c. For 36 mm bars and smaller, continuing reinforcement provides double the area
required for flexure at the cutoff point and factored shear does not exceed three-fourths
of the design shear strength, Vn .
14
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Positive moment:
At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and
one-fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall
extend along the same face of member into the support. In beams, such
reinforcement shall extend into the support at least 150 mm. ACI 12.11.1
Positive moment:
ACI 12.11.3
16
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Positive moment:
17
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Positive moment:
18
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Positive moment:
19
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Negative moment:
Negative moment reinforcement in a continuous, restrained cantilever member, or in
any member of rigid frame, is to be anchored in or through the supporting member
by development length, hooks, or mechanical anchorage.
ACI 12.12.1
At least one-third the total tension reinforcement provided for negative moment at a
support shall have an embedment length beyond the point of inflection not less than
d, 12db, or ln/16, whichever is greater
ACI 12.12.3
20
Reinforced Concrete Design I
ACI-318
2
References for detailing
ACI-315
3
References for detailing
4
Bar cutoff: Theoretical points of cutoff or bent
Positive moment:
At least one-third the positive
moment reinforcement in simple
members and one-fourth the
positive moment reinforcement in
continuous members shall extend
along the same face of member into
the support. In beams, such
reinforcement shall extend into the
support at least 150 mm.
Negative moment:
At least one-third the total tension
reinforcement provided for negative
moment at a support shall have an
embedment length beyond the point
of inflection not less than d, 12db, or
ln/16, whichever is greater
5
Typical details for one way solid slabs
6
Requirements for using standard detailing for beams and one
way slabs:
ACI 8.3.3
There are two or more spans.
Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans
not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent.
Loads are uniformly distributed.
Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead
load.
Members are of similar section dimensions along their lengths
(prismatic).
7
Typical details for one way solid slabs
Straight bars
8
Typical details for one way solid slabs
Straight bars
9
Typical details for one way solid slabs
Straight bars
10
Typical details for one way solid slabs
Bent-up bars
11
Typical details for beams
Straight bars
12
Typical details for beams
Straight bars
13
Typical details for beams
Straight bars
14
Typical details for columns
15
Typical details for columns
16
17
18
19
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 13
Design of isolated footings
Footing
Introduction
Footings are structural elements used to support columns and walls and transmit their
loads to the underlying soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity below the
structure.
Loads
B B Column
L L Beam
P P
M
Footing
Soil
2
Footing
Introduction
The design of footings calls for the combined efforts of geotechnical and structural
engineers.
The geotechnical engineer, on one hand, conducts the site investigation and on the light
of his findings, recommends the most suitable type of foundation and the allowable
bearing capacity of the soil at the suggested foundation level.
The structural engineer, on the other hand, determines the concrete dimensions and
reinforcement details of the approved foundation.
3
Types of Footing
Isolated Footings
Isolated or single footings are used to support single columns. This is one of the most
economical types of footings and is used when columns are spaced at relatively long
distances. P kN
B C2
C1
4
Types of Footing
Isolated Footings
Secondary reinft
Main reinft.
7
Types of Footing
Combined Footings
Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single footings cannot
be used. Or, when one column is located at or near a property line. In such a case, the
load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in an uneven distribution
of load to the supporting soil.
P1 P2
P2 kN
L
PP1 kN
1 kN
B C2 C2
C1 C1
L1 L2 L2
8
Types of Footing
Combined Footings
The shape of a combined footing in plan shall be such that the centroid of the
foundation plan coincides with the centroid of the loads in the columns. Combined
footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. Rectangular footings are favored due to
their simplicity in terms of design and construction. However, rectangular footings are
not always practicable because of the limitations that may be imposed on their
longitudinal projections beyond the two columns or the large difference that may exist
between the magnitudes of the two column loads. Under these conditions, the provision
of a trapezoidal footing is more economical.
9
Types of Footing
Continuous Footings
Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P4 kN
P3 kN
P2 kN
L
P1 kN
10
Types of Footing
Strap (Cantilever) footings
Strap footings consists of two separate footings, one under each column, connected
together by a beam called strap beam. The purpose of the strap beam is to prevent
overturning of the eccentrically loaded footing. It is also used when the distance
between this column and the nearest internal column is long that a combined footing
will be too narrow.
P2 kN
P1 P2
property line
Strap Beam
P1 kN
L1 L2
B1 C2 C2 B2
C1 C1
11
Types of Footing
Mat (Raft) Footings
Mat footings consist of one footing usually placed under the entire building area. They
are used when soil bearing capacity is low, column loads are heavy and differential
settlement for single footings are very large or must be reduced.
12
Types of Footing
Pile caps
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit
column loads to the piles.
P
13
Footing Loading
Distribution of Soil Pressure
The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the
relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of the foundation at the level
of contact between footing and soil.
P P P
Centroidal axis
L L L
For design purposes, it is common to assume the soil pressure is uniformly distributed.
The pressure distribution will be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with
the resultant of the applied loads.
14
Footing Loading
Pressure Distribution Below Footings
The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes failure of
soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil, denoted by qu.
The allowable bearing capacity of soil is obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing
capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the order of 2.50 to 3.0.
The allowable soil pressure for soil may be either gross or net pressure permitted on the
soil directly under the base of the footing.
The gross pressure represents the total stress in the soil created by all the loads above
the base of the footing. For design, the net soil pressure is used instead of the gross
pressure value.
P
Df
hc
15
Footing Loading
Concentrically Loaded Footings
If the resultant of the loads acting at the base of the footing coincides with the centroid
of the footing area, the footing is concentrically loaded and a uniform distribution of
soil pressure is assumed in design.
Centroidal axis
P/A
16
Footing Loading
Eccentrically Loaded Footings
Footings are often designed for both axial load and moment. Moment may be caused by
lateral forces due to wind or earthquake, and by lateral soil pressures.
A footing is eccentrically loaded if the supported column is not concentric with the
footing area or if the column transmits at its juncture with the footing not only a vertical
load but also a bending moment.
P
P
e
M
Centroidal axis Centroidal axis
y y
L L
P/A P/A
Pey/I My/I
17
Design of Isolated Footings
18
Design of Isolated Footings
19
Design of Isolated Footings
Note that 7.5 cm of clear concrete cover is required if concrete is cast against
soil.
ACI 7.7.1
20
Design of Isolated Footings
Df
hc
qall(net)
where
hc is the assumed footing depth,
df is the distance from ground surface to the contact surface between footing base and soil,
c is the weight density of concrete, and
s is the weight density of soil on top of footing.
21
Design of Isolated Footings
3- Establish the required base area of the footing
Base area of footing is determined from unfactored forces transmitted by footing to soil
and the allowable soil pressure evaluated through principles of soil mechanics.
PD PL
Areq
qall (net ) ACI 15.2.2
where PD and PL are column service dead and live loads, respectively.
Select appropriate L, and B values, if possible, use a square footing to achieve greatest
economy.
22
Design of Isolated Footings
The ACI Code assumes that failure takes place on vertical planes located at distance d/2
from the faces of the column.
ACI 11.11.1.2
23
Design of Isolated Footings
Vu qu (net )L B C1 d C2 d
C1 + d
C1
ACI 11.11.1.2
C2 + d
C2
B
L
Since there are two layers of reinforcement, an average value of d may be used:
d = h 7.5cm db , where db is the bar diameter. 24
Design of Isolated Footings
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear [contd.]
Punching shear force resisted by concrete Vc is given as the smallest of
2
V C 0.17 1 f c 'bo d
C1 + d
c
V C 0.33 f c 'bo d C1
C2 + d
C2
B
s d
V C 0.083 2 f c 'bo d
b
L
c = long side/short side of column,
s = 40 for interior, 30 for side, and 20 for corner columns,
bo =length of critical perimeter around the column = 2[(C1+d)+(C2+d)]
Interior
ACI 11.11.2.1
Corner Exterior 25
Design of Isolated Footings
L C 1
Vu qu (net ) B x qu (net ) B d
2 C1
d
C2
B
The factored beam shear capacity of the
concrete is given as
L
V c 0.17 f c ' B d
ACI 11.2.1.1
26
Design of Isolated Footings
C2
2
B
d
The factored beam shear capacity of the
y
concrete is given as L
27
Design of Isolated Footings
7-Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction.
The footing is designed as rectangular-section beam in both directions. The critical
section for bending is located at the face of the column.
ACI 15.4.2 Critical section for moment
B L C1
2
M u qu (net )
2 2 C1
C2
B
0.85f c 2M u
1 1 2
fy
0.85 f c B d
L
As ,req B d
As ,min 0.0018Bh As , req
ACI 15.4.1
ACI 10.5.4
ACI 7.12.2.1 28
Design of Isolated Footings
7-Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction [contd.]
M u qu (net ) C1
2 2
C2
B
(B-C2)/2
0.85f c 2M u
1 1 2
fy 0.85 f L d L
c
As ,req L d
ACI 15.4.1
As ,min 0.0018Lh As ,req
ACI 10.5.4
ACI 7.12.2.1
29
Design of Isolated Footings
B
L
ACI 15.4.4
30
Design of Isolated Footings
Bearing on concrete for column and footing must not exceed the concrete
bearing strength.
ACI 15.8.1.1
Pn Pu
Otherwise, the joint would fail by crushing of the concrete at the bottom of the
column where the column bars are no longer effective or by crushing the
concrete in the footing under the column.
Pn min Pn ,c ; Pn ,f
31
Design of Isolated Footings
For a supporting footing where the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the
loaded area, the allowed bearing capacity Pn,f is
A2
Pn ,f min 0.85f cA1 ; 2 0.85f cA1
A1
= strength reduction factor for bearing = 0.65
A1= column cross-sectional area
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered
wedge contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded
area, and having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (see next slide)
32
Design of Isolated Footings
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete [contd.]
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
33
Design of Isolated Footings
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete [contd.]
A2= area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
34
Design of Isolated Footings
If Pn Pu :
Reinforcement in the form of dowel bars must be provided to transfer the
excess load.
Pu Pn ACI 15.8.1.2
As ,req
f y
The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main
footing reinforcement.
35
Design of Isolated Footings
If Pn Pu ::
Use minimum dowel reinforcement.
36
Design of Isolated Footings
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
> ls (compn.)
qall (gross) = 200 kN/m2, soil =17 kN/m3, conc =25 kN/m3
Df=1.0
40
40
38
Example
Solution
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 55 cm thick.
2- Evaluate the net allowable soil pressure:
qall (net) = qall (gross) - s (Df - hc) - c hc
qall net 200 ( 1 0.55 ) 17 0.55 25 178.6 kN/m2
245
40
q all (net) 178.6
7.84
Let L 3.20 m , B 2.45 m
3.20 320
Use 320x245x55 cm footing
4- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure
Pu 1.2PD 1.6PL 1.2 800 1.6 600 1920 kN
Pu 1920
q u net 244.9 kN /m 2
LB 3.2 2.45 39
40+45.9
Example
40+45.9
245
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear:
Average effective depth d avg 55-7.5-1.6 45.9cm
320
bo 2[ 40 45.9 40 45.9 ] 343.6 cm
Vu 244.9 3.2 2.45 0.40 0.459 0.40 0.459 1740 kN
VC is the smallest of
0.33 f c ' b o d 0.75 0.33 25 3436 459 1952 kN
2 2
0.17 f c ' 1 b o d 0.75 0.17 25 1 3436 459 3016 kN
c 0.4/0.4
s d 40 459
0.083 f c ' 2 b
o d 0.75 0.083 25 2 3436 459 3605 kN
b o 3436
VC 1952 kN Vu 1740 kN OK
40
Example
6- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
In short direction
245
Vu is located at distance d from face of column
3.2 0.4
Vu 244.9 2.45 0.459 565 kN
2
320
Vc= 717 kN > Vu= 565 kN OK
In long direction
245
45.9
Vu is located at distance d from face of column
2.45 0.4
Vu 244.9 3.2 0.459 444 kN
320
2
Vc= 936 kN > Vu= 444 kN OK
41
Example
7- Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in the long direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in the figure Critical section for moment
1.4
B L C1 2.45 3.2 0.4
2 2
M u q u net 244.9
2 2 2 2
588 kN .m
245
0.85 25 2 588 106
1- 1- 2
420 0.9
0.85 25 2450 459 320
42
Example
7- Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
b- Reinforcement in the short direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in the figure
M u q u net 244.9
2 2 2 2
412 kN .m
Critical section for moment
245
0.85 25 2 412 106
1.025
1- 1- 2
420 0.9 0.85 25 3200 459 320
24.49 x 2.8
1.025
A s,min 0.0018 550 3200 3170 mm 2
A s,req 317 0 mm 2
43
Example
7- Calculate the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
b- Reinforcement in the short direction:
The distribution of the reinforcement is as follows:
L 3.2
1.3
42.5 Width band =245 42.5
B 2.45
2
Central band reinft. As
1
214 B
1814 B
214 B
245
2
3170 2757 mm 2
1.3 1
320
Use 18 14 mm in the central band.
3170 2756
For each of the side bands, A s 207 mm 2
2
Use 214 mm in each of the two side bands.
44
Example
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete
1400
1100
245
h= 550
1025
1
320
45
Example
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete
46
Example
8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete
47
Example
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
Bottom longitudinal reinforcement (14mm)
=1.0 for bottom bars, =1.0 for uncoated bars
1.4
=1.0 <1.7 OK
=0.8 for 14mm, =1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 7.5+0.7=8.3 cm
245
[245-2(7.5)-1.4]/(22)/(2)=5.2 cm
i.e., C is taken as 5.2 cm 320
C K tr 5.2 0 C K tr
3.7 2.5 i.e.,use 2.5
db 1.4 db
420 (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)
ld 1.4 34 cm
1.1 25 2.5
48
Example
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
Bottom reinforcement in short direction (14mm)
=1.0 for bottom bars, =1.0 for uncoated bars
=1.0 <1.7 OK
=0.8 for 14mm, =1.0 for normal weight concrete
245
C the smallest of 7.5+0.7=8.3 cm
1.025
[320-2(7.5)-1.4]/(19)/(2)=8 cm
i.e., C is taken as 5.2 cm 320
C K tr 8 0 C K tr
5.7 2.5 i.e.,use 2.5
db 1.4 db
420 (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)
ld 1.4 34 cm
1.1 25 2.5
49
Example
9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement
Dowel reinforcement (16mm):
50
Example
10- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement
48cm
55 cm 245 (1814)
3.20 m
214 B
214 B
1814 B
2.45 m
2314 B
51
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 14
Staircase Design
Stair Types
2
Stair Types
3
Stair Types
4
Stair Types
5
Technical terms
Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
6
Technical terms
Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
Nosing: the intersection of the going and the riser.
Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosings of
all treads and the soffit above.
7
General Design Requirements
8
Stair type based on the structural loading type
9 Cantilever stair
Design of transversely supported stairs
Loading:
a. Dead load:
The dead load includes own weight of the step, own weight of the waist
slab, and surface finishes on the steps and on the soffit.
b. Live Load:
Live load is taken as building design live load plus 1.5 kN/m2, with a
maximum value of 5 kN/m2.
10
Design of transversely supported stairs
Direction of bending
Main reinforcement
Shrinkage reinforcement
11 Direction of bending
Design of transversely supported stairs
Design for Shear and Flexure:
Each step is designed for shear and
flexure as if it is a beam. Main
reinforcement runs in the transverse
direction at the bottom side of the t
steps while shrinkage reinforcement
runs at the bottom side of the slab in
the longitudinal direction. Since the
step is not rectangular, the effective
depth d is found by an equivalent
rectangular section that can be used
with an average height equal to: R
havg
12
t
Design of transversely supported stairs
Example 1
Design a straight flight stair in a residential building
supported on reinforced concrete walls 1.5 m apart (center
to center), given:
L.L = 3 kN/m2; covering material = 0.5 kN/m; The risers
are 16 cm and goings are 30 cm; fc=25 MPa, fy= 420 MPa
13
Loads and Analysis
l 1.5
t 0.075m
20 20
t
0.075 0.16
have 0.165m
0.30
0.34 2
D.L(O.W) =0.340.075 25 + (1/2) 0.16 0.3 25=1.24 kN/m
D.L (covering material) = 0.5 kN/m
0.3
D.L (total) = 1.74 kN/m 0.16
L.L =30.3 =0.9 kN/m
0.302 0.162 0.34
1.5 m
14
Shear diagram
Moment diagram
15
Design for moment
M u 1kN .m
d 165 20 6 139mm
bw 300mm
0.85 f c ' 2M u
1 1
fy 0.85 f c ' b d 2
0.85 25 2 1106
1 1 2
0.0005
420
0.9 0.85 25 300 139
A s 0.0005 300 139 20.9mm 2
A s ,min 0.0018 300 165 89.1mm 2 A s
A s A s ,min 89.1mm 2
Use 112 for each step
16
Design for shear
V C 0.75 0.17 25 139 300 /1000 26kN V u 2.65kN OK
17
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Direction of bending
Shrinkage reinforcement
Main reinforcement
18
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
19
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Deflection Requirement:
Since a flight of stairs is stiffer than a slab of thickness equal to the waist t,
minimum required slab depth is reduced by 15 %.
Effective Span:
The effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between centerlines of
supporting elements.
n = number of goings
X = Width of
supporting landing slab
at one end of the stairs
slab
Y = Width of
supporting landing slab
at the other end of the
20 stairs slab.
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Deflection Requirement:
Since a flight of stairs is stiffer than a slab of thickness equal to the waist t,
minimum required slab depth is reduced by 15 %.
Effective Span:
The effective span is taken as the horizontal distance between centerlines of
supporting elements.
n = number of goings
X = Width of
supporting landing slab
at one end of the stairs
slab
Y = Width of
supporting landing slab
at the other end of the
21 stairs slab.
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Loading:
a. Dead Load:
The dead load, which can be calculated on horizontal plan, includes:
Own weight of the steps.
Own weight of the slab.
Surface finishes on the flight and on the landings.
Note: For flight load calculations, the part of load acting on slope is to be increased
by dividing it by cos. This is because analysis for moment and shear is conducted on
the horizontal span of the flight, but the load is that carried on the inclined span.
P
P= wo.w.Linc
.Linc
22
w=P/L= wo.w.Linc/L= wo.w./cos
.L
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Loading:
b. Live Load:
Live load is taken as the building design live load plus 1.5 kN/m2, with a
maximum value of 5 kN/m2. Live load is always given on the horizontal
projection.
23
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Joint detail:
The stairs slab is designed for maximum shear and flexure. Main
reinforcement runs in the longitudinal direction, while shrinkage
reinforcement runs in the transverse direction. Special attention has to be
paid to reinforcement detail at opening joints.
24
Design of longitudinally supported stairs
Example 2
Design the U- stair in a residential building shown in the
figure, given:
L.L = 3 kN/m2; covering material = 2 kN/m2; The rises are 16
cm and goings are 30 cm, fc=25 MPa, fy= 420 MPa
25
Loads and Analysis
l 525
t 0.85 22cm
20 20
Wu (flight) = 1.2(10)+1.6(3)=16.8kN/m
Wu (landing) = 1.2(8)+1.6(3)=14.4kN/m
26
Moment and shear diagram
16.8kN/m
14.4kN/m 14.4kN/m
27
Design for moment
M u 52.2kN .m
d 22 2 0.6 19.4cm 194mm
bw 1000mm
(22)=3.96 cm2/m
A landing may be shared on two different stair slabs. The load of the shared
landing can be assumed to be divided equally and each stair slab carries on
30 half.
Design of stair beams
Ls ws
P
P=wsLs/2
w=P/(L/2)
31
L/2