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GIAO AN BOI DUONG HOC SINH GIOI HOA HOC 10
BANG TUAN HOAN WA | ma] VA vA
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CHUYEN DE 1: CAU TAO NGUYEN TU’ - DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
HOA HQCHATNHAN
Tiét 1424344: CAU TAO NGUYEN TU"
NOI DUNG
1.Thanh phan c4u tao, kich thiréc, khéi lrong nguyén tir
Proton duoc Rozofo (Rutherford) khdm phé vao nim 1919 260
nghiém ban phd hat nh4n nito bang hat anpha.
tHe+"N > 70+'P; Khéi tong, m= 16125.10%9=1,0072u;0)>
Dién tich = 1,602.10°C =
Két qua nay c6 ¥ nghia hoa hoc to 1én, vi day Rea dau tién con
ngudi da c6 thé bién doi nguyén t6 héa hoc nay thanl 6 héa hoc khac.
Notron duc Chatvich (Chadwick) kham p! nam 1932 bang thi
nghiém bin pha hat nhiin beri bing hat anpha. Ss
$He+ $Be > 2C+{n; Khéi luong, m= 1.6748 *4o=1 0086u;
oy
Dién tich = 0
Sé dign tich hat nhan. Nguyén té hoc. Ding vi
Sé dign tich hat nhAn, viét n n [a dién tich hat nhan, ki higu la Z
1a s6 proton 6 trong hat nhan. T: guyén tir, Z= dién tich hat nhan= sé
proton = sé electron.
Nguyén t6 héa hoe: Ne loai nguyén tir c6 cing dign tich hat nhan
thude vé cing mot nguyen 1h} hoc.
Dong vi: Nig nguyén tir c6 cling dién tich hat nhan nhung khée
nhau vé so khéi goi Ia. vi. Thi du nguyén t6 hidro cé ba déng vi lan Iuot 1a
HI, D3, vA T?
2. Vo nguyén ti”
a. Lop electre
. Tega ee tir, méi electron c6 mt mite ming lugng nhat dinh. CAc
electron éOmute nang wong gan bang nhau duoc xép thanh mét I6p electron.
¢ Tht tu cia lép tang dan 1, 2, 3, n thi muc nang luong cua electron cing
fan. Electron & 16p cé tri s6 n nhé bj hat nhan hit manh, khé birt ra khoi
yén tir. Electron & I6p cé tri sé n 1én thi c6 nang lugng cang cao, bi hat
S han hiit yéu hon va dé tich ra khdi nguyén tr.
Déng gop PDF béi GV. Nguyén Thanh Tt
* Lop electron da c6 dii sé electron t6i da goi la 1ép electron bao hod.
* Téng s6 electron trong mot Ip 1a 2n*,
.
S6 tht tu cla l6p electron u 2 3 4
2
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Noi bai dong kidn thite Toan - Ly - Ha cho hee sinh cp 2+3 /
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Dong gop
SL MAN OS yer eGATE G4 394 Email: Doan eH ea
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(n)
Kihiéu tuongimgctalép] K | L | M | N
electron
So electron toi da 6 lop 2 8 18 32
b.Phan lép electron
* Mi lép electron Jai duge chia thanh céc phan ldp. Céc electron thud
ciing mét phan Idp c6 mite nang Iuong bang nhau.
* Ki higu cdc phan 16p 1a cdc chit cai thudng: s, p, d, f.
+ Sé phan lép cita mét I6p electron bing s6 thir ty cia l6p.
=1) chi cé mét phan 16p s. Lép L (n = 2) c6 2 phan l6p 1s va p.
6 3 phin lép 1a s, p,d...
da trong mét phan lép: s chita téi da 2 eleettn, p chita tdi
da 6 electron, d chita t6i da 10 electron, f chira tdi da 14 electfon:
Lop S6 electron téi da| Phin bé electron trén se)
electron _| ctia lop phan 1ép
KG 2
8
M(n=3) 18,
¢.Cau hinh electron cia nguyén tir
La céch biéu dién sy phan bé electron
cdc electron trong nguyén tir tuan thi nguyén If va quy tae sau:
Nguyén If ving bén: O trang thi in, trong nguyén tir cdc electron chiém
lan luot cdc obitan c6 mute ningluéng tir thap lén cao.
Nguyén li Pauli: Trén mere chi c6 thé c6 nhiéu nhat 1a hai electron va hai
16p va phan lop. Su phan bé cia
electron nay chuyén d6ng.ttr quay khée chiéu nhau xung quanh truc riéng cia
moi electron.
Quy tic Hund: Troe ving mét phan dp, cdc electron sé phan bé trén cdc
obitan sao cho s6 ¥lectron déc than 1a tdi da va céc electron nay phai c6 chiéu
y giéng.nhau,
if ee cde mite néing leong obitan nguyén tit:
p38 3p 4s 3d 4p Ss 4d Sp 6s 4f Sd 6p 7s Sf 6d
Vi dy,Cau hinh electron cia Fe, Fe, Fe
Is” 28% eae 3p°3d"4s?
s-2p°3s. 3p°3d°
d Die diém ciia lop electron ngoai cing
* Déi véi nguyén tir ciia tat cd cde nguyén t6, sé electron lép ngoai cing cb
nhiéu nhat 18 8 electron.
3
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© Cfc nguyén tir c6 8 electron Idp ngoai cing (ns"np®) déu rat bén vimng,
chting hau nhu khéng tham gia vio cdc phan img hod hoc. Dé Ia cac khi hiém,
vi vay trong ty nhién, phan tir khé hiém chi gdm mét nguyén tit.
© Cac nguyén tir c6 1-3 electron 6p ngoai cing déu 1a céc kim loai (tir B). ss
Trong cde phan tmg hod hoc cae kim loai c6 xu huéng chi yéu 1a nhudng
electron tré thanh ion duong. x
* Cac nguyén tir c6 5 -7 electron lép ngoai cing déu Ia cc phi kim. Tro
c4e phan img hod hoc cdc phi kim c6 xu hudng chi yéu I nhan thém el
tro thanh ion am,
© Céc nguyén tit c6 4 electron lop ngoai cing Ia cde phi kim, khi@fing 6
sé higu nguyén ti nhé nhu C, Si hay cdc kim loai nhu Sn, Pb ki @hiing 6 sé
higu nguyén tir lon. >
z
g
= 5
2 a
SS 3.4 Sdlugng tir Be
ae - Theo ket qua nghién ctu cua co hoc luong tir , trang thaivetta mét electron a4
ES trong nguyén ti duge xéc dinh boi mot bs gi 59
52 +6 long tir chinh_n_tuong img voi 6 thir wr 2
| 28 n 1 2 3 T B32
Be 16p K_ [tL [Mv Q Sf
= 8§ + $6 lwgng tir phy (hay $6 luong ti obitanXd : cho biét hinh dang ciia obitan a z
3£ trong khéng gian va xdc dinh s6 phan lop$eong méi l6p . 85
a * {nn gi rt 0 én n— 1 N §a
3 * Gid trical x2 3 gs
88 Kiéu obitan os ad of sé
jee * Ung voi mai gid tri (mOt lép electron) c6 n gid trj ciiaf va do dé Zz
<= cén phan lp electron ae obitan . ge
$5 Va : 6 16p thir I (n = 10) 1 c6 1 gid tri (= 0) > 1 kiéu obitan s 8
33 G lop thir I (n 8) 106 2 pid tei U= 0 val = 1) 2 kiéu obitan s va p a6
Bt ae 3) 9 1c6 3 gid tri @= 0,1 = 1 val = 2) > 3 kiéu obitan 22
& s,pvad ’ 3
3 G16 (n=4) 3 1c64 gid tri (= 0,2= 1,1=2 val=3) 4 kiéu a
oo ,dvat x
6 litgng tir tir m, xéc dinh su dinh hudng cia AO tong khéng gian vi
e 11 6 qui dinh sé AO trong mét phan lép . Méi gid tri cla m, tng voi
‘AO
9 = mjohan gid tri trl... 0... 41.
= MGi gid tri cial c6 21 + | gid tri ca m (nghia la c6 21 + 1
obitan)
Vd: 1=0 > mchicé | gid tri (m= 0) > 66 1 AOs
121-9 mchicé 3 gid tri (-1,0, 41) 3063 AL 1]
4
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“1
O41
1=2 my chi c6 5 gid ti -2,-1,0, +1, +2) > 065
AOd
1=3 ~ mychi c6 7 gid tei (-3,-2,-1,0.41,42,43) > 06 7
AOf 2
-3--2-1 0 414243 ae
+ S6 long tir spin m, Co
S6 luong tir spin dac trung cho chuyén dong quay xung quad true riéng
ctia electron. Sé long tir spin chi c6 2 gid tri 4 va-! at hiéu tuong
img bang 2 mii tén len (7) va xudng (4) ung voi i 2e ms AO.
BAI TAP
Bai 1. Trong ty nhién, hidro tén tai dudi dang vi 1H (99%) va 2H (1%)
oxi ton tai 6 ba dong vi $0 (99,762%), 20(( 238%, 10 (0.200%).
a) Tinh khéi lung nguyén tir trung binh @irmdi nguyén 16 ,
b) C6 thé c6 bao nhiéu loai phan tir nuit khde nhau tao nén tir nhing ddng vi
tran?
c) Phan tir nude nao 6 dé phd sion hat?
a) Tinh khéi long nguyén firtrung binh ciia mdi nguyén 16.
Miu -1 221-101 u
00
Mo= 16.99," ses 30,200 _ = 16,00246 u
b) C6 thé cé bao Mhiéu loai phn tir nudc khée nhau tao nén tir nhimg déng vi
trén?
C6 18 thn tr nuéc khéc nhau.
c) Pha nude c6 dé phé bién Ién nhat 1a: 1H0!H
Price chat A cé cOng thitc Id MX,, trong d6 M chiém 46,67% vé khéi
of g. M 1a kim loai, X 1a phi kim 6 chu ky 3. Biét trong hat nhan nguyén tir
tia M c6: n ~p = 4, cla X c6 n’ = p’ (trong dé n,n’, p, p’ Ia sO notron va
»\~ proton). Téng s6 proton trong MX, 12 58.
1. Xéc dinh MX, 2
2. Hoa tan 1,2 gam A hoan toan vira dit trong dung dich HNOs 0,36M thi
thu duge V lit khi mau nau dé (dktc) va dung dich B am quy tim hod do.
Noi bdi dung kién thite Todi - Ly - Héa cho hoc sinh cdp 2+3/
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5
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A
S iia dong vi A,va A; 1a 333.
Déng gop PDF béi GV. Nguyén Thanh Tt
Hay xac dinh gid tri V va thé tich dung dich HNO; cn ding.
Giai
1. Xéc dinh MX, ?
~Trong Mc6:n—p=4=>n=p+4
- Trong X 66: n" -
- Do electron c6 khdi luong khong dang ké nén: M = 2p +4 (1)
X=x2p (2)
0.224 a 46, . fats Sp=16 6)
= Theo di bai: px +p =58
- Giai (3), (4) > p’x = 32, p=26,n = 30
p= 26 nén M [a Fe.
- Do x thudéc sé nguyén duong:
Bign luan:
2
16
ng z
FeS; + 18HNO; — FeINQsf+ 15NO, + 2H;SO, +7H;0
0,01 (mol) 0,18 0,15
a = 52 =0.010m00
V =0,15.22,4 =
Vuwo,
Bai 3: Nguyéu (6 A c6 4 loai déng vi c6 cde dac diém sau:
+Téng so iia 4 déng vi 14 825.
+Téng sdunistron déng vj A; va A, l6n hon s6 notron déng vj A, Ia 121 hat.
ge Khoi cia déng vi A; va Ay nhé hon higu s6 khdi cua déng vi A, va
ing sO phan tir cita déng vi A, va A, l6n hon t6ng sé hat khong mang dign
+86 kh6i ciia déng vi A, bing 33,5% téng so khoi cia ba déng vi kia.
a)Xéc dinh s6 kh6i cia 4 déng vi va s6 dién tich hat nhén ciia nguyén t6 A .
b)Cac déng vi A, , A,, A, , A, lan lugt chiém 50,9% , 23,3% , 0,9% va 24,9%
tong sé nguyén tir . Hay tinh KLNT trung binh cia nguyén t6 A .
Giai
6
3
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Dong gop
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4p +n, +n) +n + n4=825. qd)
Theo bai ta cé hé ny +n,—n, = 121. (2)
Phuong trinh: — n,—ns—(ny)—n,)=5. (3)
4p +n, +n, —(n, + n,) = 333. (4)
100(p + ny) = 33,5(3p +n, +n, +n,) (5)
‘Tir (2) :nj=ny+n,— 121.
Tir (3) : n= n, —n; +ny—5 =2n,— 126.
Thay vao (4) ta duge : 4p +n; + ny- 124 + 2n, —n, + 126 = 333. > p=82.
Thay n, , n, va p vao (1) va (5) td he: 2n;+4n,= 744.
67n; + 0,5n, = 82355
> n, = 122 va n,=125
Vay n, = 126 van, = 124.
Cac sO khdi 1a :
A,=208 ; A,=206 ; A
04 ; A,= 207 > Ary= 207,24.
a
x
Tiét 5464748 : BANG TUAN HOANSDINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
NOI DUNG
a. Nguyén tic sip xép
C6 3 nguyén tic: Q
1. Cée nguyen t6 duoe sax
nguyén tu . .
2. Cae nguyén té eine sé lop electron trong nguyén tir duge xép thanh 1
hang goi la chu Ki
3. Cac nguyén to cé so electron héa tri trong nguyén ti nhu nhau duge xép
p theo chiéu tng dan cita dién tich hat nhan
thanh 1 cét goi la hom | '
b. Nhirng Wer a tuiin hoan theo chiéu ting dn cita dign tich hat nhin
“Trong Lo u ki ( di tir trai sang | * Trong I nhém A( tir trén xuéng dui)
phi,
& ‘inh nguyén tir giam dan - Ban kinh nguyén ti tang dan
g lung ion héa cia nguyén|- Nang lugng ion héa cua nguyén tir
(ir tang dan jim dan
~ Dé am dién cla nguyén Ur ting |- D6 aim dién cia nguyén ti giam dan
din
- Tinh kim loai gidm dan, tinh phi|- Tinh Kim loai ting din, tinh phi kim
kim tang dan giam dan
- Tinh bazo ctia oxit_va_hidroxit | - Tinh bazo ciia oxit va hidroxit tang dan
7
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Déng gop PDF béi GV. Nguyén Thanh Tt
gidm din
- Tinh axit cua oxit va hidroxit ting | - Tinh axit cia oxit va hidroxit giam dan
{dan (trir nh6m VID)
- nding lugng ion héa clia mét nguyén tte, phan nie hode ion la nang luong can
thiét dé téch électron lién két yéu nhdt ra khéi mét hat & trang thdi co ban sao
cho ion dwong dugc tao thanh ciing & trang thai co ban BS
61. So sdnh ban kinh cia nguyén tie va ion _ . st
- Dang 1: xét nguyén tir tao nén ion dé cé sé lop e thé ndo véinhau. 5
VD: 2 ion Na* va K* dugc tao nén tir nguyén tit Na 3 lép e, nguyén tir & N
Rx’ >Rna’
ong gap: Ng ta cho cée ion xen lin ca ng
sé e. Dau tién van xét s6 lop e cia nguyén tit tao nén ion. Sa t tiép
dén sé proton trong hat nhan clia nguyén tir néu nguyén sa 6 nhiéu p hon
thi ion nguyén tir d6 6 bin kinh nho hon.
> Giai thich nhu sau: ciing sé e, ion n&o ¢6 p nhiéu hort thi luc hit gitta hat
nhin va ldp e ngoai cing cang ln Lim cho rae cing nho. (chi y 1a lye
hiit nay khéng dan déu cho céic e ma cang nhiéwp, e thi luc nay cing tng).
* Két lu@n: Ban kinh nguyén ti/ion phy thyug¢Jan hrot ( néu cling sé 16p e rdi
thi bo qua va xd dign tich hat nhan) Ss
+6 lope : ti lé thuan IS
+ dthn: ti 1é nghich a
VD: so sanh ban kinh cac ionepBuyén tir sau: Ne
ia", Mg", F, O*
- Dau tién xét l6p trude: NaC Me2* déu es 3 lop e trong khi cdc d6i tha cdn lai
chi 06 2 lop. Vay duoc 24ay voi ban kinh day 1 1én hon day 2.
Day 1: g6m Na", Mg2Rage””
Day 2: g6m Ne ,F, O” cting déu c6 10e. Nhung hat nhin Ne c6 10p, F c6 9p
va O c6 8p,
> RE > Rye
BAI TAP
"AP XAC DINH CONG THUC CUA HOP CHAT VO Co VA HU'U
CO KHI BIET % CUA 1 NGUYEN TO TRONG HOP CHAT
& ‘bi hop chit v6 co:
- trong hop chat véi oxi: trong | chu ki di tir trai sang phai héa tri cita cdc
nguyén t6 trong hop chat voi oxi tang tir 17
- trong hop chat véi H: Hod tri voi hidro (dv phikim) = 8 - STT cia nhém
VD:
IA IA IIA IVA VA | VIA| VIIA
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Na Mg Al Si P Ss cl
CT oxitcao | NaO |MgO| ALO; | SiO, | P,0; | SO; | C10;
nat
Voi hidro SiHy PH3__| HoS | HCl
2. Cong thite tinh Ma x 56 lurong A(x)
- gid sit c6 cng thie: A,By: %A =x 100
Maxay
»
Bai 1.X va Y Ia cc nguyén 6 thude nhém A, déu tao hop chat voi hidro @hg
RH (R la ki hiéu cia nguyén t6 X hoae Y). Goi A va B lan luot 1a hi rote
v6i héa tri cao nhat cita X va Y. Trong B, Y chiém 35,323% khéi luofg. Trung
hda hodn toan 50 gam dung dich A 16,8% cn 150 ml dung dich BYM. Xtc dinh
cdc nguyén t6 X va Y.
Hop chat véi hidro c6 dang RH nén Y c6 thé thuéc nhém
Truong hop 1 : Néu Y thudc nh6m LA thi B cé dan;
Tacé: x 2 = Y=9,284 (loai do khong c6 nahig hic hop)
Trung hop 7 Y thudc nhém VIIA thi B co@ang HYOs
x 3 y=355, vay YA guys clo (Cl).
B (HCIO,) 1a mot axit, nén A 1a mot,bazo dang XOH
my = 16S xS0gam= 8,4gam
100
XOH + HCIO, > XCIO4 + wo
= ny =nyoo, = A1SLX1moy}E0,Smol
Tacé:
=> My +17 gam/mol
vol
= Mx =39 ean, vay X Ia nguyén té kali (K).
Noi bdi dung kién thite Todi - Ly - Héa cho hoc sinh cdp 2+3/
Dign Ban Todn - Ly - Héa 10008 Tr&n Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
vv
Bai 2: Hop chaf A c6 cong thie RX trong d6 R chim 22,33% vé khéi lugng.
Tong s6 ‘ 5 i
X ban;
a)Xéedinh CTPT cita A.
b)HOn hop B g6m NaX, NaY, NaZ(¥ va Z la 2 nguyén t6 thude 2 chu ki li¢n
X).
ho 5,76 gam hh B tac dung véi dd Br, du réi co can sin phdm duge 5,29
g mudi khan.
+Néu cho 5,76 gam bh B vao nuéc rdi cho phan tng v6i khi Cl, sau mot thdi
gian cO can s/phim thu duge 3,955 g mudi khan trong d6 ¢6 0,05 mol ion Cr.
Tinh % khdi long méi chat trong hon hop B.
Gi
9
3
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Zp + Nut 2Zx +Nx= 149
Zp + Zx = 46 Ny + Ny = 579 Ny = 45,
Ng =l2.
Nx = 3,75.Ny
Mgx= Zu + Zy + Nu + Ny = 46 +57 = 103.
Vay Mg = 22,33.103/100 = 23 > My = 80 . Hop chat NaBr .
b) hh NaCl(a mol ) ; NaBr(b mol) ; Nal(c mol)
ta.céhé: >
oy
58,5.a + 103.b + 150.c = 5,76.
58,5.a + 103.(b4c) = 5,29. > c=0,01 mol . z
+)Néu Cl, chi phan tmg v6i Nal : K.lugng mudi = 5,76-0,01. seis 58,5 = z
E 4845 ¢ 3
_£ Theo bai m= 3,955 g (nén Loai ). Q a
22 +)Vay Cl, phan tng voi Nal va NaBr: Cl, + 2NaBr > 2NaC(4 Br, . BS
ge 0,04-a 0,04-a. x a6
<8 Hh mudi khan gém : NaBr du (b-0,04+a) . va NaCl ( 0,05) . Vay ta c6 : 8 9g
3S 58,5.0,05 + 103.(atb-0,04) = 3,955. > a= 0,02 aot } b= 0,03 mol gz
£9 mol. 2 z
6 "4 3 3
fu EE
se =
a Tiét 9410411412: €5
a2 Bo
28 NOIDUNG Q 55
2° =A.LY THUYET CHUNG E
< L cdy TAO CUA H. whan NGUYEN TU" ge
$5 du hat nhén n; Hat nhan duge cu tao boi hai loai hat so cp BS
SE — goila nuclén g - 36
ze Hat so Khdi luong theo] Khéiluong theou | Dién tich 22
a cip kg lu 2
s (nuclon) | =1,66055.10 7’ kg z
= Proton) 11 |m, = m, =1,00728u | + :
167262.10" kg. a
Aer n=jn | my — =167493.1077 m,, =1,00866u | khéng mang dién
tich
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Ban kinh hat nhan nguyén tit: R=1.2.10° 4(m)
Vi du: + Bén kinh hat nhan j27H: R = 1,2.1075m
+ Ban kinh hat nhan 2.47 Al: R = 3,6.10°m
*Péngvi 1a nhiing nguyén tr cé cing sé prétén (z), nhung khdc sé
notrdn (N) hay khéc s6 nuclén (A). wt
Vi du: Hidré c6 ba déng vi: 14 ; 2 CD) ; jHCE »
+ Déng vi bén : trong thién nhién c6 khoang 300 déng vi .
+ Déng vi phéng xa (khong bén): c6 khoang vai nghin déng vi ron
nhién va nhan tao . R
* Don vi khéi long nguyén tic oO
- uw: C6 gid tri bang 1/12 Khdi lugng dong vi cacbon
§ = 1,66055.10"" kg =931,5 MeV/c? 5 the
z
5
g
= 5
: a
ge a ae
ge 12’, © 12°6,0221.105 39
$5 * Khdi long va ning long: Hé thie Anbxtanh es lugng va khéi ee
$2 wong: [B= me"|=> m= 4 85
2a ‘i . a
Eo => khdi luong o6 thé do bing don vi agi chia cho ¢”: eV/e?hay 83
&' MeV/c" 3 .
25 -Theo Anhxtanh, mOt vat c6 khéi lu » khi & trang théi nghi thi khi 28
55 chuyén dong v6i t6c d6 v, khdi — tng 1én thanh m véi: m = _m 8s
gs 2
eo " sink fs 5 29
88 trong dé my goi 1a khdi lugng nghi’ ma m goi la khoi luong déng. € z
8 at sé od 3
| z © * Mot sd Go hat Ps Cong z 2
= thiving gdp: = [Tén goi Kihigu_| thire Ghi chs ge
aa protén, Dp iW hay |p [hidré nhe ee
3s doteri D iH hay {D | hidré nang & g
Be hidré siéu eo
3 Triti r iw hay ir_[nang 3
a Hat Nhan a
g
anpha a jHe Héli 5
béta trir B ae electron
Pozitén
(phan
béta cong |B ile electron)
khong mang
notron n in dign
IL DO HUT KHOI - . kh6ng mang dién, mp =
NANG LUQNG LIEN [notrind v Ove
u
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KET CUA HAT NHAN
* Lye hat nhén
- Luc hat nhan 1a luc tuong téc gidta céc nuelon, ban kinh tuong tée khoang
10m.
- Luc hat nhn khong cing ban chat v6i luc hap din hay luc tinh dién; né 1a
luc tuong téc manh. x
* D6 hut khdi Am ctia hat nhan ‘x SS
Khdi luong hat nhan m,, luén nho hon tong khéi luong céc nui tao
thanh hat nhan d6 mét luong Am: &
Khoi Ivong hat | Kh6i Ivong Z|Kh6i Iuong N] D6 hut khéi Am
nhan Proton Notrén
Min (Mx) zm, (A-Z)m, +(A-Z)m, —
* Nang lirong lién két W,, cia hat nhan
- Nang lién két 1 nang lugng t6a ra khi ta
lugng thu vao dé pha vo m6t hat nhfn than!
:Wy =Amc* Hay : |W, =[Zam, +Nm, mF
XN
*Nang lugng lién két riéng cita Aste
- Nang lugng lién két riéng B ing Iugng lién két tinh trén mét nucl6én € =
i oO
- Hat nhan cé nang luge lién két riéng cang 16n thi cang bén ving.
~ Vidy: {Fe e6 wing luong lién két riéng lon € = “* =8,8 (MeV/nuclon)
II. PHAN UNG HAT NHAN a a
~ Phin Gmgahét nhan I moi qué trinh din t6i su bién déi su bién ddi cia hat
nhan,
inh mot hat nhan (hay ning
.4@ nuclon riéng biét). Cong thie
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hai loai phan img hat nhan
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(m; + m,-
+ Way - Wai - Wee = Qisastw
- Lién hé gitta déng long va dong nang [P°=2mW7,] hay
Vv. NANG LUQNG TRONG PHAN UNG
+ Khéi lwong trude va sau phan tmg: mp = mh;
+ Nang lugng W: -Trong trudng hop m (keSOw (s):
W=(m,—m)c’ =(Am-Am,)e? (J) S
-Trong liong hop m(w) ; W (eV):
W =(m, —m)931,5 = (Am— Am, )931,5, x
éu my an'ws0 : phan tng ta nding lugng:
Néu yo Fm : w<0: phan tg thu nang Iuong
» vam =m; +my
VLPHONG XA: .
Phong xa li hién tual ha nhan khéng bén ving ty phan ra, phat ra cdc tia
phéng xa va bién déi thanh cdc hat nhn khéc.
CAC TIA PHONG XA
* Cac phirong trinh phong xa: ,
- Ph6ng'x@ ae): hat nhan con lui hai 6 so vi hat nhén me trong bang tuan
‘me jHe+ SAY
ng xa #9: hat nhan con tién mét 6 so véi hat nhan me trong bang
hoan: 2X 9 fe+ AY
DY - Phong xa 4*(o): hat nhan con lai mét 6 so véi hat nhén me trong bang tan
hoan; 7X3 e+ “¥
- Phéng xa y: Séng dién tir c6 bude séng rat ngin: 2X" > y+ 2X
* Ban chit va tinh chat ciia cdc loai tia phong xa
Noi béi duveng kién thite Toan - Ly - Héa cho hoc sinh ep 2+3 /
Dign Ban Todn - Ly - Héa 10008 Tr&n Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
{ Loai Ban Chat Tinh Chat
13
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DAY KEM QUY NHON OFFICIAL ST> - DIC 10008 TRAN HU'NG BAO TP.QUY NHON
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iitpasipiud GRRE ene PRRg!4 394 Email: Doann iC eiRG I a
Tia
“La dong hat nhan nguyén ti Heli .
(c) | Gue), chuyén dong voi van tc co Ee
2.10'mi/s. eee
(B) | 1L3 dong hat electron (je), van toc .
=i -Ion hod yéu hon nhung dam
», |-La dong hat électron duong (cdn/ xuyén manh hon tia 0. AS
®) | soi ta pozitron) (,%), van toc =e.
“LA bite xa dign tir o6 bude song rat hah ee
(| ngin (dudi 10" m), 1a hat photén co | 1" hod yeu nhat, dir@ xuyén
8 r manh nhat.
nang luong rat cao
* Chi
* Dinh
_ Chu ki ban ra 1a thoi gian dé mét nia s6 hat nhan hige®
chat phéng xa bi phan rd, bién ddi thanh hat nhan khé
2-H) (dae trmgebo img loai chat phéng xa)
* Hing so phéng xa:
VII.CAC DINH LUAT PHONG XA
u ki bén ré cia chat phong xa (T)
ludt phong xa: SO
6 clia mot luong
Theo sé hat (N) | Theo khéi ong (m)
D6 phéng xa (H)
(LCi =3,7.10" Bq)
xa gidm
Trong qué tinh phin|Trong_Gpa tinh phan
1a, sé hat nhan phong | 3, ki lgng hat nhan
theo thai gian| pHéng xa giam theo
{eho gian :
¥
- Dai luong dic trung cho
tinh phéng xa manh hay
yéu ctia chat phong xa.
- Sé phan ri wong mét
iay:H = -4N.
giy:H= -A%
Noi bdi dung kién thite Todi - Ly - Héa cho hoc sinh cdp 2+3/
Dign Ban Todn - Ly - Héa 10008 Tr&n Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
N
Mo
ay 2teNe” | my =m27 me
ash h
Hy =Hy27 =Hye™
H=AN
ph
is
fq)? 80
1,280 kavnhan m,: Khoi lugng phong
xa 6 thoi diém | xa o thoi diém ban
. dau.
hat nhan m,: khOi luong phoéng
ph6ng xa con lai sau | xa cdn lai sau thoi
thoi gian +. gian 1.
H, 40 phong xa 6 thoi
diém ban dau.
H,:46 phOng xa cdn lai sau
thai giant
H= AN =A Noo? = ANoe™
Don vi do d6 phéong xa 1a
becoren (Bq): | Bq = |
phan ri/giay.
Thue té cdn ding don vi
dt
Déng gop PDF béi G'
14
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V. Nguyén Thanh Ta www.facebook.com/boiduonghoahocquynhonofficial https://twit ‘ker k.com/daykem.quynhon
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curi Ci): ;
1 Ci = 3.7.10" Bg, xap xi
bing d6 phéng xa cla mot
gam radi.
Hay S
Dailuong [Cdn lai sau thoi Bi phan ra sau thoi /N/No hay | (No
giant giant m/mo
Theo sb | N(t)= No e™ ; N(t) | No— N= No(I- e#
hat N = )
=No27
Theo khdi | m= mye"; m(t)|mp - m= m(1- &
luong (m) = aay
=m 27
BAITAP - s
.wordpress.com/blog/
Bai 1. Mét miu dé chita 13,2 yg eu va3 < pp. Biét chu ki ban hiiy cia
Urani la 4,51.10° nam. Tinh tudi cia oa
5366.10” (nam)
cit 1 mol,U\phin ri cho 1 mol Pb
_m(Bb)¢
3/42.238
Mh ng ac 5H
20 3,95 + 13.2= 17.15 ug
1,7.10° (nam)
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Din Ban Toan - Ly - Héa 1000B Tran Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
a 366 ="
x tudi ctia mau dé 12 1,7 ti nam.
2. a) Mét chat phéng xa cé chu ki ban hiy 1a 30 nam. Héi cn mét thoi
gian bao lau dé 99% s6 nguyén tir cua n6 bi phan ra 2
b) Mét vat X c6 khdi Iuong 70 kg, c6 chira 140 g kali. Trong tu nhién dng vi
“Kchiém khong 0,0117%.
i) Tinh khéi lung (ra mg) va sé nguyén tir dong vi @ktrong mau vat X. Biét
2K 06 M = 39,974.
15
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k.com/daykem.quynhon
ii) 21a déng vi phéng xa c6 chu ki ban ra bang 1,28.10° nam. Tinh hing sé
phong xa ctia dong vi nay.
iii) Tinh s6 nguyén tit 2k da bi phan ra trong mot nam (chap nhén e*
Giai
2aAt=mNoste linNe,
N AON
ss
199358 nim.
>
b) i) Khéi lugng déng vi “x trong mau vat X: m = 140.0,01 17% 12 16,38
mg.
S6 nguyén tit dong vi @K: No = 7 N,=
3
008 5 at
Mat khic 2.
ne >t=
N
Ny
Ra
1693" DOIN.)
_ 0,693,
=5.414.10" nam.
ii) hing sé phong xa:a
cht
iii) At= Xe >N=Noe
= Sé nguyén tir @k da bi phan ri: n= No~ NANg(I - e™) = No[l - (1 - AH]
At (vi At << 1)
=> n=2,468.10".5,414.10'°.1 = 1,336.19 Seuyeén tir.
3 we
* Luuy
- Téc 46 phan hi fay phan ra) phéng xa JA sé nguyén tit bi phan hay
trong mét don vi'théi gian
Chu ki ban hay cia nhing hat nhan phéng xa 1a thoi gian dé phan hiy
duoc mét.nira sé nguyén tir ban dau ( hay mét nira Ivong ban dau).
- Phé kiéu 1a qué tinh ph6ng xa xy ra khi hat nhan nguyén tir
plféng ra hat nhan heli “He”. Khi d6 phan cén lai c6 s6 khoi gidm di 2
on viChang han
Phong xa kiéu 1a qué trinh phong xa xay ra khi hat nhan nguyén tir
ph6ng ra hat e . Khi d6 s6 khdi hat nhin d6 vin khong d6i nhung sé higu
nguyén tir ting lén mét don vi . Chang han:
- C6ng thie tinh chu ki bin hiy(t % = 0,693: k)
16
.wordpress.com/blog/
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- Céng thite tinh long chat phong xa( tinh theo don vi khdi lung) cdn lai
sau thoi gian tla: lg A=
ree
+ trong d6: Ao 1a chat phéng xa c6 mat ban dau.
A la luong chat phong xa con lai 6 thoi diém t e&
+ Néu No Fa te d6 phéng xa ban dau (tie fa sé nguyén ti bi phan hly trong 9°
mt don vi thai gian t
i st
Ww 2308
+ Xéc dinh nién dai( tudi) cia nhiing di vat khao 6 bing cic Phong
* Van dung 2
Bai 1: Khi nghién ci m6t manh g6 tir mét hang déng cli diy Hy ma lap son
ngudi ta thay toc 46 phan ra ( abi voi méi gam cacboniah bang 0,636 Han toc
3
a
—
:
2
:
46 phan r& cia cac bon trong g6 ngay nay. Hay xée i ctia manh gé d6
biét ring C— 14 phéng xa f c6 chu ki ban ny 30 nam
Giai:
ge
NO MNG fe S
Tacd : k= 2693 _ 0.693
9.693 <1 91.10 / na
1/2 5730 x
Téc d6 phan 1a cia C — 14 trong fdu 96 tim thy trong hang (N) nay giam
xuéng chi bang 0,636 lan téc in ra cla C — 14 Iie ban dau Np —>N =
0,636 No Oo
Thay vao phuong(tsiih phan ra ta c6:
2,303 te 2,30aIg( 2) =( L210"), 2 9 452 =(L2HIO™
636) nam nam
10'nam hay 3740 nam
mau dé uranynit c6 ti 1é khdi luong **Pb: *U = 0,0435. Biét chu ki
ca **U 1a 4,55921.10° nam . Tinh tuéi ctia mau dé do.
https://daykemquynhonoffi
DAY KEM QUY NHON OFFICIAL ST> - DIC 10008 TRAN HU'NG BAO TP.QUY NHON
Noi bdi dung kién thite Todi - Ly - Héa cho hoc sinh cdp 2+3/
Din Ban Toan - Ly - Héa 1000B Tran Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
Q S6 mol **U phong xa = s6 mol Pb = 0,0453 : 206
Khéi luong U ban dau = 1 +( 0,0453: 206).238 = 1,0523 gam
303.4,55921.10° 1,0523
N
a g{ ©) = 7303-4.55021.10" | 1.0523 _ 5 35,
(7) 106 3850 nam
7
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Dign Ban Todn - Ly - Héa 10008 Tr&n Hung Bao Tp.Quy Nhon Tinh Binh Binh
CHUYEN DE 2: LIEN KET HOA HOC
Tiét 15+16+17+18: CAC LOAT LIEN KET HOA HQC
NOQI DUNG
1. 1. Khai niém phan tir va lién két hoa hoc ~
Phan wt la phan tit nhé nhdt cia chat, mang tinh chat dae trung cho chat, »2
6 thé phan chia thanh cdc hat nhé hon trong cdc phan ting hod hoc va cé te
tn tai déc lap.
Su két hop giita cdc nguyén tit dé dat 16i trang thdi bén viing hon S@a0i
1a lién kéi héa hoc. «
1.2. Cac khuynh hu6ng hinh thanh lien két héa hoc: O
1.2.1. Cac khuynh hudng hinh thanh lién két- Qui tde bat sigan
Noi dung ciia qui tac bit tir “ Khi tham gia vao li héa hoc ede
nguyén tit cb Khuynh hudng ding chung electron hode traedoi dé dat dén cdiu
inic bén ctia khi hiém ben canh voi 8 hod 2 electron lopaigodi cing”.
Vi
du H.+.G: — (fa) — ct
naGYG: —» nat cr Sect
QR) AM (2/8) ona
1.2.2. Mot s6 dai luong dic trung cho,lién két hoa hoc
1.2.4.1. D6 dai lien két (d): LA khoang cach gitta hai °
hat nhan cia hai nguyen tir lien ay tigp v6i nhau. os .
Vi du: Trong phan tit n =0,94 A. vee
DO dai lién ket gidta rains tit A-B 6 thé
3
a
—
:
2
:
H H
tinh gan ding bing tng ga inh cia hai nguyén tit A
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vaB
Gitta 2 nguyen aitho trudc, dO dai lien két gidm khi bac lien két tang
VD:
Lign ket ce C=¢ C=C
E [kcal a 83 143 194
D 154 134 12
1.2.42, Géc lién két: LA g6c tgo boi hai nita dutmg thangxuat phat tir mot hat
nguyén tir va di qua hat nhan cua hai nguyén tr li¢n két truc tiép véi
én tir d6. Vi du: Trong phan tir nuée HOH = 104°28"
9 Goce lién két phu thugc vao:
y +Trang thai lai héa cua nguyén tir trung tam
+ D6 am dién cia nguyén tir trung tam A va phdi tir X: nguyén tit trung
tam A c6 do am dign 16n sé kéo may cia déi electron lién két vé phia n6é nhiéu
hon, hai dém may cia hai lien ket ma I6n lai 6 gin nhau gay ra lve twong téc
18
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day Iam cho d@ 16n géc lién két tang len. Néu phdi tit X e6 do am dign I6n sé
gay tac dung nguge lai.
1.24.3. Nang luong lién két
‘Nang Iuong lien ket A-B 1a nang lugng can cung ep dé pha vo hodn toan
lien ket A-B (thudng duge qui vé 1 mol lién két - kJ/mol hoa keal/mol).
Eyai = 103 keal/mol : H, > 2H AH = 103 ke:
Nang luong lien két (nang luong phan li li¢n ket), vé tri tuy¢t déi,
bing nang Iugng hinh thanh lién két nhung ngugc dau. Téng nang luong
lién két trong phan tir bang nang luong phan li cia phan tir d6.
- Nang lugng lién két gitta 2 nguyén tir ting cing bac lien két ( don doi <
ba) O
IL. LIEN KET ION
Dinh nghia lién két ion: lién két ion 1a lien két hod hoe duc
huit tinh dign giita cdc ion mang dign nguow du. ss
* Bin chat cia luc
DO Ién cia hl
(q,) va anion (q,) vi
thanh do lye
két ion (F) phu thud dién tich cia cation
in kinh ion cua ching lan Iwgpla r, va 1.
F~22 (ran, +14
Khi lye lién két ion cang 16n thi lie 8? ion cang bén, nang long mang
luéi ion cang 16n va lién két ion khé bi ou li, mang luéi ion cang khé bi pha
VG, céc hop chat ion cang kho néng shay, kh6 bi hoa tan trong dung moi phan
cuc hon. x
LL.L1 11.3. Cée yéu to anbyhuong dén su tao thanh lien két ion.
- Nang lugng ion hoa. I ‘lectron - Nang luong mang Ludi.
LADA1 13.1. Nang one ton hod.
a) Khai niém: Nang lugag ion hod 1a nang lugng can thiét dé tach mot electron
ra khoi nguyén tit 6 Fes thai co ban (trang thai khong kich thich) tao ra cation
Strang thai khi. ‘\\4
M +/]%>5 M* + Ie
M* I, > M* + Ie
nO Lo M* + Ie
MX
he 1 > M™ + Ie
Cée gid tri T,, Ip, Ty... I, IA nding Ivgng ion hod tht nhat, tht 2, thit 3,...
hit n.
b) Qui ludt: +1,
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