4/16/2015

IM / DD System

Intensity Modulated /Direct Detection System

Parameters for Modulation :- Intensity, Frequency,
Phase & Polarization

Modulating Signal: Analog / Digital

Simple to implement Scheme: IM / DD

Module III
Intensity Modulation : Drive current variation

Frequency of Operation: up to Several GHz

IM / DD System Quantum Limit to Receiver

Analog System

Quantum Noise Limit

Requires large SNR

ma Peak modulating Signal

Relatively Narrow Bandwidth

Ip Photo Current

Digital System

Improved Noise immunity

Requires large Bandwidth

Bandwidth required < Bandwidth available

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Quantum Limit to Receiver Quantum Limit to Receiver

P0 related to efficiency
Thermal Noise Limit

Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

Quantum Limit to Receiver

Substituting for Ip

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Equalizer

hp is received pulse
shape

ak = 0 / 1 as binary data

pulse spacing /
repetition time

ht is transmitted pulse
shape

hf is fiber impulse
response
Equalizer
4/16/2015
Equalizer

va(t) is received signal

hA(t) represents all
distortions & ISI

Heq() Equalizer
frequency response

hout(t) is desired o/p
pulse shape
Transversal Equalizer

For keeping ISI at tolerable levels

Delay line tapped at E seconds interval

Each tap has tap coefficient ci connected to summing
amplifier

ISI reduced by filtering the i/p signals & computing
values of tap coefficients that minimizes ISI

Further reduction by Adaptive equalization
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Transversal Equalizer Coherent Systems

Incoming signal mixed with optical o/p of semi
conductor semi conductor LASER LO

Combined signal is fed to photo detector for direct

detection

For satisfactory optical coherent detection Similarly

polarized signals should be combined for best results

Coherent Systems Homodyne Systems

Coherent receiver in which phase of the local

oscillator signal is locked to incoming signal

Mixing produces a signal in baseband

AFC loop for frequency stabilization

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Homodyne Systems Heterodyne Systems

Optical heterodyne synchronous detection requires
phase of IF signal

Phase tracking system to track phase of incoming &

Local Oscillator signals

The information signals to be processed in IF carrier

then electrical phase estimation can be done using
PLL etc.

Heterodyne Systems Non Linear Effects

Scattering

Incident photon on material causing emission of a
Phonon & Photon at shifted frequency

Molecular absorption of incident photon resulting in

emission of a Photon at shifted frequency and making a
transition between vibrational states

Shifted frequency may be below or above incident

Photons frequency

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Non Linear Effects Non Linear Effects

Energy difference between the two photons will be
Scattering
deposited or extracted from the medium.

Elastic (Linear)

For the scattered photon to have up shifted frequency,

Rayleigh (same frequency)
the material should be thermally excited.

Inelastic (Non-Linear)

Up shifted & Downshifted waves are called Stokes &
Anti stoke component.
Brillouin Scattering < 1 cm-1

Raman Scattering > 100 cm-1

Non Linear Effects

Brillouin Scattering

One Side only (opposite to Pump light)

Small Gain

Small Bandwidth

Raman Scattering

Both direction

High Gain

Broad Bandwidth