2

MC LC

Mc lc 2
M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1 Khng gian b chn a phng 5

1.1. Mt s kin thc chun b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Khng gian b chn a phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 V cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng gian

b chn a phng 18
2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2. nh l nh x m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3. Nguyn l b chn u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
 3

M U

nh l Hahn-Banach, nh l nh m, nguyn l b chn u l cc

nguyn l c bn ca gii tch hm. Chng c vai tr v ngha to ln
trong lnh vc ton gii tch ni ring v ton hc hin i ni chung.
Dng c in ca cc nh l trn c pht biu trong khng gian
Banach. Vo khong thp nin 60 n 80 ca th k trc, chng c
m rng trn nhiu lp khng gian rng hn khng gian Banach, in
hnh l cc m rng ln mt s lp khng gian li a phng bi mt s
chuyn gia ni ting trong gii tch hm nh Kothe, Meise, Vogt,...(xem
[5]). Cc m rng trn lp khng gian khng li a phng (nhng b
chn a phng) c thc hin vo nhng nm 90 ca th k trc bi
chm cc cng trnh ca Bayoumi (xem [2], [3], [4]). Nhng kt qu ny
l c s quan trng nghin cu gii tch phc trn khng gian khng
li a phng.
Vi mc ch tm hiu cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng
gian b chn a phng, chng ti la chn ti sau cho lun vn ca
mnh l: V cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng gian b chn
a phng.
Ni dung ca lun vn c trnh by trong 2 chng. Chng 1 trnh
by nhng kin thc c s v khng gian vct tp cn dng v sau v
nhng kt qu c bn v khng gian b chn a phng, nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian b chn a phng. Chng 2 trnh
by ba nh l c bn ca gii tch hm i vi khng gian b chn a
phng l: nh l Hahn-Banach, nh l nh x m v nguyn l b
chn u.
 4

Lun vn c thc hin ti trng i hc Vinh di s hng dn

tn tnh v nghim khc ca thy gio, TS. Kiu Phng Chi. Tc gi
xin by t lng bit n su sc ca mnh n thy. Nhn dp ny, tc gi
xin chn thnh cm n Ban ch nhim khoa sau i hc, Ban ch nhim
khoa ton. Tc gi xin c cm n cc thy, c gio trong b mn Gii
tch, Khoa ton nhit tnh ging dy v gip tc gi trong sut
thi gian hc tp. Cui cng xin cm n gia nh, ng nghip, bn b,
c bit l cc bn trong lp Cao hc 18 Gii tch cng tc, gip
v ng vin tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.
Mc d c nhiu c gng, nhng lun vn khng trnh khi nhng
hn ch, thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng
gp ca cc thy, c gio v bn b lun vn c hon thin hn.

Ngh An, thng 9 nm 2012

Bi Quang Trung
 5

CHNG 1

KHNG GIAN B CHN A PHNG

1.1. Mt s kin thc chun b

Mc ny nhc li mt s kt qu v khng gian vct tp, khng gian

nh chun, khng gian Banach cn dng v sau. Cc kt qu ny c th
tm thy trong [1].

1.1.1 nh ngha. Cho E l mt khng gian tuyn tnh trn trng K

v M l mt khng gian con ca E. M c gi l c i chiu n v k
hiu codimM = n, nu tn ti khng gian con N ca E sao cho N c
chiu n v E l tng trc tip ca M v N , tc l vi mi x E tn ti
duy nht y M v z N sao cho x = y + z.

1.1.2 nh ngha. Khng gian vct tp l mt khng gian vct cng

vi mt tp trn sao cho cc php ton cng v nhn v hng l
lin tc.

Tp con U trong khng gian vct X c gi l cn nu U U vi

mi K v || < 1; tp U c gi l ht nu vi mi x X tn ti
> 0 sao cho x U vi mi || < .
Trong khng gian vct tp lun tn ti c s ln cn U ca 0 gm
cc tp cn, ht v vi mi U U tn ti V U sao cho V + V U .

1.1.3 nh ngha. Tp con U ca khng gian vct X c gi l li

nu vi mi x, y U , vi mi 0 6 6 1, th x + (1 )y U .
Khng gian vct tp c gi l li a phng nu n c c s ln
cn U ca 0 gm cc tp li.
 6

1.1.4 nh ngha. Tp con U ca khng gian vct tp E c gi

l b chn nu vi mi ln cn V ca 0 tn ti s > 0 tng ng sao cho
U tV vi mi t > s.
Khng gian vct tp c gi l b chn a phng nu n tn ti
mt ln cn ca 0 l tp b chn.

Mi khng gian b chn a phng lun c c s m c cc ln

cn ca 0 (xem [6]). Mt khc, nu khng gian vct tp c c s ln
cn ca 0 l m c th n kh mtric. V vy, mi khng gian b chn
a phng l kh mtric.

1.1.5 nh ngha. Khng gian vct tp E c gi l F -khng gian

nu tn ti mtric d bt bin trn E (tc l d(x, y) = d(x + z, y + z) vi
mi x, y, z E) sao cho (E, d) y v mtric d sinh ra tp ca E.

Nh vy, mi khng gian b chn a phng l mt F -khng gian.

1.1.6 nh ngha. Mi F -khng gian v li a phng c gi l

khng gian Frechet.

1.1.7 nh ngha. Cho E l khng gian tuyn tnh trn trng R. Hm

k.k : E R c gi l mt chun trn E nu tho mn cc iu kin
sau:
1) kxk > 0, vi mi x E v kxk = 0 x = 0;
2) kxk = ||kxk, vi mi R v vi mi x E;
3) kx + yk 6 kxk + kyk, vi mi x, y E. Khi (E, k.k) c gi l
mt khng gian nh chun.

Khng gian nh chun l khng gian mtric vi mtric sinh bi chun

d(x, y) = kxyk, x, y E. Khng gian nh chun E c gi l khng
gian Banach nu E y vi mtric sinh bi chun. Vi tp sinh bi
mtric sinh bi chun cc php ton cng v nhn v hng trn E l lin
tc. R rng mi khng gian nh chun l mt khng gian li a phng
 7

1
v b chn a phng. Bi v Bn = {x E : kxk < }, n = 1, 2, ... l
n
c s ln cn gm cc tp li, b chn ca E. Hn na, ngi ta chng
minh c kt qu quan trng sau:

1.1.8 nh l. Khng gian vct tp l kh nh chun khi v ch khi

n li a phng v b chn a phng.

V d sau cho thy mi khng gian b chn a phng c th khng

li a phng.
P p
1.1.9 V d. Xt khng gian lp = {x = {xn } R : n=1 |xn | < +}
vi 0 < p < 1. Khi , lp l khng gian vct vi cc php ton cng v
nhn v hng theo s hng tng ng ca dy. Hn na, lp l F khng
gian vi mtric bt bin xc nh bi

X
d(x, y) = |xn yn |p
n=1

vi mi x, y lp . Tuy nhin lp khng phi l khng gian li a phng.

Tht vy, gi s lp li a phng. Khi , tp V = {x lp : d(x, 0) 6 1}
cha ln cn li, cn U ca 0. Khi U li cha tp V = {x lp :
d(x, 0) 6 }, vi > 0 no . Xt dy {xk } lp xc nh nh sau:
1
xkn = 1 nu k = n v xkn = 0 nu k 6= n. Khi , p xk V U vi mi
k. Do tnh li ca U ta c
1 1 X k
y = p x U
s
16k 6s

vi mi s. Mt khc d(y, 0) = s1p > 1 khi s ln. Mu thun vi

U V . Vy lp khng phi l khng gian li a phng.
Tuy nhin lp l khng gian b chn a phng, bi v V l ln cn
b chn ca 0. Tht vy, vi mi ln cn U ca 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
2
V = {x lp : d(x, 0) 6 } U . Nu ly s = th r rng V tU vi

mi t > s.
 8

V d sau li chng t mi li a phng c th khng b chn a

phng.

1.1.10 V d. Gi s R = {x = {xn } : xn R} l khng gian vct

cc dy s thc vi cc php ton cng v nhn v hng theo s hng
tng ng ca dy. Khi , R l F khng gian vi khong cch xc
nh bi

X 1 |xn yn |
d(x, y) =
2n 1 + |xn yn |
n=1
vi mi x, y R . Hn na, R l khng gian li a phng vi tp
li a phng xc nh bi h m c cc na chun {pn } trn R
nh sau
pn (x) = |xn |
vi mi x R . Ni cch khc R l khng gian Frechet. Tuy nhin,
R khng phi l khng gian b chn a phng. Tht vy, nu ngc
li th n l khng gian nh chun. Khi , tn ti chun trn R
sao cho tp sinh ra bi chun trng vi tp sinh ra bi {pn }. Xt
B(0, 1) = {x R : kxk < 1}. Khi , tn ti

V = {x R : pi (x) = |xi | < , i I}

trong I l tp hu hn sao cho V B(0, 1). Ly x0 = {x0n } R

sao cho x0n = 0 nu n I v x0n 6= 0 vi n
/ I. Khi , x0 6= 0 v suy ra
kx0 k = r > 0. Vi mi s t nhin k do cch xc nh ca x0 v V ta c
kx0 V . Do kx0 B(0, 1) vi mi k. Suy ra kkx0 k = kr < 1 vi mi
k. Ta nhn c s mu thun. Vy R khng b chn a phng.

1.2. Khng gian b chn a phng

Mc ny chng ti trnh by nhng kt qu c s v cc khng gian b

chn a phng, c th hn l cc khng gian tuyn tnh p-nh chun.
Cc kt qu chnh ca mc ny c bn c trch ra t [2].
 9

Trong mc ny, cc khng gian vct c xt trn trng K = R, C.

1.2.1 nh ngha. Mt pchun trn khng gian vct E l nh x

k.k : E R+ tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) kxk = 0 khi v ch khi x = 0;
ii) kxk = ||p kxk, vi mi K, x E;
iii) kx + yk 6 kxk + kyk, vi mi x, y E.
(E, k.k) gi l khng gian tuyn tnh p-chun, hay vit gn l khng gian
p-chun, (vi 0 < p 6 1).

1.2.2 V d. Xt tp R vi cu trc tuyn tnh thc thng thng. Vi

0 < p 6 1 c nh, xt cng thc

kxk = |x|p , x R.

Khi , cng thc trn xc nh mt p chun trn R.

1.2.3 nh ngha. Mt ta chun trn khng gian vct E trn trng

K l nh x k.k : E R+ tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) kxk = 0 khi v ch khi x = 0;
ii) kxk = ||kxk, vi mi K, x E;
iii) kx + yk 6 (kxk + kyk), vi mi x, y E, trong > 1 l hng
s c lp vi x, y.
S nh nht iii) ng c gi l hng s ta chun ca khng gian
(E, k.k).

1.2.4 Nhn xt. 1) Gi s (E, k.k) l khng gian ta chun. Khi , h

BE (0, ) = {x E : kxk < }, > 0 l c s ln cn ti 0. Hn na, E
l khng gian mtric tuyn tnh, do c s ln cn ti gc c th chn l
m c.
1
2)Nu k.k l mt p-chun trn E vi 0 < p 6 1 th k.k p xc nh mt
1
ta chun, hn na dp (x, y) = kx yk p l mtric sinh ra tp tuyn tnh
trn E.
 10

3) Ngi ta cn chng minh c rng: nu E l khng gian b chn

1
a phng th tn ti mt p-chun k.k trn E sao cho dp (x, y) = kxyk p
l mtric sinh ra tp tuyn tnh trn E. Do , mi khng gian b chn
a phng xc nh bi mt p chun no , tc l n c xem nh
mt khng gian p-nh chun.

1.2.5 nh ngha. Khng gian pnh chun E c gi l p-Banach

nu n y vi mtric sinh bi p-chun.

Nh vy mi khng gian p-Banach l F -khng gian.

1.2.6 V d. Khng gian b chn a phng lp , 0 < p < 1, c xc

nh bi p-chun

X
kxk = |xn |p
n=1
vi mi x lp .

1.2.7 Mnh . Mi p-chun l mt hm thc lin tc.

Chng minh. Gi s k.k l mt pchun trn E. Ta chng minh bt

ng thc sau
|kxk kyk| 6 kx yk
vi mi x, y E.
Tht vy, vi mi x, y E

kxk = kx y + yk 6 kx yk + kyk.

Suy ra
kxk kyk 6 kx yk. (1.1)
Mt khc

kyk = ky x +xk 6 ky xk+kxk = |1|p kx yk+kxk = kx yk +kxk.

Suy ra
kx yk 6 kxk kyk. (1.2)
 11

T (1.1) v (1.2) suy ra

|kxk kyk| 6 kx yk.

Bt ng thc ny chng t p-chun lin tc.

1.2.8 nh ngha. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng

gian q-chun. nh x A : E F c gi l nh x tuyn tnh nu
A(tx + y) = tA(x) + A(y) vi mi x, y E v vi mi t K.

V d sau cho thy nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian p-chun c

th khng lin tc.

1.2.9 V d. Cho E = C(I, K) l khng gian p-chun cha tt c cc

hm lin tc trn on I = [0, 1] nhn gi tr trong K, xc nh bi
p-chun (0 < p 6 1)
kf k = sup |f (x)|p .
xI
Cho F l khng gian con ca E cha tt c cc hm f E sao cho f c
o hm df lin tc trn I.
Xt nh x D : F E xc nh bi D(f ) = df vi mi f F . Khi
, d thy D l nh x tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin D khng lin tc. Tht
sin nx
vy, xt dy {fn } F xc nh bi fn (x) = , n = 1, 2, ... vi mi
n
x I. Ta c  sin nx p i 1
1
h
 p 1
kfn k = sup  6 .
p

n n

xI
1
Suy ra kfn k p 0 khi n . V vy {fn } hi t ti 0 trong F . Tuy
nhin
Dfn (x) = dfn (x) = cos nx,
v do
1 h  p i p1
kDfn k = sup cos nx
 =1
p xI
vi mi n. Ta nhn c Dfn khng hi t ti 0 trong E. Vy D khng
lin tc.
 12

1.2.10 nh ngha. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng

gian q-chun (0 < p, q 6 1). nh x tuyn tnh A : E F c gi l
b chn trn U E nu tn ti C > 0 sao cho
1 1
kA(x)k q 6 Ckxk p (1.3)

vi mi x U . Nu U = E th ta ni A l nh x tuyn tnh b chn

trn E.

Bt ng thc (1.3), c th vit li di dng tng ng

q
kA(x)k 6 C1 kxk p ,

trong C1 = C q . nh l sau y ni ln s tng ng ca nh

x tuyn tnh lin tc v nh x tuyn tnh b chn trong khng gian
p-chun.

1.2.11 nh l. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng

gian q-chun (0 < p, q 6 1) v nh x tuyn tnh A : E F . Khi ,
cc mnh sau l tng ng:
(a) A lin tc;
(b) A lin tc ti 0;
q
(c) Tn ti M > 0 sao cho kA(x)k 6 M kxk p , vi mi x E;
(d) A bin mi tp b chn trong E thnh mt tp b chn trong F .

Chng minh. R rng (a) (b) v (c) (d). Ta chng minh (b) (c).
Nu A lin tc ti 0. Khi , tn ti r > 0 sao cho BE [0, r] c nh qua
1
x
A nm trong BF [0, 1]. Khi , vi x 6= 0 th r p 1 BE [0, r] v do
kxk p
1 x
kA(r p 1 )k 6 1.
kxk p
Suy ra
q
kA(x)k 6 M kxk p ,
 13

h 1i pq
trong M = . R rng x = 0 bt ng thc trn lun ng. V
r
vy (c) c chng minh.
Cui cng ta ch cn chng minh (c) ko theo (a). Nu (c) ng th
p
kA(x) A(y)k 6 M kx yk q

vi mi x, y E. Bt ng thc ny chng t A lin tc u trn E.

1.2.12 Nhn xt. Nu p = q th (c) c dng kA(x)k 6 M kxk tng t

nh trong khng gian nh chun.

Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng gian q-chun

(0 < p, q 6 1) v L(E, F ) khng gian cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t
E vo F . Khi , L(E, F ) l khng tuyn tnh vi cc php ton cng
v nhn v hng theo im thng thng.
Vi mi A L(E, F ), ta t
 q
kAk = inf M : kA(x)k 6 M kxk p vi mi x E .

Theo nh l 1.2.11, kAk hon ton xc nh v

q
kA(x)k 6 kAkkxk p

vi mi x E. B sau cho ta phng php xc nh chun ca nh

x.

1.2.13 B . Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng gian

q-chun (0 < p, q 6 1). Nu A L(E, F ) th
kA(x)k kA(x)k
kAk = sup q = sup q = sup kA(x)k.
xE\{0} kxk p kxk61,x6=0 kxk p kxk=1

Chng minh. T nh ngha ca kAk, ta c ngay

kA(x)k
kAk = sup q .
xE\{0} kxk p
 14

Do tnh tuyn tnh ca A v tnh cht ca q chun ta c

kA(x)k x

kAk = sup q = sup kA 1 k.
xE\{0} kxk p x6=0 kxk p
x
Nu ta t y = 1 vi x 6= 0 th kyk = 1. Suy ra
kxk p

x

kAk = sup kA 1 k = sup kA(y)k.
x6=0 kxk p kyk=1

Cui cng, t
kA(x)k kA(x)k
sup q > sup q > sup kA(x)k
xE\{0} kxk p kxk61,x6=0 kxk p kxk=1

v ng thc trn ta nhn c

kA(x)k kA(x)k
kAk = sup q = sup q = sup kA(x)k.
xE\{0} kxk p kxk61,x6=0 kxk p kxk=1

1.2.14 nh l. L(E, F ) l khng gian q-chun vi chun c xc nh

nh trong B 1.2.13. c bit, nu F l khng gian q-Banach th
L(E, F ) cng vy.

Chng minh. Vi mi A L(E, F ) ta c

ktAk = sup ktA(x)k = sup |t|q kA(x)k = |t|q sup kA(x)k = |t|q kAk
kxk=1 kxk=1 kxk=1

vi mi t K. Hai iu kin cn li ca q-chun i vi cng thc

kAk = supkxk=1 kA(x)k c kim tra d dng.
By gi, gi s F l khng gian q-Banach v {An } L(E, F ) l dy
Cauchy. Khi , vi mi x E, ta c
q
kAm (x) An (x)k = k(Am An )(x)k 6 kAm An kkxk p .

Suy ra {An (x)} l dy Cauchy trong F . V F y nn {An (x)} hi

t ti y F . Ta xc nh nh x A : E F xc nh bi A(x) =
 15

y = lim An (x). Khi , d dng kim tra c A l nh x tuyn

n
tnh. T {An } l dy Cauchy suy ra {kAn k} l dy s b chn. Do
supn>1 kAn k = C < +. Ta nhn c
p p p
kA(x)k = k lim An (x)k 6= lim kAn kkxk q 6 sup kAn kkxk q = Ckkxk q .
n n

Vy A lin tc.
Vi mi > 0, tn ti N N sao cho

kAm An k <

vi mi m, n > N . Khi , vi mi x E ta c
p
k(An A)(x)k = lim k(An Am )(x)k < kxk q
m

vi mi n > N . Suy ra kAn Ak < vi mi n > N . Do {An } hi t

ti A trong L(E, F ).

nh l sau y trnh by s m rng nh x tuyn tnh ln khng

gian con ng.

1.2.15 nh l. Cho E l khng gian p-chun, M l khng gian con ca

E v F l khng gian con q-Banach. Nu A : M F l nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc th tn ti duy nht mt m rng tuyn tnh lin tc A0 ca
A ln bao ng M ca M sao cho

kAk = kA0 k.

Chng minh. D dng chng minh c bao ng ca M l khng gian

con ng ca E. Ly x M . Khi , tn ti dy {xn } M sao cho
limn xn = x. Ta c
q
kA(xn ) A(xm )k 6 kAkkxn xm k p .
q
Bi v mi dy hi t l dy Cauchy nn kxn xm k p 0, khi m, n .
Suy ra {A(xn )} l dy Cauchy trong F . V F Banach nn limn A(xn ) =
 16

y := A0 (x). Khi A0 (x) xc nh (khng ph thuc vo dy {xn }). Tht

vy, gi s {un } M v limn un = u. Khi ,
q q
kA(xn ) A(un )k 6 kAkkxn un k p = kAkkxn x + x un k p 0

khi n . V vy limn A(xn ) = limn A(un ) = A0 (x). D dng

kim tra c A0 l nh x tuyn tnh v r rng A0 = A trn M .
Tip theo ta chng minh A0 b chn. Bi v mi q chun l lin tc
nn
kA0 (x)k = lim kA(xn )k.
n
Mt khc
q
kA(xn )k 6 kAkkxn k p .

Suy ra
q q
kA0 (x)k 6 kAk lim kxn k p = kAkkxk p

vi mi x M . Do A0 b chn v kA0 k 6 kA. R rng kA0 k > kAk.

Do kA0 k = kAk.

Ta nhn c trc tip h qu sau.

1.2.16 H qu. Cho E l khng gian p-chun, M l khng gian con tr

mt trong E v F l khng gian con q-Banach. Nu A : M F l nh
x tuyn tnh lin tc th tn ti duy nht mt m rng tuyn tnh lin
tc A0 ca A ln E sao cho

kAk = kA0 k.

Vic m rng tuyn tnh lin tc t mt khng gian con ng bt k

ln ton b khng gian dng nh cha c cu tr li y . Trng
hp c bit, nu F l trng v hng K c nghin cu trong chng
sau. Mnh sau thuc v Kondia
 17

1.2.17 Mnh . Nu M l khng gian con tht s v ng ca F-khng

gian b chn a phng E th vi mi > 0, tn ti y E vi kyk = 1
v x M sao cho
kx yk > 1 .

Chng minh. Ly y0 E \ M v t d = inf{ky0 xk : x M }. Khi ,

d > 0 v vi mi > 0 tn ti x0 M sao cho

d 6 kx0 y0 k 6 d + .

R rng
x 0 y0
y= 1
/ M,
kx0 y0 k p

bi nu ngc li th y0 M . Ta c kyk = 1 v vi mi
1
x0 = x0 + kx0 y0 k p x

v x0 M ta c
x y
0 0
ky xk = 1 x

kx0 y0 k p
1 1
= ky0 x0 k > ky0 x0 k
kx0 y0 k d+
d
> =1 .
d+ d+
V ty nn ta chn c b sao cho < . Ta nhn c iu
cn chng minh.
 18

CHNG 2

V CC NH L C BN CA GII TCH HM TRN

KHNG GIAN B CHN A PHNG

Chng ny trnh by cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm l nh l

Hahn-Banach, nh l nh x m v nguyn l b chn u trn khng
gian b chn a phng. Cc kt qu chnh ca chng ny c trch
ra t [2].

2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach

Mc ny trnh by mt dng m rng phim hm tuyn tnh vi d

liu da trn cc hm na tuyn tnh kiu (thay bi h d liu na
chun hay s chun dng c in ca nh l Hahn-Banach).

2.1.1 nh ngha. Cho E l khng gian vct trn trng v hng K.

Hm thc khng m q trn E c gi l na tuyn tnh kiu nu n
tho mn:
(i) q(x + y) 6 (q(x) + q(y)), x, y E,
(ii) q(tx) = tq(x), x E, t > 0, trong > 1. Nu (ii) thay bi iu
kin q(tx) = |t|q(x) vi cc v hng t K th ta gi q l na tuyn tnh
tuyt i kiu .

nh l sau l mt dng ca nh l Hahn-Banach.

2.1.2 nh l. Cho E l mt vct thc, M l khng gian con ca E c

i chiu n v q l mt hm thc na tuyn tnh kiu xc nh trn E.
 19

Gi s f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn M sao cho

f (x) 6 q(x) vi mi x M.

Khi , tn ti m rng tuyn tnh f xc nh trn E sao cho f(x) = f (x)

vi mi x M v
f(x) 6 n f (x)q(x)

vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.

Chng minh. u tin ta gi thit M c i chiu 1. Ly b E \ M v

gi M1 l khng gian tuyn tnh con sinh bi M {b}. Ta khng nh
rng: tn ti m rng tuyn tnh f1 trn M1 sao cho

f1 (x) 6 q(x)

vi mi x M1 . Vi mi y1 , y2 M ta c
f (y1 ) f (y2 ) = f (y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b y2 b)
6 [q(y1 + b) + q(y2 b)].
Suy ra
q(y2 b) f (y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b) f (y1 ). (2.1)

By gi, c nh y1 v cho y2 chy khp M th sup{q(y2 b)f (y2 ) :

y2 M } tn ti v k hiu n l . Tng t, nu c nh y2 M v
cho y1 chy khp M th inf{q(y1 + b) f (y1 ) : y1 M } tn ti v k
hiu n l . Khi , t (2.1) suy ra 6 . Do , tn ti R sao cho

6 6 .

Khi , vi mi y M ta c

q(y b) f (y) 6 6 q(y + b) f (y). (2.2)

 20

rng, mi phn t x M1 lun c vit di dng duy nht

x = y + b, trong R v y M . Do , nh x f1 : M1 R cho
bi
f1 (x) = f1 (b + y) = + f (y)
l xc nh. D dng kim tra c f1 l tuyn tnh trn M1 v f1 = f
trn M . Ta ch ra f1 (x)q(x) vi mi x M1 . Tht vy, gi s > 0.
Khi , theo (2.2), ta c

+ f (y) 6 q(y + b).

y
Thay y bi trong bt ng thc trn ta nhn c

y y
+ f ( ) 6 f ( + b).

Suy ra
+ f (y) 6 q(y + b),
tc l
f1 (x) 6 q(x).
Nu < 0 th cng t (2.2) suy ra

f (y) 6 q(y b).

y
Thay y bi ta c

y y
f ( ) 6 q( b).

Suy ra
[f (y) + ]
6 q(y + b),

tc l
f1 (x) 6 q(x).
Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi = 0. Do

f1 (x) 6 q(x)
 21

vi mi x M1 .
Nu codimM = n th lp li qu trnh xy dng trn n ln ta nhn
c m rng tuyn tnh f tha mn yu cu

f(x) n f = q(x)

vi mi x E.

2.1.3 Nhn xt. 1) Nu = 1, tc l q l na tuyn tnh kiu 1 th

chng ta thu c dng c in ca nh l Hahn-Banach. Trng hp
ny, chng minh c th thc hin c m khng cn iu kin M c
i chiu hu hn bng phng php s dng b Zorn.
2) Nu M c i chiu v hn v > 1 th qu trnh m rng s phi
thc hin v hn bc, v v th n . Do , khng th s dng b
Zorn trong trng hp ny v Kalton xy dng c v d m nh
l Hahn-Banach khng ng trong F-khng gian khng li a phng
(xem [2].

Sau y l dng phc ca nh l 2.1.2. N c chng minh tng

t nh dng c in quen thuc v nh vo nh l 2.1.2.

2.1.4 nh l. Cho E l mt vct phc, M l khng gian con ca E

c i chiu n v q l mt hm thc na tuyn tnh tuyt i kiu , xc
nh trn E. Gi s f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn M sao cho

|f (x)| 6 q(x) vi mi x M.

Khi , tn ti m rng tuyn tnh f xc nh trn E sao cho f(x) = f (x)

vi mi x M v
|f(x)| 6 n f (x)q(x)

vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
 22

Sau y, chng ti gii thiu mt s h qu ca nh l Hahn-Banach

trong F -khng gian b chn a phng.

2.1.5 H qu. Cho f l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian
con ng M ca F -khng gian b chn a phng E sao cho codimM =
n. Khi , tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn f = f
trn M v
kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM .

Nu = 1 th kf k = kfk vi mi khng gian con ng M .

Chng minh. Trng hp M = {0} l hin nhin ng. V vy, ta gi

thit M 6= {0}. t
1
q(x) = kf kM kxk p ,

vi mi x E, trong E c mtric ha bi k.k l mt p-chun trn

E. Suy ra q l mt phim hm na tuyn tnh tuyt i kiu . T
1
|f (x)| 6 kf kM kxk p = q(x),

suy ra ta c th p dng nh l 2.1.4 v thu c phim hm tuyn

tnh f trn E tha mn
1
|f (x)| 6 n q(x) = kf kM kxk p ,

vi mi x E. T suy ra f lin tc v

kfkE 6 kf kM .

R rng
kfkE > kkM = kf kM .

Do , ta nhn c iu cn chng minh.

Sau y l mt h qu khc ca nh l Hahn-Banach, n cn c

gi l nh l tch trong khng gian b chn a phng.
 23

2.1.6 H qu. Cho M l khng gian con ng ca F -khng gian b chn

a phng E sao cho codimM = n v b E \ M . Khi , tn ti phim
hm f tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn

1 6 kfkE 6 n ,
1
f = trn M v f(b) = d p trong d = inf{ky bk : y M }. c bit,
nu = 1 th kfk = 1 vi mi khng gian con ng M .
Chng minh. Gi M1 l khng gian con sinh bi M v b. Trn M1 ta xc
nh nh x
1
f (x) = f (y + b) = d p
vi x = y + b M1 , y M v K. D thy, f l nh x tuyn tnh.
By gi, t M ng suy ra d > 0, v do f 6= 0. Vi = 0 ta nhn
1
c f = 0 trn M . Vi = 1 v b 6= 0 ta c f (b) = d p . Vi 6= 0 ta c
y
M . Do

1 1 y 1 1 1
|f (x)| = ||d p = inf ky bk p 6 k bk p = ky + bk p = kxk p .
yM
T suy ra f b chn trn M1 v kf kM1 6 1. Tip theo ta chng
minh kf kM1 > 1. Tht vy, theo tnh cht ca cn di ng tn ti
dy {yn } M sao cho kyn bk d. t xn = yn b. Khi f (xn ) =
1
f (yn b) = d p . Ta c
1 1
|f (x)| |f (xn )| dp dp
kf kM1 = sup 1 > 1 = 1 1 =1
xM1 kxk p kxn k p kxk p d p

khi n . Do kf k = 1. Theo H qu 2.1.5, ta c th m rng tuyn

tnh lin tc f ti f trn E sao cho

kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM

tc l
1 6 kfkE 6 n .
Chng minh kt thc.
 24

2.2. nh l nh x m

Mc ny trnh by nh l nh x m i vi F-khng gian b chn

a phng. Trc ht ta nhc li i l Baire v phm tr.

2.2.1 nh l. (Baire) Mi khng gian mtric y thuc phm tr

th hai, tc l n khng th biu din c di dng hp m c cc
tp ng c phn trong rng.

Bi v F -khng gian l khng gian mtric tuyn tnh y nn chng

thuc phm tr th hai.

2.2.2 nh l. Cho E v F ln lt l cc p-Banach khng gian v q-

Banach. Nu A L(E, F ) v A l ton nh th A l nh x m, tc l
A bin mi tp m trong E thnh tp m trong F .

Chng minh. Vi mi n = 1, 2, .. t
1 1
Bn = {x E : kxk < } = BE (0, )
2n 2n
v  1 
Sn = A(Bn ) = A BE (0, n ) .
2
T E = n>1 nB1 v A l ton nh suy ra

F = n>1 nS1 = n>1 nS 1 .

Theo nh l Baire, tn ti k sao cho kS 1 c phn trong khc rng. Do

, tn ti F v a > 0 tha mn BF (, a) kS 1 . V nh x y 7 ky
l ng phi nn S 1 cha hnh cu m BF (, r) vi r > 0 v S 1 . Khi

BF (0, r) S 1 S 1 S 1 21q = S 0 ,
1
trong S0 = 2 q S1 . Suy ra BF (0, r) S 0 v
1 r
2 q BF (0, ) S 1
2
 25

bi v
1
BF (0, r) = r q BF (0, 1).

By gi ta chng minh bng quy np

r
BF (0, ) S n. (2.3)
2n+q
vi mi n. Tht vy, gi thit quy np ng vi n = 1. Gi s
r
BF (0, ) S n.
2n+q
Khi , nu
r  r  1q 1 r
y BF (0, n+1+q
)= BF (0, 1) = BF (0, )
2 2n+1+q 2
1
q 2n+q
r 1
th tn ti z BF (0, 2n+q ) sao cho y = 1 z. Mt khc, v
2q
r
BF (0, ) Sn
2n+q
1
nn tn ti x B(0, ) sao cho z = Ax. T suy ra
2n
1 1 1
y= 1 Ax = A[ 1 x] A B(0, ) S n+1 .
2q 2q 2n+1
r
Tip theo, nu y F v kyk < th t y S 1 v (2.3), tn ti
2
x1 B1 tha mn
r
ky A(x1 )k <.
22+q
Khi y A(x1 ) S 2 , v th tn ti x2 B2 sao cho
r
ky A(x1 ) A(x2 )k < .
23+q
Tip tc qu trnh trn ta nhn c xn Bn sao cho
r
ky A(x1 ) A(x2 ) ... A(xn )k < .
2n+1+q
 26

P P 1 P
T n=1 kxn k < n=1 2n
= 1, suy ra chui n=1 xn hi t ti im
thuc x BE (0, 1) v
X
A(x) = A( xn ) = y.
n=1

r
Do y S0 . Suy ra BF (0, ) S0 . Tng t, ta c
2
r
BF (0, ) Sn (2.4)
2n+q+1
By gi, ta chng minh A l nh x m. Cho U l tp m ty ca E.
Khi , vi mi x U v y = A(x), tn ti n sao cho x + Bn U . Suy
ra
y + Sn A(U ).
T Sn cha ln cn ca 0 (do (2.4)) suy ra A(U ) l ln cn m ca y.
Do A(U ) m.

2.2.3 H qu. (Banach) Cho E v F ln lt l cc p-Banach khng

gian v q-Banach. Nu f L(E, F ) v f l song nh th f l mt ng
phi.

Chng minh. Theo nh l nh x m th A1 lin tc. Do , A l ng

phi.

2.3. Nguyn l b chn u

Cho E, F l cc F -khng gian b chn a phng. Nu B L(E, F )

b chn, tc l tn ti M > 0 sao cho

sup{kAk : A B} 6 M.

Khi , vi mi x E tn ti Mx > 0 sao cho

sup{kAk : A(x) B} 6 Mx .
 27

Ni cch khc, nu B b chn u th n b chn im. i vi khng

gian Banach, nguyn l b chn u khng nh rng mnh ngc li
trn vn ng. Sau y ta chng minh nguyn l b chn u vn ng
cho cc lp F khng gian b chn a phng.

2.3.1 nh l. Cho E l khng gian p-Banach v F l khng gian q-

Banach. Gi s {Ak }kI l h thuc L(E, F ). Khi , cc mnh sau
l tng ng:
1) {Ak }kI ng lin tc, tc l vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho

kxk < kAk (x)k < , k I.

2) {Ak }kI b chn im, tc l vi mi x E, tn ti Mx > 0 sao

cho
kAk (x)k < Mx , k I.

3) {Ak }kI b chn u, tc l tn ti M > 0 sao cho

kAk k < M, k I.

Chng minh. (a) (b). Gi s (a) ng. Khi , ta tm c > 0 sao

cho
kxk < kAk (x)k < 1, k I.
1
px
Nu x 6= 0 th vi y = 1 , ta c kyk = . Do
kxk p

 px1 
kAk (y)k = kAk 1 k 6 1.
kxk p

Suy ra p
kxk q
kAk (x)k 6
p := Mx
q
vi mi k I. Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi x = 0. Vy ta thu
c (b).
 28

(b) (c). Vi mi s t nhin n, t

Dn = {x E : kAk (x)k 6 n, k I}.

Do cc Ak lin tc suy ra Dn l ng. T gi thit (b) suy ra E = n>1 Dn .

Khi , theo nh l Baire v phm tr, tn ti Dn cha hnh cu ng
B E (, r). Suy ra
kAk (x)k 6 n
vi mi x B E (, r) v vi mi k I. Do , nu kxk 6 r th

kAk (x)k 6 kAk (x + )k + kAk ()k 6 2n

vi mi k I. V vy
2n
kAk kq 6 q =M
rp
vi mi k I, bi v
q
kAk (x)k 6 kAk kq kxk p .

Ta thu c
1
(2n) q 1
kAk k 6 1 = Mq
r p

vi mi k I.
p
(c) (a). Cho > 0 v = . Khi , vi kxk < q , chng ta c
M
q
kAk (x)k 6 M kxk p <

vi mi k I. Do , h {Ak } ng lin tc.

2.3.2 H qu. Cho E, F l cc F -khng gian b chn a phng. Nu

{An } L(E, F ) v An hi t im ti nh x A, tc l limn An x =
Ax vi mi x E th A L(E, F ).

Chng minh. T gi thit d dng suy ra A l nh x tuyn tnh. Hn

na, t limn An (x) = A(x) suy ra

sup kAn (x)k 6 kA(x)k

n>1
 29

vi mi n. Do , h {An } b chn im, suy ra n b chn u, tc l

supn>1 kAn k = M < . Do
q q
kA(x)k = lim kAn (x)k 6 lim kAn kkxk p 6 M kxk p
n n

vi mi x E. Vy A lin tc.
 30

Kt lun

Lun vn thu c cc kt qu sau:

1) Trnh by h thng cc kin thc c bn v khng gian b chn
a phng; khng gian pBanach; nh x tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc
khng gian b chn a phng.
2) Trnh by chi tit cch xy dng cc nh l c bn ca gii tch
hm trn khng gian b chn a phng l nh l Hahn-Banach v cc
h qu; nh l nh x m v nguyn l b chn u.
3) Chng minh chi tit nhiu kt qu m trong cc ti liu khng chng
minh hoc chng minh vn tt nh: Mnh 1.2.7; nh l 1.2.11; B
1.2.13; nh l 1.2.14; nh l 1.2.15; Mnh 1.2.17; H qu 2.1.5;
H qu 2.1.6; nh l 2.2.2 v nh l 2.3.1.
4) Trnh by mt s v d minh ho cho mt s kt qu nh: V d
1.1.9; V d 1.1.10; V d 1.2.9.
 31

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Vn Khu, L Mu Hi (2001), C s l thuyt hm v gii

tch hm, Tp I, II, NXBGD.
[2] Bayoumi, A., (1989) On holomorphic Hahn-Banach extension the-
orem and properties of bounding and weakly-bounding sets in some
metric vector spaces, Portugal. Math. 46, no. 3, 329-340.
[3] Bayoumi, A. (2003) Foundations of complex analysis in non locally
convex spaces. Function theory without convexity condition North-
Holland Mathematics Studies, 193. Elsevier Science B.V., Amster-
dam.
[4] Bayoumi, A. (1990) The theory of bounding subsets of topological
vector spaces without convexity condition, Portugal. Math. 47,No.
1, 25-42.
[5] Meise, R. and Vogt, D., (1997) Introduction to functional analysis,
Oxford University Press, New York.
[6] Rudin, W., (1991) Functional analysis, Second edition. Interna-
tional Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
New York.