Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 95 views

    5-14magnetic Circuits Chapter 4 - 118-177p PDF

    Uploaded by

    anunila

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content

    You might also like

    5-14magnetic Circuits Chapter 4 - 118-177p PDF

    Uploaded by

    anunila
    95 views60 pages

    Original Title

    5-14Magnetic circuits Chapter 4_118-177p.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    95 views60 pages

    5-14magnetic Circuits Chapter 4 - 118-177p PDF

    Uploaded by

    anunila

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 60
    4 Magnetic Circuits BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 41, Basic Formulae, The path of the magnetic fiux is culled a magnetic circuit, ‘A magnetic circuit is analogous to an electric circuit. A review of laws of magnetic circuits is given below. Let ‘O=magnetic flux, Wb ; Amarea of the magnetic path, m* ; Jmlength af maguetic path, m ; Bemfiux density, Wh/m? ; H=‘at'=pragnetising force, A/m ; AT=total mmf, pr wemabsolute permeability of the magnetic material, H/m ; e=permeability of free space=4n x 10-7 H/m ; he=relative permeability ; S=reluctance, A/Wb ; Amp =premeance, Wh/A. In an electric circuit Ohm's law expremes a relationship betweea current, emf, and resistance ; while in a magnetic circuits a similar relation exists rélating flux, mmf and reluctance. This relation is t eG) or e(4°2) Reluctance (43) ‘H=‘at'=mmf per unit length=flux ¥ reluctance per unit length woxt Lo® LLB wl’) Tae A ee For the case of a material of length J, and carrying a uniform flux, the total mmf AT’ AT=HXt='ai' x1 (3) Tn a series magnetic circuit, the total reluctance is the sum of reluctances of individual or S=5,+8y+Sy+-.. where. ‘Smtotal reluctance and Sy Sy, Sy... mereluctances of individual parts, (46) MAgnaTiC cincutrs a9 The total mmf acting around a complete magnetic circult is: The mmf AT OSH 915,45, 444.000] SAT,+AT +A math +ataly tat, +. or ar=§ ‘at’ Eqns, 4°7 and 4°8 represent the citcuital law for magnetic cir etc., are the mmfs pcr metre for individual part and J), ly ty. connected in series. In parallel circuits, the same mmf is applied to each of the parallel paths and the total flux divides between the paths in inverse proportion to their reluctances, as in corresponding electric circuits or PaO Fyfe 9) Flux density B—> Wb/m* at Alm 120 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN ing be AT, the applied mmf aM Oe yO Par ” 1 or phate Dat Natbenes as (4°10) where Se-totcl reluetonce of magnetic circuit and Si, San 85 chictance of individual parts A =total permeances of magnetic circuit= 1/5 while Ai, Ag Pars onete, are prorn.eances of individual parts - 4+ ee wii | 5 1 fe 7 i c 4 ; y t 2 = ae “ aun 7 war Alm Fig. 42, B-—/ curve for Blectrical Steel (non-oriented) ‘Lobys stampings (dynamo grade). ‘MAGNETIC CIRCUITS m1 _ 42, Magaetization Curves (B—H or B—‘at? Curves), The aniogies between electric and magnetic circuits have certiinly a valu ax aid: to unlerstanding of magnetic circuits but there are some estential differences between them : 1, The electric current is a true flow of electrons but there is no flow of magnetic flux and so the term flux is misleading in this context. 2. In an electric circuit, energy is conwumed so long as the current flows while in a magnetic circuit, energy is expended in creating flux and not in maintaining it. 3. The most important difference b-tween clectric and mignetic circuits arises from the fact that whereas the resistance of an electric ircuit is not directly dependent upon the value of current flowing and may be regarJed ats constant for ontinary purposes, the value of reluctance of a magnetic material is dependent upon the vaiue of flux passing through it. The relative permeability of ferromagnetic materials may vary between few hundred and about five hundred thousand. Consequently the mif per anette length ‘af’ has a value that lies between 2 B to 2000 8. For this reason (No. 3 above) the actual valnes of permeability aud reluctance are hardly used in magnetic circuit catculatinns Ty actual practice magnetization (B—H oF B—at") curves of magnetic materials relating flux density #19 mmf per unit length, Ho af are used for the rapid determination of nec seary Oxeiation 421, Bia? Curves, Fig. 41 shows the B -H curves of commonly used magnetic materials Strictly, each specimen of a ma v unique Bat’ relation, but it is a practice to tse average curves as given in Figs 4'1—i'4. Figs. 4°2, 4°3 and 4°4 show H curves of dynamo grade stecl, transformer grade ster] and cold rolled grain oriented steel respectively as supplied by Sankey Prestings Division of M/s Guest Keen Williams Ltd. . For work on digital computers, the analytic relations between Band H prove more convenient. Two of the most vsed mathetical relationships are given below : a Sor (Hl) and Batot el bagi + wof412) 16 T bE where a, 5, do, 04, 4, bi, by are constants, Eqn. 4'11 gives reasonable and approximate values while Eqn. 4°12 is Letter overall fit. Ifalternating magnetization is used, only odd powers of H must be ured in Eqn. 4°12. Non-magnetic materials (like air ete.) have a constant value of permeability and 20 the Be‘at’ curve for them is a straight line passing through the origin. For air or any other non-magnetic material, mmf per metre a: Bw By ; a Bm T8000 B oAO13) where B is in Wb/m*. 43, Magnetic Leakage. It is impossible to confine all the magnetic flux to ven path (there being no magnetic insulator), and therefore the designer's problem Eecomé: that of providing a path of low. reluctance so that comparatively little ux leaks away from. the, path and then supplying somewhat langer mf to, compensate for the flux which leak, away. This fiux which strays away completes its circuit by paths which prevent its utilization in the functioning of the apparatus or machinery. For the operation of electric machinery, some air gaps are necessary in the magnetic paths Dut these air gaps should be Rept 0 cainhoun of Teogth and maximum of cros-section so as to reduce their reluctance. A bong air gap of small cross-section would 122 LECTRICAL MACHINE. DESION require «large mmf resulting ia Large coils of many turns and would also result in a fandency for flax to wander away frxm its main path. This flux which strays away from the main path is called the leakage Aux, The leakage flux doss not contribute to either transfer or conversion of energy. However, the leakage flux affects the performance of rotating machines and trans: formers, The leakage flux affects the excitaton demands of saliant pele michines, the leak- ‘age reactance of windings on which the performance of the a.c. machines bs primal ave he forces between especially under short con- ditions, voltage regulation of a.c. generators and transformers, com- Mutation conditions in d.c. machines, stray load lowes, circulating currents in transformer tank walls and several other performance indices of impor- tance. For ic circuit calculations, aterm ‘ co-efficient’ is in- troduced in order to take into account the leakage flux. The value of this leakage co-efficient is defined as ‘Leakage co-efficient, Flux density B—> ‘Wh/m* useful flux-+leakage flux ‘useful ux total flux "useful fix Ce w4'14) “al Alm Fig. 43. BH curve for electrical steel (non orien Ghades Band 190, Grades 91nd 6 od rol wom oriented ‘transformer steel) of M/s ce. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS 44, Calculation of Total Mmf, The calculation of total mmf required to establish the requisite flux in a magnetic circuit involves. the knowledge of dimensions and configuration of the magnetic circuit. The magnetic circuit is split up into convenient parts may be connected in series or parallel. The flux density is calculated in every part and mmf per unit lengtl is found by consulting ‘B.‘at’ curves. The summation of mms in series gives the total mmf. ‘The method looks quite simple but there are some Parts in the majmetic circuits, like air gap and tapered teeth which present complex magn‘tic problems. ‘These problems are solved with special techniques outlined below. ne proiem 441, Mmf for Air Gep, Let Lelength of core, ly=gap length, ymslot pitch, Wemwidth of slot, We=width of tooth, Wemslot opening, ‘se=number of radial duct, and Weewidth of each duct, a fe fe ae s . £ Ea. i" ae o ° S05 — 1000 ~~ Ta08 wae Ayn Fig. 4-4, B—H curve for Electrical steel (cold rolled grain oriented) Grade 123 (Grade 56 of M/s G.K.W.) The iron surfaces around the air gap are not smooth and so the calculation of mmf for the air gap by ordinary methods gives wrong results. The problem is complicated by the fact that + 1, One or both of the iron surfaces around the air gap may be slotted so that the flux tends to concentrate on the teeth rather than distributing itself uniformly over the air P Po. There are radial ventilating ducts in the machine for cooling purposes which effect in a similar manner as above. $8. Insalient pole machines, the gap dimensions are not constant over whole of the pole pitch. Consider the iron surfaces on the two sides of the air gap to be smooth as shown in Fig. As ‘The flux is uniformly spread over the entire slot pitch and goes straight acroas the air — I my — + ha Fig. 43 tn on ty mn ie rt be J ofS 124 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESION In a slotted armature, however, the effective area of flax path is substantially decreased resulting in an increase. in reluctance of sit gap. Consider the case of a aloted armature with a very small gap length as shown in Fig. 46. The flux in this case is only Confined to the tooth width effective or contracted slot pitch ya Menye We 416) Reluctance of air gap of a sloted armature ly Ly ‘" = =-— 41 wll ‘ pelly Wd (in There is, however, some fringing of flux around the teeth edges in a slotted armature. The flux penetrates down the slot as shown in 4°7, It is obvious that the reluctance of air gap in this case is more than that in the case cf a smooth armature (Fig. 4°5) but lesser than that in the case where the whole flux is assumed. tobe confined over the tooth width (Fig. 4°6). A simple method to calculate reluctance in this case is to assume that the airgap Sux is uniformly distributed over the whole of slot pitch exzept for a fraction of slot width as shown in Fig. 4°8. This fraction depends upon ratio of slot width to air gap length, ‘Thus the flux of one slot pitch is distributed over Wet 3M 3 g 3 = Baty ta Me ” 4 sto? | roar Fig. 4-7 Fig. 8 Effective or contracted slot pitch Web WS Wet Web BW We where Kesis the Carter's gap co-efficient which depends upon the ‘ratio slot p_lengtl e value of Garner covefitient can be. taken from Fig. 49. An empirical formula which gives the value of Ke dirctly Kum man -#i9), § Another useful relationship which can be used for calculation of Carter's co-efficiemt for parallel sided open slots is : Kan? tan? wt tog TF) i] (4-201 Ratio Sot: where y= W./2ig Fly. 49. Carter's Air Gap Co-eficlent. ‘MAGNETIC CIRCUITS. 125 Reluctance of air gap with slotted armature sm * Lely (421) Let ratio of reluctance of air gap of slotied armature to reluctance of air gap of smooth armature be Kw. Therefore, from Eqns. 4°15 and 21, Ku=x— ol eT, (4°22) where Kyo is called the gap contraction factor for slots, Therclore, the reluctance of air gap with slotted armature is Ky» times that with smcoth armature and Kes has a value grester than unity. The provision of radial ventilating ducts results in contraction of ux in the axial direction as shown in Fig. 4"10. It is clear that the effective axial length of the machine it réduced owing to presence of ducts and this resuls in an increase in the reluctance of air gap. We can derive a similar expression for ventilating ducts by treating stacks of latninatfons as teeth and the ducts as slots. ‘. Contracted or effective axial length Dim L— Kea na Wa (4°23) where Kes is the Carter's co-efficient for duets. Values of Ke can be taken from Fig. 4% by using ratio (duct widtb/gap lengthy) in place of ratio (slot widih/gap length). Let the ratio of reluctance of airgap with ducts to reluctance of air gap without ducts be Kas. A424) Vouets,Wg wise Fig. 410. Pffect of radial ‘ventilating ducts, When two ventilating ducts, one on stator and the other on rotor are exactly opposite to duct widsh 4 gap length Ky is called gap contraction factor for ducts, each other, the Carter's co-efficient must now be based upon ratio ,asto an approximation we can ascribe only one half gap to each duct. The effect of both slotting and ventilating ducts can be allowed for in a single ex- Pression. Considering one slot pitch. Reluctance of air gap of a smooth armanice without duets le pole Reluctance of air gap of a slotted armature with ducts iy hel ye reluctance of slotied armature with ducts of smmcoth armacure without ducts (425) Ky=Kux Kot on(426) 126 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESION ‘where Kis the ratio of reluctance of air gap of a slotted armature with ducts to reluctance of air gap of a smooth armature without ducts and is called total gap contraction factor for slots and ducts. For induction motors, with slots on both sides of air gap, it is customary to calculate ‘gp contraction factors for both rotor and stator slots. Eyu™gap contraction factor for stator slots, Kye™gap contraction factor for rotor slots, and Eymtotal gap contraction factor for slots, Kin Ko. 427) ‘The expremions involving Ke used above apply only to open parallel sided slow of great depth. When slots are shallow, Kw is decreased. ‘Also when semi-enclosed slots are used Ke is increased since now it depends on ratio (slot opening/gap length) rather than on ratio (lot width/gep length). (See Fig. 4°11) Fig. 4°9 also shows values of Carter’s co- efficient for semi-enclored slots. Eqns, 4°18 and Fig. 411 4°22 are modified for semi-enclosed slot Contracted or effective slot pitch ys’=y.—KaWe Gap contraction factor Ken ‘The reluctance of air gap with slotted armatures is higher than with smooth armatures, ‘The ratio of the two reluctances is equal to Ky, the gap contraction factor. In other words» the mmf required for the gap with slotted armatures is Ke times the mmf required for gap with smooth armatures. From Eqn. 4°11, ‘Manf per metre for air gap=800,000 B ‘Manf required for air gap having a length ly metre, with smooth armatures, AT,=mmf/m x lengtl==800,000 Bly .. Mamf required for air gap, having a length ly, with slotted armatures, AT,=800,000 Ke Bly (4°31) Eqn. 4'$1 can be written as t AP = 800,000 Kr le 7 (4°30) where @-=flux per pole, Wb ; Aymactual area of air gap per pole, m*, Now 41,000,000 35 ¢-b =100,000 32-1 (6°92) where A AslKe (38) ‘This means that there is a contraction in the air gap area and the gap area has com tracted to a value Asal , = ‘MaoneEnC chacutTs ‘Area of gap per pole 427 Ay=slot per pole x slots pitch x core length 8 =e xy. peuxh (4°34) where S=total number of slots and p=number of poles. Contracted or effective gap area per pole Sip\x yo L, Ly ge 8 Kem at Bu rent waxy! x. pe L 4°33) ‘The mmf required for a smooth armature is : ATy=800,000 B ly while for a slotted armature the air gap mmf is : AT4=800,000 KsBly™800,000 B (Kyle) The above relation may be interpreted as that the length of air gap is increased X, times (instead of saying that area is reduced to 1/K times as earlier) due to the provision of alots and ducts, Thus effective gap length lw=K (4°36) and therefore, K in this case is called “gap expansion factor”. Effect of Saliency, In the case of salient pole machines, the length of air gap is ‘not constant over the whole pole pitch. This gives rise to different values of air density over the pole pitch. ‘Thus to Erbw the value of reluctance of the air ap, it in necessary to know the distri- jion of magnetic field in air gap. The methods for the determination of flux density distribution are given later in this chapter. 4°12 shows a typical flux diswibuga curve for a salient pole machine. Fig. 4°12 (a) shows the flux tubes passing from field to armature. The equivalent electric circuit for this magnetic circuit is a number of resistances connected in parallel with each resistance 2 flux tube. In parallel electric circuits, it is sufficient to know the value of only’ one resistance and the current flowing through it in order that the volt- age across the circuit be known. Similarly by analogy, we have only to, know” the” reluctance of one fox tube and the flux flowing through it in order to find the mmf required for air gap. Fig. 412. Flax density distribution curve ta. ‘alieat pole machines. cs Mmmf required for air gap of a salient pole machine . AT = five in a flax tube X reluctance of flux tube. ‘Let us considee « fun tube atthe contre of the pole {28 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN Flux in the flux tube at the centre = flux density X area of flux tube =H, x area of flux tube, Reluctance of flux tube at the centre __-ffictive length of air gap at the centre =~" peXarea of flux tube at the centre he Xarea of flux tube at the centre APy= By X acca of flux tube at the centre x “nx 10"? Xarea of flux tube at the centre = 800,000 Bekele (4°37) aap contraction factor fora gap length atthe centre of the pole. ‘The flux tube at the centre of pole is chosen because its actual length ix known. The length of the flux tube at the centre of the pole is exuctly equal to the length of air gap there. ‘Therefore, the value of K, is based upon the air gap length ls. ‘The field form factor Ky ‘s defined as : verage gap density over the pole pitch Ba maximum flux density in the gap By where Ky=2 (4°38) fiuxperpole © We have Bem crea per pole +L ~ (nD/p\E where s=pole pitch=nD/p ‘The value of By can be calculated after determining the value of field form factor Ey. The methods determining Ky are given later in this chapter. Fig. 4°12 (c) shows, an approximate flux distribution curve for a salient pole machine. From this, = average flux density field form factor Er maximum flux density —pole are ' = pole piteh y +(4°39) ‘The assumption Ky=Wis fairly correct for machines with normal proportions and a fair aegree of saturation. With long air gaps the pole arc may be considered as extended by say, 4 lp to take account of fringing. Example 41, The stator of a machine has a smooth surface but ile rotor has open type of alote with elot width Weestooth width, We=12 mm. and the length of air gap lem 2 mm. Find the effective length of air gop if the Carter's co-ficientme 75 1+ There are no rodiat duct. Solution, Carter's co-efficient for slots 1 . Kam paTig 70: Slot pitch y= Wet We=24 mm, From Eqn. 4°12, gap contraction for slots —— fam TR 24—0'545X Since there are no ducts, gap contraction factor for ducts, Kyl. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS ag From Eqn. 426, totsl gap contraction factor Ky= Kee Kya t'97 4 1237. Effective gap length (sce Eqn. 4°36) lw=Kely= 1°37 %2=2'74 mm. Example 4:2. Calculate the mmy required for the cir gap of a machine having core length—=0°32 m including 4 ducts of 10 mm each. pole arce= 0°19 m ; alot pitch=66'4 mm ; slot opening=65 mm ; air gap length=5 mm ; flux per pole=52 mW. Given Carter's coveffcicnt ta 0°18 for opening/gap=I, and ie 0°28 opening|gap=2. ing _ 05 a ws Carter's co-efficient for slots Kam 0"18. This is a salient pole machine with semi-enclosed slots. Gap contraction factor for slots Kum ——Btay- (see Eqn, 4°29) p—KaWe “e540 Texs @! 014 duct width _ 1 “gap length 05 Carter's co-efficient for ducts Kas=0'20. Gap contraction factor for ducts Eu= ikea (See Eqn. 4°24) Ratio Total gap contraction factor Ky-=1"014x 1°36 =1°05. Aux/pol ‘pole arc Xcore length = 2X 10° O'19x 0°32 Mnf required for arr gap 47 800,000 Ke Ly ly = 800,000 x 1°05 x 0°854 x 5 x 10-3587 A. Example 4:3. Eitimate tht effective gup area per pote of a 10 poie, alsp ring induction motor with following data : stator bore = 0°65 m, core lenyth=0'25 m, No. of stator slota=90 stator slot openings=3 mm, rotor siots = 120 rotor slot openings mem, air gap length=0°96 mn Carter's coefficient for ducta=0'68, Carter's coveficient for slota= 0°46 umber of ebntilating duce=3 each on rolor und slator, width of each ventilating duct=10 mm, Sotation. Stator slot pitch=. mx6s0 2227 mm, Gap contraction factor for stator slots . . - 27 Kae es Te TIS. Flux density at the centre of pole By= =0'854 Wh/mat. 0 HLBCTRICAL MACHINE DESION Rotor diameter=0°65—2x0'95=0°6481 m Rotor slot pitch = TAGS 01697 m ‘ ___1697 Gap contraction factor for rotor Hots Keemrgy 9 ml 089 Gap contfaction factor for slots Kum KouX Kea 1065 x 1'089—1°16. Gap contraction factor for ducts Kate pp 250 “30-Teexax10 1089 Total gap contraction factor Kym Kno Kegm 1°16 1-089—1°26 ‘Actual area of air gap per pole y= TOS) x 0-25—51-05x10-* m’. From Eqn. 4°33, effcctive air gap area per pole Ay! we Ag] Eem=51°05 X 10-41-26 40°52 x 10-* mat, Example 44. 4 175 HVA, 90 pole water wheel generator has @ core of length 1°72 m and a diameter of 6°5 m. The stator elote (open) have © width of 28 mm, the slot pitch being {64 mm and the air gup length at the centre of the pole ie 80 mm. ‘Thare are 41 radial ventila- ting ducts each 6 n.m wide. The total mmf per pole ia 37000 A. The mmf required for the ait gap is 87% of the total mmf per pole. Batimate the average fla density in the air gop if the field form factor is 0°7. The Carter's co-efficient ean be calculated from the following relationship Kom 2 tanty——Liog THF] where y= Wally for slots Wal? Ie for ducts W., We are widths of slot and duct respectively and ly is length of air gap. Solution, io _tlet width 2. Ratio ap lengthy) ~Y 72x30 70 57- Carter's co-efficient for slots u2 - y—Liog TH Ke 2f tan y- i105 4TH] “2 tan 40367 Geplog 4 THOS 367 |-0176 367 4+ Gap contraction factor of slots Bw=— Mey = Tem 064 fo _-dtuct width myo Ratio digap length) "Y "2xS0 ce Carter's co-efficient for duets 27 nto ioe Form 2f an o1- gt vitor fess. factor for ducts L 1720 Kom [Kana Wa TH0—OO ATX 1 007 ‘Total gap expansion factor Ke 1"1064X 1007 ==1°114. ‘Manf required for air gap A Ts=0°87 x 27000—23490 A, But AT y= 800,000 Ky By be <. Gap contract MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 131 Hence maximum flux density in air gap a. 23490 . . Be 6 000 Ke Te BOO RGTRT TiaxoR Ie 708 Wel Average flux'density in the air gap Bov= Ky By=0°7 X0°8786=0'615 Wh/m*. 442, Net Length of Iron, The cores of magnetic circuits are built up with lami« nated steel plates wherever required. These laminations or stompirgs ate insulated from each other by paper, stuck to one side of the lamination, Kaolin clay or enanicl, Moreover in order to have an effective cooling of the machine, the length of the core is divided packets of about 40 to 80 mm width separated by vent spacers. These vent spacers iorra ing ducts through which air is circulated. These ducts are radial as shown in Fig #10 and their width normally varies from 8 to 10 mm. From above it is clear that whole of the length is not occupied by iron ; rome part of the length is taken up by ventilating ducts and some part by insulation betwern steel lamina tions and air spaces ereated by irregularities in thickness of laminations. Tt is usual to define iron space factor, called stacking factor, as the ratio of actual length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to total axial length of stack, Gress iron length La==length of slot portion conductor ‘=core length—lengih of ventilating ducts =L—mWe Net iron length Lam Ki(L—neWe) where Kemstacking factor for iron which largely depends upon thickness of plates and the type of insulating material employed. Tle manufacturers specify the stacking factor fora single lamination. The sacking. factor depends upon the thicknest of core and the thickness and the type of intulation used for laminations. The stacking factor for built up cores is smaller and an average value of 0'9 may be assumed for all practical purposes, 443, Munf for Teeth, ‘The calculation of mmf necessary to maintain the flux in the teeth is difficult owing to the following complex problems : 1, The teeth are wedge-shaped or tapered when parallel sided slots are used. This means thut the area presented to the path of flux is not constant and this gives different values of flux density over the length of teeth 2. The slot provides another parallel path tor the flux, shunting the tooth. The tooth are normally worked in the saturation region and therefore’ thei, permeability is low, and as a result an appreciable portion of the flux goes down the depth of the slots. The Presence of two parallel paths, the reluctance of one part depending upon the degree of saturation in the other, makes the problem intricate. Teeth, ‘The mmf required for teeth’ cua be easily calculated whatever may be their shape, if the ux going down the alot is neglected. ‘The correction, to take alot flux into aecount, can be incarpprated later on. Following are the methods usually employed for the calculation of mmf required for teeth. i Grophical Method, The mmf per metre for the whole length of tooth 1s not 10 roel Mtet cot the mie everywhere. ‘Therefore, to obtain correctly jue of total mea, it i to construct « showing the manner in which ‘over the length ofthe tooth. The mean ato he Eraph sive te equivalent: the whole of'thé tooth.’ ‘Fhe totat mmf for the teeth is given JH, the ine ‘carried out for the cormplere height of scot; = - : if eae Hi I 192 ELECTRICAL MACHINE: DESIGN Therefore, total mmf required for the tooth, AT =mean ordinate x height of tooth = almeen X l= atmann X de (4°42) The height of tooth 1 is equal to ds, the depth of slot. To determine this atweas, it is necessary to construct first a graph showing the manner in which the flux density varies. Froin the known value of flux pcr tooth, the flux de is evaluated for a number of sections along the length of the touth from tip to root (Fig.4.13). ‘The corresponding values of ‘at’ are found from the B—‘at' curve of the material and are plotted. The value of almen is obtained from the graph, as shown. -#— ns t Flux 1 lyeds | Distance “rom root Distance fru > root Fig. 4:13, Bat curve of tapered tooth and Fig. 4-14, Calculation of atmoan f0F tapsced tooth calculation of afasan using Simgnon's rule (0) Three ordinate Method (Simpson's rule). This metnod can be applied to teeth of vary simple form and of a small taper and is bated upon the ion, that the curve eelating ‘af’ with flue. 'ensity, is. a prrabola. In this metho, values of equidistant points, the ends of the tooth and its centre, Macnetic Crecurts 133 The mean value of ‘a’ is givin by. : Otmen = stato =f 4°48) where at), aly, ats are the values of ‘at’ £. ~ sections shown in Fig 4°14, (0) Bury Method. This mcthod is applied to teeth of small taper and is based upon the assumption that value of ‘at’ obtained for flux density at a section 1/3 of teoth height from the narrow end is the mean of ‘at’ for whole of the tooth. This method is the most simple of all the methods and results are sufficiently accurate if the teeth are worked at low saturation. Let Biya=flux density at 1/3 height from narrow end, otyjy=value of mmf per metre for Buys as obtained from B— at’ curve Total mmf for teeth ATr=atyyX ==atys X de (4°44) 444, Real and Apparent Flax Densities, [1 has already been state:] above that the slot provides an alternative path for the flux to pass, although the Sux entering an armature from the air gap follows paths principally in iron. Ifthe teeth density is high, the mmf acting acrots the teeth is very large and as the slots are in parallel (Fig. 4°15) with the teeth, this mmf acts across the slots also. Thus at saturation densities, the flux passing through the slots be- comes large cannot be neglected, and any calenla- tion based upon ‘no slot flux’ leads to wrong results This means that the real flux passing through the teeth is always less than the total or apparent flux. Asa result, the ‘real flux density’ in the teeth is always ‘less than the ‘apparent flax density’, Fig. 4-15. Slot fux due to aatsration :a teeth, ‘The apparent flux density is defined total fux in a slot pi oy = flat flue ina slot pi Ba tooth area h and the real flux density as: “Braye 2etval fx in a tooth, tooth area pate Inan actual machine, taking the flax over one slot pitch, there are two parallel 1, Irom path, Area of iron path Ai=tooth width Xnct iron lengtl.=Wex Li 2, Air path, ‘Area of air path Ag=total area—ircn area m(slot pitch x core length)—(tooth width x net iron length) =ysx L—Wix Ly If © is the flux over one slut pitch, we have : = O%4O0 where c=flux passing through iron over a slot pitch, ©,=flux passing through air over a slot pitch. total flux over a slot ® + Bew™“Ton area over wilot a 134 ‘BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESION % wit+ A AG Ae Boat + GE Brat + BK (445) Ba=flux density in air=pgH=4 10-7 alreat where almei:=mmf per metre across the tooth for tooth density Brut. ratio At x= tit aca | Lw= 14s . and K=ratio ‘av ironarea—CLGWe lee) (4-47) (4°48) (4°49), se Brest Bayy 48 X 10-7 ‘al raat K = Borp—4nX 10-1 ‘at! (Ke—1) total area, Lys where Kyo l +H tt Se oe (It should be borne in mind that the value ‘at'rat used above is corresponding to the real flux lonsity Brat). The slot and the tooth form a parallel magnetic circuit and therefore the mmf across them is the same. Since the length of fux path through slot and tooth is the same and hence mmf per metre length for both is the same. The mmf per metre in. tooth is ‘rat corresponding to real fs density Brat the maf per meter acrom the dt it alo ‘nal Eqn. 4°48. cannot be casily solved as there are two unknowns, Brust and ‘at’, the latter depends upon the value of former. In order to solve this equation for machine’ with any dimensions it is disirable to have data available which immediately gives the values of ‘at’regi and Breat for various values of Bapp and Ks. Fig. 416 shows a fini of curves from which’ Brsot and ‘at’ can readily be obtained. These curves correspond to B—H curve of ordinary stcel laminations given in Fig. 4"1. ‘Thore is another method available for obtaining the values of Bret aid ‘al’. This method in comparatively lengthy but useful for individual cases. Eqn. 4°48, involves two unknowns and so for solution, another equation is needed. MAGNETIC clncUrts iss ‘The second relation is defined by the B—‘al' curve of magnctic. ma, terial used for the teeth. B—‘at’ curve is drawn and the straight line Beoge Bra + 40% 10" ‘ata (Kel) slaid out asshown in Fig. 417. ‘When ‘st'nei=0, B=Bay. This { corresponds to point 4. When Boy Werking te Brat 0, ‘ el FIOM ST) ay ee 'B- at curve Sapp Brett 4H 16 eggs, ten This corresponds to point 4’, A straight line is drawn con- bene! Dane necting points A and 4’. The nara) intersection of straight line AB with B—‘at! curve gives the value of Brest Fig. #17. Determination of Brow and the corresponding value of ‘al'rea. ‘The intersection of the two curves gives the vatue of Breat and the corresponding value of ‘at'rea!. Example 4'5. 4 laminited tooth of armature steel in an electrical machine is 30 wm long and has a taper auch that mazimum width is I'd times the minimum, Eatimate the mmf required for a man fius density of 1°9 W/m in this tooth. Uae Simpeon'a rule. The Bal? cuirve for the material of tooth Tree == [=== |= [|= Solution. Let Wn, Wu, and Wi be respectively the maximum, mean and minimum widths of tooth, B Wojmt 41,000 Way t4 Wha (given); Way POEM 1-2 try Flux density at any section of tooth Br= fux/touth fiux/tooth net iron length x width of tooth cs The flux density at any section of the tooth is inversely proportional to the tooth width, Let By, By and Bry be respectively the minimum, mean and maximum flux densities, “ Bu BagWu/ Wem 1'9x1'2/1'4=1°63 Wh/m* ; By=1°9 Wh/m* and Big™ BigP ty/ Wig 1'9X1'2=2°28 Wo/m*. ‘The B-at curve is plotted in Fig. 4°18. From this curve the values of mmf per meire for flux densities By=1°63 Wh/m', Biy=1 9 W/m! and Biy=2'28 Wh/m! are respectively : at, = 4500 A, aty= 17000 A, ‘@fy= 100,500 A Applying simpeon’s rule, mean value of mmf per metre stan (See Eqn. 448) = 4500 +4 17000+ 100,500 | oq Alm. A Total mmf required tars X = 28833 X 30 x 10-*=865 A 136 FLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN Example 4-6, The armature of a d.c. machine has a diameter of 0'2m, 20 parallel slota euch Gown wore ind 2 vam deep ; the core in O15 m long with I duct 10 mm wide, and the air aay mm ron. tavitariin.om the slampinga sa 10% of th thickness, Uf the maximum flu devsity wider the pole ia 0'9 Whim, determine the mif required (0 ovrrcome the reluctance of tip and (th. Catir's coveffiient for the clots is 0275 and for the alote is 0275 and for th: duc! 0.39 The maynetization curve for the ivon ia as follows a | Ms i | ve 20 | 2 23 whine aH ] two | sooo | esa |. 19000 | 3000 | 12000 Aim | Solution, Slot pitch at the gap surface 1 De? meal 67 mm. Since the insulation on laminations is 10% of the thickness of the laminations, the stacking factor Kes 0°, 21-67 Gap contraction factor for slots Kee= 1-082 150 Gap contraction factor for ducts Kel= aay FTN IO =1027 MaGNetIC CIRCUITS 137 Gap contraction factor Kym 082 x 102721111 ‘Mnf required for air gap ATy=800,000'Ky By ly =BC0,0010 x 111 X0°9 x 8 X 10-2400 A. __ The B-'at’ curve for the ferromagnetic material used is plotted in Fig. 4.18 The mmf required for the teeth is calculated by using simpson's rule and Mix method. The flux over one slot pitch passes through one tooth. Flux ovr a slot pitch Or= Ry ye L=0'9 X 21°67 » 10-* X 0 15=2°925 x 10-* Wh. Simpson's Rale Top of Tooth, Slot pitch y=21'67 mm. Tooth width Wrad67—6=15'67 mm. Net iron length Lam Kd L— nae) =0°0H0' 15—1 X 1X 107*)—=0'1341 m. . 2925x1078 ‘a0 wr Mlux density Baroy,“ o-1541x 1567 10-7! 99 Wo/mt From Fig. 4°18 ‘at,=1790 Alm Middle of Tooth. Diameter 0025-0175 m. Slot pitch 2X07 ma18-96 mm. Tooth width Wig=18'96—6= 12°96 mm. Flux density Brym Bay» Wei Wegm 99 x FOE = 1681 Whimt From Fig. 4°18 at, = 4000 A/m Root of Tooth. Diameter = 02-2 x 0025=0'15 m. Slot piteh sa 2O 1625 mm. Tooth width 16°25—6= 10°25 mm. Flux density Big= Bu, X Wy[ Weg= 199 X 15°67/10°25— 27125 Wh/m*, From Fig. 418 uf, =42500 By simpeon’s rule, eth tdaty aly 1790-44 004-4500 =10050 A/m. Monf required by teeth AT = ahason X dom 10500 X25 x 10-3263 A. Total mmf required for gap and teeth==ATy+ATi=2400+263=—=2663 A. Diameter at } height from root of tooth=D--2x2/3 ds =0°2—2 2/3 X0'025=90'1667 m. 1667 Slot pitch m=18°06 mm. Tooth width Woyls=18'06—6= 12°06 mm. Flux density Buly= Be x Woy/ Weyia= 1°39 x 1567/1206 =1°809 Wh/m* From Fig. 4°18 atyy=11000 A/m Manf required for teeth AT:=11000 x25 x 10-*=275 A ‘Total mmf required for gap and tecth=2400+275=2675 A. Example 47. Calculate the apparent flux density at a particular section of a tooth from the following data : Tooth width= 18 mm ; slot width=10 mm gro care Length=O 32 m ; _ mumber of ventilating ducts=4, each 10 mm wide ; real fluz densiiy=3 2 W/m’ ; permeability corresponding to real flu deneily==B1'4x 10-%.H/m (henry per metre); stacking factor =0°0, Solation, We have magnetizing force or mmf per metre, H=3/ SUECTRICAL MACHINE DESION Maat per metre correipoadi ability w= S14 10 is ¢ 22 Saxe! Net iron length L1=0°9(0'32—4 x 10 x 10-8) =0'252 m. to real Hux density Breat=2'2 Wb/m! and perme- ‘at = =70,063 Ajm. Slot pitcn ye Wet We 12+10=22 mo a Lye _ 09222, From Eq. 4 48, Kix Tee Sige iy 28 From Eqn. 4.48, apparent flux density Bory= Brio + 4X 107? at (Ka~1) 22+ 4 x 10-7 x 70,066(2'228—1) =2°317 Whjmt. Example 48, Delermine the apparent luz density in the teeth of ade. machine sehen the real fur density is 215 Whjon-;aiot pitch £8 mm ;elot width 10 mm and the gross core length 0°35 m. The number of ventilating ducts is 4, each 10 mm wide. The magnetiaing force for a flux density of 215 Whjm? ix 55000 A/m. ‘The irom stacking factor is 0-9. Solution, Net iron length La=bi(li~-neWe)=0°9(0°35—4x 10x 10-4) 1279 m ridth Wi= ye - We=28—10=-18 mm From Eqn. $49, Ky fine BAM aygs 2°15 Wb/m, the value of “at” Tooth Corresponding to Bre Apparent flux density Bore= Brat +48 x10" at” (Ka 1) =:2'15 +4 x 10-7 55000(1°95—1)=—=2°2156 Wh/m*. Example 49. The armature core of a d.c. machine has a gross length of 0°33 including 3 ducts each 10 mm wide, and the iron space factor ie 0'9. If the slot pitch at a Particular eection te 25 mm and the slot wiith 14 mm, estimate the true flux dinsity and the ‘umf per metre for teeth at thie section correaponding to an apparent fluz density of 2-3 Wo/m', The magnetizalion curve data for armature stampinga i 2 1 [os 19 20 | m1 | a2 Jos ‘Whim 3700 10,000 | now [? 41,000 | 70,000 | 109,000 1 Solution, The B ‘at’ curve is plotted in Fig. 4°19, Net iren lergth Ly=0'910'33- 3 10x 10" Tooth width 28.<2 A325. 29°18, ” xi and real flux density Brest Barp—4 x 10"? ‘ai’ (Ke~1) =23—4nx 10-1 ‘at (2°78—1) m=2'3 -2'237 x 10"* ‘at’, MAGNETIC cRCUTS 139 ‘This is the equation of a straight line. The line can be drawn by locating two points on it. ‘The two points are located as under. When ‘at'=0, Brst=2'3 Wh/m*. This is represented by point A. When ‘at'=70000, Brasi=2'3—2'237X 10 "x 70,000=2°143 Wb/m* sal T ata 23 Bregt? 23- 2:237x10 atreat SSS SS f 1 7 ' +8 i 1 ‘Magnetisation q curve 1 +6 y v4 i at atreal= | $8000~ 121 1 > ot 2 50 7-80-8000 «HO x10 at’ Alm Fp This is reprosented by point B. A straight line is drawn through 1 and B cutting the maguetisation curve at 0. Point C is the operating point. From point C, Brest 2°17 Wh/m* and ‘at’ = 59000 A/m. 9ap=8 mm, slot pitch ot the , Length of Vength of cir goptrnface-25 s,s ph a he bottom of laoet tm, Sepik of lte60 mm, wih of ample (104d. machina hath fllonng dat machine =O" slim 12 im. number of ventilating ducts in armature teidth of each ventilating duct fas per pole aloulate: (a) the mmf required for air gop, (0) the mmf required for teath neglecting the sto fs, ul the manf required for lath considering the Don Bat sane for, ordinary et ais ashen in Fig, 41, Foi the cave of £9 ould *s conaflcient. ere afr dng Coe = =10 mm 278x107 WD. Fig. 420. Details of d.c. machine of ‘Baample 440 (Ail mensions in cm) 140 calling this as Bimen. SLECTRIGAL MACHINE DBSION Solution, Fig. 4°20 gives the details of the machine. Gap contraction Jactor for slots : slot width _ 1-2 gap length 08 Carter's co-efficient, froin Fig. 4°9 corresponding to 1°5, for open slots, Ku=0°21. Kn=gap contraction factor for slots 112. Ratio Gap contraction factor for ducts: Duct width=01 mm and number of ducis=5. ; vo duct width 10 * Ratio “Gap length ~@ 7! 2 From Fig. 4°9 corresponding to 125, for open slots, Kos is 0"18. Gap contraction factor for ducts 036 jax ox 10 10 “2X 10261141 = 1026 Total gap contraction factor Kem Ku Kea-= (a) mf required for gap Assuming a rectangular distribution of flux over pole are. <. Form factor Ky=¥. flux per pole pole arc Xlength of core 667 W/m? <. Minf required for the air gap==800,000 KeBals = 800,000 x 1141 x0°667X 8x 10-*=4870 A. (0) Mnf required for teeth neglecting saturation Net iron length Ki L—neWa)=0°9 (0'36—5 x 10 10-#)=m0'279 m, Gap density at the centre of pole Be= le are 03 No. of teeth in the pole are— a > Re-enterant é tops 30 x 2 * — —— -- Time —» himt/metre H—= @ ® Fig. 424, Re-eatrant Hysteresis}loops. | 4°51 and 4°58 give fairl; results in the case of static machines like trans- armen easton, and ae iccisnegnes in which the flux oscillates along a path that is ractically fixed. However, the rotors of rotating electromagnetic machines are subjected to juxes that change their direction on account of rotation. This gives rite to a phenomenon aalled “rotating hysteresis”. Fig. 4°25 shows a typical case of the variations of hysteresis oss at different values of flux density for rotating electrical machinery. ‘The rotational aysteresis loss is greater at low magnetization than the corresponding hysteresis loss due ic Held, while at high flux densities the rotating hysteresis loss actually iecreasee beconsing quite low at very high values of ux densities, as ‘MLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN ‘There are additional eddy current lowes produced in the rotors of rotating electric machinery on account of the fact that the flux can‘“ut everywhere be confined to a direction parallel to the plane of lamina- tions. Some flux enters the rotor at the two t ends and also the sides of the teeth through the spacer provided for venation, Since & this flux enters the iron in a i te mal to the. plane of laminations, it gives rise i Alternatir fo tysteresie loss Rotational toan appreciable iron loss. It is hysteresis loss to point out that in the case armatures of d.c. machines, the variation of flux density is a combination of *linear and rotational magnetization, and therefore the low under these conditions is uncertain. (i) There are some practical factors . if — which lead to increased iron loss in_ built up Flux density, 8 cores. The laminatizns may be shorted by Fig. 425. Rotational alternating hysteresis loss, burns on the edges due to worn dies, by grinding, or by faulty insulation on rivets, clamping bolts or the laminations themselves, thus giving increased eddy current loss. _ Mechanical strains vet up by cold working or assembly of core affect the nature of the material and thus increase the iron loss, sometimes as much as a factor of 2'5. There are additional iron losses owing to distortion of flux produced by armature reac: tion on load. This is because the iron losses are proportional to maximum value of flux 5 Wika Specie iron oss Flux density, Bry a W/m? @ Transformers (©) Rotating machines -Fig. 4°26. Typical loss curves for transformers and rotating machines, ‘The iron loa mey be ‘masa effect ditingushed manner in which the ux vara io osc. magneton may be ine, on Tottonal Licey agetinict ane ak Pa = onthe mame Fotational magnetization means a roughly constant Bel whoes ‘MAQNETIC CIRCUITS 141 density and maximum valuc of flux density increases with load on account of distortion o field form giving rise to increased losses. ‘The iron losses also increase on account of ageing effect. Due to the above mentioned reasons, it is impossible to calculate the iron lowes in built up cores. In practice, loss curves which represent the specific iron loss as function of maximum flux density are used. The loss curves are obtained by measurements done on built up cores and thus take into account some of the factors listed above. Typical Joss curves for transformers aud rotating machines are shown in Figs. 4'26 (a) and (b). Lom curves for diffrent. grades of stampings manofactured by Sankey Presings Division of M/s Guest Keen Williams is given in Figs. 4°27 to 4°30. 1-48 Qealty 2-41 Quality 3-42 Quality Fig. 427, Los carves of Blectrical sheet steal (Non oriented) 0-35 sim thick, 148 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN weg Specitic tron toss —e Q at a a a a a Om = WO/m? 148 Quality 241 Qual 342 Quai 4—-Medium Resitance Sspecial Lohye the Fig. 4:28, Loma curves of Blectrical aheet steel (Non oriented) 0-5 mm thi +o ‘The loss curves are prepared by the inanufacturers cf stampings on the basis of laboratory tests done on prepared speci- mens, In fact, the rerults obtained in the laboratory, by testing prepared specimens, cannot be relied upor. as the losses in the built up cores of actual machines are in- variably more than the losses obtained laboratory tests. In order to take addi- tional iron losses into account the losses a8 obtained from iron loss curves must be 1 multiplied by a factor which is 1°4 to 1°6 for d.c. machines, 1" to-1°4 for induction motors, 1°4 to 1°6 for salient pole synchro- nous machines and 1°15,f0 1°25 for turbo... tyes alternator. ; ‘As pointed out earlier the two lomes Fig "439" “tate Creed $—Grade 96 4 Grade 92 é.e, byteresis and eddycurrent losses may " ‘qrieated) 0°35 mm thick, wikg 3 ‘Specitic won toss = ‘MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 149 be taken as proportional to Bet. (See Eyn. 4°57). But even fur same flux density the gpecific iron loss greater for teeth than core. At 50 Hz the specific iron loss may PimaBnt Wikg ++(4°58) 25 | {> Bo 2. 83 2 4 Bo , ol | 0807 OSS Bm—e woJm? 1-Grade 48 2-Grade 51 3-Grade 56 4-Grade 62 Fig. 430. Loss curves of Electrical sheet steel (oriented) 0-33 mm thick when ‘a’ is a constant whose values are given below : Machine Port AC. Core Teeth De. Core Teeth [At flux densities above 1°6 W/m the losses increase rapidly above the values calcula- ted by Eqn. 4°58. 46, Pulsation Losses, In a rotating electrical machine, the armatures are slotted and aa a result when the rotor moves (hare are rapid changes of local gap relurtanos. This chan ie“ Gluctance gives rise to flux pulsations #.e. changes in the air gap flux a condition which in aces additional losses called pulsation losses jn the teeth and pole faces. This effect is Pomsiderably aggravated if the length of air gap is small as compared with slot openings. Slotting ao produces harmonic fields which cause high frequency lostes near the gap surface. These Tomes may sometimes be considerable (as in the case of induction motors) although they arg difficult to calculate, 130 ELECTRICAL MACHDIE DESIGN Example 411, Calculate the specific iron loss in a apecimen of alloy steal fur a maxi swum flu density on 3:2 Wh/m* and a frequency of 50 Hz, using O'S mm thick sheets. The resistivity of alloy steel is 0°3% 10-* Om. The density ia 78x 108 *. Hysteresis lose in tach oyele 6 00°) m’- ve ‘alms Solution, From Eqn. 4°53, eddy current loss pL FEE gine = SLE Wie m? x 508 X 1°28 (0'5 x 10-9)", FIX 1OX TEX 107 0°83 Wike Hysteresis loss pr PX S0 = 2'564 Wiig at 50 He. Tot. Iron loss Pe=2'564-+0°633—63°2 Wiig. le 4:12. A specimen of cold rolled grain oriented #'3 mm thick stampings has a resistiolty of O'Sy10-* Om. The published hysteresis loop ie easentially rectangular in forms, with a eovrcive force of 1- Alm forall alues of peak fius denatice upto 1°6 Wola. The manufacturer quotra the iron lose in the material as 12 W/kg, with a sinusoidal flue density 10 Wom? (peak) at 100 Hz. Caloulate the loss in the material from ite properties and compare it with the quoted value. The mass density is 7650 kg/m, Solution, The material ix subjected to a peak flux density of 1Wb/m* and therefore the value of co-ercive force is 12 A/m for all values of fiux densities to which the material is subjected. The hysteresis loop is thus a rectangle with sides 2X12=24 A/m and 2x1 =2Wb/m*. Loss per cycle=area of hysteresis loop==24 x 2=48 W-s/m*. Hypteresis loss at 100 Hz, 48 x10. 7650 ° From Eqn, 4°53 eddy current loss, ye wif Batt* EERE ime ELE Wee at*X(100}* x (1°0)8 (03 X 10-2)" ga Gx "5x 10x 7650 =0'987 Wiks Total specific iron loss pi=0°627-+0°387=1°014 W/kg. ‘The calculated iron loss is smaller than the quoted, — ‘=0°627 W/kg Example 4-13, The hysteresis lone in a sample of iron was fowhd to be £9 Wig at a seruency of f= 60 Hs and ata masinum fas density of Bo = 1W0/m?_(a) Coleultetherefiom the ie in the expression, jele=m “ fem specific gravit; ir M foie the Toes. per by at e288 He and a flux density Bux 1'8 Wo/m*, 'y af irom ia 76, Selution. Specific gravity of iron=7°5, o Density of iron=7500 lkg/m* (MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 13 Energy loss duc to hysteresis By!'? J/m*. ‘Hysteresis iron loss (power) /kg pac=n Bn?” X 7500 wi) Itis given that the hysteresis iron loss ps at f-=50 We and Bus Wh/m? is 4°9 W/kg. o 4-9=m x (50) x (1) 7500 or = 1307 1078, Hence, hytercsis loss per kg at 25 Hz and a flux density of 1°8 Wb/m? is : Pan {Bre 7X7500= 1307 X 10-# X25 x (1°8)F x 7500 = 6°66 Wikg. Example 414. A laminated iron cylinder ie rotated in a magnetic fee loss is 250 W at 600r p.m. and 312 W at 712 ¢.p.m. Find the loss if the la twice aa thick, the induction density increased by 20% and the speed were 720 r-p.m. Steinmetz co-efficient ax 1°6. Solytion, The frequency of pulsations is proportional to rotational speed. Let WV be the speed in r.p.m. and Vs be the volume of iron. Rep Bmtt? From Eqn. 4.53, eddy current loss Poel be ve _RAIN'B att 6p =KJN* whore f= AN and A is a constant since the frequency of flux pulsations is directly proportional to the speed of rotation. % From Eqn. 4'51, hysteresis loss Pa= Kif Bab Ve= KaAN Lye!V = Kx where Ke’ and Ka’ are constants if By and ¢ remain constant, J. Total iron loss Pe=Ke'N*-4+K'N Substituting the values of Ps and N in the above expression 500=K,' (480)*+Kx’ (480) oli) 312=K. (600)*-+Ka’ (600) From relations (i) and (i) E,'=0'00104, Ky’ =0 5425 ‘The hysteresis loss increases in direct proportion frequency (which is proportional to speed in this case), lux density raised to power 1°6 and is independent of the thickness of lami- The eddy current loss on the other hand increases in proportion to flux density squared, frequency squared and square of the thickness of laminations. y ‘+, Total loss Bn increased by 20%, thickness increased to twice the original value and N=720 r-p.m. P¢=0°00104 (720)* x (1°2)# X224-0°5425 x (720) x (1°2)!" "= 3622 W, MAGNETIC LEAKAGE CALCULATIONS 47, Effects of Leakage Flux, Tt has already been stated that it is impossible to confine all the flux to useful paths ; there being always a leakge flux. 152 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN If the leakage flux alternates, it will induce voltage in any winding with which it links. This is known as the leakage reactance voltage. The reactance corresponding ta, this voltage plays an important part in the performance of a.c. machines, In d.c. machines, the leakage flux passing in non-useful paths affects the field excitation of the machines. ‘The excitation has to be increased to compensate for loss of ux, Although the leakage flux is constant with time but during commutation it is reversed when the coil currents are reversed, giving rise to reactance voltage. This reactance voltage opposes the change in current and makes the commutation difficult. ‘The estimation of leakage flux is difficult owing to the complex geometry leakage paths. imposible to get very accurate results as no amount of mathematics can define com- plexity of Icakage flux. Normally the results obtained are checked against experimental data. 48, Specific Permeance. The leakage flux can be assumed to consist of flux tubes of lensth y and a constant width 8z along the effective depth or length J. of the field as shown in Fig. 4°31 (a). 8x () in two dimensions Permeance of a tube 3A =p ; (In this case only reluctance of the path through air has been considered and the reluc- tance of flux path through iron path has been neglected). ‘+. Permeance of whole field +f L sn Ln fe = (4°59) Specific permeance is defined as permeance per unit length or depth of field. <. From Eqn, 4°59, Specific permeance A= sepy (4°60) If the lergth of tubes is constant over a height h as in Fig. 4°31 (6) a. do} . Specie permeance rmme [ane (4°61) a ‘MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 153 Eqn. 4°61 is based upon the assumption that the, mmf is constant aver all flux tubes as the integration is carried out, The above expressions for specific permcance have to be modified if whole of the leakage flux does not link with all the turns.” The analysis for this case is done below : Let T=total number of turns, Je=current in cach conducter, =effcctive flux; this fux is a hypothetical flux which is assumed to link with all the 7 turns producing same number of flux linkages as are produced by ‘actual arrangement of winding and field effective fux, © total mmf __7o total flux linkages (PNT) Total turns x total mmf 4°62) The flux linkages of the actual arrangement can be found by dividing the flux into infitesimal parts ds, each represented by a line or tube of force linking with T's turns. Flux linkages of 7 turns=7's d®e Total flux linkages of winding=[ 740. Now A meffective permeance= but, d0,=mmf producing this fux x permeance of infinitesimal part de =HTaxpol =. xm de Total flux linkages Tex btaxpal . ena | tet = : By denfition of effective permeance (Eqn. 4°62) : a jm total ux linkages pte my total turns X total mmf TT) Pe \' de | il F)S wey A Te \* de

    You might also like