Microbiology :

Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
Adelina Manurung
Institut Teknologi Del
Outline

Definition
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells:
Similarities and Differences
Prokaryotic Diversity
Eukaryotic Diversity

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Definition

Prokaryotic Pro means before

Eukaryotic Eu means true

Karyon = Nucleus

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Cont

Prokaryote: single-celled organisms, and

all are bacteria.

Eukaryote: single-celled or multi-cellular

organisms

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Similarities and differences
Properties Eukaryot Prokaryot
Nucleus surrounded by a nuclear Not surrounded by
membrane nuclear membrane
Mitochondria yes No mesosom
ER Yes, rough and smooth No
Plasmid No Yes
Golgi complex Yes No
Ribosom 80S 70S
Chloroplast Yes in plant No
Cell wall Cellulose, chitin Peptidoglykan
RNA and Proteinsynthese RNA in nucleus and In Cytoplasma
Proteinsynthese in
Cytoplasma
Find in: Algae, Protista, Fungi, Archaea and bacteria
Plant and animal
Size
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and from 1.0 60 m in
length
What is the similarity between....

They have :Plasma membrane, DNA and

cell wall (plant cells)

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Classification

PROKARYOT
Brock, 2000

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Prokaryot

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 Brock, 2000

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 The Cell Wall
Lies outside the cell membrane in
nearly all bacteria

Two important functions:

1. Maintains the characteristic shape
2. Prevents the cell from bursting
when fluids flow into the cell by
osmosis
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 Components of Bacterial Cell Walls
Peptidoglycan (murein): The single most
important component

This polymer is made up of two

alternating sugar units:
1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

The sugars are joined by short peptide

chains that consist of four amino acids
(tetrapeptides)
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 PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

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 3D VIEW

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Peptidoglykan

Brock, 2000

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 Teichoic Acid

An additional component found in cell

walls of gram-positive bacteria
Consists of glycerol, phosphates, and
ribitol (sugar alcohol)
This polymer extends beyond the rest of
the cell wall
Two functions:
1. Attachment site for bacteriophages
2. Passageway for movement of ions in/out
of cell
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Gram Positive

Brock, 2000

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 Outer Membrane (OM)

A bilayer membrane found in gram-

negative bacteria
Forms the outermost layer of the cell
wall; is attached to the peptidoglycan by
a continuous layer of lipoprotein
molecules
Proteins called porins form channels
through the OM
OM has surface antigens and receptors
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
An important component of the OM

Also called endotoxin; used to ID gram-

negative bacteria

Released when the cell walls of bacteria are

broken down

Consists of polysaccharides and Lipid A

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 LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

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Periplasmic Space

The area between the cytoplasmic membrane

and the plasma membrane in gram-negative
bacteria

Active area of cell metabolism

Contains the cell wall, digestive enzymes and

transport proteins

Gram-positive bacteria lack both an OM and a

periplasmic space
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 Brock, 2000

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 Gram Stain

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell.

Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave

Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
in peptidoglycan.
CV-I washes out For further details and
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Shape of Bacteria

Average size: 0.2 -1.0 m 2 - 8 m

Three basic shapes
1. Bacillus, -i
2. Coccus, -i
3. Spirals (Vibrio,
Spirillum, Spirochete)
Most monomorphic, some pleomorphic
Variations in cell arrangements (esp. for cocci)
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Spiral

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Coccus

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Eukaryot

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 FUNGI

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

Zygomycetes

Oomycetes

Deuteromycetes

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ALGAE

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PROTOZOA
Unicellular
Lack cell walls, colerless and motile
Are distinguished from prokaryotes by their
eukaryotic nature and greater size, from algae by
their lack of chlorophyll, from yeast and fungi by
their motility and absence of a cell wall and from
molds by their lack of fruiting body formation
The group of protozoa consist of: Mastigophora,
Euglenoids, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa
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References

Madigan, Et al. Brock- Biology of Microorganisms. Ninth Edition. 2000.

Prentice Hall International Inc. New Jersey
Microbiology. 2005. John Wiley and Son

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Next Week...

Nutrisi,Media Tumbuh dan

Metabolisme Mikroba

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 Thank You

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