Machine Parameter

RPM (Speed)
RPM means Revolutions Per Minute. For example- In case of Winch machine,
Winch Speed 150-250 rpm must be maintained.

Time
The time for dyeing also the vital one. A specific time adjusted with the
temperature, very much needed for better dyeing. For this reason color dosing
takes place in 20 minutes ( may very process to process) & specific run time is set
for dyeing.
Temperature
Temperature of the dye bath plays vital role for dyeing. Rise in temperature has a
large effect on an increase in the diffusion rate of dyes into fabrics. Increasing of
temperature increases the rate of dyeing & of the dye migration. Higher dyeing
temperature ensures the good leveling & better penetration of dye into the
fibers. But the temperature depends on the types of dyes adapted in the dye
bath.

For example- in case of Hot brand dyestuff the dosing temperature of dye is 80C
and for cold brand dye temperature is kept 60C.
Liquor Ratio
Dye bath exhaustion increases with the decreasing of liquor ratio. Dyeing at low
liquor ratio decreases the amount of waste dyes and chemicals in the effluent.
Because higher liquor ratio greater the amount of g/l chemicals which increases
the volume of effluent. To get rid from this problem then air flow dyeing machine
is getting popular in our country which can dyeing at 1:3 Materials : Liquor ratio.
But in case of jet dyeing machine it can possible up to 1:5 Materials : Liquor ratio.

Pressure

Capacity

Process Parameter
pH
In case of most popular fiber reactive dyes, a high pH actually activates the
cellulose (Cotton) fiber, forming a cellulosed anion, which can then attack the dye
molecule, leading to a reaction that produces a strong, permanent covalent bond.
Without a high pH, the dye will not fix permanently to the cellulose fiber. For this
reason Sodium Carbonate is used for no other reason than to increase the pH of
the dye reaction, so that the fiber will react with the dye. Basically during the
color addition, the pH of the bath remains at near about 6, but after adding alkali
it goes rise to pH 11.4 & this is the critical stage in which the dye molecules fix up
with the fiber.

Water Hardness
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in presence of some materials the foam
creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam this condition of
water is called water hardness. In this situation the cleaning efficiency of decreses
dramatically.

If found hardness in water, it must be soften before use. Two ways are practicing:

Undergo the hard water in appropriate process.

Treating the hard water with sequestering agent.

Consequences of using hard water/problem caused by hard water in

wet processing:

Precipitation of soaps.
Re-deposition of dirt and insoluble soaps on fabric being washed. This can
caused yellowing and lead to unlevel dyeing and poor handling.
Precipitation of same dyes as Ca and Mg salt react with them.
Seale formation on equipment and in boilers and pipelines.
Decreased solubility of sizing agent.
Coagulation of some types of printing paste.
In compatibility with chemical in finishing recipes.
Decomposition of belching bath.
In mercerization form insoluble melt oxide and reduce absorbency and
lusture .

Color Selection

RPM (Speed)

Time

Temperature

Liquor Ratio

Pressure
Capacity

Material Parameter
Weave Plan

Organic Cotton/Inorganic Cotton

Crimp%

GSM
Grey fabric GSM should be lower than finished GSM. In case of knitting fabric at
least 15% weight will increase during wet processing. Grey GSM will depend on
the shade %, Lycra %, type of yarn used & type of finishing required for that
particular fabric. For light shade stitch length will be more than deep shade.

Twist

Count
If Count(Ne) is high, compactness of the fabric is more & feeder no. of machine is
lower than fabric spirality & shrinkage will be less. Yarn count & m/c gauge are
related to each other & if those two factors are not matched then faults will be
occurred on the fabric. For example, 20s for 20G/18G, 30s for 24G, 40s/28G will
lower spirality & shrinkage.

Shade %
In case of wet processing, shade must be developed in the dyeing laboratory &
should be approved by the buyer. The recipe that is developed in lab is used by
reducing in quantity for bulk production. Because dye pick up % is always high in
dyeing m/c. Shade should be kept in deeper condition before dropping of dye
liquor from dyeing m/c because shade should be lighter during soaping.
Mixing/Blending

Country Of Origin
Country of origin (COO) is the country of manufacture, production, or growth
where an article or product comes from. There are differing rules of origin under
various national laws and international treaties. The effects of country of origin
labeling on consumer purchasing have been extensively studied. The country of
origin effect is also known as the "made-in image" and the "nationality bias.
Research shows that consumers' broad general perceptions of a country,
including of its national characteristics, economic and political background,
history, traditions, and representative products, combine to create an overall
image or stereotype that is then attached to the products of that country. This
image has a significant influence on consumer perceptions and behaviours and in
situations in which additional information is unavailable or difficult to get can be
the sole determinant of whether or not someone buys a product. Its effect is
strongest on consumers who don't know much about the product or product
type, and weakest on consumers who are well-informed. Sensitivity to country of
origin varies by product category. It is strongest for durable goods and luxury
goods and weakest for "low involvement" product categories such as shampoo
and candy. In various studies it has also been proven that the Country-of-Origin
Effect also applies to services.

Chemical Parameter
Chemical Concentration

Strength

PH Of NaOH

Chemical Structure
Country Of Origin

Mfg. Date
The manufacture date (Mfg.) printed on the label is the date the product was
produced in compliance with Good Manufacturing (GMP) regulations.

Exp. Date
The expiration date (Exp.) printed on the label is the last date a product should be
ingested.