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Xử Lý Nước Thải Chi Phí Thấp (NXB Xây Dựng 2010) - Lều Thọ Bách, 393 Trang PDF
Xử Lý Nước Thải Chi Phí Thấp (NXB Xây Dựng 2010) - Lều Thọ Bách, 393 Trang PDF
CHI PH THP
(Ti bn)
c . s . TS. DIM1TRI. X A N T H O U L IS
i hc N n u nu h i p G e m b l o u x ( F U S A G x )
2. Passage d c s D p o r t c s B - 5 0 3 0 G e m b l o u x , Bi
TS. J E A N T I L L Y ( F U S AG x )
TS. N A T H A L I K K O N D E K ( H US A Gx )
TS. M A R C \ V A U T H E L E T ( R I S A G x )
TS. P H I L I P P E B E R G E R O N ( F U S A G x )
TS. L U TH BCH
i h c X y d n g ( H U C E )
V i n Kh o a h c v K thut M i trnu (I ES E)
55, nii Gii p h n g , M N i , Vi t N a m
TS. x a n ; y n g i o n g ( S WU S T )
( S .T S . H A N S BRIX
Di l c Aa r h u s ( A U )
Khoa Kh o a hc Sinh hc ,
O l c W o m i s Allc. B u i l di n g l 135, 8 0 0 0 rlius, c , a n M c h
rw C A R L O S A R I A S ( A U )
NH XUT BN XY DNG
H NI - 2 0 1 0
Tp th cc tc gi xin g ti chng trinh E U A sm -Link, Uy ban Chu Au
li cm n su sc v s ti trquy bu trong qu trnh thc hin d n Xy dng
chng trnh v gio trnh o to bc co hc v x l nc thi chi ph thp
V N /A sia - L in k /1 2 (113128).
D n c thc hin thnh cng nh s hp tc gn b, hiu qu v y
nhit tnh ca cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim trong lnh vc nghin cu mi
trng t cc nc B, V itN am , TrungQuc uanM ch,
LI NI U
3
DANH MC CC K HIU VIT TT
4
TNG QUAN V NC THI - H THNG
THOT NC V X L NC THI
5
C nhiu loi nc thi vi thnh phn, tnh cht khc nhau v cng c nhiu loi hnh cng
ngh v k thut x l lm gim tc ng tiu cc ca ne thi ti mi trng tip nhn.
Theo ngun gc pht sinh, nc thi c th c phn loi theo bn loi hnh nh sau:
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi thng mi;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc ma chy b mt.
Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi pht sinh ch yu t cc h gia nh, khu vn phng,
trng hc, v nhng ngun tng t, c gi l nc thi v sinh hoc nc thi sinh
hot. N c th bao gm nc thi t cc x nghip cng nghip trong trng hp nc
thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip c thu gom chung trong mt h thng thot
nc chung ca th.
Nc thi thng mi: Nc thi k h n g cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi t cc
khu thng mi, c thnh phn chnh tng t nh nc thi sinh hot, tuy nhin cng
c th c mt hoc mt s' cht c nng ln hn so vi trong nc thi sinh hot in
hnh. Loi hnh nc thi ny cng bao gm nc thi pht sinh t cc c s dch v n
ung, c s git l c trang b khng qu bn my git, c s nui gia sc, gia cm
(chung tri, trm th y, c s chn nui), dch v chm sc sc kho, vi iu kin l
khng cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi v cht thi cng nghip.
Nc thi cng nghip: Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, thng mi, khai
khong, cc hot ng ti khu lm nghip, bao gm c nc chy b mt v nc r t
cc khu tip nhn rc thi v cc kho lu tr hng thng mi, cng nghip v tt c cc
loi nc thi khc, nu khng c nh ngha l ne thi sinh hot.
Nc ma chy trn b mt: Nc chy trn c ngun gc t nc mua, tuyt tan,
nc ma thot trn h ng ph, w ...; y l phn nc khng thm qua t v chy
trn trn mt ng, t, v c thu gom vo cc h thng thot nc thnh ph hoc
chy vo cc ngun nc mt.
1.2.1. c im v lu lng
Lu lng nc thi l mt thng s quan trng trong vic thit k la chn quy m
v loi hnh cng ngh x l, thm ch c vic la chn h thng thot nc chung hay
ring. Lu lng nc thi c th c biu th bng lu lng c trng, l lu lng
6
trong mt ngy m, lun lng ti hn (cc i v cc tiu), cc h s v s dao ng
ca lu lng nc thi theo ngy, thng, v nm.
i vi h thng thot nc chung (kt hp thot nc thi v nc ma), cc thng
s c khuyn co s dng nh sau [theo Weber. Vandevenne v Edeline, 2002]:
Q m - lu lng c trng trong ma kh:
7
Cn lng cc phn t cn l lng c th lng, tch khi phn l lng bi trng lc
trong iu kin tnh.
Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS) - cc cht rn hu c hoc v c, dng tan nhng khng
loi b c bng phng php lc. TDS bao gm cc anion, cation, phn t v cc phn
t keo c kch thc nh b. Cc cht rn ho tan lm cho nc c kh nng dn in.
c thng s biu th trng thi vn c ca nc, gy ra bi cc phn t dng l lng.
mu Mu (nu nht, xm, en, w ...) l thng s c th nhn bit c bng mt.
mu lin quan trc tip ti pH v ch s DO (hm lng xy ho tan) trong ne v cho
php nh gi tnh trng nhim ca nc thi (sch hay b nhim bn t b t hoi).
Nhit (c hoc F) - thng s quan trng s dng trong thit k trm x l nc
thi bi n c nh hng ti cc qu trnh x l sinh hc, ho sinh din ra trong nc.
Nhit ca nc thi thay i tu thuc cc khong thi gian khc nhau trong nm v
a im.
dn in (EC) dn in nh gi kh nng nc truyn dn cc dng in v
c lin quan trc tip ti hm lng tng cht rn ho tan.
Cc thng s ho hc
Tng N i t (TN) thng s i din cho tt c cc dng tn ti ca Nit trong nc,
bao gm hm lng ammonia t d (NH4+), nit hu c (Org-N), nitrit (NO 2 ) v nitrat
(NO3'); tng nit Kjeldahl (TKN) l tng hm lng nit hu c v ammoni t do.
Tng Phtpho (TP) - thng s i din cho tt c cc dng Phtpho tn ti trong
nc; l tng ca hm lng phtpho hu c v phtpho v c.
pH thng s nh gi tnh axt hay kim ca dung dch vi dung mi l nc.
kim thng s biu th s c mt ca cc ion bicarbonat, carbonat v hydroxit c
trong thnh phn ca nc.
Clorua Cl') thng s nh gi kh nng ti s dng nc thi trong nng nghip.
Sunfat (S 0 4) - thng s nh gi kh nng pht sinh kh (ch yu l kh H2S, c mi
trng thi) v c th nh hng ti cng on x l bn cn hnh thnh trong qu trnh
x l nc thi.
Cc nguyn t kim loi v d nh As, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mg, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se,
Na, v Zn c o nh gi kh nng ti s dng nc thi v nh hng ca cc kim
loi nng trong qu trnh x l. Thnh phn vi lng ca cc nguyn t kim loi c vai
tr quan trng trong qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi.
Kh - cc thnh phn kh c sinh ra do cc qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht c trong
nc thi hoc tn ti trong bn thn nc thi, v d nh 0 2, C 0 2, H2S, NH3, v CH4.
BOD thng s biu th nhu cu xy sinh ho trong 5 ngy, c trng bi lng xy
cn thit cho cc vi khun xy ho sinh ho cc cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc c
trong mt om v th tch nc thi trong thi gian 5 ngy iu kin 20c. BOD5 c
8
biu th bng n v mg/L, v c s dng ph bin nh mt thng s nh gi mc
nhim nc thi bi cc cht hru c, hay hm lng cht hu c d b xy ha sinh
ha trong nc thi.
COD nhu cu xy ha hc, c trng cho lng xy cn thit (tnh bng mg/L)
xy ha ha hc cc cht hu c c trong nc thi bng ichromat (cht xy ha
mnh) trong mi trng axit. Thc t cho thy, mt trong nhng u im ca vic ng
dng thng s ny l th nghim o COD c th tin hnh nhanh trong thi gian khong
2,5h ( nhit 140C).
BODx thng s c trng cho tng lng xy ha tan trong nc thi, cn thit
vi khun thc hin qu trnh xy ha sinh ha cc hp cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc
tnh cho mt n v th tch nc thi, cho n khi qu trnh h hp kt thc. N th
hin tng lng cht hu c c th phn hy sinh hc trong nc thi.
BODco/COD - t l BODoo/COD th hin kh nng phn hu sinh hc ca cc cht
hu c trong mu nc thi (hay kh nng ng dng phng php sinh hc trong x l
nc thi). Khi t l ny gim, c ngha l hm lng cc hp cht hu c kh phn hu
sinh hc tng ln trong mu nc thi (v d nh: xenlul, linhin, tanin, bi th, w ...)
[Weber, Vandevenrie v Edline, 2002].
Gi tr BODoo/COD ca mt s loi hnh nc thi:
- Nc thi sn xut ng: 0,82.
- Nc thi l m gia sc, gia cm: 0,67.
- Nc thi sinh hot: 0,5.
- Nc thi git l: 0,38.
Du, m thng xut hin nhiu trong nc thi, bao gm cc cht bo, cc loi
du, cc cht sp v cc hp cht tng t khc. Thut ng cht bo, du v m (FOG-
fats, oil, grease) trc y thng c s dng trong cc ti liu, hin nay c thay
bng du, m.
Cc thnh phn cht c trong nc thi c th cha mt s cc hp cht c gy
nh hng ti qu trnh sng ca cc vi sinh vt.
Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt
Faecal Coiform - cc vi khun sng trong ng rut cacc loi ng vt thuc
nhm mu nng. Ch tiu ny c trng cho mc nhimbn bi cc loi vi khun
gy bnh c ngun gc t phn. Cc vi khun Coliorm khng phi l dng vi khun gy
bnh in hnh.
Cc vi sinh vt khc - vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun sn, v cc loi virut c
trong cc cht thi, th hin mc nhim hay nhim bn c t ca nc thi. Cn
phi lu n cc vi sinh vt ny bi chng l ngun gc pht sinh dch bnh. Mt vi
chng loi c kh nng hnh thnh bo t v cc ti nang, c kh nng tn ti trong cc
9
iu kin bt li v sng lu, thm ch c th sinh sng trong c th ngi. Ty thuc
vo cng ngh v mc x l, cc vi sinh vt ny c th c x l trit hoc khng
trit . Cc ch tiu ny cn c kim sot trong nc thi sau x l, theo cc mc
ch: x ra ngun, ti s dng nc thi trong nng nghip v la chn cc loi cy
trng v phng php ti tiu.
Nc thi sinh hot c ngun gc pht sinh t cc h gia nh, cng trnh cng
cng v khu cng s. Thnh phn in hnh ca nc thi sinh hot c th tham kho
trong Bng 1.1.
Ti cc khu vc khng c h thng thot nc, b t hoi l mt cng trnh c s
dng ph bin. B t hoi s gi li cc cc cht cn lng trong nc thi v trong qu
trnh phn hy k kh xy ra trong b. Mt phn bn cn s c ht khi b hng nm
m bo duy tr hiu qu x l ca b. Thnh phn cc cht nhim c trng c
trong bn cn b t hoi, c ht v vn chuyn ti trm x l nc thi c nu
trong Bng 1.2.
Nc thi cng nghip - tnh cht ca. nc thi cng nghip rt a dng do thnh
phn v nng cc cht nhim rt khc nhau. Nc thi t cc loi hnh cng nghip
nh ha du, ch bin thc phm, bia ru v ha cht thng c hm lng cc hp
cht hu c ln, ch s BOD, cht rn l lng v cht rn ha tan cao; pH, mi v cc
hp cht sunfua thng bin i (Bng 1.3). Nc thi ca cc nh my ha cht thng
cha nhiu cc hp cht c hi (nh thuc tr su, thuc dit c, phenol, w ...) c hi
i vi cc vi sinh vt trong nc, ngay c khi cc loi cht c ny tn ti vi nng
nh trong nc.
Nng
Cht nhim n v
Thp Trung bnh Cao
Tng lng cht rn (TS) mg/L 350 720 1.200
10
Bng 1.1. (tip theo)
Nng
Cht nhim n v
Thp Trung bnh Cao
Nitrit mg/L 0 0 0
Nitrat mg/L 0 0 0
Sulat mg/L 20 30 50
kim (theo CaC03) mg/L 50 100 200
00
00
Tng Coliorm MPN/lOOmL 106- I07
0
1
1
Ngun: Weber, Vandevenne v Edline, 2002
Bng 1.3. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi cng nghip
Hp cht d Cht hu c
Ngnh cng BOD TSS Du v M Kim loi
bay hi kh phn
nghip (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) nng (mg/L)
(mg/L) hu (mg/L)
Phenol
Ha du 100 + 300 100-250 200 + 3.000 Asen, St Sulfit
0 -2 7 0
Amonia
Crom
Thuc da 1.000 + 3.000 4.000-6.000 50 + 850 Sulfit
300+1.000
100 + 200
Sn xut
200 + 6.000 : 0 + 3.500
chai l
11
Bng . 3 (tip theo)
Du v Hp cht Cht hu
BOD TSS Kim loi
Ngnh cng M d bay c kh
nng
nghip (mg/L) (mg/L) hi phn hu
(mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L)
Chng ct Amnia
600 + 32.000 200 + 30.000
ru, ng 5 -4 0 0
Ch bin
100 -- 7.000 30 + 7.000
thc phm
Phenol
Giy 250-15.000 500 + 100.000 Selen, Km
0 -8 0 0
Asen, Phenol
Ho cht 500 + 20.000 1.000+'170.000 0 + 2.000
Canxi, Bari 0 + 5.000
H thng thot nc ring l h thng trong nc thi sinh hot v/hoc nc thi
sn xut c thu gom, vn chuyn trong mt h thng ring vi h thng thot nc
ma. H thng thu gom nc thi sinh hot v/hoc nc thi sn xut thng c gi
l h thng thot nc thi v sinh; h thng thu gom nc ma c gi l h thng
thot nc ma.
1.4.1. i vi mi trng
12
trng trong nc, dn ti s suy giam lne xv c irong nc v gy hin tng ph
dng trong ngun nc. V vy, loi b cc hp cht hu c v v c trong nc thi
trc khi x ra ngun, l mc ch u ticn nhm tin ti mt mi trng bn vng, gi
c h o m i tr ng tr o n g s ch c h o c c th h hm nay v trong tng lai.
1.4.2. i vi sc kho
1.5. X L NC THI NH TH NO
13
vic x thi qu mc lng cht hu c (gy nh hng tiu cc ti qu trnh dinh
dng) vo ngun tip nhn, l sng hoc ngun nc ngm.
i vi cc h gia nh, bin php XLNT ph bin nht l b t hoi. Trong cc thnh
ph, mt trong nhng phng php x l hiu kh hiu qu nht l qu trnh x l sinh
hc bng bn hot tnh, nh vo vic duy tr v ti tun hon hn hp sinh khi c
hnh thnh bi cc vi sinh vt c kh nng hp th v phn hy cc hp cht hu c c
trong nc thi. Phng php x l sinh hc k kh cng c s dng rng ri
XLNT cng nghip v bn cn.
Ty theo phm vi phc v, XLNT c th tin hnh n l (cc b) trong tmg i
tng thi nc (nh dn, cng s) hoc tin hnh x l chung cho mt s h dn c
kt ni bng h thng thot nc. Trong mt s trng hp, x l cc b cng c th
ng dng hoc kt hp trong h thng x l nc thi chung. Chu u, x l n l
bng b t hoi thng c tin hnh s b trc khi x nc thi vo h thng cng
thot nc chung.
Trong mt vi trng hp cn thit hoc cho php s dng cc cng ngh XLNT khc
vi cch tip cn mi l nhm ti sn xut trong t nhin nh cnh ng ngp nc nhn
to, cc h sinh hc n nh nc thi. Nhng cng ngh v cng trnh n gin ny
trong nhiu trng hp li t ra ph hp hn nhng quy trnh x l hin i i hi chi
ph cao.
Mt s h thng XLNT hin i c kh nng lm sch trit nc thi, v d nh h
thng vi lc, cng ngh mng; tuy nhin mc thch hp ca cc loi cng ngh ny
ph thuc mc ch ca qu trnh x l nc thi. V d nh: nc thi sau x l c
ti s dng khi phc li tng cha nc hay trong nng nghip, trong nui trng
thu sn.
14
Hu ht cc h gia dinh v
khu cng s c trang b h
thng ng nc hay khng?
C
Ti c sn h (hng thu
gom nc thi hay khng?
C th x ra bin, m khng
C Mt dn c v xy dng gy nh hng xu ti mi
c qu thp hay khng? trng v h sinh thi ven
bin hoc cng, vnh gn
C Kh hu 0 kh hay
t hoi va bi tho hay khng?
v bc hi nc khng? i ng nhn s c chuyn
mn va k nng qun l c-
Khng
khng?
Khng Liu t c thm
nc hay khng?
C sn t ai c gi tr
, C kinh t thp hay khng?
,C th x ra ngun tip
dc mt t C Mc nc ngm theo* nhn (h nc, sng, va
c ln hay khng? ma c Cc 0 khng? san h, w...) l mi trng
Ngun in cao th s dng
nhay cm vi cc nguyn t
c chi ph qu t hay khng?
C inh dng hay khng?
Khng
C
Liu t c thm nc
B t hoi v
cha nc th? hay khng? oi b cc nguyn'
l thng tiu nc,
t dinh dng
Mc nc ngm theo ma
c cao hay khng? Dng nc thi sau x l
c tip xc trc tip vi
con ngi hay khng?
__________ Khng
(x i nc, thai) Dng nc thi sau x l
trong t
c c kh nng ti s
dng hay khng?
Hnh 1.3. Quy trnh la chn phng php XLNT sinh hot.
Vic XLNT cho cc khu vc dn c nh thc t khng n gin hn cc khu dn c
ln, do s dao ng ln v lu lng v thnh phn, tnh cht nirc thi, c th dn ti
nhng bt li nht nh. Dng nc thi t cc khu vc t dn c thng phi xt n cc
trng hp bt li nht v lu lng (lu lng cc i v cc tiu) cng nh s bin i
ln v ti lng cht bn trong dng thi nh hm lng cht rn l lng, cht hu c,
nit, phtpho, vv...
Trn hnh 1.3 minh ho cc bc tin hnh irong vic la chn cng ngh thch hp
v cc tiu chun lin quan trong quy trnh thit k. Cc yu t chnh trong vic xem
xt, la chn cng ngh XLNT sinh hot l hin trng ngun nc, hin trng mng li
thu gom nc thi, mt nh hay dn c, k nng qun l v vn hnh, iu kin sn
c ca t ai, chi ph in nng, c im ngun tip nhn v kh nng t lm sch ca
n, cc iu kin thu vn, kh hu v kh nng ti s dng dng nc thi sau x l
[UNEP, 19981.
1.7. MC X L NC THI
M c x l M c ch Cc c n g trnh
16
TI LIU THAM KHO
17
KHI NIM V H THNG x L NC
THI CHI PH THP
18
- t c mc x l c th chp nhn;
- Vn u t thp;
- Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp;
- Yu cu k nng vn hnh khng cao so vi cc cng ngh thng thng khc;
- Tui th di hn so vi tui th cc cng ngh x l c s dng cc thit b in - c kh;
- t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng tc xy dng, cc thit b in, c kh;
- Cng ngh/qu trnh x l n gin hiu qu x l n nh v lu di;
- Nhu cu bo dng v vn hnh t;
- C kh nng vn hnh c lp;
- C kh nng tun hon, ti s dng ti a nc sau x l v cc sn phm c ch t
cc cht gy nhim;
- p ng c nhu cu phc v i vi ngi dn c thu nhp thp v trung bnh
vng ngoi thnh;
- C thit k n gin, ph bin vi bt c quy m no t nh n ln.
Trong thc t, mt s cc h thng XLNT truyn thng (s dng bn hot tnh) cng
ng dng cng ngh da trn c s cc qu trnh phn hy v chuyn ha t nhin (cc
cng on x l sinh hc), Tuy nhin cc h thng ny khng c coi l "h thng
XLNT chi ph thp" v c nhu cu s dng in nng lin tc v ln dn n chi ph vn
hnh v bo dng cao.
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thm nhng u im l gim thiu cc tc ng n
mi trng v t nh hng n cc h sinh thi, c kh nng ng dng tt trong cc
iu kin mi trng nc, t v t ngp nc
X l trong mi trng nc
H sinh hc ty tin l dng cng trnh x l trong nc dc ng dng ph bin
nht. iu kin hiu kh c hnh thnh ti cc tng nc gn b mt, trong khi ti khu
vc y vi s c mt ca lp bn lng tch t to nn vng k kh. Ti cc tng nc
gia tn ti hn hp cc vng hiu kh phn pha trn v k kh phn pha y. Cc h
hiu kh thng nh v nng hn cc h ty tin. H hiu kh thng c b tr sau cc
h k kh hoc h ty tin nhm tng cng lm thong v thot kh hoc mi pht sinh
t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c.
X l tron g m i trng t
Bao gm cc h thng dng chy chm trn b mt t, dng thm chm v thm
nhanh ngm di mt t. Ngoi kh nng XLNT vi chi ph bo dng thp, cc h
thng ny cn c thm cc kh nng u vit khc nh cung cp nc b sung cho ngun
nc ngm, cho ti trng rng, cho nng nghip v hoc cho ng c nui sc vt. Hiu
qu x l ca cc h thng ny ph thuc vo cc phn ng sinh hc, ha hc, vt l
19
din ra trn v trong lng t. H thng dng chy b mt cn c cy trng thc vt
hp th cht dinh dng cng nh cc cht nhim ng thi lm tng thi gian lu
nc trong h thng v kh nng tip xc gia cc cht nhim vi t/ h thc vt. Cc
h thng thm chm v thm nhanh ngm di mt t l cc h thng "khng x" cc
dng chy ra rt him khi x trc tip ra sui hoc cc thy vc nc mt khc. Mi h
thng c kh nng lu gi nc/dng chy khc nhau ph thuc c tnh thm ca t.
X l trong mi trng t ngp nc
2 . 2 . 1 . u im
20
C h p h u t xy dng thp
i vi nhng khu vc c qu t vi gi t c th chp nhn c, vic u t xy
dng h thng XLNT chi ph thp s kinh t hn so vi cc h thng XLNT thng
thng c s dng cc thit b c kh. Khng s ng cc thit b x l phc tp gp
phn lm gim ng k gi thnh u t. Khi thit k h thng XLNT chi ph thp cn
quan tm ti cc c im ti v tr xy dng nh a hnh, a cht, ngun cp nc,
loi t, loi nc thi c x l v.v... La chn v tr vi cc c im thch hp s
lm gim c gi thnh xy dng.
C hi p h vn hnh thp
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng c chi ph vn hnh thp, gim thiu cc chi ph
s dng in nng v cc thit b, khng cn s dng ha cht. Cc bi lc thng c
thit k m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng. Nu a hnh khng thun
li, khng m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng th s cn n bm v lm
tng gi thnh vn hnh. H thng XLNT t nhin nu c thit k v xy dng hp l
c kh nng t duy tr v bo dng trong thi gian lu di. Nhn chung, mc d h
thng x l nc thi t nhin thng ch duy tr c hiu sut x l mt cch th ng
nhng gim thiu c cc nhu cu v thit b c kh, in nng, v cc yu cu cao v
k nng ca ngi vn hnh.
G im v hn c h ti thiu mi kh chu
Pht sinh mi kh chu l mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm khi lu gi v x l
nc thi, c bit nu v tr ca trm XLNT dc t gn nh dn. Cc bi lc thng t
hoc khng pht sinh mi kh chu.
D uy tr c kh nng XLNT vi ti lng nhim khng n nh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k mt cch hp l c kh nng t iu tit v
duy tr hiu sut x l i vi cc loi li lng nhim khc nhau ca nc thi. y
l u im ni bt ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp v cc thnh phn nhim trong
nc thi rt a dng v ch thi nc khng u, cc iu kin thi tit thay i, s
pht trin ca dn c trong lu vc hay s thay i quan l cc hot ng thng mi
trong lu vc lm thay i ng k ti lng nhim.
G im din tch t cn thit khi ti s dng nc thi
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng x l trit cc cht nhim. V vy, din
tch t cn thit cho vic ti s dng nc sau x l t cc bi lc nhn to t hn din
tch t cn thit khi trc tip s dng nc thi.
G im khi lng cht pht sinh trong qu trinh x l
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th gim ti thiu khi lng cc cht b loi v pht
sinh trong qu trnh x l. Lng bn/sinh khi d pht sinh t hn nhiu so vi cc qu
21
trnh x l th cp khc. Rt nhiu h thng XLNT chi ph thp khng lm pht sinh
bn d i hi phi x l tip theo hay tiu hy.
To cnh quan
Ty thuc vo thit k, v tr, v chng loi thc vt, cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c
bit l cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th lm ni bt phong cnh vi mu sc, b cc v
s a dng ca cc loi cy. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th tng cng khng gian,
din tch cy xanh trong th v kt hp c cc chc nng gii tr cng cng.
Tng cng a dng sinh hc
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng kin to mi trng tt thu ht mt s loi
ng vt hoang d n sinh sng v pht trin v lm tng thm li ch, s hp dn v du
lch cho khu vc.
2.2.2. Nhc im
Yu cu v sinh nh k lp bn lng
Bn lng v cc cht tr cn phi nh k c ly i. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th b lp y bi bn v cc cht rn lm tc dng chy trong h thng nu khi thit k
khng tnh n vic loi b rc v cc cht rn trc khi nc thi vo h thng. Tng
lng bn pht sinh s cao hn ti cc giai on vn hnh trong iu kin thi tit lnh
do nhit thp gy c ch cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV). V vy cn nh k
hng nm lm sch lng bn tch t v cc cht hu c trn b mt ca h thng.
Gi thnh xy dng
Vi iu kin a hnh thun li v cc c im t nhin khc nh loi t ph hp
s gim c chi ph u t xy dng ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp. Chi ph xy
dng s tng trong trng hp xy dng h thng ti cc khu vc c iu kin khng
thun li. Thc t cho thy i vi cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c xy dng ti cc
khu vc c iu kin mt bng, a hnh thay i, cn b sung hoc thay th t, b tr
cc vt liu lt chng thm, cn hot ng kt hp vi my bm, v.v... c th lm cho
gi thnh xy dng tng ng k.
22
nh hng bi cc iu kin thi tit
S thay i thi tit theo ma nh lnh, hn hn lm gim hiu sut x l ca h
thng. Cc s liu v s bin i ca thi tit trong nrn rt quan trng cn c cp
ti trong thit k v vn hnh h thng. Kh nng x l BOD, COD, v nit ca h thng
v bn cht l da trn cc qu trnh sinh hc nn v c bn c th c phc hi lin
tc. Phtpho, cc kim loi, v mt s hp cht hu c bn vng c x l trong h
thng bi cc qu trnh lng ng, tch t theo thi gian. iu kin kh hu lnh, nhit
thp vo ma ng lm gim tc x l BOD v cc phn ng sinh hc nitrat ha
v kh nitrat. Tng thi gian lu nc trong h thng c th nng c hiu sut x l,
nhng ng thi s lm tng din tch cng tc cn thit ca cc bi lc dn ti lm
gim hiu qu kinh t hoc tnh kh thi v mt k thut ca h thng.
Cc vn v m i
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng s dng cc cng on x l k kh c pht sinh
mi kh chu, lm tng nh hng ti cc khu dn c ln cn c bit trong iu kin thi
tit nng. V vy khi thit k cn cp ti khong cch li an ton ti cc khu dn c.
C th m t kh nng x l do s qu ti v cht rn hoc am nia
Trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp, aninia l thnh phn kh kim sot v d on
trc c trong nc u ra. Tinh trng nng amnia cao tn ti trong thi gian di
cng c th gy c ch s pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp.
H n ch ti s dng cht dinh dng i vi cy trng
Mt vi cht dinh dng c x l bng h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp khng
ti s dng c i vi t v cc sn phm cy trng.
S c m t ca cc ng vt v cn trng khng m ong mun
Mui v cc sinh vt, cn trng ly nhim c th l mt tr ngi nu khng kim sot
c s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt. Cc ng vt o bi cng c th l mt tr
ngi. S gia tng v s lng ca cc loi chim trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp c th
c tc ng bt li nu c sn bay gn .
Din tch t yu cu tnh theo dn s tng ng c th ln
Din tch t cn thit cho h thng XLNT chi ph thp c th ln, c bit nu phi
x l Iiit hay phtpho. Cc h thng x l c kh thng thng (v d bn hot tnh, cc
h thng lc nh git hay tip xc sinh hc quay) thng c u th v kh thi hn h
thng XLNT chi ph thp trong iu kin gii hn v din tch t s dng
0,5 -lrrr/ngi (dn s tng ng), so snh vi cc h thng x l t nhin
5 - lOrrr/ngi. Mt khc, kh nng ng dng cc h thng XLNT thng thng cn ty
thuc vo tim nng kinh t.
23
3 x L S B NC THI
24
(c)
()
C nhiu kiu thit b song chn, c th phn loi theo song chn th, song chn tinh
v vn hnh th cng hoc c gii (Hnh 3.2). Cc cht cht thi c loi khi nc
nh s phn loi kch thc vt l, nu cc vt th c kch thc nh hem th chng s
tri lt qua song chn v nu ln hn, chng s b chn, mc li trn song.
(3.1)
v*R R x(l-F f.)
Trong :
V - vn tc trung bnh ca nc thi chy qua song (m/s);
25
R r - t s din tch song chn, R r = Au, /A s (3.2)
Aki, - tng din tch khe h.
ng c
26
cng trnh x l tip theo. Cc thit b loi b ct c th c t sau song chn rc v
my nghin rc, trc trm bm nc thi.
B lng ct theo phng tip tuyn l thit b hinh tr. y hnh phu, c ng knh
t 3m n 8 m, v chiu cao mc nc t 3m n 5m. Nc thi c a vo trong
thit b theo phng tip tuyn (Hnh 3.4), nhm to ra chuyn ng xoy vi vn tc
dng chy m bo k c trong cc thi im c lun lng nc thi thp. Di tc
dng ca dng chy xoy, lc ly tm s y cc ht ct v cc tp cht c trng lng
ring ln v pha thnh b, ri xung phn y b. Ct lng s c a ra ngoi bng
bm ly tm hoc nh h thng p lc kh nn y vo b hoc trc tip vo trong thit
b tch ct. Nc thi sau khi tch ct, c thu ti mng thot b tr pha trn mng
dn dng vo b.
Knh dn nc vo
(theo phng php tip tuyn)
y b
dang phu
Cn gt ct
( y b)
Knh dn nc ra
27
Hnh 3.5. B lng ct thi kh. Hnh 3.6. Thit b lng ct chuyn ng vng (Xiclon).
B lng ct thi k h
Be lng ct thi kh hay mng lng ct thi kh, c dng hnh ch nht trn mt
bng, c p dng ph bin ti cc trm c cng sut ln. Mng c chiu di ln,
chiu rng hp, v kh su. Khng kh c cp vo mt bn thnh b di dng cc
bt kh ln to chuyn ng quay vung gc vi phng dng chy trong b. Cc ht
ct, nh dng chuyn ng xoy, s c tch, ra khi cc hp cht hu c dnh bm
vo chng, lng xung rnh thu ct (Hnh 3.5) v chy v h tp trung cui h thng.
Trong b hay mng, c th lp t thm h thng co cn ct d dng trt xung
rnh thu. B lng ct thi kh cn c cng dng lm thong s b v loi b du m.
Thit b xicloit
Thit b xiclon l mt dng cng trnh lng ct c chuyn ng vng v c s
dng kh ph bin trong x l nc thi cng nghip (Hnh 3.6).
28
Nguyn tc vn hnh
K thut thu hi m c th c vn hnh th cng nh trn hnh 3.7. Trn hnh 3.8
m t h thng thu hi m phc tp hn, c kt hp thi kh v khuy trn c hc.
Nc thi sau
khi qua song Nc thi
chn rc; 1 sau x l
i vo b
Nc thi i vo
29
Tnh ton cng trnh tch du m
Vn tc tnh tin theo phng ngang ca cc phn t c xc nh theo cng thc
v = Q/h.l. Theo dng chy hng ln gia cc tm vch nghing, vn tc ca cc phn
t c phng thng ng, hng ln v bin i dn do tc ng ca cc vch nghing.
V tm chn k tip s lm dng chuyn ng ca phn t, nn thi gian t phn t i
c mt on h s bng thi gian tn i c mt khong cch L gia hai tm chn:
L.h.l ,_C_Q o,
1H~td ~~ =
Vcl vn Q vd
Trong :
L - khong cch gia cc tm vch nghing [m];
s - din tch mt thong [m2];
h - v tr phn t du ti su (h) tnh t tm chn th nht [m];
h.l - mt ct ngang dng chy [m2];
t - thi gian cn thit phn t i c mt on h theo phng ng [s];
t - thi gian cn thit phn t i c mt qung ng L theo phng
ngang [s];
v- vn tc theo phng ng, hng ln ca phn t du trong khi cht lng [m/s];
Q - lu lng nc thi cn x l [m3/s].
x l dng nc thi c lu lng l Q, b phn tch cn mt din tch mt
thong ti thiu s bng t s ca lu lng Q vi vn tc V theo phng thng ng
ca phn t du trong khi cht lng. i lng vn tc dng hng ln V s dng
trong tnh ton c p dng vi phn t c vn tc nh nht trong tp hp ccphn t
cn thu hi. su h di tm chn v cc gi tr lin quan L v / (kch thc hnh
khi) khng nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh tch du m.
V d tnh ton
Bng 3.1 nu cc s liu tnh ton t mt trm ra xe t, vi kch thc cc phn t
c ng knh ln hon 0,25 mm.
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi cng nghip
30
Din tch mt thong n v 5 l din tch ca b cho php x l tng ng vi lu
lng nc thi l 1 L/s (10 '3 m3/s). Ly v d thu hi xng:
(3.4)
vd \'j . 22,5
Din tch mt thong n v i vi cn du xp xi bng 0,1 m2. Din tch mt thong
ca b lng cn du ln hn so vi b phn tch, v vy, t yu cu v thi gian lng
cn thit ca cc phn t cn trong b.
Bng 3.2. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi t mt trm ra xe
Tnh cho mt xe t Tnh cho mt xe but, xe ti, xe ko...
Th tch du (L ) 1 2
Th tch cn du (L ) 10 20
31
Chiu cao mng thu = 0,560/(1 X 1,9) = 0,3m.
Tnh ton, thit k h cha bn cn:
400 xe t = 10 X 400 = 4000L;
30 xe ti = 30 X 20 = 600L;
Tng dung tch = 4,6m3;
Chiu cao: Nu mng dn nc vo v ra khi b c chiu rng 0,15 m (din
tch cng tc 2,3m2), th chiu ca h cha bn s c tnh bng 2 m (4,6/2,3).
V vy, nn thit k b tch bn cn ring v t trc b tch du m, ng thi
thit k phn cn lng trong b tch du c chiu cao l 0,15 m.
Vy tng chiu cao ca b tch du m l 1,18 m (0,73 + 0,3 + 0,15).
3.6. IU HA NC THI
Cc cht thi pht sinh t hot ng ca con ngi thng khng n nh v lng
v cht. Lu lng v nng nhim ca nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip lun
lun thay i. Qu trnh x l nc thi, c bit l i vi phng php x l sinh hc
s khng thu c hiu qu trong iu kin c s dao ng ln v lng v cht ca
nc thi u vo. Cc qu trnh x l s hot ng tt nht trong iu kin lin tc, n
nh v ng nht. S thay i, t bin v nng cc cht dinh dng c th gy nh
hng ln hoc ph hy h vi sinh vt v cc qu trnh sinh hc trong cc cng trnh x
l. Hn na, nu nng nhim hoc lu lng nc thi dao ng ln, th liu lng
cc ho cht cn cho qu trnh x l cng s lin tc phi iu chnh theo.
Trong cc trm x l nc thi ni chung cn thc hin iu ha v n nhlu
lng, nng cht nhim hoc c hai yu t trn, nhm:
Trnh cc bin i t ngt v nng cc cht dinh dng trong h thngx l
sinh hc;
To vng m, n nh nng cc cht nhim trong nc v tit kim liu
lng ha cht cn thit cho qu trnh x l;
m bo ch vn hnh lin tc v n nh cho trm, ngay c khi lu lng nc
thi ban u rt nh;
Trnh hin tng qu ti v lu lng i vi cc cng trnh x l trong cc thi
im ma ln;
To s n nh cho dng sau x l x vo mi trng tip nhn v gim nguy c
vt qu tiu chun x thi cho php.
C hai dng b iu ha:
iu ha lu lng.
iu ha nng .
32
3.6.1. iu ha lu lng
l qu trnh tch ly nc thi tronu b cha v dn nc thi t b cha ti cc
cng trinh x l pha sau bng my bm hot ng vi lu lng cng tc khng i.
Lun lng khng i ca bm c xc nh bng t s gia tng lng nc tch tr
trong mt chu k lm y b (thng l 24 gi hoc 1 tun) v khong thi gian lm y
b. Ta c th minh ha bng biu nh trn hnh 3.10. th c trng cho lu lng
my bm c xy dng bng cch ni hai im gii hn ca th tch ly nc thi
(th tch nc tch ly theo thi gian). dc ca ng thng ny biu th lu lng
cn thit ca my bm. ng thng ny cng th hin qu trnh tho nc trong b
cha; v vy, n lun lun phi nm di ng tch ly nc thi trnh trng hp
b iu ha b tho cn, bm ht ht nc.
V i'
th tch ly nc thi
" X L u lng
V " bm
0 ^
24
Hnh 3.10. th xc nh dung lch b diu ha.
3.6.2. iu ho nng
33
trong b iu ha. Tuy nhin, trong nhii trng hp, pH c theo di bng my
o pH v c trung ha trong b iu ha nh cc cht ha hc thch hp (natri
hydroxit, kali cacbonat, canxi hydroxit, a:it, v.v...). Nhng h thng nh vy c p
dng ph bin trong x l nc thi cng ghip.
I "
(b + K h) ( h + K ,,)2 (3.5)
Trong :
Q - lu lng chy qua [m3/s];
c e- h s lu lng [m2|;
g - gia tc trng trng [m/s2];
b - chiu rng khe [m];
h - chiu cao lrp nc [m];
Kb v K/, - cc thng s hiu chnh 1^_____________ B_____________J
do nht v sc cng b mt.
Hnh 3.12. p trn hnh ch nht.
34
bng hoc ln hn 0,15 m; t s b/B, t s h/p phi nm trong khong t 0 n 2,5; v
chiu cao p c o t v ca mng pha thng lu ti khe, phi bng hoc ln hn
0,1 m.
p trn hnh tam gic: Lu lng ( , in3/s) chy qua p trn hnh tam gic
(Hnh 3.13) c xc nh theo chiu cao lp nc (h, m) nh sau:
a
Q = a * yp \ (3.6)
Q = I ,3 2 ^ tg - x h 2^7.
(3.7)
Dng thy lc c bn c to ra bng cch thu hp dng chy hoc tng chiu su
hoc thc hin ng thi c hai cch trn ( phn gia ca mng hay hng mng). Cc
kch thc ca mng Parsan l hm ca b rng hng mng (L):
A = 0 J 9 L + 1,194; (3.8)
B = 1.196L + 0,479; (3.9)
35
C = L + 0,305. (3.10)
Trong : A, B, c, v L c o bng n v m. Q = 0,372 L.(3,28h)x
Lu lng ( Q , m 3/s) l hm ca b rng hng mng (L) v chiu su lp nc {hy.
Q = 0,372 1 .(3 ,2 8 h)x (3.11)
Trong , gi tr s m (x) ph thuc chiu rng hng mng:
Trong thc t, cc cng thc trn thng c hiu chnh v l thuyt c th khc vi
iu kin thc t [Laborde, 2000].
3.9. B CHA NC MA
36
trng hp b v hon ton v khn cn sc cha na th nc thi s chy
trn ra ngun tip nhn. Sau trn ma. nc tr trong b c bm dn vo trm x l
nc thi.
3.10. BM NC THI
37
4 x L TP TRUNG NC THI
38
c bit, h sinh hc n nh nc thi c kh nng x l cc loi sinh vt gy bnh
cao m khng cn s dng cc bin php x l bc ba khc nh clo ha, ozon ha,
u v , . .. Thc t, cc h sinh hc c thit k ng c th dit c 1o 5 s vi khun gy
bnh v c th p ng c cc quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) i vi
cht lng nc ti cy [Mara v cs., 1992; WHO, 2006; WHO, 1989].
H k kh;
H tv tin;
39
theo l h ty tin th cp v mt hay nhiu h x l trit (Hnh 4.1). Mi loi chui
h u c nhng tnh u vit khc nhau, ph thuc vo chc nng cng nh yu cu
cht lng nc thi u ra [Mara & Pearson, 1987].
H n h 4.1. B t r c c h s in h h c th n h c h u i (v d)
A - H sin h h c k k h ; P F - H sin h h c ty tin s c p ;
SF - H sinh hc ty tin th cp; M -h x l trit .
t bo vi khun mi +
Cht hu c vi khun
hn hp axit hu c
vi khun ^ b vi khun mi + CH 4 + CO 2 +
Hn hp axit hu c
^ H2 O + NH 3 , v.v...
., , t bo vi khun mi + H2O + CO 2
Cht hu c + O 2 vi khun
3-
+ PO 4 + N H 3,v .v ,...
40
H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh thng su t 2 n 5 m. H tip nhn nc thi th c ti lng
hu c cao (>100g BO D 5/m 3ng), vn hnh trong iu kin khng c xy ha tan [Mara
v cs., 1992]. H c s dng nh mt b t hoi h x l s cp nc thi
nhim hu c nng. Cc loi cn trong nc thi lng xung y h to thnh lp bn
cn, ti y qu trnh ln men k kh nh cc loi vi khun to axit, vi khun to axetat
v vi khun to mtan thc hin trong iu kin nhit trn 15c (xem hnh 4.2). H
sinh hc k kh hot ng rt tt i vi cc vng kh hu m. BOD c x l t hiu
sut cao, t khong 40% 10c hoc thp hn cho n trn 60% 20c v trn .
Cc lp vng thng c hnh thnh trn b mt. Tuy khng cn phi ly i, nhng
cc loi rui mui c th pht trin trn b mt trong ma h. V vy cn c cc bin
php x l thch hp nh phun nc sch, nc sau x l hoc trong mt s trng hp
c bit c th phun cc loi ha cht dit mui ph hp, d phn hy sinh hc [Mara
v Pearson, 1986; 1987].
41
500 mg/L [Mara v cs., 1992]. i khi trong h sinh hc k kh xut hin cc vn bn
mu sm hoc ta. y l cc dng vi khun quang hp xy ha sunua k kh. S
xut hin ca chng c li v c th phng nga c s to mi hydr sunfua [Mara &
Pearson, 1987].
i vi h sinh hc k kh kn ph b mt bng cc tm PVC, c th trang b b thu
kh biogas hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men cht hu c t nc thi (Hnh 4.3).
Trong thnh phn biogas ngoi CH4 v CO 2 cn c mt lng nh hi H 2O, N2, O2, H2S
v cc hp phn khc.
Hp k thut
T m n on
ng thu kh
H sinh hc ty tin
C hai dng h sinh hc ty tin: h sinh hc ty tin s cp thu nhn trc tip nc
thi t mng li thot nc v h sinh hc ty tin th cp thu nhn nc thi sau khi
c x l mt phn (thng l sau h sinh hc k kh, b t hoi, h sinh hc ty tin
42
s cp v h thng knh mng thot nc). Cc h sinh hc ty tin thng c su
1,5 m, tuy nhin, h c su t 1 n 2 m cng c s dng. Cc vc nc c
su nh hn 0,9 m khng nn s dng v r thc vt pht trin mnh hn ch dung tch
cha nc ca h cng nh bng ti do l cy to iu kin cho mui pht trin. H
sinh hc ty tin hot ng vi ti lng hu c thp hn so vi h sinh hc k kh.
172 m /ng kh sinh hc
3
161Nm /ng kh sinh hc
336 kg/ng COD
Bn ln men
84 kg/ngy COD
H n h 4 .4 . Thu h i b io g a s - cn b a n g C O D v s n p h m b io g a s
Ngun: theo Driouache v cs., 1997.
43
ny to iu kin phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun, to v lm tng cng
n nh cht thi.
2
c>
3
>
cn
44
khun gy bnh [Mara, 2005]. Nc xo trn tt, thng do gi thi trn tng mt to
nn s phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun v to. l cc yu t chnh
lm tng mc n nh cht thi trong h [Mara v Pearson, 1987].
H sinh hc x l trit
2 H C O ] -> C O j~ + H 20 + C 0 2 (4 . 1 )
c o 4- H 20 - 2 0 H ~ + C 0 2 (4 .2)
45
kin nhit cao, pH ln (phn ln vi khun b cht rt nhanh khi pH >9), thi gian lu
nc lu v cng bc x nh sng mnh [Mara v cs., 1992].
Nng lng mt tri ng vai tr quan trng trong vic x l cc loi vi khun gy
bnh. N gi m cho h v cung cp y nng lng thc y qu trnh quang
hp ca to, to iu kin tng pH v hnh thnh xy vi nng ln cn thit thc v
tng cng v b p cho s xy ha quang ha. Qu trnh lng ng bn cn ko
theo cc loi ng vt nguyn sinh v trng giun sn xung y h. Vi thi gian nc
lu li trong chui h trn 11 ngy hu nh khng c cc loi ng vt ph du gy bnh
v trng giun sn trong nc thi u ra.
X l cc cht dinh dng
H lm thong nhn to
Trong iu kin t ai hn ch v yu cu kim sot mi nghim ngt th c th cp
xy cho h sinh hc bng my khuy b mt hoc bng h thng phn phi kh nn.
Lng xy cp vo phi ph hp ti thiu mc cao hon mt bc so vi cng xy
46
do h vi to cung cp. H sinh hc lm thong nhn to c th l xo trn hiu kh hon
ton, xo trn mt phn c cc vng lng hoc cc vng phn hy k kh, ph thuc
vo kch thc, chng loi v s b tr cc thit b cp kh.
/ Khnitrat
/
47
dng h sinh hc cn hn ch ngi qua li cng nh bo m an ton v ngn cm tr
nh n .
iu kin
a
k
/ thut
Cc yu t a k thut rt quan trng trong vic thit k h sinh hc. Mc ch chnh
ca vic kho st a k thut l c c s chc chn cho vic thit k o p t v
xc nh t c thm nc hay khng t lp lt. Mc nc ngm cao nht trong khu
vc h cn c xc nh v cc c tnh sau y ca t phi c phn tch:
Phn b kch thc ht (thnh phn c gii ca ht);
T trng kh ti a v m ti u (th tng bin m);
c tnh t t nhin (gii hn Atterberg);
Hm lng hu c;
H s thm.
Ti thiu phi thc hin 4 mu khoan c tnh i din cho 1 ha. L khoan phi th
hin r cu trc ca lp t su di 1 m so vi y h.
Cc loi t hu c (v d nh than bn,...) hoc t do hay ct ht trung bnh - th
khng ph hp cho vic p b. Nu t ti ch khng dng c, t nht l phi
bng li t chc, n nh v khng thm, sau vn chuyn t ph hp t ni khc
n. t ti ch ch dng to dc. Cc loi t st en (t mu ti gc canxi vng
nhit i thng do khi t v dn khi kh) l loi t khng thm nc v rt ph
hp vi h. Cc loi t nu d thm nc nn yu cu phi c lp lt y h. Nn
c b h v mng thot nc xung quanh ngn nc ma v chng xi mn.
Cn bng thy lc
duy tr mc nc trong h, lu lng dng vo ti thiu phi ln hn bay hi
v thm ra xung quanh trong ton b thi gian hot ng. C ngha l:
48
- bay hi thc [mm/ng];
S - thm [mni/ng].
k= (4.4)
86400A Ah
Trong :
k - h s thm ti a c th chp nhn c [m/s];
Qs - lu lng nc thm ti a (= Qi - 0,001 AE) [m3/ng];
A - din tch y h [m2];
A - su lp t tnh t y h n tng t cha nc hoc n lp t
thm nc [m];
A h - k p lc thy tnh (= chiu su h + A /) [m].
Hnh thi h
Cu to hnh hc ca h rt quan trng; hnh dng ca h v v tr cng dn nc
vo, cng dn nc ra phi c thit k hn ch n mc ti thiu lng nc chy
tt ngang qua h. Ni chung, h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp nn c
dng hnh ch nht vi t l gia chiu di v chiu rng t 3 n 1 trnh lng v
tch t bn cn gn ng ng dn nc thi vo. H sinh hc ty tin th cp v h x
l trit , nu c th nn m bo t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ln (t 10 n 2 0 )
m bo cho hot ng ca h gn vi iu kin b phn ng y.
49
Khng nn chn cc h c dng khng u lm h sinh hc v thng c nhiu vng
cht v to hay tch t gc h nn khi cht s gy nn mi kh chu. H khng cn
thit hon ton l hnh ch nht, cc gc nn c un cong to cnh quan.
L+ n(D + 2F)
L-nD
____________ L____________ _
Trong :
va - th tch h sinh hc k kh [m3];
L - chiu di tnh ton ca h [m];
w - chiu rng tnh ton ca h [m];
.V- dc theo phng nm ngang;
D - chiu su lp nc trong h [m].
Thay th L bng nW, da trn t l gia chiu di v chiu rng l n, biu thc (4.5)
s tr thnh phng trnh bc hai on gin ca w.
50
n 1,0 m, ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th ti khu vc. i vi h ln, chiu cao b
h c tnh nh sau [Oswald, 1975]:
F= y/g-1 (4.6)
Trong :
Ca dn nc vo, ca x v ng nc qun
Thng thng h c thit k vi mt ng dn nc vo v mt ng dn nc
ra vn m bo hiu qu hot ng ca h. Vic thit k chnh xc cc ng nc vo
v ra khng ng vai tr quan trng. Tuy nhin, s sp xp khng hp l v tr ng
ng dn nc vo v ra s gy ra hin tng thy ng hc nh nc qun, gim dung
tch vng x c hiu qu cng nh thi gian lu nc trung bnh. e trnh hin
tng trn, v tr nc vo v ra khi h sinh hc cn c bo tr hai gc i din
nhau theo phng cho ca h (Hnh 4.8). Cng c th lp t cc vch ngn m
bo tn dng ti a tit din t ca h v kim sot hin tng nc qun.
c) d)
51
J l ----------------------------- = 1 -
Hp chn vng
//////// \ *
Sau khi ra khi h cui cng trong chui h sinh hc, nc thi nn c dn qua
cc thit b o lu lng n gin nh p trn thnh mng hnh tam gic hoc hnh ch
nht. Do lu lng u vo c o khi nc thi c dn vo h sinh hc u
tin, ta xc nh c t l nc bay hi cng nh nc thm xung, hoc ch lng
nc thm xung t nu nc bay hi c o ring.
X l s b
Tt c cc cng trnh c cng sut nh (phc v di 1000 ngi) cn phi c song
chn rc v thit b lng ct. Thm ch i vi h thng c cng sut nh cng cn lp
t song chn c kch thc khe h 50mm chn cc cht rn ln i vo h thng gy
cn tr lung nc chuyn ng.
52
Bo m an ton kh s dng
H sinh hc, nu c bo dng tt, trng ging nh b bi hoc ao c. cn lu :
h sinh hc l cng trnh x l nc thi, khng phi l a im vui choi gii tr nn ti
khu vc h c th xy ra cc s c nh tai nn (v d: ng xung h) v kh trnh khi
cc him ha v sinh.
Mt s bin php bo v cng trnh:
Dng hng ro quanh h v kha li vo;
Chi cho php nhng ai c phn s c vo khu vc cng trnh;
Dng bng thng bo trc li vo.
Cc bin php on gin trn cho php hn ch hoc gim thiu mc ca cc ri ro
c th xy ra.
H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh c th c thit k da vo ti lng BOD ( v ,g/m 3.ng) theo
cng thc sau:
K = - (4.7)
V..s
Trong :
v s - th tch h [m1].
Cc gi tr ca v (tnh theo ti lng BOD) theo nhit c lit k trong bng 4.1.
Gi tr ca Avcng nh hm lng BOD 5 tiu th tng theo nhit nc h. Tuy nhin,
hin nay vn cha c cc d liu cn thit thit lp mi quan h ton hc gia v,
lng BOD 5 tiu th v nhit .
0=^. (4.8)
Ta c: X=^~. (4.9)
Qs
Trong bng 4.1 l gi tr ca v gii hn trong khong 100-f300 g/m 3.ng. Vi nhng
gi tr nh hn th khng duy tr c mi trng ym kh cn thit cn vi nhng gi
53
tr / v,>400 g/m3.ng th s thi ra cc kh c mi kh chu (Tuy nhin, khi hm lng
Sunfat cao hon 500mg/L, cc kh trn vn b thi ra vi cc gi tr X.V <400 g/m 3.n g ).
B n g 4 . 1 . T i l ng B OD th eo d un gt ch h v 1 ngBODstiuth trongh s i n h h c k kh
< 10 100 40
N>
1*
20T - 1 0 0 2T + 20
0
>2 0 30 0 60
H sinh hc ty tin
XS=350(J,107-0,002T)7'25 (4.11)
Trong : T -n h i t [C].
Trong :
D - chiu su [m];
54
Af D
0f =r T - J~ (4.13)
( ,+ & )
B = - 5 ( 4. 17)
55
K - hng s tc dit khun bc l T c [ng '];
6m - thi gian lu nc trong h x l sinh hc trit [ng].
i vi chui h sinh hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v n h x l sinh hc trit ,
cng thc trn c dng:
Trong R l phn trm (%) trng giun sn b tiu dit v 6 l thi gian lu nc
(ng). loi b di 95% s lng trng giun sn, p dng cng thc sau:
R = 10 0 [-0 ,4 ex p (-0 ,4 9 + 0 ,0 0 8 5 2 i . (4.21)
Kh Nit
H thng h sinh hc c th kh c 80% Nit hoc hn. Qu trnh ny chu s tc
ng ca pH, nhit , thi gian lu nc trung bnh. Cng thc tnh ton kh nng kh
Nit sau c p dng ph bin Bc M nhng c th s khng cho kt qu chnh xc
cc khu vc khc.
56
k - hng s tc tiu th tng Ni t bc 1 [= 0,0064 ng'1];
9 - thi gian lu nc trung bnh trong chui h [ng];
7 - nhit [C].
Lng N -N H 4 c tiu th trong chui h xc nh theo cc cng thc sau [Pano &
Middlebrooks, 1982]:
c - (4.23)
\( a \
7+ ] - .(0,0038+0,000l4T )xexp[(l,041+0,044T).(pH-6,6)\
[VQ j
(4.24)
Trong :
c e - hm lng N-NH 4 trong nc u ra [mg/L];
C - hm lng N-NH 4 trong nc u vo [mg/L];
A - din tch chui h [m2];
Q - lu lng nc thi u vo [m3/ng];
T - nhit [C].
Gi tr p H c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
p l = 7 ,3'X[) (0,0005A l k ) . (4.25)
Lm y nc h
Khi ng cng trnh, hay ni cch khc, lm y h, cn c thc hin cng sm
cng tt. Nu nc c dn vo h qu mun, cc loi thc vt ven h s pht trin
nhanh chng, lm mt tnh n nh ca vng b h cng nh lm gim kh nng thm
nc ca loi t quanh h.
57
thm bn t cc cng trnh x l khc). Tuy nhin, bin php ny tn km v thi gian
v chi ph nn thng t c s dng.
Thu gom cc hp cht ni v thc vt ni c kch thc ln: c n thu gom v loi
b cc cht ni, thc vt ni dng ln (hoc bt k vt th no to ra bng rm trn mt
h v gy xo trn qu trnh quang hp ca to) ra khi h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh
hc x l trit . Tuy nhin, cn gi li cc cht trn trong h sinh hc k kh v chng
gip duy tr mi trng ym kh ca h v gim n mc ti thiu mi hi [U.S. EPA,
1977a].
58
Bng 4.2. e xut t chc cn b cng nhn vin cho
h thng x l nc thi bng h sinh hc
K s c kh*2 - - - 1 1
H- ( 4 ' 2 6 )
Trong :
V - th tch h sinh hc k kh [m3|;
p - dn s tnh ton;
s - lng bn tch t bnh qun [thng bng 0,04m3/ngi.nm].
Khi ht bn, khng nn ht tt c bn trong h. Mt lng nh bn cn c gi li
trong h cung cp s lng vi sinh vt cn thit cho qu trnh ln men k kh sau .
Chiu dy lrp bn trong h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin c th c ly theo
phng php chic gy cun khn trng. Mt chic gy cun khn trng c buc
bm vo cy so v dng theo phng thng ng xung h cho n khi chm y ri
c rt ln t t. Da vo v tr ca nhng bng bn bm trn gy, ta c th d dng
xc nh c chiu dy lp bn trong h.
59
Bng 4.3. Mu bng ghi chp bo dng v kim tra
Tram bm (nu 00 ):
Thi gian hot ng: Bm s 1:................................................ Bm s 2:.............................
Ch s in tiu th: ................................................................................................................
Cc vn khc: (qu ti, . . . ) .................................................................................................
Khu vc xung quanh h: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin
60
rt kh bm ht ln v phi dng xng xc ln. Vic ny c th lm mt kh nng gi
nc ca h. Nu bn khng c ht b i, th tch hu ch cng nh hiu qu x l s
b gim v dn ti nhng hu qu nghim trng,
Vi d v thit k h sinh hc
H sinh hc phc v dn s 100.000 ngi; ti lng BOD5: 40g/ng.ng; lu lng
nc thi OOL/ng.ng; nhit nc thi: 26c. Nng Feacal Colirms trong nc
thi u ra: 1000/1 OOml. Nc thi c x l nh chui h sinh hc bao gm h sinh
hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v cc bc h x l trit .
H sinh hc k kh
Lu lng: Q = 1 0 0x l0 '?x 100.000 = 10.000 m /ng.
BOD 5 u vo: L - 40x1 o3/ 100 = 400 mg/L.
Theo bng 4.1, ti lng BOD 5 tnh ton v~- 350 g/m 3.ng.
Th tch V:
,, L:Q 400 x10000
y - l - ______ _______ (4.27)
350
No vt bn phi c tin hnh sau khong thi gian n nm, c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
v3 11430/3
n -0,95 ~ 1 nQm (4.28)
Px0,0 4 100000x0,04
61
Lng bn tch t li trong h sinh hc k kh l 0,04m 3/ ngi.nm v phi ht bn
khi lng bn chim 1 phn 3 dung tch h.
H s i n h h c t y t i n
s = 3 5 0 ( 1 ,1 0 7 - 0 ,0 0 2 T ) T 2 = 3 5 0 f l , ] 0 7 - ( 0 , 0 0 2 . 2 6 ) J 26 25 = 3 6 9 k g / h a .n g .
_ 10LQ _ 1 0 x ( 4 0 0 x 0 , 4 ) x 10000
= 43360 m 2 .
A f~ s 369
2x43360x2 _
f ~ 2x10000-0,001 * 4 3 3 6 0 x 6 ~ 8,78 n g
Lu lng nc u ra:
Qe = Qi - 0 ,0 0 1 A j E = 0 0 0 0 - ( 0 ,0 0 1 X 4 3 3 6 0 X 6 ) = 9 7 3 9 ,8 m 3/ n g .
H x l s in h h c t r i t
10s
103[+(7,38xl,4)].[+,38 x 8 ,7 8 ) ]
7 ,3 8
K t qu: 0m = 2 1 ,9 ngy vi n = 1;
9m = 1 ,7 2 ngy vi n = 2.
V i n = 2, c th ly 6m = 2 ng.
= 900 kg/ha.ng.
62
Kt qu trn cao hom 75% so vi ti lng trong h sinh hc ty tin (= 0,75x369
= 276,75 kg/ha.ng). Do , smi c ly bng 277 kg/ha.ng v m/ c tnh nh sau:
- _ 1 0 x 0 ,3LD _ 10x0,3 *4 00 *1 ,5 - .
m = ; ' = ^ ---------- = ^ n gy
Kni
108
1 0 S [ + ( 7 , 3 8 x , ] 4 ) [ + ( 7 ,3 8 x 8 , 7 8 ) [ + ( 7 , 3 8 x 6 , 5 ) ]
=
7,38
m = 0 ,2 5 ngy vi n = 2.
2Qfim - 2*9739,8x6,5
A mi = 41,664m2 .
2 D + 0 ,0 0 1 E d m ( 2 * 1 , 5 ) + ( 0 ,0 0 ] X 6 X 6,5)
Q e = Q i - 0 ,0 0 1 A mlE = 9 7 3 9 ,8 - ( 0 , 0 0 1 x 4 1 , 6 6 4 x 6 ) = 9 4 8 9 ,8 m 3/ n g y
Qe = Q i - 0 ,0 0 1 A mE = 9 4 8 9 ,8 - ( 0 ,0 0 1 x 2 8 4 4 x 6 ) = 9 4 7 3 m 3/ n g
L o i b B O D
Sau khi c loi b 90% BO D trong h sinh hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v 25%
trong m i bc h sinh hc x l trit , nc thi u ra c hm lng BO D sau lc
(khng cn to) l: 4 0 0 X 0 ,1 X 0 ,7 5 X 0 ,7 5 = 2 2 ,5 mg/L, tha mn cc tiu chun quy nh.
Tm tt
63
* H (chui h) sinh hc s cp: D in tch tnh ton: 41 664 m 2
4.2. BI L C N G P NC
4.2.1. K h i n im
4.2.2. C c n h n g h a v th u t n g v b i lc n g p nc
64
w e tla n d s tro n g cc cc ti liu khoa hc. Ngy nay cc thut n g c o n stru c te d
4.2.3. T h y h c v th y lc tro n g bi lc n g p nc
65
v l thuyt, nc trong bi lc ngp
nc c coi l lun chuyn ng. T uy
nhin, do cc nguyn nhn: c tnh b
m t y, h thng phn phi v thu nc,
kh nng phn phi u nc, v cc yu
t khc c th hnh thnh cc vng ng
nc bn trong bi lc ngp nc. C c
vng cht ny khng tham gia vo qu
trnh x l cc cht nhim v lm gim
din tch cng tc hu ch ca bi lc
ngp nc. V vy cn ti u ha cc
phng n thit k cu to bi lc ngp
nc trnh cc hin tng ng c
th xy ra.
4.2.4. C c d n g b i lc n g p n c
n h n t o
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th
c phn loi theo hnh thc nui trng
in hnh ca cc loi thc vt nh: h
thng thc vt ni, h thng r chm ni Hnh 4.10. H th n g X L N T s d n g
v h thng thc v t chm [B rix v th c vt n i.
Schierup, 1989]. H u ht cc h th n g u a ) H t h n g d n g c h y b m t, d n g h ;
H th n g dn g ch y b m t
66
B i lc ngp n c t nhin c din tch t nh hn 1 ha cho ti hn 1000 ha; khong
50% c din tch trong khong 10 n 100 ha. Bi lc ngp nc nhn to dng chy
b m t thng c din tch nh hn: khong 60 % c din tch nh hn 10 ha. Thng
thng, ti lng thy lc trong cc bi lc t nhin thng nh hn so vi cc bi lc
nhn to do khng c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi [K adlec v K night,
1996]. C c h th n g c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi c nng nit v
phtpho thp (hoc lu gi hon ton) thng c ti lng b m t rt thp, ngc li
i vi cc h thng c thit k x l cc cht hu c (B O D ) v cht l lng
thng c ti lng b m t cao hn. Chiu su mc nc trong h thng khong 5 n
90 cm , thng th ng l 30 n 40 cm. H thng dng chy b m t thng c s
dng x l b sung v c b tr sau cc loi h sinh hc ty tin hoc h hiu kh
trong dv chuyn x l nc thi.
H th n g d n g ch y ngm
N goi ra, s phn hy cc cht nhim cng c thc hin bi cc qu trnh khc.
Cc vng k kh cng thng c hnh thnh trong bi lc ngp nc nhn to, v cc
67
cht nhim cng c kh trong iu kin k kh ti cc v n g ny. C c vi k h u n k
kh c th phn hy cc hp cht hu c v kh nitrat. Q u trnh kh n itrat ch c th
xy ra trong iu kin khng c xy v giu cacbon hu c (ngun dinh d n g cho cc
vi khun kh nitrat).
Thnh phn C ch x l
Cht l lng Lng/ lc v phn hy.
BOD Phn hy bng cc vi khun (hiu kh v k kh).
Lng (tch ng cc thnh phn hu c/ bn trn b mt trm tch).
Nit Amn ha tip theo nitrat ha v kh nitrat bng vi khun.
Hp th bng thc vt.
Lm bay hi amniac.
Phtpho Hp th (phn ng hp th - kt ta cng cc khong cht: nhm, st,
canxi, v mn st trong t).
Hp th bi cy trng.
Vi trng Lng/ lc.
Tiu hy t nhin.
Bc x t ngoi.
Chit sut khng sinh t r thc vt.
68
4.2.6. Kh nng x l
C c loi thc vt trng trong bi lc thng c nng sut pht trin cao v th nhu
cu hp th cc cht din h dng cng ng k. K h nng hp th ca thc vt c th
69
kh cc cht dinh d ng trong nc thi, chuyn h a thnh sinh khi v c nh k
thu hoch ra khi h thng. T uy nhin, bi lc ngp nc nhn to c s dng vi
m c ch x l nc thi, lng cht inh dng c kh do th u hoch cy tr n g
thng khng ng k so vi ti lng dinh dng cn loi b t n c thi (xem c th
ti phn chc nng ca thc vt).
4.2.7. L i ch c a b i lc n g p n c n h n t o
M i tr n g s n g ca cc lo i ch im v n g vt h o a n g d
70
'ti cc loi cy sng v cht trong bi lc s to iu kin cho cc loi chim xy t v
sinh sng lu di. C c loi ng vt c v nh cc loi chut, cng c th sng v tn
ti trong cc bi lc nhn to. c c cc li ch nh thu ht s pht trin ca cc
loi chim , cc bi lc nhn to cn c u t, c chi ph vn hnh v s chp nhn,
ng h ca cng ng.
L i ch i v i con n g i
4.2.8. T h i t k b i lc n g p n c n h n to
T hit k bi lc ngp nc nhn lo bao gm: tnh ton thy lc h thng; tnh ton
thit k theo s dn cn phc v; thit k cu to v la chn cc thit b, vt liu.
X c n h q u y m , k c h t h c v q u y h o c h m t b n
71
c thc hin theo nh lut D arcy, i vi h dng chy b m t th n g p dng cc
cng thc tnh ton m ng h. H in nay, do s pht trin ca tin hc, nhiu m hnh
tnh ton cng c thit lp v ng dng.
C ng thc D arcy:
(4.30)
Trong :
s w- dc thy lc (m/m).
C c yu t cn cp ti trong tnh ton thv lc bao gm : dc k h u vc; dc
m c nc; lc cn m a st do cc thnh phn thc vt, m ng sinh hc; v t liu; su
m c nc; chu k cp nc v lm kh; kh nng tc dng trong h thng. N goi ra cn
c thm cc yu t nh cng ma, lng m a ln nht v thp nht ti khu vc. Bi
lc cn c cp nc bng h thng cng phn phi v h thng qun l m c nc.
(4.31)
(4.32)
Trong :
72
A =Q (4.33)
k l Cr-C )
Trong : Q - Lu lng (m3/ng);
k ,= k ,J T'2i) (4.34)
Trong :
k t- gi tr ca h s tc phn hy bc nht ti nhit T (m /nm );
k 20 ~ gi tr ca h s tc phn hy bc nht ti nhit 20 c (m /nm );
9 - h s iu chnh nhit ;
T - nhit (C).
P h n n nguyn
73
H nh dng ca cc n nguyn v b p phn cch cng l cc yu t quan trng.
To ra cc vng su tro n g cc n nguyn s c ch cho qu trnh x l. T hit k bi lc
vi hnh dng bt quy tc s lm tng kh nng qun l v thy lc v phn phi nc,
lm gim kh nng x u t hin dng chy tt trong h thng v lm tn g cht lng nc
sau x l.
Hnh 4.11. C c p h n g n p h n p h i v th u n c ,
a ) D n g c h y b m t ; b ) H th n g th u n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g a n g - n g m ;
c ) H t h n g p h n p h i n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g m .
74
c u t r c h th n g p h n p h i n c v th u n c
H n h 4 .1 2 . B i u x c n h lo i v t li u v k c h c h t s d n g c h o
bi l c nhn to d n g ch y ngang.
75
B i lc nhn to dn g chy n g
Trong bi lc nhn to dng chy ngang thng c nhng vng t bo ho nc, ti
hm lng xy thp, kh nng nitrat ha ti nhng vng ny b hn c h nn bi lc
thng i hi c din tch ln. tng k h nng truyn dn xy n cc tng t, m t
dng bi lc khc c p dng vi thit k dng chy ng v s dng cc vt liu
khng bo ha nc nh ct hoc si. V nhng vt liu ny khng bo ho nc nn
nhng h thng dng chy ng c kh nng truyn dn xy cao hn. N hng bi lc
nhn to dng chy ng i hi din tch nh hn, c k h nng nitrat ha cao hn v v
vy c p dng ph bin hn nhng ni c cc quy nh cht ch v cht thi. M t
vi cc nc chu u nh o, an M ch, Php, v c ban hnh cc ti liu hng
dn chnh thc v thit k v xy dng bi lc nhn to dng chy ng.
Thnh phn c bn ca bi lc nhn to dng chy ng bao. gm phn x l s b;
h thng bom ; lp ct lc; m t h thng phn phi nc trn b m t v h thng ng thu
nc di y thu nc sau x l.
Nc thi bt buc phi c x l s
b trc khi phn phi ln b m t bi lc
dng chy ng gim thiu nguy c
tc trong h thng ng v lp vt liu lc
ng. Tuy nhin cng c nhng h thng
hot ng vi cng on x l s b nc
thi ch hn c h loi b nhng vt ln c
i>
X l s b 1
i i 1 1 1
kch thc hn 2m m , nhng nhng h 1 ............ n 1
1 1 1
thng ny i hi phi c din tch bi lc ! 1 l 1
1
1 1 1
ln hn v hot ng cng khc cc h - ..... 1 1 1
S ---T L,---------- ^ Li----------
y 1----------p 3-------
thng truyn thng.
H n h 4 .1 3 . S c u t o b i l c n h n t o
Nc thi x l s b c phn phi dn g ch y ng.
trn b m t ca bi lc c cy trng thc
vt (hnh 4.13). Cc cht nhim c x l bi cc v s v pht trin trong lp ct lc v cc
chm r cy. iu quan trng l lp vt liu lc khng c bo ho hoc ngp ne
m bo kh nng duy tr mc xy cao trong lp vt liu lc [Brix v Schierup, 1990].
Lau sy ( P h r a g m ite s a u s t r a lis ) l thc v t thng c dng gieo trng, tuy nhin
cc loi thc vt khc c kh nng chu c m i trng nc thi cng c th c s
dng. Chc nng chnh ca thc vt l khng lm h thng bi lc b tc. N u nh h
thng bi lc c xy dng cc vng n i th s c m t ca thc vt cng gip cho
h thng khng b ng bng vo m a ng [Brix, 1994, 1997]. Sau khi thm qua h
thng lc, nc thi x l c thu bi h thng ng thot c thng k h b tr di
y lp vt liu lc. tng cng k h nng x l nit, nc sau x l c th c tun
hon li cng on x l ban u hoc v ging bm tng cng kh nng k h nitrat
v n nh hot ng ca h thng.
76
su thng thng ca h thng lc ti thiu l l,4 m bao gm tng thu nc ti
thiu 0,2 m gia c bng cui, si th; lp vi a k thut; l , 0 m ct lc, v trn cng
l m t lp ph b m t 0,2 m. Thm vo , phn b bao xung quanh cao 0 ,2 m ngn
nc trn t khu vc xung quanh vo bi lc. Ti y bi lc phi c l t bng m ng
chng thm dy t nht 0,5m m . M ng chng thm c bo v bi hai lp vi a k
thut trn v di. Tng thu nc c b tr h thng ng thu nc c gia c pha trn
bng si th (8 --16 m m ). Cc ng thu nc c ni m t u vi ng thot nc chnh
thot nc t y bi lc ra ging thu bn ngoi. Cc ng ng thng hi cho h
thng thu nc c b tr cao hn b mt bi lc khong 0,3 m (hnh 4.14) thng
kh cho h thng thu nc v lp vt liu lc.
Bc chng thm
H n h 4 .1 4 . M t c t n g b i l c d n g c h y n g .
H n h 4 .1 5 . th c h t d n g l a c h n v t li u b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g .
77
gia hai tng bng m t lp vi a k thut m hoc bng m t lp cui si ngn
khng cho ct lt qua v lm tc tng thot nc. Ch khng nn nn cht ct trong
qu trnh thi cng v v vy khng nn dng m y m c hng nng trn nn bi lc trong
qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
Nc thi c phn phi u trn b m t bi lc bi h thng ng phn phi c p.
Cc ng ny nn c ng knh thch hp c th dn nc v khng b tc v cn c l
t y ng vi khong cch l l 0,4 4- 0,7m. iu quan trng l ton b h thng hot
ng di p lc trong m t khong thi gian di m bo s phn phi u nc trn
ton b b m t bi lc. Trong thc t, lu lng bm t nht phi ln gp 3 ln lu lng ca
h thng phn phi m bo cho nc lun bao ph b mt. Tn sut bm hot ng
thng thng vo khong 8 -r 12 ln m t ngy v khi ne c tun hon li trong h
thng th tn sut c th tng n 16 -- 24 ln m t ngy. Nu cn th h thng ng phn phi
c th c chng bng gi bng m t lp v bo g hoc v s t trn b m t (hnh 4.16).
Tc n g m i trng
Lp ph
Trong bng 4.6 trnh by tm tt
nhng iu cn ch gim thiu cc
Lp v bo g hoc v s
tc ng ca bi lc.
Cc kim loi nng v cc hp cht
hu c c th lu li trong h sinh vt Ct lc
78
C c vn c th ny sinh
C ht lng nc v mi trng sng bi lc nn ph hp vi m t s sinh vt c th
kim sot trng m ui m t cch t nhin nh c v cc cn trng khc. N gn nga kh
nng tip cn n nhng vng c cc loi b st c nh rn c v c su. Cc s c
ngoi m ong mun (cht ui) cng l mt vn c th xy ra nhng vng nc su.
C hnh v vy m cc li i trn vng nc su ncn c lan can bo v. K hng nn tiu th
c v ng vt hoang d t cc bi lc.
4.2.9. T h c v t tro n g bi lc
79
Lu v cng chng:
B tr ni xe v cc ch dn cch tip Thu ht cng chng;
cn an ton n khu vc bi lc;
To nhng on ng i b v nhng => To cho cng chng tip cn vi mi
im quan st; trng m ly, bi lc;
Kt hp vi nhng khu trng by; => Gii thiu cho cng chng bit v mi
trng bi lc cng nh cng dng ca n;
Cng b cc khu vc bi lc; => To s chp nhn v ng h ca cngng;
Khuyn khch v lp danh sc tuyn Nng cao s lm ch to s ng h ca
dng cc hot ng tnh nguyn; cng chng;
B tr cc im monitoring c th tip Cng b cc s liu v cht lng nc
cn c; chc nng ca vng m ly;
To nhng im nghin cu i sng => Quan st hot ng sng ca cc loi th
hoang d; hoang d m khng nh hng n chng;
Duy tr cc ti liu kim sot. => Cho cng chng bit v hot ng ca h
thng.
N gun: Knight, 1997.
1. Thc vt n trn mt nc
H n h 4 .1 7 . C c lo i th c v t n c i n h n h ,
( a ) c y s y ; ( b ) c y l a u ; ( c ) c n n c l r n g ;
(d ) c y h o a s n g ; (e ) c n c n g t;
( f ) r a u m ; ( g ) b o l c b n h ; ( h ) b o t m ;
( i ) c l q u n ; ( j ) c m t h o a .
N g u n : B r i x v S c l ie r u p , 1 9 8 9 .
1 i)> )
80
. T h c v t n i tr n m t n c : l loi ph bin vng m ly, m c khong 50 cm
di m t t v ti su ca nc khong 150 cm hoc ln hon. Ni chung, chng c
thn v l m c trn m t nc v c b thn r di. Loi ny c th sng nhng vng
ngp nc v thng l cc loi thc vt thn rng hoc c nhng l ln bn trong lm
tng kh nng vn chuyn xy xung h r.
2. T h c v t s n g t r i n i tr n m t n c : bao gm cc loi c r mc tng y nng
v nhng loi sng tri ni trn m t nc.
3 . T h c v t s n g c h im d i n c : c cc m quang hp hon ton chm di nc
nhng thng c hoa ni trn m t nc.
4.2.10. V a i tr c a th c v t tro n g bi lc
81
c tnh vt l
S c mt ca thc vt trong cc bi lc lm gim tc dng chy [Pettecrevv v Kalff,
1992; Somes v cs., 1996], to ra iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh lng ng cc cht rn,
gim nguy c si m n v xo trn, tng thi gian tip xc gia nc v thc vt. Trong cc
h thng dng chy ng, thc vt vi cc chc nng hot ng ca h r lm gim nguy
c tc nghn dng chy trong lp vt liu lc [Bahlo v W ach, 1990].
Thc vt bao ph bi lc ging nh tm m ng sinh hc ngn gia khng kh v t m
hoc b m t nc to ra s khc bit c ngha ca nhiu thng s m i trng. Gim tc
gi gn m t t hoc m t nc lm gim s xo trn ca cc cht lng, v vy c th
loi b cc cht rn khi nc thi bi qu trnh lng ng. Tuy nhin nhc im ca vic
gim tc gi gn b m t nc l gim kh nng lm thong trong nc.
Cc tn l thc vt ngn kh nng truyn nh sng m t tri, lm cho qu trnh sinh
si ca to di tn cy b chm li. i vi cc vng kh hu n i, cy c c th gi
cho t khi b ng bng khi c tuyt bao ph vo m a ng.
C c tc n g n k h n n g tru yn dn th y lc tro n g t
Khi tnh ton cc thng s thy lc trong bi lc dng chy ngm khng nn gi thit
rng kh nng truyn dn thy lc tng l o s pht trin ca r cy v thn r. Tuy
nhin, s c m t ca thc vt c th ngn nga hin tng tc dng chy trong bi lc
dng chy ng v nhng bi n nh bn cn (hnh 4.18). S pht trin ca r cy v s
chuyn ng ca thn cy di tc d n g ca gi lm tng kh nng thm nc ca t.
82
To b mt cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
Thn v l cy cng nh r v thn r ca thc vt ng vai tr nh vt liu lu gi
to b m t dnh bm cho s pht trin ca mng sinh hc (M SH) cu thnh t cc loi
to quang hp v cc v s v . Nhng MSH ny v cc MSH bm trn b m t cc vt liu
khc trong bi lc bao gm c cc m thc vt cht, l ni din ra hu ht cc qu
trnh x l sinh hc trong bi lc.
S hp th cht dinh dng
Thc vt trong bi lc cn c cht dinh dng sng v pht trin v chng hp thu
cht dinh dng ch yu qua b r. M t vi loi hp th qua thn cy m c di nc v
l t m i trng nc xung quanh. V cc thc vt trong bi lc thng pht trin rt tt
nn c m t lng ng k cc cht dinh dng trong phn sinh khi m i to thnh. Kh
nng hp thu cht dinh dng ca thc vt ln v v vy lng cht dinh dng c th
thu c (nu nh thu hoch lng sinh khi mi ) vo khong 30 n 150
K gP/ha.nm 200 n 2500K gN /ha.nm [Brix v Schierup, 1989; G um bricht, 1993, B rix;
1994]. N u nh khng c thu hoch th lng dinh dng trong thc vt s phn hy
v tr v vi nc.
C u n g cp xy qua r cy
83
H n h 4 .2 0 . B i l c tr ng c y d o ng ri n g (ca n n a lilies)
C c vai tr khc
Thc vt trong nhng h thng bi lc ln lm phong ph v a dng ha cc loi
ng vt hoang d nh chim hoc b st. Thc vt cng c vai tr quan trng i vi
m i trng v c gi tr kinh t nh l hoa qu, thc vt nng lng sinh hc, thc n gia
sc v thm m (hnh 4.20). V cc bi lc nhn to s dng cho m c ch lm sch v
tng cng cht lng nc thng yu cu s dng din tch mt bng ln, nn mt
s vng c th dng h thng ny nui trng cc loi cy c gi v tr kinh t, nng
lng hoc thc phm . V ic la chn nui trng loi cy no c th m ang li gi tr li
nhun cn ph thuc vo cc yu t' nh cht lng nc, iu kin sc kho, k h hu v
gi tr kinh t.
4.2.11. T r n g cy
84
L y h t g i n g t t nhin
V ic ly ht ging t t nhin ph thuc vo tng vng. Ht dng nhn ging c
th c thu lm t cui thng mi n thng ba nm sau hoc m un hn. Tuy nhin,
ht thng rng trong sut m a ng nn thi gian thu lm ht tt nht l vo cui
thng m i m t. H t ging c th c lu gi ti ni kh mt trong vi nm m khng
b thoi ho.
S n y m m ca h t cy lau sy
S ht c th ny mm dao ng t khong 2 n 96% [Haslam, 1973]. H t ti cn c
lm lnh v ct gi trong iu kin nhit 5c trong vi thng tng cng kh nng ny
m m . Ht ny mm tt nht trn t bn hoc giy lc m trong iu kin phng th nghim,
vi nhit ban ngy v m l 30c/20c [Haslam, 1973; Cooper v cs., 1996].
T rn g t th n r
T hn r ng hoc nm c t nht m t chi c th c trng trc tip ti lung. K
thut ny c thnh cng hay khng cn ph thuc vo giai on pht trin ca chi v
m c b hi trong qu trnh ly ging v cy trng [Vber, 1978].
T rn g t th n cy c t ra
C c on ct t thn cy cng c th c trng trc tip ti bi lc trong iu kin
t bo ha nc vo khong gia thng 5 vi t l sng st l 35% . C ch ny trnh
c chi ph m trong nh knh v gim thiu c cc cng on phi m ang cy i
cy trng. Cc on ct t thn cy phi di t nht hai t nhng khng nn ly t non
trng. V ic ta l trn thn cy cng lm tng t l thnh cng.
T r n g cy m
C y m d trng hn cy thn r, khng b cht, tt c cc cy m u ra r trong
m a u tin v ln nhanh hn. Hin nay trng cy m l k thut c s dng rng
ri n ht Bc u. M t cy trng thng l 4 cy /rrr (hnh 4.21).
85
G ieo h t trc tip
Trn l thuyt th cc bi lau, sy c th c trng trc tip t ht vi din tch rng
l phng php kh thi nht. Tc pht trin ca cy trng t ht cng nhanh tng
ng so vi trng t cy m hoc cy thn r. H t c th ny m m trn cnh ng vo
khong gia thng nm v ti m a thu m i cy c th m c di 140 cm . Trn thc t,
vic trng t ht s kh hn nu nh kh n g c s chun b t v chm sc tt sau .
L ung t phi c gi m v nu c th th phi c che ph bng tm nilng hoc
nha trong ht c th ny m m v pht trin tt hn. V ic cung cp nc v cht dinh
dng trong sut qu trnh trng cy l rt cn thit v m m cy d b nh hng bi
cc iu kin t kh v thiu cht dinh dng. C hng cng khng chu c l, sng,
m n cao, bng rm v t khn g thong k h [H aslam , 1971; H aslam , 1973; W eisner
v cs., 1993; W eisner v E kstam , 1993; C ooper v cs., 1996].
S chm sc v q u n l
Bn phn: cy cn c b n phn ngay khi c trng trn vt liu si, ct nu nc
thi cha c cp ngay vo h thng.
H n h 4 .2 2 . C h e s n g b ng v b o tro n g b i l c d n g c h y ng.
86
V n h n h v bo dng
K h i n g h thn g
C ng ging cc h thng sinh hc khc, cc thnh phn trong bi lc cn phi thch
nghi trc khi c th X LN T t hiu sut cao v n nh. Khi h thng c xy
dng xong, vic u tin l phi kim tra cc b phn iu phi nc nh l bm (nu
c), h thng phn phi v cc van. Bc tip theo l bt u np ti tng bc cho h
thng; cng nn p dng quy trnh tng t cho vic np ti cc cht nhim cho cc
sinh vt sng quen dn vi s thay i iu kin ha hc khc nghit trong h thng do
nc thi gy nn. iu ny c th nh hng n thc vt v s pht trin ca m ng
sinh vt.
Lm c
Trong nhng nm u trng cy, c c th mc rt nhiu c bit l trn nhng lung
t. Phng php lm c hiu qu nht l ti ngp nc. Tuy nhin lau sy khng chu
c qu nhiu nc c bit trong giai on u [W eisner v cs., 1993]. V vy, cc
lung cy nn phng hoc gn phng, sao cho khi cao nc dng khong 30cm th
c th trn lung. V n v c di c th c hn ch trong giai on ban u nu
trng cy trn si.
B o d ng th ng xuyn
K i m s o t m c n c : nh gii thch ti phn trn, khng nn cc cy non b ngp
nc qu su [W eisner v cs., 1993]. Tuy nhin nu cho t kh th s km hm s pht
trin v c th lm cht cy. Nu nh r v thn cy c thng kh qua nhng thn ng th
vic nc ngp va phi c th to ra lp bn, lm cho cy c th pht trin sm hn l
nhng lung khng ngp nc. Lp bn ny cn c tc dng cch nhit.
Chi p h
Bi lc nhn to thng c chi ph thp v cng ngh n gin d lm v c th s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn a phng. Tng chi ph xAy dng v vn hnh ch yu ph
thuc vo kinh t a phng v yu cu thit k. Chi ph xy dng ch yu bao gm:
t.
o t.
Be b v chng thm .
T rng cy.
V t liu v t trng.
H thng kim sot thy lc (phn phi v thu).
C c chi ph khc (lm hng ro, lm ng vo, bin bo .. .)
C c vn chi tit v chi ph s c gii thiu trong chng 10.
C h p h u t
Chi ph u t bao gm cc chi ph thit k, xy dng v mua tt c cc nguyn liu
phc v cho vic xy dng bi lc nhn to. Nn dng gi ti a phng.
87
Chi p h vn hnh v bo dng
G ing nh chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng ph thuc vo iu kin
kinh t a phng. Chi ph vn hnh bao gm chi ph kim sot cht lng v dng
chy. Bo dng bao gm bo dng bm v h thng thy lc, lm c, chng d ch
bnh, ct ta cy, to thm m , bin bo, lm hng ro.
ng dng
Bi lc nhn to c th x l m t s loi nc thi, bao gm :
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi nng nghip;
Nc t m axit;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc m a v;
Nc t m.
Thng dng nht l dng x l nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh v nc thi
th. Vi cc loi nc thi khc bi lc nhn to ch yu c thit k x l theo
thnh phn cht nhim v tiu chun thi c th. C hnh v vy m vic thit k h
thng thng ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th c a khu vc v i tng cn x l.
M t s n g h i n c u i n h n h
X l nc th i sinh h o t t i U ggerhalne ( an M ch)
M t : l m t trong s nhng bi lc trng sy dng chy ngang u tin c xy
dng ti an M ch sau khi phng php "vng-r" c cng b vo u nhng nm 80
[Brix, 1994]. T hit k ch yu da vo tng c a ngi c [K ickuth, 1981]: s dng
h thng r ca cy sy lm tng s truyn dn thy lc ca t np ti thy lc trong
ba nm ; t c cha ti thiu 20% thnh phn st c th loi b phtpho rt tt. i l
ca K ickuth an M ch thit k h thng ny. Bi lc trng sy c xy dng
ti U ggerhalne, phc v m t khu dn c nh Bc A alborg, an M ch. Ti khu vc ch
c nhng c s cng nghip nh nh cha, np bnh kh t ... ni vi h thng thot
nc chung tip nhn nc m a v nc thi sinh hot. H thng c thit k x l
bc hai nc thi vi quy m phc v 400 dn (dn s tng ng).
Thng s Ba nm u Sau ba nm
i Lu lng dng chy:
Trong ma kh < 150 m /ng < 150 m3/ng
< 15,5 m3/gi < 15,5 m3/gi
Trong ma ma < 10 L/giy < 10 L/giy
Nhit < 30c < 30 c
pH ' 6,5 - 8,5 6,5 - 8,5
BOD5 ( iu chnh) 40 mg/L 10 mg/L
Bn lng c (2 gi) 0,5 mL/L 0,5 mL/L
I TSS 30 mg/L 15 mg/L
88
T h i g ia n x y d n g : thng 8- 11 nm 1985;
H o t n g : th n g 11 nin 1985-2001.
C h p h : khong 1 triu DKr (1985) tng ng u s $ 150.000 (U S$375/ngi)
M t q u t r n h : nc thi c x l s b trong b lng v sau c bm ln
mng phn phi h di 80m. Sau khi chy qua bi lc trng sy, nc c thu qua
mng si, thot ra bng ng t di y mng v x ra ngun tip nhn.
K c h th c : h thng bi lc bao gm mt n nguyn di 33m , rng 80m , din tch
m t bng 2.640m2 (tng ng vi 6,6 nr/ng i), chiu su ca bi l 0,60 H- 0,65 m;
dc l 1,2 %.
89
V t li u : nh nh thit k m t, vt liu l t nhp khu vi 20% t st v t hu
c trn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin vic phn tch t thc ti bi cho thy c 25% ph sa v
75% ct [Schierup v cs., 1990]. T hnh phn hu c ca t l 5,9% ; thnh phn (kh)
ca nit (total-N ) l l,7 1 m g /g ; phtpho (total-P) 0,34 m g/g, st (Fe) 8,6 m g/g, canxi
(Ca) 2,9 m g/g, v nhm (AI) 9,4 m g/g.
Cy: sy nhp khu t c, c trng vo thng 11, 1985
C h n g th m : 2-m m H D PE
M ng phn ph i nc vo: m ng h c si di y.
M n g th u n c r a : m ng c y si vi ng thot PV C 145 m m .
T i u ch u n x : h thng bi lc khng p ng tiu chun x tro n g thi gian vn
hnh ba nm u (1986-1988), v l thi gian cn thit cho cy m c (B ng 4.8).
H ot ng: hot ng ca h thng c kim tra 6 -- 12 ln m t nm , cc m u nc
u vo v ra c ly m u 24 gi. M u u vo c ly sau khi lng; C c s liu
nu ti bng 4.9 ch bao gm cc s liu cht lng nc t bi lc sau khi sy pht
trin n nh. Cc s liu nu bng 4.8 cho thy cht lng nc sau b i lc lun t
tiu chun x trong sut qu trnh hot ng. Tuy nhin hiu sut x l N v p cn thp
(khong 30% ) v nc sau x l khng c nitrat ho.
H th n g b i lc nhn t o d n g ch y n g cho m t h gia n h : M o seh u set
( an M ch)
M t : h thng bi lc nhn to dng chy ng c s dng bao gm h thng x
l s b (m t b lng 2 m 3), tng lc ct si su lm c trng lau sy. H thng cn c
cc ging bm cng sut h gia nh, g in g bm tun hon vn hnh tro n g m t vi nm
u, c thm m t ging lc phtpho bng vt liu kho n g canxi. Sau do hiu sut kh
p khng t yu cu nn m t h thng nh lng ho cht c lp thm . H thng
bm nc tun hon nhm tng cng k h nng x l hon ton n it thng qua qu
trnh kh nitrat v nhm gim nng cc cht nhim thng c trong nc thi sinh
hot gia nh khi khng c pha long bi nc m a. H n na vic s d n g cc dng
c tit kim nc tr n n ph bin lm nng cc cht nhim tro n g nc thi kh
cao. D in tch m t bng cn thit tnh th eo u ngi i vi h thng loi ny kh nh,
theo cng b ca m t s tc gi th vo khong 1-2 m 2 [Cooper, 2001; C ooper, 2003;
Brix, 2003; A rias v cs. 2003]. D in tch m t bng tnh theo t l nu trn gim
BO D ti nng thch hp, v nitrat ho, thm c h gim tng n it ng k (hnh 4.23).
Thi gian xy dng: thng 5 nm 2002.
H ot ng : t thng 5 nm 2002.
Chi p h : khong 30.000 K r an M ch, khong u s $ 4 .000 (2002), u s $ 800/ngi.
M t qu trnh: sau khi c x l s b, nc thi c cp theo ch u k ln b m t
ca bi lc vung su lm . Bi lc c thng k h bng ng <)50mm ni vi h thng thu
90
nc di y. Bi lc c cch
nhit bng m t lp v bo dy 15cm
ph trn ng phn phi. Nc thi
ngm qua tng vt liu khng bo ho,
ti y cc ch t hu c c x l bi
qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh,
am nia c nitrat ho. Nc c thu
hi vo cc ng thu b tr ti y bi
lc v c tun hon (vi t l 1/ 2 )
tr li b lng tng cng qu trnh
kh nitrat. N c sau x l c x vo
h cha nhn to xy dng cng vi H n h 4 .2 3 . B i l c tr n g s y d n g c h y n g sa u
h thng bi lc [Johansen, v cs. th i g ia n v n h n h m t th n g .
2002]. Trn hnh 4.24 I1 t chi tit P h a x a l h c h a n c t i s a u x l .
H n h 4 .2 4 . C h i ti t m t b n g h th n g b i l c d n g c h y n g M o s e h u s e t .
1 ) N c th i t h g ia n h ; ( 2 ) B l n g 3 n g n 2 m s ; ( 3 ) G i n g b m ;
( 4 ) H th n g p h n p h i n c ; ( 5 ) B i l c tr n g c y ; ( 6 ) H th n g th u n c ;
( 7 ) L c P ; ( 8 ) G i n g b m tu n h o n ; (9 ) n g a n c q u a y t r l i b l n g ;
( 1 0 ) N c sa u k h i x l c x r a h n h n t o .
91
C y tr n g : bi lc c cy trng cy sy 1 nm tui vi mt khong 4 cy/m 2.
H th n g p h n p h i n c v o : bm p lc vn hnh theo chu k ni vi h thng ng
dn c b' tr trn b m t bi lc m bo nc c phn phi u trn b m t bi lc.
H t h n g th u n c : y bi lc c mt h thng ng thu thu nc v ng thi
thng kh bng nhng ng ng thng hi ni trn b m t bi lc. H thng c b phn
tun hon a m t phn nc x l quay tr li b lng tng q u trnh k h nitrat
(hnh 4.25).
T i u ch u n n c s a u k h i x l : Q uy nh v nc thi sau x l t nhng ngun thi
nh nng thn c ban hnh bao gm 4 mc tu theo tnh ch t ca ngun tip
nhn [B m i trng v nng lng, 1997]. Tng tiu chun c yu cu ring v m c
x l: SOP yu cu phi x l cc cht hu c, nitrat ho v x l phtpho. s o yu cu
x l cht hu c v nitrat ho. O P yu cu x l cht hu c v pht pho. p yu cu ch
x l cht hu c (Bng 4.10).
H n h 4 .2 5 . H th n g n g tu n h o n .
1 ) n c r a t b i c ; ( 2 ) n c tu n h o n v b l n g ; ( 3 ) n c t i b p h n l c P ;
( 4 ) n c s a u l c P ; ( 5 ) n c d n v b l n g ; ( 6 ) v t li u l c p .
92
H ot ng: h thng c vn hnh c v khng c tun hon, nhng sau nm 2005
th vn hnh lin tc c h tun hon. H thng lc t tiu chun SO P trong 6 thng
u vn hnh, do b phn lc phtpho hot ng tt. Sau 6 thng, vt liu lc phtpho
c du hiu b bo h a v cn phi thay th vt liu. Tuy nhin kh nng tm kim vt
liu thay th ti thi im khng kh thi. V vy, h thng nh lng ho cht tr
lng c lp vo b lng thay th vo nm 2004. H thng lun c quan trc v
theo di trong sut thi gian hot ng. Trong thi gian u, ngoi phtpho, cc s liu
v hiu sut x l B O D 5 v N H N u tho mn tiu chun. Tuy nhin, sau khi lp h
thng bm nh lng ho cht th nng phtpho trong nc thi gim t tiu chun
a phng (Bng 4.11).
T ng-N nh 4n T n g-P
q
N m n
[m m /n g ] Vo R a (H i u qu) Vo Ra Vo R a ( H i u qu)
4.3. H T H N G L C C T G I N ON
4 .3.1. M t c h u n g
93
vi loi LCG dng lc chm (0,1 n 0,4 m 3/m 2.h). H thng L C G dng lc nhanh
thng thng bao gm cc cng on: lm keo t; kt bng; lng; lc v kh trng
[Thonart, 2006; M cG hee, 1991]. V t liu lc trong h thng lc dng chm (kch th c
ht trung bnh t 0,15 n 0,3 m m ) thng nh v m n hom so v i d ng lc nhanh (kch
thc ht trung bnh t 0,6 n 2 mm). Phng php ra lc i vi hai h thng n y
c thc hin khc nhau. H thng lc nhanh yu cu phi r a lc thng xuyn,
thng thng chu k r a lc l 2 ngy/ln. B in php r a lc l s dng dng chy
ngc qua lp vt liu lc (ra lc ngc). H th n g lc chm gim c ti a tn sut
lm sch (thng th ng sau t hai n ba thng) bng cch loi b m t phn (vi cm )
lp vt liu lc pha trn [Thonart, 2006]. T rong phn ny ch cp ti h thng
LC G dng lc chm l cng trnh c kh nng ng dng thch hp trong X LN T.
C ch x l trong h thng lc chm l d a trn cc q u trnh: phn hy sinh hc
hiu kh din ra trong lp ct lc; lc vt l cc cht rn v hp th; d n h bm cc ch t
hu c lm hnh thnh lp m ng gelatin gi l m ng sinh hc (M S H ) ph trn b m t
ca lp vt liu lc [M cG hee, 1991]. Theo cc nghin cu c cng b bi A C T E ,
1981, lp M SH ny c hnh thnh do s pht trin c a cc v s v dnh bm trn b m t
ca lp ct lc trong cc h thng lc chm hoc lc nh git. L p M SH ny c cu
thnh bi tp hp cc loi vi khun, to si, to ct, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun nh v
cc sinh vt khc. M SH c kh nng gi v xy ha cc cht h u c, vi khun v k h
xc cc loi to cht c trong nc thi.
M SH cng c hnh thnh v bao ph trn b m t ca tng h t ct lc. Lp M SH
ny phn hy cc cht c hp ph trn b m t v trong M SH cng din ra q u
trnh cnh tranh sinh tn gia cc loi v s v [T honart, 2006]. K t q u l lng thc n
sn c cho v s v b gim i v s cnh tranh ca cc vi sinh vt tn g ln theo chiu su
ca lp vt liu lc. T rong nc sau lc ch ch a cc loi m ui v c thng thng
khng gy hi, nng xy ha tan thng thp v trong nc t n ti m t lng nh
C 2. Tuy nhin, bng cc qu trnh lm thong tip theo (v d bng p trn khi x ra
ngun) s gii quyt c cc vn ny.
S tch t cc cht bn c loi b t nc thi trong vt liu lc s lm gim kh
nng thm lc ban u ca h thng. K h nng thm lc c th c phc hi bng cch
sc kh lm thong cho h thng trong thi gian g i a cc thi im kt thc chu k lc
(khi khng tip nhn nc thi) v trc khi din ra chu k lc tip theo.
T rong trng hp h thng LC G c thit k cho m c ch s d n g nc sau x
l b sung cho ngun nc ngm th phn y ca bi lc s c lt bng lp t c
kh nng thm to iu cho nc thm xung tng ch a nc ngm . C c bi lc i
khi c gi l bi lc ct khng y. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp th y
ca h thng lc ct c b tr chng thm (lt chng thm hoc b t n g ha) v nc
thi sau khi thm qua lp ct lc c thu bng h thng ng th u nc dn ti u ra
ca bi lc.
94
ng thng kh
(ni ven tng ng tr)
H n h 4 .2 6 . M t c t h th n g l c c t
th n g th n g l o i l c c h m
c x d n g t i B e n S e rg a o , M a r c .
N g u n : D r io u a c h e v c s . 1 9 9 7 .
ng thot nc ng thu nc
C c h th n g c tr n g
Trn hnh 4 .26 gii thiu mt ct h thng lc ct loi lc chm thng thng.
Trn hn h 4.27 gii thiu h thng LCG ci tin c b sung thm h thng ng sc
kh. Cac ng sc kh c b tr trong lp ct lc ti tng y ca h thng vi m c ch
lm thong v ti to kh nng thm ca vt liu ct lc.
ng c l
pha n
ng phn phi
PVC
Nc thi
t b t hoi
ng thot
PVC
ng cp
kh
ng phn phi ^
t trong lp cui
Ct lc
ng thot
H n h 4 .2 7. H th n g l c c t c s c k h .
a ) Mt ban g; n) mt ct dc.
95
4 .3 .2 . P h m v i n g d n g v v n h n h
P h m vi ng d n g
H thng LC G thng c s dng cho cc th nh c s dn di 10.000
ngi [X anthoulis, 1998]. T uy nhin, LC G cng c th ng dng cho cc th ln,
v d, ti A gadir, M arc, xy dng m t bi LC G phc v cho 400.000 ngi.
Bi lc ct thng thng c s dng x l nc thi sau b t hoi trc khi a
ti trm X L N T tp trung. N goi ra n c th c s dng x l b sung v nitrat
ha nc thi sau x l bc hai, v X L N T sau cc h sinh hc [C rites v
Tchobanoglous, 1998]. T unisia v M arc, nc thi sau x l bng LC G c s
dng cho vic ti cc loi cy nng nghip hoc c s dng b sung ngun nuc
ngm [X anthoulis, 1998].
Vn
hnh
vn hnh tt h thng LC G cn tun th theo cc hng dn di dy
[X anthoulis, 1998]:
H thng LC G cn c vn hnh gin on theo chu k.
Giai on lm ngp nc trong bi lc cn phi tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht
c th to c thi gian lm kh di to iu kin cho q u trnh khi phc lng
xy cn thit trong p vt liu lc.
N c x l cn phi c ti u trn b m t bi thm v nhanh chng lm ngp
u trn ton b din tch b m t ca bi lc.
Cn thay i quy trnh vn hnh ty theo iu kin thi tit c th ti khu vc
N u c thit k ng k thut, h thng LCG s c hiu sut x l cao (Bng 4.12).
Bng 4.12. Cht lng nc thi sau h thng LCG c xy dng ti Boone
96
Bng 4.13. Cht luig nc thi sau tng cng on x l
ca h thng LCG Ben Sergao
T K N [m g N /L ] 116 99 17 85%
Nitrat [m g N /L ] 0 - 5 6 ,7 -
F aecal co iifo rm s
6 .1 5 6 .1 0 6 4 ,9 6 .106 327 100%
[FC/100ml]
Trng giun [khun/L] 214 47 0 100%
4 .3 .3 .T i u c h u n th i t k v v t li u
Vt liu lc (ct)
V i chc nng l vt liu lc, ct l vt liu quan trng n h t c a h 'thng. T hnh
phn, kch c ht trung bnh v c tnh ca ct l cc thng s c bn ca h thng
LCG . B dy ca lp ct lc (chiu su lp ct lc) thay i ty thuc tng bi lc c
th v thng trong khong t 0,5 n 2 m [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee,
1991; X anthoulis, 1998]. Tuy nhin, cc h lliiig LC G c chiu su lm thng c
s dng nht [M cG hee, 1991]. M t v i bi lc ct c xy d ng c chiu su lp
ct lc ln hn v lp ct pha trn khong t 2 ti 5 cm s c ly i nh k. Chiu su
ti thiu ca bi lc ct c xut vo khong 0,5m; nhng bi lc c chiu dy lp ct
lc nh hn 0,5 m c th t hiu qu x l BOD v hm lng cn l lng cao song kh
nng nitrat ha t hiu sut thp. [Crites v Tchobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee, 1991].
V ic phn b kch thc ht trong lp vt liu lc cn c thc hin sao cho m
bo kh nng gi li cn l lng c trong nc thi, d dng hnh thnh m ng sinh hc
trn b mt vt liu, m bo vn tc dng chy thm chuyn ng trong bi lc sao cho
xy c th d dng xm nhp vo h thng theo dng chy ng thi m bo hiu sut
lc cn. S ph n b kch c ht cn m bo tnh ng nht v p ng cc xut sau'
(v ct lc vi cc c ht khc cng c th c s dng):
d90% = 2 m m
d50% = 800 im
97
dlO % = 330 um
uc = d60/dl0 < 3
H s ng nht ( C) tnh bng t l gia c ht chim 60% v c ht chim 10% s
biu th tnh ng nht v kch c ct lc. S dng ct lc k h n g n g nht v kch c
ht s khng cho hiu qu lc cao. c n s dng ct c bn c hc tt, sch, khng
ln bi, bn, m n st, cht hu c v cn vi v cc ch t ny l n g u y n nhn gy hin
tng tc lc.
D in tch bi lc v s n nguyn
D in tch cng tc ca h thng LCG thng c tnh tro n g khong t 0,4 n
4 m 2 /ngi v ty thuc vo tng loi nc thi, lu lng nc th i, kch c ht ct
lc, chiu cao lp ct lc, iu kin kh hu v iu kin bo d ng v vn hnh
v .v ...[X a n th o u lis, 1998].
D in tch lc (A ) c tnh bng [Thonart, 2006]:
A = 0- (4.35)
T rong : v e- t c lc (m /ng);
c - h s cht ca lp vt liu lc (ly t 700 n 1000 i vi ct
m i v t 500 n 700 i vi ct lc s d n g m t vi nm );
d /o - kch c hiu qu ca ht vt liu lc (m m );
h - tn tht p lc (m );
L - chiu su ca lp vt liu lc (m );
T - nhit (C).
H thng LC G cn c thit k phn thnh cc n n g u y n (s n nguyn ti
thiu l 2 ) nhm m bo kh nng vn hnh lin tc c a h th n g tro n g thi gian bo
dng (thi gian bo dng t 1 n 2 ngy) v pht trin M S H trn b m t vt liu lc
(t 6 gi ti 30 ngy) [Thonart, 2006; M cG hee, 1991].
D in tch ca m i n nguyn nn ly trong kho n g t 100 m 2 ti 5.000 m 2. So
lng n nguyn c th xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau [T honart, 2006]:
98
(4.37)
th m th y l c v tc s dn g nc
tnh ton thit k h thng LCG cn tnh ton theo lu lng nc thi ln nht
do hiu sut x l ca h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm lng cht hu c c trong
nc thi cn x l. T c thm thy lc (LV1.) ca bi lc thng th ng c ly trong
khong t 40 n 80 m m /ngy, vi tc thm thy lc ln hn c th gy tc bi lc
khi s dng ct m n. N goi ra, tc s dng nc (hydraulic application rate - H A R )
cng l thng s k thut thng c s dng biu th k h nng hot ng ca
LC G [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998]:
HAR =4 ^ (4.38)
D F
Tn su t cp n c thi
H th n g th u g o m n c sau x l
b sung xy trong lp vt liu lc (nhm duy tr iu kin hiu kh), iu quan
trng l phi lm thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cng nhanh cng tt. H thng
99
ng thu gom v thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cn c lp t y bi lc v
mi ng th u phi c ni vi m t ng thng kh. C c ng thu gom nc phi c t
trn lp si khng ln vi vi chiu dy t 10 n 25 cm v c ph bi m t lp si
khng ln vi khc dy 25 cm . ng th o t chnh phi c b tr tru n g tm ca bi
lc [X anthoulis, 1998].
H th n g p h n p h i v nh l ng
H thng phn phi nc c yu cu phi phn phi u nc thi trn ton b din
tch bi lc. Phng php ph bin l s dng h thng ng ti c c l pha trn.
4.3.4. V n h n h v b o d ig
N him v chnh khi vn hnh v bo dng bi lc l quan trc cht lng nc thi
sau x l (B O D , C O D , s s , N H 4 N , NO 3-N v F C /100m l), kim tra thit b phn phi
nc thi (u vo v u ra bi lc, h thng ng phn phi c l, cc bm v .v ...) v
bo dng b m t ca bi lc [EPA ,1999]. V ic bo d ng b m t bi lc bao gm lm
kh b m t sau loi b lp ct lc pha trn (thng c ly i khong 2 n 5 cm
[Thonart, 2006; X anthoulis, 1998]) ti thiu l 4 thng m t ln. Thit b phc v cho cng
tc bo dng ny rt n gin v d nh: co c li m ng v rng, bng xng v vn
chuyn bng xe y. C ng nhn vn hnh bo dng cn c trang b ng v gng tay.
4.3.5. C hi ph u t
Bi lc ct c xy d ng v lp t n gin. C t lc c th d dng la chn v s
dng ngay loi sn c ti a phng vi gi thnh h p l. V vy chi ph u t xy
dng LC G th ng thp. Tuy nhin, ty theo iu k in c th c a t ng a ph ng v
gi thnh vt liu v nhn cng s c nhng tc ng ti tng chi ph u t xy dng
bi lc. G i thnh ca m t bi lc ct phc v cho m t h gia nh M vo khong
10.000U SD [EPA , 1999]. chu u, chi ph xy d ng m t bi lc ct phc v cho
hn 100 ngi vo khong 1.000 /ngi.
4.3.6. N h n cng
V ic xy dng bi lc khng i hi ngi cng nhn c trnh cao, thi gian vn
hnh v bo dng bi lc ch khong 2 gi m i ngy v c th c tin hnh bng lao
ng ph thng [EPA , 1999].
4.3.7. T c n g t i m i tn m g
C c u im :
N c thi sau x l bng L C G c th ti s dng vi n h iu m c ch khc nhau
v d nh b sung cho ngun nc ngm , s dng ti cho nng nghip. N u cht
lng nc sau x l p ng tiu chun m i trng th c th x vo ngun tip nhn;
K hng s dng ha cht;
Thn thin vi m i trng.
100
C c hn ch:
M i pht sinh t bi lc c th nh hng ti dn c sinh sng xung quanh bi lc
C th xy ra cc hin tng tc dng tron qu trnh vn hnh.
M t s vn c th xy ra vo m a ng do hin tng ng bng trn b m t ca
bi lc;
4.4.1. n h ngha
101
Q u trnh bc h i
Q u trnh bc hi chuyn nc trng thi lng sang hi n c (h a hi) v rt hi
nc ra khi b m t bay hi (thi hi). N c bc hi t cc b m t k h c nhau n h sng,
h, m t ng, t v thc vt m. thc hin c qu trn h ny, cn c nng lng
chuyn trng thi ca cc phn t nc t dng lng sang d n g hi. B c x m t tri
trc tip v m c thp hn, chnh lch v nhit m i tr n g x u n g quanh s cung
cp nng lng ny. ng lc tch hi nc l s chnh lch g i a p sut ho i nc
ti b m t bay hi v p sut hi nc c a kh quyn. K hi q u trn h bay hi d in ra,
khng kh m i tr ng xung quanh s bo h o dn v tc bay hi s chm hn v
c th dng hn nu nh khng kh m khng c chuyn vo m i tr n g xung quanh.
V ic thay th khng kh bo ho bng khng kh kh h n p h th u c ch yu vo tc
gi. D o vy, bc x m t tri, nhit khng kh, m kh n g kh v tc gi l
nhng thng s kh hu cn xem xt nh gi qu trnh b a y hi nc.
Q u trnh th ot h i
Q u trnh thot hi lm ha hi nc trng thi lng tro n g cc m ca thc vt v
thot hi nc vo m i tr ng xung quanh. T hc vt m t nc ch y u l qua cc l
kh khng l nhng l h nh trn l cy m hi nc v cc ch t kh th o t qua. R cy
nhn nc cng vi cc cht dinh dng v truyn i khp thn cy. Q u trnh h a hi
din ra ti l cy, ti cc khoang gian bo, v khu ca cc l kh s kim sot qu
trnh trao i hi. G n nh ton b lng nc c nhn vo b m t i qua q u trnh
thot hi v ch m t lng nh c s dng bn trong cy.
Thot - bc h i n c
C c qu trnh bc hi v thot hi xy ra ng thi v khng c p h n g p hp no c
th phn bit gia hai qu trnh. N goi lng nc sn c tro n g l p t b m t, qu
trnh bay hi t t trng ph thuc ch yu vo lng bc x m t tri chiu ln b m t
t. Lng bc x ny gim dn trong sut qu trnh cy p h t trin v bng ca cy s
ngy cng che ph nhiu din tch t hn. K hi cy cn nh, n c ch yu l m t qua
qu trnh bc hi t m t t; khi cy tr ng thnh v hon to n p h kn m t t,
thot hi tr thnh qu trnh chnh. Tc bc hi nc l l ng n c m t i t cy v
t trn m t b m t c cy trng theo n v su c a n c v th n g c tn h theo
m ilim et (m m ) trn n v thi gian l gi, ngy, tun (m i ngy), thng, thm ch c
giai on tng tr ng hay c m t nm.
4.4.2. C c th n g s v k h h u v a h n h
102
B c x a m t tr i
N h i t k h n g k h
m khng kh
103
trong cng m t iu kin m i trn[f. T hot - bc hi nc bng thc vt tro n g iu
kin chun l nhu cu bc hi ca thc vt c trng trn nhng cnh ng ln di
iu kin m i tr ng ti u v ngun nc ngm v cc bin php qun l tt.
iu kin m i tr n g v qun l
Cc yu t nh m n ca t, ph nhiu ca t, s tn ti ca cc tng t
rn hoc khng th xuyn qua c, s thiu kim sot cc loi su bnh v k h u qun
l km c th hn ch qu trnh tng tr ng v lm gim kh nng thot - bc hi nc
ca cy. C c nhn t khc cn c xem xt khi nh gi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc
l lp ph m t t, m t cy, tr lng nc ngm . nh hng c a nc n g m i
vi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc tu thuc trc tin vo mc thiu nc v loi
t. Q u nhiu nc s dn n hin t ng ng nc c kh nng lm h hi r v hn
ch qu trnh hp th nc qua r do km hm h hp. C c h thng thot - b c hi
nc thng s dng loi cy c kh nng chu ng nc lu di.
a
* im
Lin hip quc thng qua t chc FA O (T chc nng nghip v lng thc) pht
trin phn m m C R O P W A T lm cng c tn h ton m c thot - bc hi nc chun,
nhu cu nc ca cy trng, v nhu cu ti nc ca cy trng. C c tnh ton c
thc hin da trn m t chng trnh phi hp gia thng tin v kh hu a phng
(m t c s d liu c cha thng tin v trn 140 quc gia) vi nhu cu nc khc nhau
104
ca cy trng. Phn m m ny c ng min ph trn m ng c th tm v ti v t a
ch http://w w w .fao.org/ag/A G L /adw /cro p w at.stm .
4.4.5. T h i t k v x c n h kch th c
L a c h n lo i c y v k h n n g th o t h i
105
Pht trin trong t ng ngp nc; th c vt vng m ly c th sng trong v ng
t ng ngp nh h thng k h cha kh bn trong r cy v cc m m chi mang xy
f **
1A
en r.
H nh thi pht trin cn ti a ho kh nng thot nc, c ngha l s dng hiu ng
"dy phoi", ni m chiu cao ca cy ln hn chiu cao ca m i trng xung quanh.
C kh nng hp th cc cht dinh d ng cao v c k h n n g tch lu cht dinh
dng v kim loi nng trong phn thn cy c th thu hoch c trn m t t.
C kh nng hp th m ui tch ly tro n g h thng theo th i gian.
C c y u t c t h l m t i a h o m c n c b c h i .
106
vung gc vi hng gi ch o s lm tng lng nc bc hi v cy s dng nhit t
khng kh lm bay hi nc v gi lm cun hi nc ra khi cy (xem hnh 4.29).
Cn b n g n c v th u hc
M t trong nh n g kha cnh
Nc ma Nc thot bc hi
quan trng nht ca h thng thot
- bc hi nc bng cy liu l kh
n ng lm thot - bc hi ht lng Nc thi (Q)
n c thi v n c m a dn ti h -----
thng. L ng nc thot - bc hi
(B H ) hng nm b n g lng nc
thi (Q) dn ti h thng cng m n){ 4 0 c in brig nc lrong h lhng :hol.
lng nc m a (M ) trn b m t boc hi nc
h thng (xem hnh 4.30). T rn
thc t, m c th o t - bc hi nc v lng m a dao ng trong Rm trcn g khi lng
nc thi dn ti h thng li kh n nh. V vy, s bin ng theo m a v lng
nc m a v m c thot - bc hi nc cng cn c xem xt sao cho h thng c
th tch ( su) c th d tr nc thi v nc m a vo m a ng.
K ch th c v c u t o c a h th n g
H thng X L B H N T s d ng cy liu thng c xy dng trn m t m nh t vi
su 1,5 m , c lt chng thm bng vt liu polyethylene, v trng liu. D in tch
b m t ca h th n g p h thuc vo khi lng v cht lng nc thi cn x l v
lng m a h n g nm ti a phng. D in tch cn thit X L N T t m t h gia nh
an M ch th ng cn t 120 n 300 m 2. Lng m a hng nm ti a im xy dng
l m t th ng s q u an trng xc n h kch thc ca h thng. N c thi c cp
vo h thng b n g p lc v dc phn phi bng h thng ng ngm di m t t.
T hn cy liu c nh k ct ta nhm kch thch s pht trin c a cy v loi b bt
ch t dinh d ng v kim loi nng.
C c c t n h c b n c a h i h n g s d n g c y l i u :
107
i vi h thng X L B H N T kt hp thm , cc kch thc c bn cng c th it k
ging nh h thng kn. Cy liu s lm bc hi nc thi trong m a pht trin; vo
m a ng, m t phn nc thi s c ngm vo t.
4.4.7. a im v xy dng
X c nh
a
im
108
chiu di ph thuc d in tch cn thit. Cc h thng su hon, c sn dc hn thng
c li th hn.
0,3m
1,5m
5m
Hnh 4 3 2 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T s d n g c y li u .
N g u n : G r e g e r s e v c s ., 2 0 0 3 a
ph b m
0,6rn
ng phn phi
1111111111111
ilMpi
iiilinrn phn phi
[ Lp vt liu ph
. dy toi thiu 0,225m
\- : I
Rng ti thiu 0,25m
t ph b mt
H n h 4 .3 3 . C h i ti t h th o n g p h n p h i n c th i.
109
p vt liu phn phi Irrv - r^ - n g dn bo dng
" > * ' ' ^ r^ - v i a k thut
Mng chng thm
Lp ct dy 0,5m
Hnh 4 .3 4 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T k n .
Trng cy v g y g i n g
H thng thot - bc hoi s dng cy liu cn x y d n g vo m a xun. C c vt liu
trng cy cn c chun b b i cc ch u y n gia gy ging, c n s dng cc vt liu
chit cy v tnh thuc loi c kh n n g p h t trin n h an h cy tr n g n h m to ra sinh
khi m c cao nht. Liu pht trin t n h in s k h n g s d n g c. L iu th ng c
kh nng pht trin nhanh trong nm u, c th t ch iu cao 4 m. V o m a ng sau
khi trng, cn tin hnh ct ta cc m m chi ti v tr st t nhm k ch th ch cy ny
nhiu m m , to khm . T hng th ng, liu c th th u h o ch c sau b a nm (cng vo
m a ng) tnh t ln ct ta ban u. C y liu th n g p h t trin rt t t tro n g iu kin
c m trong vng t su k h o n g 1 m tn h t b m t. L iu c th chu c ng
lt theo m a nh ng khng sng c tro n g ng n g p lu di.
K im sot c di l cng tc quan re .
110
xen k cc loi ging liu khc nhau to kh nng khng cc loi bnh do nm
gy nn l ph ng php l t ng nht.
Liu c cy trng di dng
1m ._ 1m
1m 1,5m 1m ^ cc on ct di 20-f30cm t thn
cy m t nm tui thu hoch trong
; khong thi gian t thng 12 n
thng 3 khi cy an g trong thi k
! ng ng. C c on ct cn c
! trng ngay hoc gi nhit
; -2c n -4 c v chng c th
sng c vi tun nhit ny.
T - CN c o T - Cc on ct nn c vn chuyn
<5*
r -
o
1 c-
1 o
! r -
! o
-
_ o o :o t ni gi lnh n khu vc cy
, < N j" co " LO
c n 1 >
c
! c n >
cz
' ot trng ngay trong bui sng thc
c c
'C O 1 'C O 1 ,0 3 '0 3
X X 1 X X 'r hin trng cc on ct . Neu
cc oan ct c gi nhit
H n h 4 .3 6 . S t r n g x e n k b a lo a i li u k h c n h a u . __ . . . ,
trn 0 c , giai o n ngu ng s b
gin on, r bt n h s pht trin v m m c th ny m nh. H in t ng ny s lm
gim thnh phn nc, cht dinh d ng v do kh nng sng c a cy cng suy gim.
C y c tr n g sau t s ng gi cui cng trong nm l l t ng nht, nhng cng
c th trng sm vo thng hai nu iu kin t cho php. V ic trng cy m un vo
thng su vn c th thnh cng nh ng nn trnh trng m un v m a tng tr ng u
tin cng di th cy cng c th sng kho hn vo m a ng.
L iu nn c tr n g thnh hng cch nhau khong 1 m v cc nhm gm ba hng
m t cch nhau khong 1,5 m. C c cy trong hng nn cch nhau khong 0,4--0,5m. T
m i on ct 1H-3 chi cy s ny ln v t chiu cao ti 4m vo cui m a pht trin
u tin. e gim thiu cc thit hi do su bnh, ba ging liu khc nhau nn c
trng thnh cc h n g xen k (xem hnh 4.36).
C y liu cn c chm sc cn thn nhm ngn nga su bnh, c di m bo
cho liu p ht trin tt trong nm u. C di nn c nh bng m y. V o m a ng
u tin sau khi c trng, cy liu th ng c ct ngn cch m t t di 20 cm
nhm k ch thch pht trin thnh khm c nhiu m m . C ng vic ny nn c thc
hin vo cui m a ng, nh ng trc thi k ny m m , thng vo cui thng hai. Sau
khi ct liu c th tin hnh phun thuc dit c nhm loi b c di m c trong nm u.
N n s d ng thuc dit c trc khi liu ny m m to khm chnh nh hng ca
th u c lm hng cy. T m i gc ct s m c khong 5 n 20 chi cy ty thuc vo
g ing liu. T rong v ng b a thng k t khi ct liu, nn lm m i che hn ch nh sng
trn m t t dit c m t cch t nhin.
111
V ic thu hoch liu thng tin hnh theo chu k hai hoe b a nm m t ln. T y theo
chu k la chn, m t na hoc m t p h n ba tha liu s c ct m i nm . C ng vic
rty c tin hnh vo m a ng, sau khi l rng v trc khi ny m m , th ng vo
khong gia thng m i n u thng ba.
X c nh kch th c v q u y hoch h th n g
X c nh quy m h th n g th o t - b c h i n c b n g liu an M ch
112
169 17 Din tich cn thit (m2) lm bc hi
100m3/nm nc thi
181 16
/
175 / 166 181 1^7 1O
2
2 170 15 U1 <* 149 U2
/ ^ N.
>
1
24 * * 1 t 179 144
-7
174
1 m
1**
\
I
t 14
l ,1W AW
T _ t }
i'1
33* 265 233 .1 17 163 151 150 138*1
T!__
24 271 210 17 132 135
p* V "
----
TTx
f 240 291 252 1#5 1, 126. .127 147 137
277^
l h : . /
U
V
273 228 174 1^47 129 12
V
12? 33
nu
23 283 17 207 134 130
\
140
/y
13; 13*
'K 8 !S*
S' >N ; \ . oC
20S . 233 IM
H T
140 130 ti7\ 197 MO -
< c;, 1
v>
rr
207' 23? 261 210 .154, 1 IM 1 2 6 \ 132 . 137 \ H9
^ I ^ _L \ 15? _ s f c .
+ fi>' 1 ^ -
"77' ISA
233 2 2 152 161 133 12 UI'
5 12
i ' t n K.
svr, _ J^ V r
IM , 220 243 217 .142*1s . w j? 13 071L,1M I2r
ig & X - 441 \ /
V7 ^ 174
r \' / &
242 238 12 s I 12
- 134 134
' -
M
124 125 125
4.4.8. V n h n h v b o d ng
K h i n g h th n g tXr ***&&<* ^
113
thng thng thng tt nht l vo u m a xun. K hi cy c trng, l ng nc
thi cp vo h thng cn c kim sot th eo n h u cu c a cy (t n h t l k h n g lm
km hm s pht trin ca cy), c di cn c n h sch tro n g m a p h t trin u tin
v chng c th lm gim kh n n g pht trin c a cy. M c n c tro n g h th n g cn
c kim tra th ng xuyn trong sut n m u. D o tc th o t - b c hi cn thp
trong nm u khi cy cn nh, m c n c c th d n g ln b n g vi m t t vo cui
m a thu; nu hin tng ny xy ra, cn tin hnh bm nc ra khi h thng. C ng vic
ny c th phi duy tr cho n m a xun tip sau khi tc thot - bc hi tng.
B o d n g v c t ta nh k
Sau nm u tin, vic bo d ng cn c th c hin n h k vi cc cng tc ht
bn cn (hng nm ) t b t hoi hoc b lng, k im tra h o t n g c a bm v ct ta
m t na hoc m t ph n ba s cy i vi h th n g s d n g cy liu. V ic ct b t cy
(H nh 4.38) c tin hnh vo m a ng, sau khi l r n g v tr c khi ny m m ,
thng vo khong gi a thng m i n u th n g ba. c t ta cy l cn thit nhm
gip cho cy pht trin kho m nh v c k h n n g th o t hi cao. V ic ct cy c n g c
ch v ph hp nht tr c khi cy q u to.
4.4.9. C hi ph u t v vn hnh
C h i p h u t
Chi ph u t cho h thng thot - bc hi n c d ao n g ln t y thuc nhu cu xy
dng v iu kin thc t ca khu vc. C hi p h cho v ic x l s b, th n g bao gm b
t hoi hoc b lng v h thng bm nc th i n h th n g c th c tnh to n m t
cch tng i chnh xc theo nh m c xy d ng; n h n g chi ph ch o h thng thot -
bc hi nc li ph thuc vo yu cu c m n g c h n g th m , khi lng t cn vn
chuyn v .v ... Theo kt qu kho st 34 h th n g th o t - b c hi nc s dng cy liu
cho ring tng h gia nh an M ch (h thng kn c m n g ch n g thm ), chi ph vn
dao ng trong khong t 2.000 n 1 2 .0 0 0 [G regersen v cs., 2003]. Chi ph u t
trung bnh cho m t h thng kn s dn g cy liu, bao gm x l s b v bm , n
M ch l khong 8.000. Do vy, cn tnh to n chi p h v n cho m i h thng rin g l v
chi ph ny phn ln ph thuc nhu cu o t v m n g lt c h n g thm .
C h i p h vn hnh
Chi ph vn hnh c a h thng th o t - b c hi n c th n g r t th p v gii h n chi
ph cho vic ht bn b t hoi hoc b lng v b m n c thi n h thng.
V ic ct cy cn th c hin m t n m m t ln, n hn ch u n g i hi rt t cng sc. i
vi h thng s dng cy liu dnh rin g cho h gia n h , v ic ct cy th n g c thc
hin tron g vi gi do chnh ch nh. N m u sau khi gy tr n g v n liu, c cn c
nh sch v cng vic ny cng i hi rt t cng sc. C hi ph v n h n h h th n g s
dng cy li dnh ring cho m t h gia n h an M ch, bao g m c chi ph cho vic
ht bn b t hoi (ln/nm ), thng m t k h o n g 300/nm .
114
M t yu t q uan trng khi so snh chi ph l h thng thot - bc hi nc lm gim
lng nc thi c x ra t h thng. Trn thc t, trong tr ng hp s dng h
th ng kn, tu y t i k h n g c nc thi x ra. an M ch, ngi x nc thi phi tr
m c ph khong 5 /m 3; n h vy m t h gia nh x 100 m 3/nm s phi tr 500/nm .
T rong h thng th o t - bc hi kn, khng c nc thi x ra, cc h khng phi tr
k h on ph no. V vy, k hon tin tit kim 500/nm cao hn so vi khon chi ph vn
hnh 300/nm .
4.4.10. n g d n g
115
Bng 4.14. Lng thot - bc hoi nc (mm/nm) ca
su h thng s dng liu an Mch
H thng N m 1 N m 2
(thng t 1997- thng ba 1998) (thng tir 1998 - thng ba 1999)
1 980 1.470
2 1.270 2 .0 9 0
3 1.140 1.650
4 1.130 1.690
5 980 1.660
6 1.020 1 .880
S liu v nng sut sinh khi v hm lng dinh dng c n g n h kim loi nng
trong thn v l cc cy liu m t v hai nm tui c xc nh tro n g h thng 4. Ti h
thng ny vn liu bao gm ba hng thuc loi "Jorr", hai h n g loi "B jom " v hai
hng loi "Tora". iu ng tic l k h ng o c chnh xc l n g cht dinh dng v
kim loi nng c x vo h thng. V i hm lng thng th ng trong nc thi t h
gia nh: 30 m g/L tng-nit (N), lO m g/L tng-phtpho (P) [H enze, 1982], v 30m g/L
kali (K ), lng nit, phtpho v kali trong sinh khi thu hoch c gn bng vi lng
c x vo h thng theo nc thi. R ing vi phtpho, lng c thi vo h thng
cao gn 30% so vi lng trong sinh khi c th thu hoch c. T u y nhin, vic cn
bng phtpho ph thuc vo m c s dng cht ty ra c ch a p h tp h at ti m i h
gia nh c th.
i vi kim loi nng, thng k h ng th da vo s liu c sn tnh ton m c cn
bng khi lng. Tuy nhin, nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia n h th ng cha t kim
loi nng. N ng trung bnh ca cc kim loi nng trong nc thi sinh hot thng
m c: cadim i (Cd): 2 I-Ig/L, ch (Pb): 40 |J.g/L; km (Zn) 130 (Ig/L; ng (Cu) 40 |ig/L ;
niken (N i) v crm (C r) 15 |ig /L ; thu ngn (H g) 12 |ig /L [H enze, 1982]. N eu cc s
liu ny c s dng cho vic tnh ton cn bng khi lng h c th xem l mt
phn kim loi nng tch t trong h thng trong sut khong thi gian hot ng ca
h thng. T uy nhin, vic cy liu hp th kim loi nng cn tu thuc vo m c kim
loi c trong t v ging cy liu [L andberg v G reger, 1994, 1996; G reger, 2000] v
v vy lng kim loi nng c loi b qua thu hoch c th cao hn m c c ghi li
trong s liu hin c. i vi tr ng hp xu nht, d a trn s liu v hiu q u x l
hin c v cc m c nng k trn, cho thy sau 25 nm hot ng m c kim loi nng
trong t khng v t qu chun cho php hin hnh v s d ng t cho nng nghip
(Cd: 0.5 m g/kg t kh; Pb: 40 m g/kg t kh; Zn: 100 m g/kg t kh; Cu: 40 m g/kg
t kh; Ni: 15 m g/kg t kh; Cr: 30 m g/kg t kh).
116
T c h t m u i
117
4.5. CC PH N G PHP x L K KH N C THI
4.5.1. T n g quan
4.5.2. L ch s ph t trin
4.5.3. C ch ln m en ky kh
118
C C H P CH AT H u c
M, H Y D R T CACBO N , CH T b o
T H Y PHN
A X IT HA
C C SN phAm t r u n g g ia n
P R O P IO N IC , B U T Y R IC v.v...
A X E T A T HA
M TAN HA
100% COD
Thy p h n
Q u trnh ny chuyn ha cc cht rn phc tp thnh cc hp cht ha tan vi trng
lng phn t nh hn. Q u trnh ny i hi s tc ng ca cc enzim ngoi bo tit
ra t cc vi khun gy m en. C c cht m c phn hy thng qua cc chui thnh cc
axit am in, hydrat cacbon c chuyn ha thnh cc cht ng c th ha tan v cc
cht bo c chuyn thnh chui cc axt bo v glycerin. T rn thc t, tc thy
phn c th gy c ch tc phn hy k kh. c bit, tc chuyn chuyn ha cc
cht bo s xy ra rt chm trong iu kin dui 20c.
A x t ha
T rong qu trnh axit ha, cc cht ha tan c to thnh t qu trnh thy phn di
tc dng ca cc vi khun ln m en c chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht hu c n gin
(axt bo d bay hi, cn, axt lactic) v cc cht khong (carbon dioxit, hydro, am nia
v kh hyro sulfat). Q u trnh ln men axit c thc hin bi nhiu loi vi khun khc
nhau, nhng phn ln chng l vi khun k kh bt buc. Tuy nhin, cng c th c m t
s loi vi khun lng tnh c th chuyn ha cc cht hu c qua con ng xy ha.
iu ny rt quan trng trong x l nc thi k kh, v xy h a tan c th gy nh
h ng xu cho cc vi khun k kh v cc vi khun m tan ha.
A x e ta t ha
Cc hp cht to thnh t qu trnh axit ha c chuyn ha thnh cc sn phm
cui sinh kh m tan: axetat, hydr, v cacbon dioxit. N h m t trn hnh 4.39,
khong 70% CO D trong nc thi u vo c chuyn thnh axt axetic v phn cn
119
li c tp trung lm ngun cp in t trong phn ng to kh hydr. Ty thuc v o
th nng xy ha ca cc cht hu c ban u, qu trnh axetat h a c th din ra cng
vi s to thnh cacbon dioxit hoc hydr.
M ta n h a
C H C O O H - > C H 4 + C O 2 (4.39)
T n g h p m ta n t v k h u n h y d r o
4H2 + C O 2 - C H 4 + 2 H 20 (4.40)
C c vi khun tng h p m tan t hydro v dioxit cacbon p h t trin nhanh hom cc vi
khun s dng axetat [H enzen v H a em o es 1983], v vy qu trnh tng hp m tan bi
cc vi khun ln m en gim thng chim t l gii hn trong sut qu trnh chuyn h a
cc hp cht hu c cao phn t c trong nc thi thnh kh sinh hc.
C c nhm vi khun khc nhau tham gia trong qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c
u c kh nng ng ha v d ha. V vy, song song vi q u trnh gii phng ra cc
sn phm ln m en khc nhau, lng sinh khi m i cng c to thnh trong bn giai
on chuyn ha c m t trn. th u n tin, ba qu trnh u tin i khi c gp
li vi nhau v c gi l qu trnh ln m en axit, v qu trnh th t c gi l q u
trnh m tan ha.
Q u trnh ln m en axit c khuynh h n g lm gim pH do lm pht sinh cc axit bo
d bay hi v cc cht trung gian d phn ly. V qu trnh m tan ha ch tin trin tt
trong iu kin pH trung tnh, nn v l do no , phn ng c th tr nn khng n
nh do tc kh axit trong qu trn h m tan h a gim so vi tc pht sinh axit,
tng lng axit cn li s lm gim pH , v v vy gy c ch k h nng pht trin hot
ng ca cc vi khun m tan ha. T rn thc t, hin tng ny, c gi l ch u a
trong cc b phn ng k kh, v c n g l s c rt thng gp trong vn hnh cc h
thng x l k kh. trnh hin tng chua , cn duy tr cn bng gia cc qu trnh
ln m en axit v m tan ha.
120
4H C00- +4H + -> CH 4 +3C 0 2 + 2 H 20 (4.42)
C H C O O H -> C H 4 + C 0 2 (4.46)
= Y (4.48)
V dt / g d (S + K s
(2) T c tiu hy ca vi sinh vt, c th din gii theo phng trnh bc n h t :
'f X^
-X b (4.49)
. dt
T rong :
X - nng vi sinh vt (m g V SS/L);
s - nng cht nn (m g COD/L);
121
Y- h s tng sinh khi (mg v s s /m g COD);
/X - tc sinh tr ng c tr ng ca vi sinh vt (n g '1) (t l tng sinh khi tr n 1
n v thi gian);
/An - tc sinh tr ng c tr ng ln nht (n g '1);
b - h s tc cht (ng'1);
K s - hng s M onod (n a bo ha) (m g C O D /L).
C c k t g, u v d, biu th, t ng ng vi cc qu trn h sinh trng, tiu th v
tiu hy.
(d x / d t)g - i lng biu th tc sinh tr ng ca vi sinh vt theo thi gian;
( d S / d t )u - i lng biu th tc tiu th cht nn (ng) theo thi gian;
(d X / d t)d - i lng biu th tc tiu hy cc vi sinh vt theo thi gian;
(d x / d t) - i lng biu th khi lng thc c a vi sinh vt theo thi gian.
Ph ng trnh (4.48) cho thy, vi gi tr nng cht nn cao, t l M onod S/(S + K sJ
Mms
m , min
X
\d t ) K s + s m,n
122
hay
5 =A . (4.50)
Vm-b
iSmin l gi tr thp nht cho php ca nng cht nn trong h thng x l. Trong
x l k kh nc thi, vic chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc c
tin hnh th ng qua chui cc qu trnh lin tip. V vy, nng cht nn ti thiu s
bng tng cc g i tr nng nh nht ti cc qu trnh khc nhau.
0,25
T = 33 c
0,20
O)
c
y/M eth a n o sa rcin a
? 0,15 ' Mm= 0,3/r.g
V
3 Ks= 200 mg/L
.c
0,10 jm= 0,1/ng
"
Methanotrx
pm= 0,1/ng
H 0,05 -
Ks= 30 mg/L
55
't ' t
0
0 30 200 400 600
Nng axtat (mg/L)
// /|/| 4 .4 0 . g a /7 h g i a t c s in h t r n g vsv v n n g a x a t.
123
'd X \ d X ) (d X '
+
\ dt yw V dt )
Hoc
(4.51)
K. b + -
R
s= V
(4.52)
\ b + ~ '
R;
400
300 -
O)
200 -
Methanorix v Methanosarcina.
Ngun: Gujer and Zehnder (1982).
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tui bn (ng)
(4.53)
R.
7 + * -b
V
124
Thng thng, nng cht nn u vo ln hn nhiu so vi hng s na-bo ha
(nu khng ng nh vy, vic loi b cht hu c s kh khn). Trong trng hp ny,
phng trnh (4.52) c dng n gin hn:
=- L- (4.53a)
Pm - b
Trong : Rsm - tui bn ti thiu (ngy).
Thng s ng lc hc quan trng khc l hng s tc tiu th cht nn c trng.
Hng s ny biu th lng cht nn ln nht c th chuyn ha trn khi lng n v
vi khun trong mt n thi gian. Thng s ny c th c tnh ton t tc sinh
trng c trng ln nht ln nht v h s tng sinh khi nh sau:
(4.54)
Mn Y Km Ks
H vi khun
(ng1) (mg vss/m g COD) (mg COD/mg vss.ng) (mg COD/L)
Vi khun axit ha 2,0 0,15 13 200
Gi thit rng trong qu trnh nui cy cc vi khun thun khit dng axit ha hay
mtan ha, c hai trng hp u t tc chuyn ha ln nht khong 13
mg COD/mg vss.n g . Vi khun axit ha tng trng 0,15 kg v ss /k g COD cht nn l
hp cht hu c, vi khun mtan ha tng trng ch 0,03 kg vss/kg COD cht nn l
cc hp cht tng hp mtan. Nh vy, lng sinh khi bn 0,15+ 0,03= 0,18 kg vss
s c sn sinh ra khi 1kg COD hn hp cht hu c c tiu th trong iu kin k
kh. V vy, trong h nui cy kt hp cc dng vi khun axit ha v mtan ha s dng
hn hp cht nn hu c, s gm: lng vi khun mtan ha chim 0,03/(0,03+ 0,15) =
1/6 v vi khun axit ha chim 5/6. .Trong php c lng ny cha k n hai yu t:
( 1) trn thc t sn phm mtan s t hn v mt phn cht hu c trong nc u
vo c ng ha bi cc vi khun axit ha s khng s dng c cho qu trnh tng
hp mtan.
( 2 ) yu t phn hy cha c tnh n.
125
Tuy nhin, nhng yu t ny ch c nh hng rt nh, nn ti l ln nht ca sn
phm mtan trn mt n v sinh khi ca hn hp vi khun s chi bng khong 1/6
lng mtan thu c trong qu trnh nui cy vi khun mtan ha thun khit, v d
13/6 = 2 mg COD/mg vss.ng.
126
r, = r3 (l,ll)(T-MI (4.55)
Trong : T - nhit (C);
rh K) - hiu sut phn hy ti cc mc nhit tng ng T v 30c.
Trn c s hiu sut phn hy ti 30c, s dng phng trnh (4.55) c th tnh c
hiu sut phn hy ti 20 v 10c tng ng l 35 v 12%.
+ De Man (1990) Van den Berg (1976)
X Kennedy vcs. (1981) stander (1967)
Van den Berg (1977) Lettinga (1978)
_ 100
g 80
V
2 50
5 40
o. 30
'05
20
Q -
X
10
5 H s Arrtienius = 1.11 / c
0 20 40 60
Nhit (C)
Hnh 4.42. Anh hng ca nhit ti hiu sut phn hy k kh (rong iu kin Mesophilic.
Ngun: Henzen v Harremoes (1983).
nh hng ca nhit ti qu
trnh phn hy k kh khng b hn ch
khi thay i tc ca qu trnh. Cc
qu trnh phn hy k kh ko di cng
b nh hng. Hnh 4.43 m t quan h
gia hiu sut phn hy bn lng (bn
s cp) v thi gian phn hy ti cc
nhit khc nhau [ 0 Rourke, 1968].
Biu ny biu th r s ph thuc
nhit ca qu trnh phn hy cht
rn. S bin i thnh cc phn nh
ca cht hu c b phn hy c th
c cho l do hiu sut thy phn
thp. Trong iu kin thc t, iu Thi gian (ngy)
c ngha l cc hp cht hu c l
Hnh 4.43. nh hng ca nhit ti qu trnh
lng c th c tch khi nc
phn hy k kh bn s cp.
nhit thp, thm ch c khi khng b
Ngun: 0'Rourke (1968).
127
chuyn ha, v c th b gi li trong lp bn y v gp phn lm tng sinh khi bn
trong h thng x l. Sau khi tr thnh mt phn ca bn, n c th c thi ra di
dng bn d. Bn d c th c x l trong cng trnh phn hy khc trong iu kin
nhit cao hn nhit nc thi. Vi tt c cc quy m cng sut, kh nng p dng
qu trnh phn hy k kh ti cc khu vc'c iu kin kh hu nhit i (nhit nc
thi trn 20C) v cn nhit i (nhit nc thi trn 15C) thng kh thi hn so vi
cc vng kh hu n i v lnh (nhit trn 10C).
nh hng ca p H
Gi tr v n nh ca pH trong b phn ng k kh l yu t quan trng v qu
trnh mtan ha ch t hiu sut cao trong iu kin pH c duy tr mc trung tnh.
Khi gi tr pH thp hn 6,3 hoc cao hn 7,8, hiu sut ca qu trnh mtan ha gim.
Cc vi khun ln men axit t nhy cm vi cc gi tr pH cao hay thp, v vy qu trnh
ln men axit s chim u th hn mtan ha, iu c th gy nn hin tng lm
chua cc thnh phn trong b phn ng.
Gi tr pH trong b phn ng c thit lp sau khi t c mc cn bng ion trong
cc thnh phn gc axit khc nhau c mt trong h thng. Cc thnh phn gc axit yu
c nh hng ln v c bit l cc hp cht ca axit cacbonic thng l yu t quyt
nh, v nng ca chng nhn chung thng vt qu mc c bn so vi cc hp cht
khc nh phtphat, amonia, hoc sunphat.
nh hng ca cc cht c hi
Ngoi nng ion hydr, mt s cc thnh phn khc cng nh hng n hiu sut
phn hy k kh, thm ch vi nng rt thp, nh cc kim loi nng v cc hp cht
hu c - axit. Tuy nhin, s c mt ca cc hp cht ny vi nng gy hi thng
him xy ra trong nc thi. Cc hp cht c th gy nh hng xu thng l xy v
sunpht. Kh nng xm nhp ca xy c th xy ra thng qua h thng phn phi nc
thi, nhng s c tiu th cho s chuyn ha xy ha trong qu trnh ln men axit. V
vy thng khng c xy ha tan trong b phn ng k kh, mc d khng kh c th
xm nhp vo cng nc thi u vo, v vy s xm nhp ca n s khng gy nh
hng i vi hot ng ca b phn ng. Sunpht c th c to thnh trong qu trnh
t phn ng kh sunpht. Tuy nhin, theo cng b ca Rinzema (1989) nng sunpht
c trong h thng x l k kh nc thi th (ti 50mg/l) thp hon nhiu so vi gi tr
nng ti thiu c th gy tc hi i vi h thng. V vy, tc hi ca cc c t
thng khng phi i vn cn lu tm i vi cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot.
u im ca qu trnh k kh
Cc qu trnh k kh yu cu t nng lng, pht sinh t bn d, yu cu cht dinh
dng t, v c th chu c ti lng th tch ln:
128
Pht sinh nng lng mi: qu trnh x l k kh lm pht sinh nng lng mi
tng ng 10.4* 106 kJ/ng, trong khi cc qu trnh hiu kh li yu cu s dng nng
lng - 1.9 x l 06 kJ/ng (xem bng 4.16).
Sn lng sinh khi thp hn: qu trnh k kh lm gim lng sinh khi d vi h
s 6 n 8 , v iu ny s lm gim chi ph cho cng on x l bn cn.
Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng thp hn\ i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh bng
bn hot tnh, t l thch hp gia BOD v cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi l
BOD: N: p = 100: 5: 1. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh x l k kh, nhu cu s dng cc
cht dinh dng t hn theo t l BOD: N: p = 35CK500: 5: 1. Nc thi c nit v
phtpho v cc thnh phn vi lng khc nhau p ng nhu cu v dinh dng trong
x l k kh. Ngc li, i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh thng cn b sung thm
cc cht dinh dng.
Ti lng th tch cao hn: qu trnh k kh thng t c ti lng hu c cao
hn so vi qu trnh hiu kh (ti lng hu c l 3,2-5-32 kg COD/m3.ng i vi qu tnh
k kh cao hn nhiu so vi mc 0,5^3,2 COD/m3.ng i vi qu trnh hiu kh) [Speece,
1996]. Lng cht hu c c loi b nhiu hon trn n v th tch cng trnh.
Nhc im ca qu trnh k kh
Tri li, x l k kh i hi thi gian khi ng lu hn, b sung thm cc cht
kim, x l nc thi v vi khun k kh thng rt nhy cm vi cc cht c.
Thi gian khi ng lu hn: tc pht trin ca cc vi khun k kh thng
chm hn v vy i hi thi gian khi ng h thng lu hn, thng t 8 n 12 tun.
Yu cu b sung kim: cn m bo nng kim mc t 2.000 n 3.000 mg/L
(theo CaC3) trung ha lng kh C2 v cc axit hu c d bay hi pht sinh t
qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c v duy tri pH thch hp vi s pht trin
ca cc vi khun. Nu lng kim ny khng c sn trong nc thi hoc khng c
to ra bi qu trnh phn hy cc cht m hay axit amin, nhu cu b sung thm cc
cht kim s lm tng chi ph ha cht ng k.
Yu cu x l b sung: kh nng chu ti lng hu c cao hom, lng cht hu c
c x l nhiu hn, v thng thng nng 'hu c trong nc thi u vo cao hn
nn nc thi sau qu trnh x l k kh thng cn d nhiu cht hu c hn so vi
nc sau x l hiu kh v cn c x l b sung nhm p ng yu cu cht lng
x. Mt chui cc b phn ng kt hp cc qu trnh k kh v hiu kh c th c ng
dng trong x l nc thi th nhng vng c kh hu m, nhm lm gim bi nhu
cu s dng nng lng v gim lng bn thi pht sinh [Goncalves v Avaujo, 1999;
Garuti v cs., 1992].
129
Bng 4.16. So snh nhu cu nng Ing trong cc h thng x l ky kh v hiu kh
Gi tr (kJ/ng)
Nng lng*
K kh Hiu kh
Lm thonga-b -1,9.10 6
H thng x l k kh c in
Nhng ng dng u tin
ng dng u tin ca qu trnh phn hy k kh x l nc thi c tin hnh
trong b kn kh c Mouras trin khai ti Php vo cui th k trc. Vo khong u
th k XX, mt s h thng x l k kh mi c trin khai v d nh b t hoi
ca Cameron Anh, b lng hai v ca Imhoff c. Trong c hai h thng ny, nc
thi chy qua phn trn ca h thng, bn cn lng xung to ra vng k kh y b.
Cc thnh phn cht rn lng c c trong nc thi s lng xung vng y v c
phn hy trong iu kin k kh. Trong b t hoi, hiu sut lu gi cc cht rn lng
c c th b nh hng bi cc cht tri ni dng ln t y, hoc do s kt dnh cc
cht rn bi cc bt kh sinh hc to thnh hn hp vng. iu ny khng xy ra trong
b lng hai v do cc cht rn c lng xung khoang phn hy ring v bt kh pht
sinh dng ln t y khng vo c khoang lng. Trong thi gian sau, xut hin cc b
lng hai v ci tin. Ti cc b ny, cc cht rn tch t trong khoang phn hy c gia
tng nhit, v vy lm tng tc phn hy k kh. Thi gian lu nc trong b t hoi
v b lng hai v l mt n hai ngy, loi b cc cht rn lng c. Do vy, cc
h thng ny trn thc t l cc h thng x l s cp kt hp x l sinh hc cc cht
rn lng c.
Trong cc h thng x l k kh thi u, vic x l c tin hnh trn c s qu
trnh lng cc cht hu c l lng. Do ch mt phn cc cht hu c chy vo l c th
lng c (mt phn ba ti mt na), nn hiu sut x l ti a ca cc h thng ny ch
130
t 30--50% tnh theo cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v ph thuc nhiu vo tnh
cht ca nc thi v kh nng lng cn,
Hiu qu x l thp ca cc h thng s cp c th c cho l do thit k cha hp
l. Do kh nng tip xc km gia cc vsv k kh trong h thng v cc thnh phn
cht hu c khng lng c trong nc thi u vo, phn ln cht hu c ho tan
hoc c thy phn khng c chuyn ho b cu n tri theo dng thi ra khi h
thng. Ti thi im , cc khi nim v ngha ca vic to kh nng tip xc tt
gia cht hu c v qun th vi khun cha c nhn thc y . Kh nng hot
ng km ca h thng k kh pht sinh cc thnh kin cho rng kh nng x l ca
cc h thng ny km hn so vi cc h thng hiu kh, cc thnh kin ny vn cn tn
ti n ngy nay. Tuy nhin, trong cng khong thi gian , t cc kt qu nghin cu
c trin khai trong thc t cho thy rng h thng x l k kh hin i c thit
k hp l c th t hiu sut x l cao i vi cc cht hu c c th phn hy sinh
hc. thm ch vi thi gian lu nc rt ngn.
H sinh hc k kh
H sinh hc k kh v c bn khng khc bit vi cc h thng x l k kh thi u
c m t trong phn trn. Chng cng l cc h thng lun chuyn vi cn lng k kh
c tch t phn y. Cc h k kh c khi tch ln hn cc h thng x l bc u
rt nhiu, v thng khng c che y. Vic khuy trn nc trong h thng ( su
2+5 m) c th xy ra nh chuyn ng dng ln ca cc bt kh sinh hc, cng do tc
ng ca gi v nh nng mt tri (khuy trn c hc v khuy trn nhit). H k kh
thng ch dng ring cho x l nc thi, c bit l c s dng nh bc tin x l
trong mt chui cc h lm n nh nc thi. Thi gian lu nc thi trong cc h k
kh (thng thng t hai n nm ngy) thng lu hn trong cc h thng x l bc
u v do hiu sut x l cht hu c cng cao hn. Vi thi gian lu nc t mt
n nm ngy, h k kh c th x l BOD trong nc thi sinh hot t hiu sut 50+
70% [Mara, 1976].
Trn hnh 4.44 biu th kt qu mt s nghin cu v quan h hm s gia hiu sut
x l BOD v thi gian lu nc.
Trong bng 4.17 tm tt cc iu kin vn hnh h k kh thc hin ti cc nghin
cu khc nhau. Mc d cc s liu th nghim c di tng i rng, nhng c th thy
r l hiu sut c xu hng tng khi tng thi gian lu nc. T cc kt qu th nghim
c th xy dng cng thc thc nghim xc nh quan h gia hiu sut x l v thi
gian lu (hydraulic retention time - HRT). Quan h tuyn tnh ca th logarit trn
hnh 4.44 s l:
24
E = -----(4.56)
H R T
Trong : E - hiu sut x l cht hu c (%).
131
Bng 4.17. Cc iu kin vn hnh h k kh trong x l nc thi sinh hot
Ti lng hu c Nhit
Tham kho HRT (ng)
(kg/m3.ng) (C)
.1 Gloyna (1971) 4,5 + 5,5 0,03 + 0,05 23
2 Gloyna v Aguia (1972) 0,06 + 0,12 32
1/T
1*
3 Marais v Shaw (1961) 0,75 0,23 19
3,0 0,06 19
4 Lakshminarayana (1972) 1,0 --2,0 0,053 25
1,0 + 2,0 0,053 30
5 Parker (1959) 1,0 0,25 19
6 Parker (1970) 5,0 0,23 19
7 Lakshminarayana (1972) 10,0 0,023 19
8 Meiring v cs. (1968) 0,5 0,40
9 McGarry v Pescod (1970) 1,0 --2,0 0,68 30
1,0 + 2,0 0,26 30
10 Sastry v Mohanras (1976) 2,0 + 7,0 0,80 Hr0,33
11 Collazos (1990) 0,4 - 0,9 0,46 + 0,25 26
90
O
m
* 70
X
4 -t
50
p
QJ.
^ 30
.5 1 2 5 1D 20
Thi gian lu nc (ng)
132
Cc h thng x l k kh tc cao
Trn hnh 4.45 m t s nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng x l k kh tc
cao. v c bn, c hai c ch lu bn c s dng:
(1) C nh bn: s dng vt liu lu gi bn. Loi ny bao gm b lc k kh dng
chy xui hoc dng chy ngc (hnh 4.45a v 4.45b) v cc b phn ng c tng bn
y hot ng theo c ch dng tun hon (hnh 4.45c) hoc c ch to lp bn l lng
(hnh 4.45d). Kh sinh hc Kh sinh hc
(a) (b)
Nc sau
x l Nc thi
Vt
Tun hon liu
(tu chn) lc
Nc thi Nc sau x l
Kh sinh hc Kh sinh hc
(d)
Nc sau x l Nc sau x l
>
Nc thi Nc thi
Lp bn
Nc thi
(g) Kh sinh hc
Nc sau x l
-#
Lp bn
Nc thi
133
(2) Tch lng - rn v tun hon cht rn c tch. Loi ny bao gm qu trnh
tip xc, qu trnh k kh ging nh qu trnh bn hot tnh (hnh 4.45e) c dng thm
b lng ring bit v b UASB (hnh 4.45g).
Cc loi h thng x l k kh khc nhau c p dng rng ri x l nc
thi ca nhiu loi hnh cng nghip, nhng cho n nay qu trnh x l k kh him khi
c s dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot, v vy cc thng tin thc nghim cn rt
hn ch. Trn thc t, kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng x l k kh tc cao mi
ch hn ch vic s dng cc cng trnh: b lc k kh, b k kh vi lp bn chuyn
ng v gin n, b UASB c hoc khng c thit b tch pha lng - rn. Do vy, trong
phn ny ch tp trung tho lun v nhng qu trnh ny.
B lc k kh
B lc k kh (LKK) ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng nghip, mc d
cn mc tng i hn ch. B LKK c th hot ng tt vi ti lng hu c
10 -- 20 kg COD/m3.ng khi c nng v tnh cht ca cc thnh phn hu c trong
nc thi khng c tnh c hi. Nhc im ln ca h thng LKK l gi thnh ca
cc loi vt liu lc cao, thm ch c th ngang bng vi gi thnh xy dng cng trnh.
Cc h thng LKK thng c dng x l nc thi t cc loi ngnh cng nghip
khc nhau, nhng i vi nc thi sinh hot, h thng ny cn t c p dng vi quy
m cng sut ln.
Cc s liu biu th kh nng hot ng ca mt s h thng LKK (dng chy ngc
c vt liu lc dng ri v dng c nh theo m-un) vn hnh trong iu kin phng
th nghim v trong thc t c tng kt bng biu lgarit th hin mi quan h
gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lu nc (hnh 4.46a). Quan h gia cc thng
s ny c th c biu th bng phng trnh:
( s '
log = -CjlogHRT + c2
\ s v
hay (4.57)
Trong :
s - nng cht nn (mg COD/L), V v r tng ng vi trc v sau x l;
E - hiu sut x l cht nn (%);
C,C2 - hng s thc nghim;
H R T - thi gian lu nc (ng).
T biu nu trn hnh 4.46a, ta thy: C\= 0,5 v C2 = 0,87, do cng thc (4.57)
c vit thnh:
E = 1 - 0,87 (HRT)--5 (4.58)
134
Cc h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng v gin n
Trong h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng (hnh 4.45 c), vt liu lu gi bn c dng
ht c gi trng thi lun chuyn ng do lc cn ma st ca dng chy ngc gy
nn. Vt liu lu gi bn s dng trong h thng BC cn c t trng thp nh cht
do hoc antraxt nhm gim vn tc cn thit ca dng cht lng chy ngc, do
gim chi ph vn hnh my bm. Qu trnh BC i hi ng knh ca ht vt liu
nh hn 3 mm v vn tc dng chy ngc khong 20 m/h. Nc thi sau x l c
tun hon m bo duy tr n nh ca vn tc dng chy ngc. su ca b
dao ng t 4 n 6 m. Vi din tch tip xc b mt ln ca cc ht vt liu trong tng
bn chuyn ng s m bo kh nng lu gi c lng sinh khi ln trong h thng.
Qu trnh BC rt kh thi trong XLNT hu c vi cc mc nng a dng; nhit
(a) (b)
90 90
M-un vt li_ __ ["'jeres vcs (1985)
[""prgtorius Q- ^>Yodav C5 (1985)
^^Genuno -vcs E - 1-(HRT7'55 ''
/ung (1990^ 0 Otuens(1087)
E OKobayaivcs
Q 80 80 ^ Jew ell/Schtti rtz enbaum
^Oliveir? p
O o Schui tz enb aum/Je uie H
o
70 Vt liu ht ri 70
E = 1 -(H R 7 y M X
X tra
' 50 Young (1990) w 50
) Z3
0,5 t>
<a 30 E= 1- ,B7(HRT) X 30
X E= 1- ,56(HRT)
10 20 30 50 0.5 10
HRT (h) HRT (h)
(c)
__ -0,66 ^
Bart)0S3/Sant'Aina
Nobre/Guimaraes
SchillinknotiCollaz5
E= 1- ,B8(HRT) 1 HskQningurconutt
3 5 10 20
HRT (h) HRT (h)
Hnh 4.46: Quan h hm s gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lm nc trong
mt s cng trnh x l k kh tc \cao
(a) B lc k khi (b) Tng BC hoc BGN. (c) K kh dng chy ngc, (d) UASB
135
di 3 5 c, ti lng hu c 10--40 kg COD/m 3.ng, h thng BC c th t hiu sut
x l COD trn 90%. B BC c th duy tr c nng sinh khi cao, chu c ti
lng hu c ln. Do c vn hnh theo ch tun hon nc sau x l nn b BC
c kh nng t iu chnh (pha long nng hu c u vo bng dng tun hon),
trnh c cc hin tng gy sc t ngt c th xy ra do cc dao ng ln v nng
cht hu c trong nc thi u vo. Cc b ny cng khng i hi nhiu din tch
xy dng. Qu trnh BC ph hp nht vi nc thi cha cc thnh phn nhim
dng ha tan v h thng khng c kh nng gi li cc cht rn. Cc ca vo v ra ca
b cn c thit k m bo s phn b dng chy tt. Nhc im ca h thng BC
bao gm nhu cu in nng vn hnh bm nhm duy tr trng thi chuyn ng ca vt
liu v bn trong h thng, chi ph vt liu lu gi bn cao, cn kim sot v duy tr s
n nh ca chiu cao tng bn chuyn ng trong h thng, kim sot x bn d, thi
gian khi ng lu.
Qu trnh x l k kh vi tng bn y gin n (BGN) (hnh 4.45 d) khc vi khi
nim BC bi vn tc dng chy ngc c p dng thp hn nhiu. e gi cho lp
vt liu m c th gin n, mt phn nc sau x l c tun hon bng bm nhm
tng vn tc dng chy ngc. T l gin n tng bn y nn dao ng trong khong
10%--20%, chiu cao sau gin n khong 50% chiu cao hiu dng ca b, v vn tc
dng chy ngc khong 2 m/h. Nhng iu kin ny s to s va chm gia cc phn
t ht v lm bong lp mng sinh hc bm trn b mt ht nhanh hn. Vt liu m
thng s dng l ct thch anh c ng knh 0,2+0,5 mm. Than hot tnh dng ht,
gm, zeolit cng c th l vt liu ph hp.
Trn hnh 4.46b th hin cc kt qu quan trc hiu sut x l v thi gian lu nc
trong qu trnh vn hnh mt s h thng BC v BGN. Mi quan h gia cc thng s
ny c th c th hin theo cng thc sau:
E = 1 - 0 , 5 6 ( H R T ) 06 (4.59)
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh (UASB) (xem hnh 4.45)
c Lettinga v cc ng nghip trin khai vo nhng nm 1970 ti i hc
Wageningen, H Lan. B UASB l h thng k kh tc cao c s dng rng ri
nht trong x l k kh cht thi. S cu to b USAB c m t trn hnh 4.47.
Thit b c th nht ca b UASB l b phn tch pha rn-lng-kh. Thit b ny c
b tr phn trn ca b v chia b thnh hai phn: phn di l vng phn hy, v
phn trn l vng lng. Nc thi c phn phi u vo ti vng y, chy ngc qua
lp bn v vo vng lng thng qua cc k h gia cc b tch pha.
Do b tch pha c cu to thnh nghing dc, din tch phn .nc trong vng lng
tng dn theo chiu dng ca dng chy, nn vn tc dng chy ngc gim dn khi
cht lng chy v pha im x. Do vn tc cht lng gim dn, phn bn b cun theo
136
dng chy vo vng lng c th kt t v lng xung. Ti mt thi im no , khi
trng lng ca lp bn kt t trn b tch pha s vt qu lc ma st c th gi n trn
b mt nghing dc, bn s trt xung khoang phn hy pha di v li tham gia vo
sinh khi bn c vai tr phn hy cht hu c trong nc thi u vo. Nh vy, vng
lng pha trn gip cho h thng c th gi c khi lng bn ln trong b UASB
ng thi hn ch c ti thiu nng cht l lng trong nc sau x l.
Cc bt kh sinh hc pht sinh t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c trong lp
bn y ni ln theo chiu dng chy ti b mt phn gii cc pha lng - kh bn trong
thit b tch pha. Cao trnh b mt phn gii ny c th ngang bng vi cao trnh mt
phn gii nc - kh trong vng lng, hoc c th mc thp hn nu s dng van thy
lc tng p sut ca kh sinh hc (xem hnh 4.47). Cc bng bn dnh trn hoc b
cun theo bt kh c th ni ln mt phn gii pha trong thit b tch kh, nhng sau
s lng xung khi cc bt kh thot vo pha kh t mt phn gii. Cc vch ngn c
b tr bn di cc khe h gia cc thit b gom kh c tc dng hng dng, ngn
khng cho bt kh lt vo vng lng pha trn nhm hn ch kh nng to dng chy ri
lm cn tr qu trnh lng ca cc ht bn.
Kh sinh
hc
Vng lng
v x nc
sau x l
Vng
chuyn tip
Vng
phn hy
137
t c vn mc cao, iu ny chng t vic to bn ht khng phi l iu kin
nht thit cho vic x l thnh cng nc thi trong b UASB.
gim chi ph xy dng, b x l k kh dng chy ngc (hnh 4.45g), mt dng
ASB n gin ho cng thng c p dng. H thng ny khng c thit b tch
pha, nhng c b tr khoang lng nh gn lin bn trong. B tch pha l thit b thit
yu ca b UASB, do vy h thng ny s c xem xt ring; tng t nh h k kh
dng chy ngc.
Trn hnh 4.46c v 4.46d m phng kt qu vn hnh cc m hnh b k kh dng
chy ngc v b UASB. T cc biu ny c th xy dng c cc cng thc kinh
nghim sau:
* i vi b k kh dng chy ngc: E = 1 - 1,53 (HRT)'0 64 (4.60)
* i vi b UASB: E = \ - 0,68 (H R T f M (4.61)
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n (BHGN) (hnh 4.45h) do Van der Last (1991)
pht trin, c c im l lp bn dng ht hot ng theo phng thc gin n nh tc
dng chy ngc cao hom, tc l t 6 +1 2 m/h (vn tc ny ch mc 1+2 m/h trong
b UASB). B BHGN c hiu sut x l cht hu c ha tan tng i cao thm ch
trong i kin nhit thp, do to c iu kin tip xc tt gia cht hu c v cc
ht bn. H thng BHGN c bit hu ch trong iu kin nhit thp, nc c nng
hu c thp, kh nng sinh kh, v, do , mc xo trn do bt kh to ra thp.
Trong cc iu kin ny, mc ng nng cao hom ca dng chy vo v chiu cao tng
hom ca lp bn ht gin n s gip h thng hot ng tt hn so vi b UASB
thng thng.
Hnh 4.48. Quan h gia hiu sut x l cht hu c v thi gian lu nc.
138
B phn ng BHGN khng x l c cc cht hu c khng ha tan do vn tc
dng chy ngc cao. Cht rn l lng chy vo c y qua tng bn ht v theo
dng thi ri khi h thng. Mt khc, cc cht dng keo c th c x l mt phn do
c hp th vo cc bng bn.
So snh hot ng ca cc phng php x l k kh nc thi
T hnh 4.48 kt hp vi cc s liu t hnh 4.44 (h k kh), 4.46a (b lc k kh),
4.46b (BC v BGN), 4.47c (k kh dng chy ngc) v 4.47d (UASB) ta thy: cc s
liu c mi quan h tuyn tnh gia lgart ca hiu sut x l v thi gian lu trong tt
c cc h thng x l k kh v c th c biu th bng phng trinh sau:
E = 1 -C (H R T )-c2 , (4.62)
Trong hng s Cj v C2 th hin c tnh ca cc qu trnh x l k kh khc nhau
c gi tr c lit k trong bng 4.18. C th thy rng trong bt k h thng no, hiu
sut thc cng chnh lch ng k so vi gi tr d on. Mc d vy, s liu cho thy:
i vi nhit trn 20c, hiu sut x l ca cc qu trnh xem xt c th t
trn 80%, nhng thi gian lu cn thit dao ng ng k tu theo loi h thng;
Kh nng x l ca cc loi b UASB v b BC hoc BGN c xu hng ging
nhau khi c thi gian lu ging nhau;
Kh nng x l ca h thng UASB (vi thit k chun) thng cao hom so vi b
x l k kh dng chy ngc khng c thit b tch pha, v b lc k kh khi hot ng
vi cng mt thi gian lu nc nhu nhau.
so snh thi gian lu nc hay khi tch cn thit ca cc h thng x l khc
nhau, ta bin i cng thc (4.62) v dng ph hp hn nh sau:
(1-E)
HRT = (4.63)
139
Trn thc t, tnh kh thi ca mt h thng khng ch c xc nh da trn khi
tch cn thit ca cng trnh. Cc u im v nhc im ca mi h thng x l cng
cn c xem xt. B t hoi v b lng hai v thng t hp dn v hiu sut x l thp
v thi gian lu cn thit tng i lu. H k kh c hiu sut x l hu c cao hn v
c u im l xy dng n gin hn. Tuy nhin, din tch cn thit cho h li tng
i ln v do vy vic ng dng s khng c tnh thc t trong cc khu vc ng dn v
c gi thnh t cao. B lc k kh c nhc im l chi ph xy dng cao, v c bit
l nhng kh khn c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng do b tc. T bng 4.18 c
th kt lun l: c hiu sut x l nh nhau, b x l k kh dng chy ngc cn c
thi gian lu nc ln hn b ASB t bn n nm ln. Do , vic b tr thit b tch
pha trong cc h thng c lp bn y l cn thit. Chi ph cho thit b tch pha s c
b li do nh c cc thit b ny s lm gim c khi tch cn thit ca cng trnh.
Khi so snh b UASB vi b BC hoc BGN, c th thy r rng hai h thng sau c
nhc im ln l cn s dng h thng bm tun hon. Ngc li, nu c iu kin a
hnh thch hp, b ASB c th khng cn s dng bom. Hn na, b BC thng c
nhiu hn ch trong x l nc thi sinh hot nh hiu sut kh cc cht rn l lng
thp, kh nng lu gi v duy tr sinh khi trong b rt hn ch. V vy, h thng UASB
c th c coi l la chn ph hp nht trong s cc h thng k kh s dng cho vic
x l nc thi sinh hot.
Cu to
v kch c
Trn hnh 4.49a m t hnh dng c bn ca b UASB, trong din tch b mt
khoang lng pha trn ln hn din tch b mt ca khoang phn hy pha di. Khoang
lng ln hn s thun li cho vic lu bn; iu ny rt quan trng i vi nc thi c
nng hu c thp. Ngc li, i vi nc thi c nng hu c cao, ti lng hm
c l yu t quan trng hn so vi ti lng thy lc, v vy, khng cn thit phi thit
k din tch b mt rng hn trong khoang lng. Thc t cho thy trong iu kin ti
lng hu c ln, thit k din tch b mt khoang phn hy ln hn so vi khoang lng
l ph hp (hnh 4.49b). Trn thc t, hu ht cc b ASB ang c xy dng hoc
i vo hot ng u c din tch b mt nh nhau trong khoang phn hy v khoang
lng hnh (hnh 4.49c). Kinh nghim cho thy xy dng b c thnh thng ng d thi
cng hn cc loi b c thnh nghing v khu vc lng ln hn. V vy, trong phn ny
ch cp ti b UASB c cu hnh thnh thng.
i vi nc thi c nng thp v trung bnh nh nc thi sinh hot, ti lng
thy lc l tham s quan trng quyt nh hnh dng v kch c b UASB. Do vy, vic
thit k b UASB trn c s ti lng thy lc sau kim tra kh nng hot ng ca
h thng i vi ti lng hu c tnh ton s thit thc hn.
Thng s quan trng trong thit k b UASB l thi gian lu nc. Thng s ny
khng tnh ton chnh xc c bng cc nghin cu mang tnh l thuyt, nhng cc kt
140
qu thc nghim cho thy khong thi gian lu nc trung bnh su gi l ph hp i
vi cc iu kin trong vng nhit i v cn nhit i (T > 18C). Ket qu th nghim
thu c trong iu kin kh hu n i cho thy thi gian lu nc trong cc h thng
> <
Trong :
Vb - th tch b (m3);
Q - lu lng nc thi trung bnh (m3/h);
H R T - thi gian lu nc (h).
thun li cho cng tc thi cng xy dng, khi dung tch tnh ton ca b vt qu
1000 m 3 cn thit k thnh cc om nguyn. iu ny khng nhng lm gim chi ph
xy dng m cn tng kh nng linh hot trong vn hnh, v vi cu trc nh vy cho
php dng hot ng ca mt n nguyn no sa cha hoc bo dng, trong
khi cc n nguyn cn li vn hot ng bnh thng.
Thng s thit k tip theo l chiu cao ca b. Vic la chn chiu cao ph hp ph
thuc cc yu t kh nng hot ng cn thit v v kinh t. Chi ph cho vic xy dng
hoc o t s tng theo chiu cao hoc su ca b, nhimg yu cu din tch t s
gim. iu kin kinh t ti u cho chiu cao ( su) ca b UASB l 4-5-6 m v trong
hu ht cc trng hp y cng l khong dao ng v chiu cao ph hp nht cho
hot ng ca h thng.
Mt yu t quan trng na trong thit k l cao trnh y b so V mt t. Cao trnh
ca cc cng trnh trong h thng nn c thit k nhm m bo kh nng t chy ca
nc thi. Nu a hnh khu vc cho php, thit k b na chm na ni s lm gim ng
k chi ph xy dng. Trong tt c mi trng hp cn ch trng vn chng y ni do p
lc nc ngm to nn vo thi im b rng khi thc hin cng tc bo dng.
141
Chiu cao ca b c ngha quan trng i vi hiu sut x l cht hu c. Vn tc
dng chy ngc trong b c lin quan trc tip n chiu cao ca b. Vn tc dng
chy ngc khng c vt qu mt gi tr nht nh c th lu gi mt lng bn
va , v v vy chiu cao ca b cng c gii hn nht nh. Mt khc, vn tc dng
chy cao s lm tng kh nng to dng chy ri trong b ti khu vc ca vo v do vy
lm tng kh nng tip xc gia bn sinh hc v nc thi. Mi tng quan gia vn
tc dng chy ngc v chiu cao ca b UASB c th hin nh sau:
V = L -----JVl-----= ( 4 .6 5 )
1 A AxHRT HRT
Trong :
V/ - vn tc dng cht lng thy ngc (m/h);
A - din tch b mt b UASB (m2);
H - Chiu cao b UASB (m).
i vi x l nc thi sinh hot bng h thng UASB, thng thng, gi tr V/
trung bnh trong ngy khng nn vt qu 1 m/h. V vy, vi thi gian lu nc su
gi, chiu cao ca b cn thit k nh hn 6 m. Thm ch, khi thi gian lu nc theo
thit k vt qu su gi, chiu cao ca b vn thng ly trong khong 4+6 m v vn
tc dng chy ngc s thp i theo t l thun.
Mt vn khc cn cn nhc l kh nng ha tan ca cacbon ixyt c lin quan
n nh hng ca su i vi hiu sut phn hy k kh. Kh nng ha tan ca
cacbon ixyt c xem nh l hm s ca su di mt nc. Theo nh lut
Henry, nng bo ha tng theo p sut ring phn ca cacbon ixyt trong kh sinh
hc. Trn thc t, p sut ring phn s tng khi tng p sut tng, do su ln hn.
B cng su, nng cacbon ixyt c ho tan cng cao v lm gim pH trong h
thng. V vy, nu thit k b c su ln s hn ch hiu sut phn hy k kh: pH c
th mc thp hn so vi gi tr ti u do c nng cacbon ixyt cao. Tuy nhin,
vn ny thng khng quan trng i vi vic x l nc thi sinh hot v nng
cacbon ixyt thng thp do nng COD trong nc thi sinh hot tng i thp v
phn ln cacbon ixyt c to ra s lu li trong dung dch, ngay c khi p sut kh
sinh hc pht sinh trong h thng bng p sut kh quyn (gi tr thp nht c th). V
vy, i vi trng hp x l nc thi sinh hot, p sut kh sinh hc tng khng gy
nh hng ln ti nng cacbon ixyt v pH ca hn hp cht lng trong h thng.
Trn mt bng, b UASB thng c thit k theo hai loi dng c bn: hnh
vung/ch nht v hnh trn (xem hnh 4.50). Dng trn c u im l n nh kt
cu cao hom, nhng xy dng thit b tch pha hnh trn thng kh hn so vi hnh
vung hoc hnh ch nht. V l do ny, cc b UASB nh thng c xy dng theo
dng hnh tr trn v b ln hn s c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh vung. Trn thc t
c hai dng ny u c p dng. Cng c th thit k theo kiu kt hp, v d, b
142
hnh trn ghp vi thit b tch pha hnh
ch nht. Khi h thng gm nhiu om
nguyn, thit k theo dng hnh ch nht l
ti u nht. V v " V /
i vi cc b c dng hnh vung hoc
ch nht trn mt bng, sau khi tnh ton
th tch v chiu cao ca b, cn xc nh /\ A
> <
c th cc gi tr chiu di v chiu ngang.
gim ti thiu chi ph xy dng nn
Hnh 4.50. Cc dng c bn ca b UASB.
thit k b hnh vung v chu vi ca hnh
vung nh hn chu vi hnh ch nht khi c cng din tch. Din tch ca cc thnh b
hnh ch nht ln hon so vi din tch thnh b hnh vung, do s i hi nhiu vt
liu xy dng hn. Trn hnh 4.51 cho thy mc tng tng i ca din tch b mt cc
thnh l hm s ca t l chiu di/chiu rng. Mc tng tng i trong din tch ca
h thng hnh ch nht s tng ng k vi t l di/rng ln hn 4:1.
Trn hnh 4.51 cng cho thy h thng hnh trn c chu vi ngn hn h thng hnh
vung khong 12 %. u im ny ca h thng hnh trn ch tr nn quan ng nu nh
thit k b hot ng vi mt n nguyn. Khi xy dng h thng c hai hoc ba n
nguyn (p dng nhiu trn thc t), cc b hnh ch nht thng c xy dng hp
khi c tng chung nhau.
H thng tch pha
H thng tch pha l b phn c trng v quan trng nht trong b UASB. B phn
ny c bn chc nng:
* Thu gom kh sinh hc thot ra t pha cht lng;
143
a) Pksh=Pkk+Ph
b)
c)
144
* To iu kin lng cc cht l lng trong phn trn ca b pha trn thit b tch pha;
* Lm gim ti thiu nng cht l lng trong nc thi sau x l;
* To khong khng pha trn thit b tch pha cho php lp bn y c th gin n
trong trng hp ti lng thy lc tng t ngt.
H thng tch pha lm nhim v tch ba pha c trong b UASB: Kh (K), cht lng
(L) v cht rn (R). e h thng tch KLR hot ng ng chc nng, kh sinh hc pht
sinh trong khoang phn hy khng c cun theo dng chy sang vng lng. Neu
khng t c iu kin ny, dng chy ri do bt kh gy ra s lm gim hiu sut
lng dn ti hin tng cun tri bn v tiu hao lng kh sinh hc c sn sinh. V
nhng l do ny, h thng tch pha KLR cn c cc b phn: cc thit b thu gom kh
b tr ti nh b v mt tng gm cc thit b nh hng dng nm di cc khe h
gia cc thit b thu gom kh ga ny (xem hnh 4.52).
Vn tc dng chy ngc thay i theo chiu cao ca b v s t gi tr ti a khi
din tch sn c cho dng chy b thu hp mc ti thiu. Hin tng ny xy ra ti cao
ct cc khe h gia cc thit b thu gom kh. T im ti im x nc thi, tit
din ngang ca dng cht lng s tng v do vn tc dng chy s gim, v nguyn
l, ch nhng phn t bn c tc lng chm hn vn tc ti a ca cht lng s b
cun vo khu vc lng pha trn thit b KLR. Trong khoang lng, ch nhng phn t
bn c vn tc lng vt qu vn tc ti thiu ca cht lng ti im x nc thi s
c lu gi li. Nhng phn t ny s lng trn cc vch nghing ca h thng tch
KLR. Cho ti khi khi lng bn kt t ln thng c lc ma st v s trt
tr li vng phn hy. V vy, cc vn tc quan trng ca cht lng l:
(4.66)
(4.67)
Trong :
Vi, V2, V/ - tng ng l cc vn tc dng chy ngc ca cht lng ti y thit b
tch KLR, ti im x nc thi v vn tc tnh ton ca dng chy
ngc trong b UASB;
A\, 2 , A - tng ng l cc tit din ngang ca dng cht lng ti cc im nu
trn v din tch b mt ca b UASB.
Cn lu l ngay c vi nhng phn t bn c vn tc nh hn V2 vn c th c
gi li b nh kh nng kt t ca cc phn t ny.
Trn hnh 4.53 trnh by cc thit b nh hng dng kh che cc khe h. iu ny
l rt cn thit v bong bng kh sinh hc dng ln c xu hng dao ng. Khong che
lp xp x 100 mm l va i vi b c tng chiu su 4+6 m. Vi gi tr ln hn s
145
khng hiu qu v s lm gim tit din ngang ca dng cht lng chy qua cc khe h
v nh vy s lm tng tc dng chy ngc ti cao trnh ny.
Vic s dng h thng tch KLR nhiu hn hai tng nh trnh by trong hnh 4.53 c
th l mt bin php hay nhm tng tit din dng chy qua cc khe h. T hnh v
4.53a, c th thy r t l ti a gia tit din ngang ca cc khe h v din tch mt ct
ngang ca b (kh n g tnh n din tch che lp) l (N- 1)/N trong N l s tng thit b
tch pha.
Trn hnh 4.53b l biu th hin mc tng tng i ca t l tit din ngang ca
cc khe h din tch b mt b khi tng s tng KLR. u im ca bin php ny cn
c cn nhc cng vi chi ph cao cho vic xy dng h thng tch KLR nhiu tng
nh vy. cn lun l v nguyn l, din tch ti ct x nc thi sau x l (ch khng
phi ti ct cc khe h) s quyt nh tc lng ti thiu ca cc phn t bn c lun
gi li trong b. Tuy nhin, khi lp t h thng tch KLR nhiu tng, dng chy s u
hn v kh nng kt t cc phn t bn nh di chuyn qua cc l hng cng s c
tng cng.
Cc yu t c bn trong vic thit k h thng KLR bao gm:
(1) T l tit din ngang ca dng cht lng ti cao trnh cc khe h v ti cao trnh x
nc sau x l. Nh cp phn trn, cc tit din ny gin tip quyt nh vn tc
lng ca nhng phn t bn cun vo khoang lng v nhng phn t bn s c gi li.
(2) V tr ca thit b tch KLR lin quan ti cao trnh mt nc ca b. V tr ca
thit b tch pha trong b s quyt nh t l th tch b dnh cho khoang phn hy
(phn di) v khoang lng (phn trn). Trong hu ht cc b UASB, th tch ca
khoang lang thng chim 15^-20% tng th tch b.
1
'TO-
E
-Q
'Cp
<cD
'-o
<<1>
Hnh 4.53. S b tr h thng tch pha KLR nhiu tng v quan h gia t l tit din
dng chy qua khe h/tit din b v s tng trong h thng tch pha.
146
(3) nghing ca cc thit b tch pha. nghing ny s quyt nh din tch b
mt ni cc cht rn lng ng v trt tr li khoang phn hy. nghing quyt nh
chiu cao ca cc thit b tch pha v lng vt liu cn thit xy dng cc thit b
ny. nghing cng dc cng cn nhiu vt liu, nhng mt khc cc cht lang
ng ri tr li vng phn hy d dng hn. Trn thc t, gc nghing gia vch ca
thit b tch KLR vi phng nm ngang thng dao ng trong khong 45 v 60.
(4) Din tch b mt phn gii cc pha lng - kh trong thit b tch pha quyt nh
tc thot kh trn din tch n v ca mt phn gii. Khi tc thot kh gim s to
iu kin cho s hnh thnh lp vng tri ni che ph b mt phn gii cc pha. Lp
vng ny, theo thi gian, s ngy cng tr nn dy v cng (c bit l trong iu kin
nhit thp) v s gy cn tr nghim trng i vi vic thot kh ti mt phn gii.
Tc pht sinh kh sinh hc cng cao cng lm tng kh nng hnh thnh vng bt ti
b mt phn gii, c bit l i vi nc thi c cha nhiu m. Hin tng pht sinh
vng bt trn b mt phn gii kh - nc ! nguyn nhn gy tc ng ng thot kh.
Kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng ang hot ng cho thy, tc thot kh t b mt
phn gii nn dao ng trong khong 1+3 m3/m2.h [Souza, 1986], nhng c th s
khng t c tc ny khi p dng vi loi nc thi c ha tan cc cht thi nh
nc thi sinh hot.
Nh m t trn hnh 4.52a v b, v c bn c hai cch to ra mt phn gii lng -
kh bn trong thit b tch pha KLR:
1. i vi b tch KLR b tr chm, (hnh 4.52a hoc 4.53a), cn s dng van thy
lc bn trong (hnh 4.53a) hoc bn ngoi (hnh 4.52a) nhm to p sut bn trong
thit b tch pha duy tr mt phn gii;
2. Khi phn nh ca b tch pha c t pha trn ca b mt nc, p sut kh
ga c th bng p sut kh quyn v khng cn n van thy lc.
u im ca phng n mt bao gm:
Khi thit b c ch to bng thp, vic b tr cc thit b chm di mt nc s
lm gim kh nng n mn thp (han g), vn han gi thng xy ra ti khu vc mt
phn gii lng - kh.
Cc cht ran c th lng trn ton b din tch b. v vy s lm tng ti a kh
nng lu gi bn trong h thng.
Kh sinh hc c x bng p sut d gip cho vic cp kh n im s dng d
dng hn.
Khi gp s c r r, chy trn ng ng dn kh sinh hc, thit b van thy lc bn
ngoi c chc nng nh mt thit b an ton gip ngn chn kh nng gy n bn trong
thit b tch pha KLR.
u im ca phng n hai (khng c van thy lc) l d tip cn b tch pha
kim tra, 3o dng hoc sa cha.
147
Cc s c v thy lc c th xy ra khi c hin tng tc ng thot kh. Do kh sinh
hc tch t bn di thit b tch pha lm tng p lc y hng ln v c th gy h hi
kt cu gn c nh thit b tch pha vo thnh b, hoc thm ch c kt cu ca bn
thn b cng c th b h hng. Mt khc, cng c th xut hin trng thi chn khng
khng hon ton, do vn hnh khng ng, nc thi sau x l c x ra qu nhanh.
Khi khng c trang b cc thit b x chn khng, lc ht chn khng c to ra bn
di b tch pha c th gy ra hin tng n bn trong. Mt khc, nu c trang b thit
b x chn khng, c th dn n hin tng lt khng kh vo khoang cha kh v lm
pht sinh hn hp kh c tnh gy n.
Trn hnh 4.52c (bn tri) m t phng n thit k lp ghp nhm khc phc c
cc nhc im ca phng n nu trong hnh 4.52a v b. Bng vic to kt cu h ti
cao trnh di mt phn gii lng - kh thng c xc nh, mt "van an ton" t
ng s kch hot nu ng x kh b tc nghn. Kh sinh hc s tch t dn v mt phn
gii cht lng -cht kh s h thp dn bng mc ti ch h, ni m kh sinh hc c
x ra. Bong bng kh thot ra s cnh bo cho ngi vn hnh bit l mt ng dn kh
b tc. H thng tch pha ny c th c xy tch thnh hai phn: thnh nghing
dc hng ngang ch c nhim v hng bt kh sinh hc ti mng thu gom trung tm,
v do vy khng cn thit phi xy chc chn b phn ny. Cc thnh ny c th lm
bng cc tm vt liu khng g nh g cng, xi mng aming, b tng hoc nha. Phn
chnh dng mt chic mng ngc thu gom kh sinh hc. Phn ny c th c xy
bng b tng, vi dy sao cho m bo kh nng cn bng gia lc y Acximet ti
a ca kh th ch phn nc trong mng v trng lng ca mng, nhm trnh hin
tng mng b ni.
Mt u im quan trng na ca thit k trn hnh 4.52c l c th tip cn mt phn
gii lng - kh thc hin cng tc bo dng nh k, ly i cc cht vng ni gy
cn tr cho vic thot kh qua b mt phn gii. Do mng ngc c kh nng t nh v
bi chnh trng lng bn thn, nn s khng cn xy c nh mng vo kt cu ca b
phn ng; mng c th c bng dm b tng d dng tho g v lp t li trong qu
trnh thc hin bo dng. Vic loi b cc cht rn kt dnh trn thnh thit b tch pha s rt
phc tp nu thit b c xy dng dng lin khi, nh trong hnh 4.52a.
Nhc im ln ca thit k trn hnh 4.52c (bn tri) l cc bt kh c th b cun
theo dng chy qua cc khe h nm gia mng v thnh nghing lm xut hin dng
chy ri trong phn lng v lm cho qu trnh lng km hiu qu. Nhc im ny c
th khc phc bng cch b tr cc tm nha mm ti cc khe h gia mng ngc v
cc vch nghing ca cc thit b tch pha nh c minh ho trn hnh 4.52c (bn
phi). Vi bin php kt ni linh hot bng vt liu mm gia cc phn trn v phn
di ca thit b tch pha ny s ngn chn khng lm xut hin dng i lu trong h
thng. Trong phng n thit k ny, cc khe h vn c nhim v nh van an ton v c
th c s dng ra sch mt phn gii.
148
Thit b phn phi dng chy vo
c s phn b u dng chy theo tit din b ASB, cn b tr h thng phn
dng vo t vi im ti y b. Din tch phc v ti a ca mt im cp nc thi
vo nhm m bo kh nng hot ng tt ca b ASB trong cc iu kin nhit
khc nhau c nghin cu bng thc nghim. Trong iu kin nhit trn 20c c
th ly khong 2 v 4 m 2 cho mi im cp nc vo [Haskoning, 1989]. nhit
thp hn 20 c th tch kh sinh hc thot ra s thp hn v qu trnh trn ln bn vi
dng chy vo cng km hiu qu hn. De Man (1990) v Van der Last (1991) xut
mc 1+2 m 2 trn mt im cp nc vo.
e m bo kh nng phn phi u dng chy vo, thit b phn phi dng cn
c thit k sao cho:
Lu lng dng chy ti mi im cp nc vo c n nh theo mt t l ph
hp ca tng dng chy n im ;
D dng pht h i n cc hin tng tc d ng ti im cao nc vo;
D dng khc phc s c tc dng khi xc nh c v tr b tc.
e m bo chia u dng chy ti cc im cp vo khc nhau, mi ng ng dn
nc vo cn c ni vi mt khoang ring ca h thng phn phi dng v ch cp
cho mt im vo ca h thng. i vi h thng phn phi dng m trong cc im
cp nc vo c ni vi mt ng cp nc chnh, v d, bng vic s dng mt ng
nm ngang c cc l h, t trn y b, theo thi gian, khng th trnh khi hin tng
mt s l h s b tc v nc chy ti cc im ny s c phn b n cc im cn
li, iu ny dn ti vic phn b khng ng u nc chy vo trn din tch y b.
b) /
A'; Ti cc imcp nc vo b
, p trn
ng dn nc
MtctA-A* vo b
149
Ti cc im cp
nc vo b
Hnh 4.55. S cu to thng phn phi
150
vi tn tht p lc 119 (24 m 3/h) v 90 mm (12 m:7h). Cc gi tr ny nh cho
php xy dng cc thng phn phi nh vi hi ph khng ng k, nhng cng ln
c th kim sot vic phn phi dng chy vo mt cch hiu qu.
Trong cu trc c m t trn hnh 4.55, c b tr on ng thot kh. on ng ny
rt quan trng v n cho php cc bt kh b cun trong dng chy c th thot ra v nh
vy h thng phn phi s hot ng tt. ng thng kh ny cng rt hu ch trong
trng hp c s c tc dng xy ra. Nu phn nm ngang ca ng dn gia thng phn
phi v ng thng kh b tc, mc nc trong ng s h xung bng vi mc trong b
UASB. Nu hin tng tc xy ra pha ngoi l thng kh, mc nc trong ng s dng
ln bng vi mc trong thng v knh phn phi. Nh vy, khi c biu hin tc dng
trong h thng phn phi, bng quan st mc nc trong ng tho,t kh s xc nh c
v tr b tc.
V h thng phn phi nc vo c b tr cao hn mc nc trong b phn ng,
cc ng dn nc vo hoc c un theo vch nghing ca thit b tch pha hoc c
b tr xuyn qua b tch KLR n y b. Gii php cho ng i xuyn qua thnh b
thng gy phc tp trong thi cng v c trong qu trnh bo dng. Nhc im ca
ng un cong l vic thng tc s tin hnh kh hn so vi khi cc ng dn vo chy
xuyn qua cc l h trong thit b tch pha. Nu cc ng dn vo chy xuyn qua thit
b tch pha KLR ti mc thp hn mt phn gii lng - kh th vic c cc l thng trn
vch nghing ca thit b tch pha s khng nh hng ti kh nng hot ng ca thit
b tch pha, thm ch cn l mt u im v cc l thng ny s l li thot khn cp cho
cc bt kh trong trng hp ng thu kh b tc (xem hnh 4.56). Nu ng dn nc vo
chy qua thit b tch pha ti v tr cao hn mt phn gii lng - kh th cn b tr ng
lng dn xung thp hn mt phn gii nh m t trn hnh 4'.56 (bn phi), cn ch
lp t ng lng sao cho khng lm kh sinh hc thot ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, hin tng
han g ng ng thng xy ra, kh nng r r lm thot kh l kh trnh khi. V vy,
nn hn ch cho ng dn nc vo i xuyn qua thit b tch pha KLR ti v tr pha trn
mt phn gii lng-kh.
Nu mc nc trong cc thng phn phi v mc nc trong- b chnh lch khng
nhiu (v d, di 10 cm), hin tng tc nghn s xy ra thng xuyn hn v p lc
nc c hnh thnh khng m bo ln chng cc hin tng tc dng. Tuy
nhin, cc s c tc ng ny c th c x l mt cch d dng bng cch nng ng
dn nc vo ln v ngay lp tc th xung. Khi mc chnh lchja nc trong thng
phn phi (ming p trn) v trong b phn ng > 30cm, hin tng tc nghn s him
xy ra hn.
Nhng vt ln c trong nc thi (mu g, chai nha ...) cng c th lm tc ng dn
vo. Cc s c tc ng dng ny c th c x l bng cch dng gy y cc vt gy
tc dc theo ng dn. lm c iu ny, on ng ngang ni t thng phn phi ti
ng thng kh phi c b tr thng v ng thng kh phi c lp t ti v tr ngay
151
trn im dn nc vo nh trn hnh 4.55. Kh nng tc dng thng hay xy ra trn
on ng nm ngang ni t thng phn phi n ng thng kh. thng tc trn on
ng ny cn lp t ng kim tra nh m t trn hnh 4.55: cn b tr theo hnh ch
thp ti v tr giao nhau gia cc ng dn ngang, ng thng kh, ng dn vo b v ng
kim tra. u ng kim tra c np bt c th m c khi cn thit. Vi cu to nh m
t trn hnh 4.55 c thm u im na l d dng thay th bt k b phn no trong h
thng ng dn vo khi b hng do nh hng ca cc tc ng c hc hoc n mn.
chng mc no , cc bt kh c th b cun trong dng nc thi khi i qua p
trn. Mt phn xy s ho tan vo cht lng nhng iu ny khng gy nh hng ng
k i vi cc vsv trong h thng. Nu mt lng ln khng kh c a vo s lm
cho ngun kh sinh hc pht sinh t h thng c kh nng gy n cao. Khi cc bt kh
sinh hc c ng knh trn 2 mm dng ln vi tc 0,2-i-0,3 m/s trong nc, vn tc
ca cht lng trong phn ng dn c phng thng ng (hoc t nht l phn pha trn
ca ng) cn phi thp hn gi tr ny. Gi thit rng dng chy ti a qua ng l 3
m3/h, ng knh ti thiu cn thit ca ng D vi vn tc cht lng V = 0,2 m /s; lu
lng Q = 3/3600 = 8 X 104 m3/s c th c tnh nh sau:
A-LEL..Mm.o.Mrt. ( 4 .6 8 )
4 V 0,2
hoc D = 0,072 m = 72 mm
Trong : A = din tch mt ct ngang ca ng dn vo.
Phn gii
Hnh 4.56. Cc phng n lp t ng i qua thit b tch pha KLR.
152
Vic s dng ng dn c ng knh nh hn y b c th s c li hn v s lm
tng vn tc dng cht lng, dng chy ri cng ln hem v lm tng kh nng tip xc
gia bn v nc thi cp vo. t c iu ny, ng knh ca ng dn pha trn
thit b tch pha KLR cn phi ln hn phn di b. Nh vy, tc dng chy
chm pha trn to kh nng thot bt kh tt hn, v tc cao pha y b c th
lm tng dng chy ri nhm tng kh nng tip xc gia bn v nc chy vo.
tng cng kh nng tip xc gia bn v nc thi v lm gim tn sut tc
dng, cc u ng cp nc vo cn b tr cao hn y b 100h-200 mm. Vi dng chy
3 m3/h ti mi ng dn vo, ng knh bn trong ti khu vc y b l 40 mm, vn tc
dng thot ra s l :
(4.69)
4
Gi tr vn tc ny gp i vn tc theo thit k cho b lng ct, v vy s trnh c
hin tng tch t cc cht rn c th lng c gn dim cp nc vo, do cng
gim bt tn sut tc dng.
H thng thu gom nc thi sau x l
H thng thu gom nc sau x l c b tr ti cao trnh cao nht ca b UASB v
cn c cu to sao cho nc sau x l c thu gom cng u cng tt. Hu ht cc b
ASB u s dng h thng mng thu ngang ging nh h thng mng thu thng
c s dng trong cc b lng trng lc. Trn hnh 4.57 m t h thng mng thu
ngang, thnh mng c cu to gm cc ca thu hnh ch V cch u nhau. Vi cu trc
mng thu ny kt hp cng vch chn vng s hn ch ti a kh nng cun tri vng
bt v cc cht rn tri ni.
V V V V V V
ng x nc sau x l
153
vch ngn bt vng. iu ny s lm nh hng n kh nng thu u nc ca h
thng. ngn nga hoc t nht l gim bt cc hin tng ny, ct p mc nc ti
p trn cn c iu chnh ph hp, c th l khng di 25 mm. Vi ct p mc
nc di 25 mm, kh c th iu khin cao trnh mng sao cho nc c thu gom
mt cch ng u. S dng cng thc thy lc i vi p trn hnh tam gic c gc
vung tnh vi ct p mc nc 25mm. Q25 = 1,3 4 X (0,025)5/2 = 0,44 m 3/h. Bng
cng thc ny c th tnh ton so snh: lun lng dng chy vi ct p mc nc
25mm cao hn 75% so vi trong trng hp c ct p mc nc 20 mm. Nh vy, ch
vi mt khc bit nh 5 mm ca ct mc nc trn mp p trn (iu ny rt c th
xy ra trong thc t, v d nh do s thot kh tch t trong bn xy ra t ngt), cng
c th dn n khc bit ln ti 75% lu lng nc x khi h thng. Vi ct p mc
nc nh hn s gy ra sai s ln khi cao trnh ca p khng c c nh chnh xc,
v cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh nh tc ti cc ming ch V ca mng thu do cht
rn tri ni gy nn s xy ra thng xuyn hn. Do vn tc dng cht lng chy ngc
trong b phn ng UASB thng dao ng trong khong 0,5+1 m/h, s lng ming
thu ch V cn c (0,5*1)70,5 hoc 1+2 ming trn mt mt vung.
a) ng iu b)
chnh mc Mc nc c nh Mc nc c nh
nc bi ng xi-phng bi p trn
Thnh Thnh
Mng thu be
b nc
ng xi-phng ng thot
Mng thu thot nc
nc
154
Trn hnh 4.58 m t cc phng n thit k h thng thu nc n gin v c chi
ph thp. Trong trng hp ny khng cn dng mng ch V, nhng h thng thu nc
sau x l bao gm mt s ng nha PVC c kh nng thu nc ti cao trnh di b
mt nc ca b. Mc nc u ra c th t ring cho tng ng nh trn hnh 4.58a,
hoc c th chp nhn mt mc x duy nht cho tt c cc ng dn nh trn hnh 4.58b.
Phng n mt phc tp hn v phi iu chinh tng ng ring l, nhng c u im l
c th nhn thy vic x trong ng v pht hin ch tc mt cch d dng. Neu s dng
cng mt mc x cho tt c cc ng dn, tt c cc ng ny cng x ra mt knh x thi
c lp t p ngn nc. Ca p ngn nc ny quyt nh mc nc trong mng thu
v gin tip quyt nh mc nc trong b. Mng thu c th c nh k x sch bng
cch tho ca p t ngt: vic h thp mc nc trong mng tm thi gy ra dng
chy rt mnh qua tt c cc ng thu, nh vy tt c cc cht rn lng xung c th
c x sch, cn lu l lm gim mc nc t ngt trong mng thu th tip theo l
trong b c th to ra trng thi chn khng khng hon ton ti cc thit b tch pha.
iu ny c th dn n kh nng ph hy thit b tch pha KLR nu khng lp t van x
p sut chn khng. Cng nh ng dn u vo, chi ph cho ng dn u ra kh thp v chi
cn vi centimet ng (ng kinh bn trong 25 mm) tnh bnh qun cho mi ngi.
Cc thit b c bit
im ly mu bn cc su khc nhau:
Vic ly mu cc dung dch trong b phn ng c cc thng tin v s phn b
nng bn v hot tnh ca bn theo chiu su ca b c th c thc hin mt
cch d dng khi s dng cc ca ly mu b tr trn nh cc thit b tch pha KLR nh
m t trn hnh 4.59a. Thit b ly mu c a qua ca v cc mu c th c ht ra
t tt c cc mc su cn thit. Thng thng cn phi dng bm ly mu bn i
din trong trng hp ly mu ti v tr c mt bi cao. Hoc c th ly mu bng
phng php x di p lc thy tnh nh trong hnh 4.59b. Khng cn dng n bm
khi c p lc thy tnh > 1 m v khi ng knh ca ng ly mu > 25 mm. Thng
thng cc mu bn c ly nh gi s phn b nng bn theo chiu su, v
cc c tnh v vt l, ha hc hoc sinh hc ca bn.
Thit b x bn:
v nguyn l, cht lng nc sau x l s tt hn khi khi lng bn trong b tng.
Tuy nhin, c th thy r rng ngoi cao nht nh ca lp bn, kh nng lu gi ca
h thng i vi cht rn l lng s gim ng k. Tt c lng bn c to ra trong
b sau khi t cao ti a ny s b cun theo nc sau x l ra khi h thng. S xut
hin lng bn d ny s lm gim cht lng nc sau x l. V l do ny, bn cn
c tin hnh x nh k khi lp bn trong b vt qu mc ti a theo thit k. Vic
ny cn c thc hin nghim tc c bit l khi sau h thng x l k kh khng c
cc bc x l b sung nh h sinh hc hoc b lng.
155
Trng thi bn trong b c th c tin hnh nh gi tt nht l bng thc nghim
v cc c tnh ca bn ph thuc vo thnh phn ca nc thi. Hn na, khi lng
bn ti a c th c x ra sau mi ln hot ng m khng gy nh hng ti cht
lng nc sau x l cng nh tn sut x bn c th c xc nh qua cc th
nghim. Nhn chung vic x bn cn c thc hin u theo chu k (v d, hng tun)
mt lng bn nht nh s c x i, bng vi lng bn c hnh thnh trong
khong thi gian . Tn sut x bn cng c th b nh hng bi cng sut x l ca
cc bi lm kh bn hoc cc thit b x l bn cn. V nguyn l, c hai phng php
x bn:
(1) x trc tip t cao trnh c nh (hnh 4.59b);
(2) bm bn t b qua cc ca ly mu trn cc thit b tch pha KLR (hnh 4.59a).
Lin quan ti v tr x bn, iu quan trng l phi b ph phn bn c hot tnh
thp nhm gi li phn bn tt nht trong b phn ng. i vi i tng x l l nc
thi sinh hot, nhn chung bn trong b thng c phn b vi lp y dy hn v
lp bn kt t pha trn mng hn. Bn d cn c x t phn trn ca lp bn. Neu
bn nng phn y b c hot tnh tr nn km hn do si sn v ct mn tch t, th
nn x bn t y b. Bin php x ny c th trnh c, hoc t nht l gim bt hin
tng tch ng ct y b.
Thit b thu gom kh sinh hc:
Thit b thu gom kh sinh hc cho php x kh tch t trong bung kh mt cch an
ton trong khi vn gi c mc n nh ti mt phn gii lng - kh. Mc d kh sinh
hc c pht sinh trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot thng thp (di 1OOL/m3
nc thi), ng knh ng dn kh cn ln trnh hin tng tc do vng bn
c y theo bt kh vo ng dn. iu quan trng l phi lp t thit b x kh b
sung cho php kh thot ra trong trng hp tc nghn, v trnh c p lc dn ln b
tch pha KLR.
Nu mt phn gii lng - kh thp hn mt nc trong b ASB, kh sinh hc c
thu qua thit b thy lc vi mt p sut kh nn c c nh bi chiu cao ct nc. Kinh
156
nghim vn hnh cho thy nc ngng t s tch li trong h thng thy lc nn cn c
bin php x nc ngng t nhm duy tr mc nc cn thit trong thit b thy lc.
Vic trnh kh nng to thnh trng thi chn khng khng hon ton trong thit b
tch pha l v cng quan trng v iu ny c th dn ti hin tng n bn trong. Hin
tng ny c th xy ra do vn hnh khng ng, v d nh khi lun lng x bn vt
qu lu lng nc thi cp vo h thng trong qu trnh x bn d. Trong trng hp
ny, mc nc trong b UASB s h thp xung v nh vy, p sut trong bung kh s
gim i. trnh gy h hng ti cc thit b tch pha K-LR, h thng nn c trang b
thit b x p sut chn khng. Cc ca ly mu v x bn cng c th c dng cho
mc ch ny, nh minh ha trn hnh 4.59a.
Vt liu xy dng
Sau khi hon thnh vic xy b UASB, nn kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc b
phn khc nhau trong h thng nh thit b u vo v u ra, c ngha l kim tra kh
nng phn phi u nc vo trn y b v thu u nc t pha trn nh b. Nu c
th nn tin hnh kim tra thy lc bng nc sch, khng dng nc thi.
Bc tip theo l kim tra cht lng ca thit b thu gom kh. Vic ny c th thc
hin bng cch nn khng kh vo bung kh bn trong thit b tch pha KLN. Nu
bung kh c b tr chm hon ton, c th d dng pht hin ra ch r r ti v tr c
bt kh ni ln. Vi cc thit b tch pha c b tr chm mt phn, vic pht hin ra
ch r ri s kh khn hon. Trong trng hp ny, nn tng p sut trong cc bung kh v
ch mt khong thi gian lu km tra xem p sut khng kh c b gim khng. Khi
p sut khng kh b gim, c th tm thy cc ch r ri bng dung dch x phng.
Vic kim tra kh nng vn hnh n nh ca h thng tch pha pht hin ch tc
trong thit b thu gom kh l rt quan trng. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch ng
ca thot kh ra v thi khng kh vo vng di thit b tch pha cho n khi t mc
157
thot kh khn cp. Vic xy dng h thng tch pha cn m bo cc b phn khng b
hng v c gn cht vo thnh b UASB.
4.5.11. Chi ph u t
Gi s:
Quy m thit k: 50000 dn.
Chun x thi: BODs(Zi) :20mg/L ; BODs(Z2) : 50mg/L
Gi t: $25/m2.
Gi in: $0,1/kWh.
Thi hn s dng: 20 nm.
Li sut: 8 %.
158
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x L N NH NC THI
169
dng. Ti cc nc thuc vng a Trung Hi, XL c p dng vi mc ch x
l v ti s dng nc thi ti trng trong nng nghip; ti cc khu vc c kh hu
nhit i kh, trng tm l tng nng sut cy trng; ti cc khu vc c kh hu n ha,
ch yu tp trung vo vic loi b nitrat v phtpho l nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng
ph dng trong ngun nc. Vi cu to n gin v c chi ph u t thp nn
phng php ny c tnh ng dng cao, ph hp vi cc quc gia c iu kin thiu
ngun cp nc v c cc vn v an ton v sinh do s dng nc thi th ba bi.
170
trin tt trong iu kin nh sng yu. Mt s nghin cu cho rng cy le v mt s cy
sng ngp nc khc c vai tr chnh trong vic hp th nit v phtpho [Vincent, 2001].
X l
Bn thn k thut rt n gin, bao gm thc vt c trng trong cc knh khng
c t (r trn). Nc thi chy trong cc knh qua h thng r cy (Hnh 5.1 v 5.2).
Ban u, phng php ny s dng K thut Mng Dinh dng (KMD), nhng sau
c pht trin thnh Dng Dinh dng Vnh cu (DDV). Khc vi vic s dng
lp mng dinh dng hnh thnh trong iu kin mc nc nng, trong k thut DDV
lun c lng nc lin tc su hn v c th iu chnh c.
/ / y y q k y ____y \ _
.. s y
171
trong khong 20 n 50 m). S dng tun hon ph hp vi nc thi c nng
cht nhim cao hn. Hnh thc dng tun hon s lm gim nng cc cht nhim,
do c pha long trc trc khi vo h thng nn c th gim c chiu di ca
knh t 10 n 15 m cng m bo hiu sut x l.
H thng X L nc thi bng thc vt hot ng theo ba phng thc chnh:
1. R cy c cng dng nh mt h thng lc c hc.
2. H thng r l ni pht trin ca cc vi khun. S pht trin v mt cc vi
khun dnh bm ln r cy hnh thnh lp vi khun sng ng vai tr ln trong qu trnh
phn hy cc cht nhim c trong nc thi. Tt c cc b mt ca knh v cc thit b
c tip xc vi cht lng cng c s dng nh vt liu dnh bm cc vi khun.
3. Cy hp th - cht dinh dng (cy hp th cc cht c khong ha bi vi
sinh vt- nitrat, phtphat) hay bt k hp cht no khc c coil cht gy nhim .
C ba im khc bit gia h thng XL bng thc vt v h n nh nc thi
[Henrard, 1994]:
1. Thi gian lu nc trong knh rt ngn, thng khng qu 1 2 gi trong khi thi
gian lu trong h sinh hc thng ko di hng tun;
2. Khng yu cu nhiu din tch s dng, c th b tr trong nh knh chng b
ng bng nh hi nng ca nh sng. Phng php ny c th c s dng quanh
nm trong vng kh hu lnh;
3. S tng trng ca r v s tch t cc cht l lng xung quanh r dn n hin
tng bn lng y knh v chy trn. Cy cn c thay sau ba n bn thng pht
trin, ty thuc vo lng cht lng cn x l.
Cc loi cy c la chn theo nhiu tiu ch c th:
Kh nng thch nghi v kh nng pht trin trong nc;
Cy phi thuc loi r chm khng c r ci;
Kh nng d nhn ging bng gieo ht, on ct, mc chi...nhm m bovic
thay th cy.
Cy c chn nhm m bo kh nng lm sch ti u cn c nui trng trong
iu kin c bit. Cy trng cn c c nh trong cc knh bng cc tm li hoc
cc loi gi th. H thng X L bng thc vt thng t hiu sut lm sch tt, tuy
nhin kh nng duy tr n nh hiu sut x l ph thuc vo mt s yu t:
S thay i v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi;
Tc dng chy trong knh;
Trng thi thc vt ca cy;
Kh hu (nhit , nh sng,
K thut X L bng thc vt c th c p dng trong cc cng on x l:
172
Ha - L: x l nit v phtpho - nguyn nhn ca hin tng ph dng trong
ngun nc, cht rn l lng, COD, BOD5, kim loi nng;
Vi sinh vt: gim bt vi khun gy bnh (trc khun t, khun lin cu, trng giun sn);
Phm vi ng dng:
X l b sung nc thi th: Bng 30 m knh (gm 6 on, mi on 5 m) trung
bnh c th x l 500 lt nc thi trong mt ngy, tng ng vi 12 m3/ng tng
ng vi lng nc thi t 70 80 ngi (theo tiu chun Bc u); x l bc ba cho
nc thi sinh hot;
X l phn/bn;
X l nc r ri t bi chn lp rc;
N c thi cn g nghip du liu.
n nh
Bn cch kh nng lm sch, h thng cn c th to ra hai sn phm c gi tr:
1. Nuc: sau x l b sung c thnh phn n nh v c th ti s dng cho mc ch
ti tiu trong nng nghip.
2. Thc vt:
Sn xut cc loi thc vt c gi tr (trang tr. sinh khi,...);
Sn xut ht ging;
Sn xut thc n cho ngi v ng vt trong iu kin an ton v sinh lin quan
ti cc cht c hi nhu kim loi nng hay bt k cht g c nh hng xu ti chui
dinh dng.
Vt liu
Vt liu cn thit gm cc thit b lp t knh dn d vn chuyn, nhng thit b ny
thng nh, c kch thc ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn v lp t th cng. Loi
ph bin nht thng c lm t thp tm sn ph pxi c kh nng chng xm thc,
ch to theo hnh mng c chiu rng 50 cm, su 9 cm. Chiu di chun ca mi on
mng l 5 m. Khi lp ghp ni tip nhau, c th to ra cc knh c chiu di theo mong
mun. Nc thi cn c x l chy trong knh theo hnh thc t chy dc theo chiu
di knh c cha thc vt.
Lu : Thng thng, kh nng lm sch cao nht thng xy ra trong 20 m u ca
knh. Tng chiu di knh (ln khong 50m) s lm tng hiu sut x l nhim. Tuy
nhin, chiu di knh ln s lm tng nhu cu gia c nn t, v nn t cn phi xoi
dc trnh nng thit b ln qu cao. Knh qu di s gy tht thot nc do bc hi
c th nh hng ti kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng.
Trn hnh 5.3 v 5.4 minh ha cc c tnh n gin v chi ph thp ca h thng
XLD nc thi bng thc vt.
173
Hnh 5.3. H thng XL nc thi bng cy cnh. Hnh 5.4. H thng knh dn
Nhn chung hiu sut x l khi h thng c vn hnh theo s dng tun hon
tt hn so vi s dng thng. Do trong s tun hon, thi gian lu cht lng trong
cc knh thng lu hn. Thi gian tip xc gia cc cht thi vi r cy lu cho php
vi khun tin hnh qu trnh nitrat ha ton din hn v phn hy nhiu COD hn
[Xanthoulis, 1997].
174
Bng 5.1. Kh nng pht trin v mc lm sch ca mt s loi thc vt.
Tng Kh nng
Loi thc vt Cc quan st
trng lm sch
Thuc l Km Cy pht trin tt, nhng kh to chm r pht
trien tt
C chua Trung bnh Trung bnh H thng r b thoi ha sau hai thng pht trin
Chui hoa Tt Trung bnh Cy pht trin qu nhanh do ny nhiu mm
Ci xoong Tt Trung bnh Pht trin tt nhng c xu hng tch t bn
C u Tt Tt Chm r rt dy v ny nhiu mm
Cn ty Tt Tt R rt dy nhng c xu hng thoi ha vo cui
chu k
* Kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng so vi trong iu kin pht trin thng
thng (trong t) tnh theo phn trm trng lng.
Mc x l cc cht nhim ha - l c th hin qua cc chi tiu ss, BOD5,
COD, NO3', N H /, P43'. Hiu sut x l ca h thng thng dao ng ty thuc cht
lng ca nc thi cn c x l v ty thuc ch ca dng chy trong h thng.
Cn cn nhc khi la chn s dng cc loi thc vt cng nh vic b tr b sung cc
khoang lng trung gian gia cc on knh dn hoc ti cui dng chy ca h thng.
S dng chy thng
Nc thi sinh hot: trn bng 5.3 nu cc s liu v hiu sut x l t cc h thng
XL nc thi sinh hot bng thc vt (x l cp ba - B v Xngan) v t h k
kh (x l bc hai - Marc).
Bng 5.3. Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot ca mt s h thng x l
c vn hnh trong thc t
Bi * Xngan Marc*
Thng s
% g/m.ng ** % %
ss >60
COD 48,2 10,31 2060 >40
175
Bng 5.3 (tip theo)
B * Xngan Marc*
Thng s
% g/m.ng ** % %
bod5 55,0 30-63 >40
N IV 36,6 1,27 25-40 >60
no3 45,3 11,55 25-40 >60
P 0 43 30,9 1,71 50-85
* gi tr trung bnh
** kt qu tnh theo gam c x l trn mt knh trn ngy
NH/ 79% 76 %
NO, 82% 78 %
176
Phn/bn x l b sung cc dng thi nh phn b ( B) v phn ln ( B o
Nha) c pha long v x l trc, thi gian lu nc cn thit dao ng trong
khong 1 n 7 ngy (xem Bng 5.6).
Kt qu cho thy hiu sut x l t c cao hn so vi trng hp p dng s
dng thng, tuy nhin, s d tun hon ch c th p dng c i vi cng sut nh
(ty thuc vo kch c ca h thng, t vi trm lt ti mc ti a l mt mt khi). Vic
vn hnh h thng theo s tun hon i hi s c mt ca cn b vn hnh theo
di thng xuyn hn do ch thi nc thng dao ng ln trong ngy (t 2-K3 n
7 ln/ngy, theo yu cu).
* gi tr trung bnh
177
cho thy lng kim loi c loi b bng qu trnh hp th v lng ng trong bn
lng ln hn nhiu so vi lng c thc vt hp th. Hiu sut x l t cao nht i
vi caimi (Cd) v ch (Pb) l 99,8%.
Trong bng 5.8 nu cc kt qu nghin cu kh nng loi b Cd v Pb ca h thng
XL nc thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s tun hon. Nghin cu c thc
hin ti B o Nha, cc s liu biu th hiu sut loi b cc kim loi nng trong nc
thi. Cc th nghim ny cng cho thy hu ht cc kim loi nng c lu li trong bn
v lng kim loi c thc vt hp th khng vt qu 10 %.
B n g 5 .8. K t q u nghin c u k h n n g x l Cd v Pb c a
h t hng X L nc th i b n g th c vt vn h n h theo s tu n h o n , B o N h a.
Th 1|ghim
Kim loi
1 2 3 4
Cd 100,0 99,8 85,7 -
V sinh vt
Vi khun v cc mm bnh l yu t quan trng khi cn nhc kh nng ti s dng
nc thi sau x l phc v cho nng nghip hoc cho cc mc ch khc c tnh nhy
cm ti mi trng. Bng 5.9 nu cc kt qu kh vi khun ca h thng XL nc
thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s dng thng (x l bc 3) v ca h sinh hc hiu
kh (x l bc 2). Hu nh cht lng nc sau x l xt v phng din vi trng xp x
mc tiu chun x vo cc ngun nc c mc ch phc v vui chi gii tr v p ng
c cc tiu chun i vi nc dng ti tiu, iu ny lm cho nhu cu v kh
trng nc thi sau x l bng clo tr nn khng cn thit.
178
Bng 5.9. Hiu sut kh cc loi vi khun gy bnh ca
h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt
oo oo
-- 1-
Tng Coliforms
o
79,3 > 90 %
o o
1
Faecal streptococci 88,8 > 90 %
o
* gi tr trung bnh
Lim : cc th nghim trn thc vt v tri cy sinh trng trong h thng X L nc thi
bng thc vt cho thy khng c hin tng nhim khun trong tri cy, trong cc phn thn v
l cy v khng c s tip xc gia nc thi v cc b phn ny ca cy.
5.1.4. Thit k
Hin nay cha c cng thc ton hc no c p dng trong tnh ton thit k v
xc nh kch thc ca h thng XL nc thi bng tlrc vt m bo tt c cc
thng s: ti lng thy lc v hu c, bc hi nc, bc x, hnh thc dng chy, loi
nc thi cn x l v.v... Thng thng cc knh c thit k v nh c ty thuc
vo din tch t sn c.
Tr s hng dn
Cc knh c chiu di 30 n 50 m (gm 6 n 10 on nh, mi on 5 m), chiu
rng 50 cm, v chiu su 9 cm (xem hnh 5.5). Mi knh c th x l 4 n 10m3 nc
thi long mi ngy, s lng knh ph thuc ch yu vo cht lng, thnh phn
nc thi thi v tc dng chy ca nc thi. H thng hot ng theo ch dng
t chy nn knh cn c thit k c dc ti thiu l 2 n 3%. Mt thc vt ph
thuc vo loi thc vt c s dng: 21 cy /m 2 i vi cy cn ty, 14 cy/m 2 i vi
cy c chua l ph hp.
179
50cm 3cm
Hnh 5.5. Thit k in hnh mt on knh trong h thng XLO nc thi bng thc vt
180
c bn l thi gian lu cht lng cn thit trong knh nhm p ng yu cu v mc
cn x l. Cc kt qu ny c th c s dng thit k cc h thng XL nc
thi bng thc vt. Vic la chn s vn hnh h thng theo dng thng hay dng
tun hon ph thuc vo khong khng sn c v cht lng ca nc thi cn c x
l. Mc d s dng tun hon l la chn ph hp trong iu kin b hn ch v
. khong khng gian s dng, tuy nhin, phng php ny thng yu cu thi cng lp
t v vn hnh phc tp hn. Hn na, loi hnh hot ng ny ph hp hon i vi
cc i tng nc thi c thnh phn nhim cao v khi chi cn cng sut nh.
Nhc im chnh ca k thut XL nc thi bng thc vt l thng xuyn phi
thay th cy; nng lng cn thit cho bm (trong s tun hon) v chi ph xy dng
nh knh nu h thng c p dng trong vng kh hu n i.
Trong bi cnh hin nay, vic la chn cc k thut x l nhim mi trng c lin
quan n chi ph x l nc thi v lng nc sn c cc quc gia ang pht trin,
k thut XL nc thi bng thc vt l mt trong nhng gii php kh thi ph hp
vi cc khu dn c nh. Trn thc t, phng php ny rt d s dng, chi ph thp,
linh hot, v c hiu sut x l cao.
5.2. LC CT
C hai dng h thng lc ct nhanh (Hnh 5.6): dng chy xui (hng xung) v
dng chy ngc (hng ln).
Qu trnh lc trong h thng lc xui thc hin thng qua lp vt liu lc vi s phn
b c ht theo chiu su t ct mn ti ct ht th. Chiu su ca lp ct lc i vi loi
ny trong khong t 0,7 n 1m. H thng lc ct dng chy ngc c ng dng ln
u tin chu u. Nc cn x l c cp ngc t di ln trn qua cc tng ct
th ti ct mn bng my bm c p lc m bo thng c tn tht p lc qua lp ct
181
lc. trnh hin tng cun tri ct lc, cn b tr li chn pha trn b mt ca h
thng. Chiu su trung bnh ca lp ct lc trong h thng lc ngc l 1,8 m.
Nc cn x l
Li chn ct
I C t mn
C t mn |1,8m
0 ,7
n
1m
H thng .V"- i1
thu nc
182
Thi gian lc
Khong thi gian vn hnh ca mt chu kv
lc ph thuc vo tc lc, hm lng cn l
lng ss, kch thc vt liu lc, tn tht p lc
v yu cu v cht lng nc sau lc [EPA.
1977]. Khi h thng lc c thit k v
a vo vn hnh th tc lc v tn tht p
lc s quyt nh khong thi gian ca chu k
lc. Thng th chu k lc s kt thc khi tn
tht p lc trong h thng tng ti mt gi tr
n nh trc (Hnh 5.7). i vi h thng lc
trng lc th tn tht p lc cn tnh ton trong
Ti lng thy lc (m /m .h)
khong t 1,8 n 3m. p lc trong h thng
lc cn m bo cao hn tn tht p lc. Neu Hnh 5 .7. Quan h gia thi gian lc
s dng vt liu lc ng nht l ct th, thi tn v tc lc m g vi cc gi tr tn
tht p lc c th s khng phi l yu t quyt tht p lc khc nhau.
nh. Hm lng cn l lng v s xut hin cc Ngun: theo EPA, 1973
ht c: trong nc sau lc l cc chi th bo hiu kt thc chu k lc [EPA, 1977]. Thng
thng, cn thc hin cc nghin cu trn m hnh thcnghim xcnh s thayi v
tn tht p lc theo thi gian ng vi cc tc lc khcnhau vi hmlng cn l lng
xc nh [EPA, 1975].
5.2.3. Ra lc
Do trong nc cn x l thng c cc thnh phn cn l lng v c v cc bng
bn hu c nn h thng lc s nhanh chng b tc. H thng lc nhanh cn c thc
hin ra lc bng dng nc chy ngc ra tri cn bn khi ct lc. Vic ra lc
c :in hnh gia cc chu k lc v c gi l qu trnh ra ngc. Nu lp ct lc
c cha lng cn qu ln v c rc bm cht th cn b sung cc bin php tng cng
hiu st ra lc. V d nh, tin hnh sc kh v nc tch cn bn trc khi thc
hin ria ngc, [EPA, 1977].
5.2.4. Kh nng hot ng
V: kch c vt liu lc trong khong 1 3 mm v HLR khong 2,5 8 m3/m2.h, h thng
lc c: c th t hiu sut x l s s t 50 75% (Bng 5.10). Theo M iddlebrooks v cc
cs. (2005), kh nng kh to trong nc sau x l t cc h sinh hc ca h thng lc ct
nhanh thng thp; c th nng hiu sut lc ca h thng bng bin php b sung ha cht
trc <hi lc hoc x l s b nc thi bng keo t v kt ta. Hiu sut kh to ca h
thng lc ct nhanh ph thuc nhiu yu t: mc x l ca cc cng trnh pha trc;
HLR; thi gian vn hnh trong nm; kch thc vt liu lc; kch thc ca cc loi to; liu
lng ha cht keo t. Hiu sut kh to thng thng c th dao ng ln t di 20 n hn
70% [Trites v Tchobanoglous,1998]. Nu khng s dng ha cht keo t, vi kch thc nh,
kh nng dnh bm ln cc phn t ct thp, to s d b cun tri theo nc sau lc.
183
Bng 5.10. Cc thng s' vn hnh ca cc h thng lc ct x l
b sung nc thi sau x l sinh hc bc hai.
c tnh ca h thng Cht la lng
Hnh thc lc HLR
Loi nc thi cn x l Vt C ht Chiu su (m3/m2.h) Trc lc Sau lc Hiu sut
liu (mm) (m) (mg/L) (mg/L) (%)
p lc, dng
Bn hot tnh Ct 1 -2 1,5 8 17 7 60
ngc
Trng lc
Bn hot tnh Ct 0,5- 2,5 - 2,9+- 5,9 12 5 58
dng xui
Trng lc
dng xui
Lc sinh hc Ct 1,1 - 2,5-^ 7,3 20 5 75
Trng lc
dng xui Lc sinh hc Ct 1,5-3 - 3,9- 7,8 21 5 75
Lc sinh hc kt
Dng ngc Ct - - 7,3 40 21 48
hp keo t
184
CC QU TRNH V CNG NGH x L
6 NC THI TI CH
185
* H thng phn tn hay bn tp trung, nc thi c lm sch ti cc trm x I
nh, phn tn, t gn ni pht sinh nc thi, v sau nc thi, cht thi thu
c sau x l c s dng li hay x vo ngun nc mt hoc h thng thot
nc ma m khng i hi phi xy dng mt h thng thot nc ln, tn km;
* H thng x l tp trung, s dng h thng thot nc r tin v n gin.
Cch tip cn ny, xut pht t quan im pht trin bn vng, m bo s cn bng
gia nhu cu ca con ngi vi mi trng, vi nhng dch v v sinh khng tn km,
ph hp vi kh nng ca ngi tiu dng c thu nhp thp, c th c coi nh mt
cng c nh hng chin lc cho quy hoch, ci thin cc dch v v sinh mi trng.
Tuy nhin, mi nc, mi khu vc, li phi c nhng nghin cu c th, nhm a ra
c nhng gii php ph hp.
Hon th na, ngy nay nhiu quc gia ang y mnh v ph bin vic s dng cc
cng trnh v sinh sinh thi vi nhiu u im nhm hng ti gii quyt cc vn v
bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
6.1.1. nh ngha
H thng x l/ thu gom nc thi ti ch l cng trnh x l nc thi cho mt h
gia nh ring l hoc mt nhm cc h gia nh cng s dng chung h thng v sinh
v thot nc thi. Cng trnh ny thng c bit n l h x t hoi. Mt h thng
thng thng bao gm mt b t hoi x l cc b v mt ng ng thot nc
thot nc thi. Tuy nhin, mi h thng cn c thit k da trn cc iu kin c
trng ca tng vng m bo c mt h thng x l ph hp. Vit Nam hoc
nhng nc ang pht trin, ngoi b t hoi, cn c nhiu dng cng trnh v sinh khc
cng thng c s dng nh h x o chm (pit latrine), h x o chm ci tin c
ng thng hi (ventilated improved pit, VIP), h x hai ngn phn (Double Vault
latrine) v h x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (Ventilated Improved Double Pit,
VIDP) (Bng 6.1).
i vi cng sut nc thi nh hn 15 m3 /ng, c th s dng cc cng trnh sau:
Ho lc v bi lc ngm;
B i l c n g p n c t n h i n v n h n t o ;
B lc;
H sinh hc hoc knh xy ha;
Lc sinh hc;
Ging thm i vi cc cng trinh c cng sut nh hn 1 m 3 nc thi/ngy.
6.1.2. Cc loai h x kh
H x o chm
T cui th k 19, cc khu th nhng nc ang pht trin s dng cc h x
o chm. Khi , nc c khai thc t cc ngun nc mt hoc nc ging mch
186
nng nn kh nng gy nhim ngun nc rt cao. Cc h x o chm l loi n
gin nht trong cc loi h x kh, trn mt bng c dng hnh trn hoc hnh vung.
Phn cha phn l h o chm t di t, vi ni t yu c th c k bng tre,
g. Phn ni c sn chc chn, t trn v che kn ming h, l i v sinh c np
y. Xung quanh c quy kn bng cc vt liu n gin (khng xy), c th khng
c mi che hoc c mi che. Tro, t bt l cht n c th xung ph ln phn sau
mi in i v sinh. Khi h y phi lp t k v phi lm h mi, c th chuyn ton
b phn ni c lp cho h o mi.
H x do chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP)
S thay i ng k u tin v van v sinh th cc nc ang pht trin din
ra vo u th k 20 vi s xut hin ca loi x thng. Vo thp k 60-70, vn
nhim nc v v sinh khng phi l mi quan tm chnh cc khu th. Sau , cc
loi h x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi, h x hai ngn v h x hai ngn phn
ci tin c ng thng hi mi c bit n.
Loi h x gii thiu trn hnh 6 .1 l loi h x o kh, chm song c ci tin bng
cch cu to thm ng thng hi cao c tc dng lm gim mi hi thi bn trong cng
trnh, gp phn lm thot nhanh hi nc trong b phn v ngn chn rui nhng.
Bng 6.1. Cc m hnh v sinh ti ch c la chn s dng Vit Nam
Loi T n gi P h m vi p d n g G h i ch
H H xi bn t hoi S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o , C th d n g c h o c c h
x (khng ngn lc) m c s n g k h ( t h n g l th trn , th t). t p th. N c x ra c
t H xi t hoi (c S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o, th t th m h oc chy
ngn lc hiu kh m c s n g k h, c d i n tch, c iu v o h th n g c n g n c
hoc k kh) k i n q u n l tt. chung.
S d n g ni d n c c m c s n g k h, c
H m kh b i g a
c h n nu i p h t trin.
187
Li chn rui
Np y
ng thng hi
Np y
E2Z
H cha phn
ng thng hi
ss s s
188
Thng cha nc tiu
p -n ^ n -
/S S 7
H xi VIDP dng b trn
H x VIDP dng b vung
6.1.3. Cc lo i h x t
H x thm di nc
189
Hnh 6.4. Cu to h xi thm di nc.
1. N h v sinh; 2, 3. Cc b c h a phn; 4. K h u vc d tr nc di.
190
Nh
v sinh ft B t hoi Ging thm
b)
Nh
v sinh B hoi Cng thot nc
c)
Hnh 6.5. B t hoi khng ngcm lc.
a) C ging thm; b) Nvcx ra qua rnh thm; c) Nic x ra h thng cng thot nc chung
191
B t h o i h a i v
3) b) a) b)
3 H
L2 . 13
....................= f r r 7 r6
L n t i 3 d
1F
4
1H .
1 ^
1*-.
Hnh 6.7. B t hoi hai v c Hnh 6.8. B t hoi hai v c y hnh chcp
y hnh nn (loi II). (loi III).
a) Mt n nguyn; b) Hai n nguyn; a) Mt n nguyn; b) Hai n nguyn.
I- N gn lng; 2- Ca thng nc ; I- Ngn lng; 2- C a thng nc ;
3- ng kim tra; 4- ng th bn nn/x bn; 3- ng kim tra; 4- n g th bn nn/x bn.
5- Ngn ln men; 6. Vch ngn; 5- Ngn ln men; 6. Vch ngn; 7- n g dn ncc
7- n g dn nc lng trong; lng trong; 8- n g dn nc thi vo b
8- ng dn nc thi vo b.
192
X . Vt liu ic
B -B
Xirt " 1 J tt
Trn hnh 6 .11 th hin b t hoi nhiu vch ngn vi ngn lc k kh (BASTAF).
S dng v vn hnh
H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP):
Ni chung, din tch mt cng trnh khong 0,8+1,0 m2, su 1,(H1,2 m, nh c m
t ti mc 6 .1.2. Sn btng ct thp b ngi v ng thng hi c a cao ln mi
nh v sinh. Neu c iu kin a cht tt, h nn t chm di t; nu khng, phi
t ni h trn mt t. Thnh h c xy bng gch, thnh pha sau h cha phn c
193
mt ca ht cn ln men. Nh cp trn, vo thp k 60, h x o chm ci
tin c ng thng hi tch ring nc tiu bt u c s dng.
H x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (VIDP):
Din tch ln hn h x VIP (1,2-5-1,4 m2), su bng h x VIP.
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi trong b t hoi
Trong b t hoi din ra cc qu trnh x l nc thi c bn nh lng cn, ln men
bn cn v n nh nc thi. Cc loi nc thi v cht thi a vo b ch yu c
ngun gc t cc hot ng sinh hot v c thu gom t cc nh v sinh, nh tm hoc
nh bp. Do thi gian nc lu li trong b ln v vn tc dng chy nh, phn ln cc
loi bn cn c gi li trong b. Hiu qu lng nc thi c th t ti 55-^60%. Sau
mt thi gian lu gi, cc cht hu c trong bn cn s ln men trong iu kin k kh.
Do b lm vic khng n nh v bn cn khng c xo trn, qu trnh ln men trong
b ch yu l ln men axit v hnh thnh lng kh khng ha tan nh CH4 hoc ha tan
t nh H2S. Cc kh ny ni ln ko theo cn l lng cng mt s cc thnh phn du
m c trong nc thi lm to thnh lp vng ni trn b mt nc. Lp vng ny ngy
cng dy v c th gy nhim bn tr li nc thi.
6.2.1. Be t hoi
* Hai ngn khi lu lng nc thi sinh hot (Q) nh hn 10 m3/ng (ngn th nht
c dung tch bng 75% tng dung tch b, ngn th hai c dung tch bng 25%
tng dung tch b);
Ba ngn khi lu lng nc thi sinh hot (Q) nh hn 25 m3/ngy (ngn th nht
c dung tch bng 50% tng dung tch b, ngn th hai v ngn th ba c dung
tch mi ngn bng 25% tng dung tch b).
Trn bng 6.2 nu cc gi tr dung tch b t hoi truyn thng da trn s h
gia nh.
194
Bng 6.2. Dung tch b t hoi truyn thng
S h g i a . n h D u n g t c h t i t h i u ( m 3)
1 hoc 2 3 ,0
5 hoc 6 5,5
N h i u h g ia n h 7,5 + 13
Trong :
a - lng cn trung b n h c a m t n g i thi ra m t n g y , c th ly:
a = 0,5 + 0,8 L/ng. ng;
b - h s k n s gim th tch cn khi ln men (gim 30%), b = 0,7;
c - h s k n vic cn lu li mt phn cn ln men khi ht cn nhm gi
li vi sinh vt gip cho qu trnh ln men cn c nhanh chng, d dng, (
li 2 0 %), c = 1 ,2 ;
T thi gian gia hai ln ht cn, T = 360 720 ngy;
P i , P j - m cn ti v cn ln men, tng ng l 95% v 90%;
N - S ngi s dng b.
Cc cng trnh x l nc thi tip theo ca b t hoi c th l ngn lc hiu kh, k
kh, ging thm, bi lc ngm, h sinh hc, knh oxy ha tun hon... Nc thi sau b
c lu lng n nh nn lu lng tnh ton ca cc cng trnh tip theo thng thng
l lu lng trung bnh. Trong iu kin kh hu Vit Nam, sau ba thng bn c
ln men. V vy t 3 n 6 thng nn ht bn cn khi b t hoi. Lng bn cn gi li
sau mi ln ht l 2 0 % tng th tch bn cn.
195
Bng 6.3. Cc thng s k thut v kch thc ca b t hoi hai v (loi 1)
Lu lng D un g tch Dung tch ngn ln D ung tch lp T n g th tch Kch thc ghi trn hn
HRT S ngn
trung bnh m n g lng men bn cn m n g cht ni hu ch
(ng) (n K)
ng Q (m 3) w lini, ( m 3) W | n men ) W K, (m 3) w (m 3) L // h
B t hoi hai v loi mt om nguyn
V acilenco A.I.
V acilenco A.I.
Bng 6.5. Cc hng s k thut v kch thc ca b t hoi hai v (loi 3)
V acilenco A.I.
Anh N . v , N h u e T.H
Be t
\ hoi
hai v
B t hoi hai v gm hai phn ring bit c ngn bi y nghing: phn trn ca
b l mng lng, phn di ca b l ngn cha v ln men bn cn. Bn cn trong
mng s lng xung y nghing v roi xung ngn cha v ln men bn. B c mt ng x
bn ng knh 150-200 mm. B tr y nghing trnh cho nc lng khi b nhim
bn bi cc sn phm thi ra ni ln (cn ni, bt kh) trong qu trnh ln men.
Be t hoi hai v c th thit k nh sau:
Dung tch hu ch ti thiu gp 2,5 -- 3 ln lu lng nc thi trong mt ngy.
Lng bn cn lng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy: 1,2 + 2 L/ngi. m
ca bn cn ti l 97,5%, ca bn cn ln men l 9(H92%.
H s tnh n lng cn gim do ln men: khong 50%. Th tch ngn bn t;nh
cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 0,1875 L.
Nhu cu dng nc cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 150^-200 L/ng.
S ngi s d n g b : 5 -- 100 ngi.
Thi gian lu nc (HRT) trong mng lng: 1,5^2,5 ng.
Th tch tng cng ca ngn cha v ln men bn cn:
,/5 7 J x ^ x 3 j
_
198
Khi lu lng nc thi nh hn 5 m3/ng, nn s dng loi b mt n nguyn chia
thnh 1, 2 hoc 3 ngn dc chiu dng chy. Khi lu lng nc thi t 5 n 15
m 3/ng, nn s dng loi b hai n nguyn. Kch thc ca b v cc s cng ngh
c gii hn vi bi s 10. e xy dng nhanh chng, nn sn xut hng lot cc b
bng btng ct thp c sn hoc bng vt liu composite. Chiu di ca b l thng s
c th thay i.
Ging thm l cng trnh trong nc thi c x l bng phng php lc qua lp
ct, si v phn hy k kh cc cht hu c c hp ph trn lp ct si . Nc thi sau
khi x l c thm vo t. Do thi gian nc lu li trong t lu, cc loi vi khun gy
bnh b tiu dit hu ht. m bo cho ging hot ng bnh thng, nc thi phi
199
c x l bng phng php lng trong b t hoi hoc b lng hai v. Ging thm cng
ch c s dng khi mc nc ngm trong t su hn 1,5 m m bo c hiu qu
thm lc cng nh khng gy nhim nc di t. Cc loi t phi d thm nc, t 34
L/m2.ng n 208 L/m2.ng. Trn hnh 6.12 th hin s cu to ging thm dng hnh
trn trn mt bng, ng knh ti thiu 1,2 m, c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng ct
thp. Ging thm cng c th c lp t bng cc on ng b tng. Thnh ging b tng
c b dy ti thiu 100 mm, mng c b tng vng chc. Din tch ging thm c
xc nh da vo loi t v loi i tng thot nc.
Din tch thm tnh ton l tng din tch b mt thnh ging phn thm nc v
y ging. Bng 6.7 nu ti lng thy lc trn mi on v din tch thm. Ging thm
c lt si, dm... c nh dn t di ln. Lp trn cng c bng ct mn v
s dng tm chn chng xi nc. Xung quanh ging thm si tng kh nng
thm nc ca ging. Vic sc ra ging c thc hin qua ng thot nc hoc dng
ng thng hi ring.
Loi t K h n n g t h m l c ( L / m 2.n g )
Ct 80
C t p h a s t 40
6.2.5. Bi lc ngm
200
bi lc ngm. Khi nc thi ti bi lc ngm, cc cht hu c s c hp th vo t
theo con ng thm lc, sau c xy ha sinh ha. Thng thng qu trnh xy
ha hiu kh cc cht hu c din ra trong lp t trn v qu trnh phn hy k kh
cc cht hu c din ra trong lp t pha di. Do lrp t kh mng (t 0,6 n 0,9 m)
nn r cy hp th mt lng ln nc thi v ch mt lng nh nc thi thm vo
t. Hot ng ca cc loi cy cng gp phn cung cp xy cho t.
Trong bng 6.8 nu cc thng s thit k ca bi lc ngm. Din tch hu ch ca bi
lc ngm ph thuc vo tng loi t.
B n g 6.8. C c thng s thit k' bi ! c ngm
G i tr
T h n g s th i t k
T i th i u Ti a
S tu y n n g p h n phi nc 1
C h i u di m i tu y n ong, (m ) - 30
C h i u r n g y ho, (m ) 0 ,4 6 0 ,9
K h o n g c c h g i a c c t u y n n g , (m ) 1,8 -
d y l p t p h tr n n g , ( m m ) 300 -
d y l p v t liu lc tr n n g p h n phi n c , ( m m ) 50 -
KOTnr
Cng sut 20m /h
A -A
Mng
phn phi
Ar ng thng hi
B WM nnrx
t hoi
U - UL
Mng li
i phn phi
0 - 0 - 0
: o^o^o
oMgg.
Xiphng
I I ng thng hi
B
t hoai
ii [ Mang li
Si
phn phi
Mng phn phi
201
H ga phn Bi lc ngm
% y il lt'fT lS *
dc> 1%
^ B t hoai
6.2.1. B bioga
Ti cc nc ang pht trin c nhiu chung tri chn nui gia sc. B kh sinh hc
c th x l nc thi t cc ehung tri ny (Hnh 6.15).
Chung tri
chn nui
ng dn kh H lc
'1 ti bp un
Van x
B bigia bng composite
L = 3000mm, D = 1000mm
MT BNG B BIOGA
+ 2.10
B bigia bng composite
L=3000 mm,D=1000 mm T
ng dn nc thi 2-2
t chung tri
ng dn kh
0.40 tid bp un H lc
Gch xy
MT CT B BIOGA
202
6.3. V SINH SINH TH I
203
vi mi trng, nng nghip, cc h gia nh v cc khu th. Trong mi h thng v
sinh sinh thi, cn thc hin vic tch ring v x l k kh hiu qu cc loi cht thi
ny. V vy, y khng ch l qu trnh sn xut nng lng dng kh sinh hc. m
cn m bo c qu trnh ti s dng cht dinh dng hp v sinh, v hn na l bo
v ti nguyn nc.
Phn bn c th phn hy c trong b phn hy v to ra kh sinh hc. Nc tiu
khng to ra bt k loi kh sinh hc no. V vy vic tch ring cc cht thi c th l
mt gii php c gi tr nng cp cc h thng v sinh.
Khng nh cc h thng v sinh truyn thng, cc h thng v sinh sinh thi khng
ch kim sot trc tip cc ri ro v mt v sinh i vi dn c m cn bo v c mi
trng thin nhin. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v
cc nguyn t vi lng di do cho nng nghip, bo qun c phn bn v bo n
c vn an ton thc phm lu di.
Trong thc t, chin lc v sinh sinh thi c p dng rng ri cho vic thu gom
v x l ring phn, nc tiu v nc xm lm gim thiu mc tiu th nc n
ung sinh hot v c th x l ring nc thi vi chi ph thp ti s dng trong vic
ci to t, lm phn bn, lm nc ti tiu hoc b cp ngun nc ngm.
Cc h thng v sinh sinh thi bn vng khi phc ng k s cn bng t nhin gia
lng cht dinh dng bi tit t mi ngi trong mt nm v nhu cu to ra lng thc
thc phm cho chnh h, v vy c th h tr ng k trong vic bo tn cc loi ti
nguyn c th cn kit. Trong iu kin l tng, cc h thng v sinh sinh thi bn
vng c th phc hi cc cht dinh dng, cc nguyn t vi lng v nng lng :
nc thi sinh hot v cht thi hu c ca cc h gia nh v ti s dng sn phm cua
chnh h trong nng nghip. Bng cch ny, c th h tr vic bo qun phn bn '
bo m v sinh an ton thc phm lu di.
Heinz-Peter Mang, ngi thc hin d n v sinh sinh thi Trung Quc, chia s
mt s kinh nghim b ch trong vic tch ring cc cht v a ra cc v d v CC
thnh phn v sinh sinh thi c th p dng c (Hnh 6.16).
V d v mt h thng v sinh sinh thi ph hp bng qu trnh ln men kl
[Heinz-Peter Mang]:
Cc h x khng di nc vi vic tch ring nc tiu c lp t trong cc h ga
nh v cc khu cng cng. Phn nn c rc vi tro v thu vo cc thng hoc ti (
kh nng phn hy sinh hc. Trong mi trm lu gi trung gian, cc cht thi sinh h;,
phn v cc cht c th phn hy sinh hc khc t cc khu dn c v cc khu vc ntg
nghip cng c lu gi y, qu trnh lu gi c kt hp vi qu trnh ln mtn
kh; qu trnh phn hy s b lm cho pH tng v din ra qu trnh lm kh. Ncc
tiu c thu tch ring trong cc thng cha v c lun gi li. Cc khu dn c ti
c rt t t vn v nhu cu phn bn khng nhiu, v vy vic kt hp vi cc traig
tri, cc vn trng hoa, hoc cc cng vin l kh ph hp tiu th phn bn. CiC
204
i tng ny c nhu cu v phn bn v do khng c vn g khi tn dng cc sn
phm x l sinh hc: cc cht hu c ci to t v cc cht dinh dng nhm
pht trin cy trng.
DNG
Ti ti
Lu gi k kh s dng, Lc X L, phn hy
X L hay phai trn sinh hc k kh
b sung
lm kh vi rc HC nc ngm
V V V
Ti ti C p nc,
Phn bn
Kh sinh hc, s dng, b sung
TI S DNG kh
ci ao t b sung nc ngm
hay t
nc ngm
205
Cc tc gi Trung Quc cng thc hin nghin cu "Kinh nghim trong vic ci
thin gi tr phn bng cch lm giu vi nc tiu" v dn n cc kt lun sau:
Vic lm giu phn t cht thi sinh hot hu c d phn hy sinh hc hoc t cht
thi ca ngi s ci thin thnh phn dinh dng ca phn . Cc cng ngh v kiri
nghim khng nh thc t ny. Cc kt qu tnh ton ca Trung Quc chng
minh gi tr kinh t ca nc tiu qua lu gi v x l dng lm phn bn. Tay
nhin, bn cnh tnh hp l ca vic kim sot v lu gi nc tiu qua x l, s ny
sinh cc vn v vn ho - x hi khi mi ngi bt u phn v s dng nc tiu
lm phn bn.
T n c c c n g tr n h V n hnh v bo d ng
1. H x o c h m P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
K h i h y , lp h k b n g t v o h k h c p h n .
K i m tr a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n - b n g i t r n h s p )
sn .
2. H x V I P : lo i P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
khng t c h rin g K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s[,
n c ti u sn .
K i m t r a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .
B o d n g , k i m tra , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h i
rui m ui.
K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .
3. H XI V I P : lo i P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
khng tch ring K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s |,
n c ti u s n .
K i m tr a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .
B o d n g , k i m tr a , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h n rii
m u i.
K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .
C h s d n g p h n ch o b n ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).
206
Bng 6.9 (tip theo)
T n c c c n g t r in h V n hnh v bo d n g
4. H V IP : Loi tch P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
r i n g n c ti u x y K i m t r a k n k h t c a h c h a p h n , b t k n c c c h n t h n u c.
b ng gch
K h i h y , ly to n b p h n r a e m , p h i y k n c a l y p h n p h a
s a u n g n c h a ri m i t i p t c s d n g .
B o d n g , k i m tra , lm v s in h n g t h n g h i v li c h n ru i
m ui.
C c h t n ( tr o b p , m n c a , t b t...);
K h n g s d n g n g th i c h a i n g n ;
K h n g c h o n c ti u v o n g n c h a p h n ;
P h i b o m th i g ia n p h n l 6 th n g .
6. H x t h m d i P h i c h u n b n c d i,
nc C h m s c , q u t d n t h n g x u y n , b o m n p b lu n kn,
B o v x i p h n g th t tt: k h n g b t c , b t h n g ,
B e c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.
7. B t h o i t r u y n P h i c h u n b n c d i;
th n g C h m sc, q u t dn th n g xuyn;
B o v x i p h n g th t t t k h n g t c , k h n g h ;
P h i h t x c n n h k;
K h n g d n g g i y tu ti n g y t c xi p h n g ;
B c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.
8. B t h o i hai v N h tr n
9. B t h o i v i
N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
n g n lc h i u k h
10. B e t h o i n h i u
n g n v i lc k k h N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
BASTAF
6.5. CHI PH U T
207
Bng 6.10. Sut u t ca cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch.
S u t u t T u i th c n g C h u k ht
T n c n g tr n h
( S D / m 3) tr n h ( n m ) x c n (nm )
H x o ch m 1 0 - 15 10-15 0 ,5
H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g
3 0 -6 0 20-30 0 ,5
n c ti u
H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u
3 2 -6 5 20 -3 0 0 ,5
xy b n g gch
V ID P 6 0 -9 0 20-30 0 ,5 -1
H x th m di nc 3 5 -6 0 1 5-20 1
B t hoi tru y n th n g 80 -1 2 0 3 0 v l u h n 0 ,5 -1
B t h o i ha i v 9 0 -1 3 0 3 0 v l u h n 0 ,5 -1
S c r a vt
B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h 1 0 0 - 150 30 v lu h n
li u lc
Sc r a vt
B t h o i v i n g n l c k k h 110-160 3 0 v l u h n
li u lc
C c c n g tr n h x l s in h h c k h c 9 0 -1 0 0 2 0 v l u h n
Y u cu v k nng
T n c n g trn h
chuyn m n
H x o ch im Thp
H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g n c ti u Thp
H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u x y b n g g c h Thp
V ID P Thp
H x th m di n c S ulab Thp
B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h Cao
B t h o i v i n g n lc k k h Cao
208
Bng 6.12. Tc ng mi trng.
T n c n g trn h u i m N h c im
1. H x o C u t o rt n gin; Ch c c h c n n g c h a p h n ,
c h m D x y d n g , chi ph thp; c h a c c h c n n g x l;
N g i d n c th t x y d n g ; vn cn n g u y c g y b n h cao;
K h n g cn s d n g n c , d thu gom v n cn m i hi thi v rui
p h n , s c v t k h tip cn vi phn... nh n g ;
T h n g phi x y d n g xa n h ,
xa ngun c p n c ;
C nguy c g y n h i m n g u n
n c v mi tr n g t;
N u xy k h n g c n th n sn
sp, d g y tai nn c h o ngi
s dng;
Khi phn y h phi lp b
h o c ly p h n ra x l v xy
d rm c n g trnh mi.
N e u q u n l tt, t c mi hi thi;
N g n n g a c s tip cn c a sc vt,
rui n h n g
P h h p vi nhu c u s d n g p h n bn.
209
Bng 6.12 (tip theo)
T n c n g trnh u i m N h c i m
4. V I D P xy C u t o n g i n , chi p h th p, n g i d n i hi phi x y d n g n g k
b n g gch c th t x y d n g ; thut (t ch n c tiu rin g );
K h n g tn d i n tch, h p vi v n g t P h i c c c ch t n (tro,
c h t hp; th an ...);
T h c h h p v an to n c h o v n g tr n g h a y P h i m bo q u y trnh s d n g
b n g ngp; v q un l n g k thut;
C h c ch n , a n to n c h o s d n g v q u n N e u s d n g v q u n l k h n g
l; n g k thut, n g u y c n h i m
K h ro, sch s, t mi, rui mui v m i t r n g cao.
k h n g gy n h i m m i tr n g kh, mi
tr n g t, c n g n h n gu n n c ngm ;
C th s d n g lin t c n n tui th c n g
trn h k o di;
N e u qun l tt, hiu q u x l phn cao;
P h h p vi n h u c u s d n g p h n bn.
5. H x K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi; C n c n c di v t c h
th m di Tin li, sch s c th xy bn trong nh; ri n g giy v sinh;
n c T n t n c khi s d n g ; C nguy c n h i m mi
t r n g nc, t;
C h c ch n , an to n c h o s d n g v q u n
l; V i c x y d n g n h v sin h i
h i p hi c c h u y n m n tay
T u i th c n g trnh di;
n g h cao;
N e u qun l tt, k h n g c m i hi thi;
K h n g tn d n g c n g u n
phn;
G i th n h t n g i ca o, q u n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
Khng p d n g c cc
v n g c nhu c u d n g phn
b n ru ng .
6. B t T i n li, v n m in h , s c h s c th x y bn C n c n c di v t c h ri n g
ho i tr o n g n h; g i y v sinh;
truy n N c thi c x l s b; V i c x y d n g n h v sinh i
th o n g hi phi c c h u y n m n tay n gh
K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi;
cao;
t g y n h im n g u n n c.
G i th n h t n g i ca o , qu n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
C n h t x cn n h k.
7. B e t hoi
N h trn N h trn
hai v
8. B t hoi
vi ngn N h trn N h trn
l c hiu kh
9. B t
hoi vi
N h trn N h trn
n g n lc
k kh
10. B kh
N h trn N h trn
sinh h c
210
TI LIU THAM KHO
Anh Nguyen Viet. Co-investigators: Tran Hieu Nhue, Tran Duc Ha, Do Hong
Anh, Roland Schertenleib, Udo Heinss. Decentrulized Wase\vater Treatment and
Reuse. Global Overview and New Concepts. CEETIA - EAWAG, 2001.
BACHMANN, A., BEARD, V.L., and McCARTY, P.L., 1985. Perfonnance
characteristics of the anaerobic baffled reactor. W a t. R e s . 1 9 (1 ), 9 9 - 106.
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MANG HEINZ-PETER, 2007. Energy Production and Nutrient Recovery from
Toilets. Chinese Academy o f Agricultural Engineering (CAAE). China
MARA, D.D., 2004-2005. Low-Cost Sanitation Technology. Lectures at CEETIA,
Hanoi, 2004 and 2005: on-site Sanitation 1, on-site sanitation 2, Septic tanks,
Sanitation Economics, etc.
MARA, D.D., 1976b. Sewage Treatment in Hot Climaes. John Wiley and Sons,
London, UK, 127-141.
MATTILO, H., 2003. Finland. Institutional and publc accepance (reluctance)
aspects o f DESAR. Tampere University o f Technology, 2003.
NHUE TRAN HIEU et a i, 2001. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. Science and
Technique Publisher.
OTTERPOHL, R., 1997. Design and first experiences with source control and
reuse in semi-centralised urban sanitation. Prof. Dr. Otterpohl, TUHH Technical
University Hamburg, Germany.
RIDDERSTOLP, p., 2004. Introduction to Greywater Management. EcoSanRes
Publications Series, Report 2004-4.
SASSE, L., 1998. DEWATS. Decentralised wastewater treatment in developmg
countries.
SCHONNING, c ., and STENSTROM, T.A., 2004. Guidelines on the use o flrm e
and /aeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. EcoSanRes Publications Series-
Report 2004-1.
VACILENCO, A. I., 1974. Small sewage Treatment Faciities. Kiev, 1974.
WHITTINGTON, D., T.LAURIA, D M.WRIGHT, A CHOE, K., HUGHES, J
SWARNA, V. Household Demand fo r Improved Sanitation Service: A Case Study
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WILDERER, p., 2000. Decentralised versus centralised wastewater treatment
Proccedings from EURO Summer School, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Pof.
Wilderer, Dr, University o f Munchen, Germany, June 2000.
7 K THUT X L BN CN
TRONG IU KIN T NHIN
Ph ng php L c p Bi lm B i t r n g c y t c h
M y ly t m L c p
t c h n c b n g ti kh bn nir c b n
% Cht kh 23 ( 1 5 - 2 0 a) 2 4 ( 1 5 - 2 0 b) 32 10h 3 0 -4 0
a Gi tr th ng thn
b Gi tr ph thuc vo thi gian x l
Ngun: trch dn t Nielsen, 2003
213
trnh x l. Bn cn pht sinh t cc cng on trong dy chuyn x l nc thi bao
gm bn s cp v bn th cp. Hai loi bn ny c cc c tnh khc nhau do s khc
nhau v bn cht ca cc thnh phn cht rn trong bn.
Bn s cp to ra t qu trnh x l s cp, v d nh t b lng c thit k oi
b cc ht v c (ct hoc vn) cng nh mt s cc ht keo v cht v c m c
c th kt ta t nc thi cha x l. Hm lng v thnh phn ca bn s cp ph
thuc vo cng sut b lng, ch thy lc v cht lng nc thi u vo.
Bn th cp to ra t qu trnh x l th cp (sinh hc) v do s chuyn ha ca cc
hp cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng vo sinh khi v cc vi sinh vt. Bn th cp
cng c th cha cht rn khng loi b c trong qu trnh x l s cp. Hm lng
v tnh cht ca bn thay i ph thuc qu trnh c s dng, hiu sut ca qu trnh
x l s cp v nng cc cht hu c trong nc cng nh cc iu kin kh hu a
phng. Ni chung, bn th cp c hm lng cht hu c cao, t trng kh thp do ;c
ht kt bng v hm lng cc cht rn v c thp. Vi cc c im nu trn bn :h
cp thng kh x l hn.
Bn kt hp to ra t h thng x l nc thi khng s dng qu trnh lng s :p
c c im kt hp ca bn s cp v bn th cp. Vic x l bn kt hp thng Lh
v tnh cht ca bn rt khc nhau, do khng c quy chun cho vic x l.
Bn ha hc l sn phm ca cc qu trnh x l ha hc nc thi, cha mui, cht
in ly a phn t v cc cht ha hc s dng tng cng kh nng loi b cht rr v
lng cc cht dinh dng. c im ca bn ha hc ph thuc thnh phn cc cht tr teo
dng trong qu trnh x l, cht lng nc x l v cc thng s vn hnh ca trm.
214
hu c v kim loi. Nu bn c dng cho mc ch ti s dng th nn nh gi thm
cc thnh phn nit, pht pho, kim loi in hnh v cht c hi c th c m bo
cc sn phm cui cng ph hrp vi cc quy nh ca a phng.
Cc tnh cht sinh hc biu th s c mt cc vi khun, mm bnh trong bn. Qu
trnh xc nh ny rt tn km v kh thc hin v n lin quan n vic nhn dng
virut, vi khun, sinh vt on bo v giun sn c th gy bnh. Nu bn c dng cho
mc ch ti s dng th vic nh gi cc mm bnh cn phi thc hin.
Vic x l bn rt cn thit cho sc khe, mi trng v kinh t. Bn c th l mi
nguy hi nghim trng n sc khe v n cha rt nhiu mm mnh v cc cht nguy
hi c th nh hng n cng ng. Bn cha x l to ra mi kh chu v l ngun
gc ca cc sinh vt gy bnh. Do , cn phi khng ch cc mm bnh v kim sot
cc thnh phn nhim c trong bn. Lm gim th tch bn l bin php cn thit
nhm gim chi ph v gip cho vic ti s dng tr nn c hiu qu kinh t.
7.1.3. Cc dng
o h thong
o x i
V bn cn
trong
o iu kin
t nhin
Cc mc x l c th c biu th thng qua mc nng cht rn ca bn.
Vic c c bn ch yu c tin hnh ti ch, thng thng bng h thng k thut
loi b mt phn cht lng v tng nng cht rn ln khong 5%; bn vn gi
tnh cht ca cht lng ca n. Vic tch nc khi bn cn c thc hin nhm loi
b nc v tng nng cht rn ln ti thiu l 20%. Bn kh c hm lng nc rt
thp, ty theo phng php x l c chn v c im bn, c th kh c 100 %
nc. Qu trnh n nh bn cn chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht rn thnh cc sn phm
khng cha t bo sng. Cc h thng x l bn t nhin c th nng cao cht lng
ca sn phm, gim cc nhc im tim n ca bn v to ra mt thnh phm c th
ti s dng an ton. Cc h thng ny bao gm: bi lm kh; phn; x l bng t; bi
trng sy; h lm kh bn v n nh bng vi.
Bi lm kh bn
Cc bi lm kh bn c xy dng trn cc lp ct lc c ng dng trong vi
thp k; dng cng trnh ny c coi l d p dng, thit k n gin v c th to ra
sn phm bn kh n nh [WEF, 2003]. Cc bi lm kh bn c p dng cho nhng
c s nh v c th s dng trong hu ht cc iu kin kh hu. Mc d cn c din
tch ln v nhiu lao ng, nhng bi lm kh bn rt kinh t i vi nhng ni c iu
kin p ng v t ai v lao ng.
Bn ch yu c tch nc bng thm, thot nc v bay hi nc; nc c tch
khi bn bng trng lc, thm qua ct xung y h, c thu gom v thot ra khi bi
lm kh bng h thng ng ngm. Lng nc khng thm c s to thnh lp vng
ph trn b mt c th c bay hi. Bn s tch t ti lp trn cng ca bi lm kh vi
hm lng cht kh khong 10% [WEF, 2003], ty theo thi gian ca qu trnh lm kh
bn. Trn hnh 7.1 m t cu to in hnh ca bi lm kh bn.
215
Hnh 7 .1. Bi lm kh bn.
Sn xut phn bn
Vic x l bn thnh phn bn l mt qu trnh hiu kh m cc cht rn hu c b
phn hy sinh hc thnh cacbon ixit v nc [IWA, 2006] v kt qu l to ra mt
nguyn liu n nh (phn bn) c th c dng lm cht b sung cho dt trng phc
v nng nghip. Phn ng xy ra trong qu trinh x l bn thnh phn bn sinh ra nhit
tng i cao. cn duy tri nhit ny trong sut qu trnh nhm m bo cht lng
tt cho sn phm phn bn. Sn xut phn bn l mt hinh thc x l n nh bn ng
thi to ra nguyn liu hu dng v gim mm bnh. Sn xut phn bn i hi mt s
cng on chun b v nhiu nhn cng. V bn c m cao, nn trc khi qu trnh x
216
l thnh phn bn c thc hin cn tin hnh tch nc khi bn v bo qun bng
cch thm cc ph gia (phoi g, rm, cht thi hu c rn, v.v...) tng t l cht rn
ca bn ln t nht 35% [B mi trng v nng lng, an Mch 1996].
Hnh 7.2. Quan h v s thay i gia m v s lng trimg giun a trong bn.
Phng php phn bn ph bin nht l hiu kh theo lung c nh, o lung
v h thng khp kn. Cc lung hiu kh c nh l nhng ng bn c chiu cao 2,0 m
v vic lm thong c tin hnh bng cp kh qua cc ng t di y dc theo
lung. Vic phn bn yu cu cc bc x l s b bn, cng trnh v cc thit b.
duy tr xp tt v lm khng kh lu thng d dng, cn ph mt lp phoi bo xp
gia h thng thng gi v bn. Khng kh c thoi vo theo tng t trnh lm
gim nhit bn, nh hng n hiu qu phn bn. Tng t, o lung l hnh
thc bn thnh cc lung c chiu cao t 1,0 n 2,0 m c bo qun, nhng vic
lm thong c thc hin bng cch o trn bn trong lung [Crites v cs, 006]. Cc
phng php ny thng to ra mi kh chu. H thng khp kn l nhng khoang
khp kn, c s dng khc phc cc iu kin kh hu khng thun li v ti u
ha vic kim sot cc thng s vn hnh qu trnh phn bn.
Ty theo iu kin kh hu cng nh cc c tnh ca bn v phng php c p
dng, qu trnh ny thng ko di t 4 n 8 tun. Sau khi bn c n nh, cnc
thi gian lu tr thm bn chn v kh. Thi gian lu tr c lin quan n vn
kinh t v cng tc vn hnh; thi gian lu tr cng lu i hi din tch t s dng
cho vic phn bn cng ln.
X l bng
X l bng t c thc hin bng cch ph bn (lng, tch nc hoc kh) trn
b m t t h o c ch n s d n g tron g n n g n g h ip v cho mc ch trng h o c khi
217
phc rng. Vic ph bn b mt thng c tin hnh bng cch phun bn lng dcri
p lc tri ln b mt t v thot nc vo rnh. Bn tch nc c th c chn
hoc cy lp trong t. Bn kh c th ng trong ti hoc cht thnh ng v tri ln
b mt bng my hoc bng th cng.
S dng bn bn t trong nng nghip c th gim lng phn bn v nng cao
cht lng t trng. Cc a phng thng a ra cc iu lut quy nh v vic s
dng bn cho t nng nghip; nhn chung, cc iu lut ny thng gii hn nng
cho php ca cc kim loi trong bn v cc mm bnh cng nh nng cht hu C '
nhm bo v ngun nc ngm. i vi vic s dng bn bn t, v nng cht dini
dng trong bn tch nc v bn kh thp hn nn nu c php, bn lng c th
c s dng nhiu hn.
Tch nc v khong ha bn bng bi trng sy
Cc bi lm kh c trng cy c th c p dng nh mt cng ngh tch bn -
nc, gp phn nng cao hiu qu tch nc trong bn ng thi to ra sn phm
khong ha c th dng b sung cho t v l ngun dinh dng tim nng cho nng
nghip. T kt qu nghin cu mt s quc gia, mt s gii php cng ngh cho h
thng tch nc bng cch trng cy c xut. c im chung ca cc cng
ngh ny l s dng kt hp cy v cc vt liu ct si tch nc v n nh bn.
Thng thng, loi cy c chn cho h thng ny l cy sy (Phragmites australis),
cc thc vt m ly khc cng c th c s dng. Cc kinh nghim thu c ti c
cho thy vic s dng cc bi trng c c gi l bi mn cng t c hiu qu tch
nc v n nh bn cao [Pabsch, 2004].
Bi trng sy tch nc v khong ha bn thng c thit k bao gm cc n
nguyn ri si, trng thc vt, bn c tri u trn b mt. Thc vt, t, nng lng
mt tri v trng lc tch cc cht rn v cht lng khi bn. T l cht rn ca bn gi
nguyn trn b mt bi trong khi nc c thot i v thm xung qua lp si. Sau
mi ln ri bn l giai on tch nc c thc hin trc khi mt lp bn mi c
ph tip trn lp bn tch nc. Cc qu trnh ny tip tc c thc hin ti khi lp
y bi bng bn tch nc v c lm sch bi (sau khong 10 nm). Nc thot
t bn thm qua ct v si; iu kin hiu kh trong lp lc khng bo ha v kh nng
lc ca cc vt liu lm gim nng cht nhim v nc c quay vng x l ti
trm XLNT.
Qu trnh tch nc xy ra khi nc thot khi bn bng trng lc. Qu trnh tch
nc tip theo lin quan n vic thot nc qua cc mch dn. Kt qu l khi lng
bn gim do mt nc (thot nc v s thot-bc hi nc) v khong ha ca cc
cht hu c trong bn lm bn tr thnh nguyn liu ng nht v an ton. Qu trnh
tch nc ca bn c thc hin tt hn khi c trng thc vt. S pht trin lin tc
218
ca cy sy v tc ng c hc tng th ca gi trn thn cy to cc ng dn thot
nc mi, lm tng kh nng thot nc v hn ch cc hin tng bt kn (Hnh 7.3).
Thit k v bin php vn hnh h thng ph thuc mt s yu t bao gm cc c
im v c tnh l, ha, sinh hc ca bn. Cc yu t khc bao gm iu kin kh hu
trong vng, khi lng bn cn x l, yu cu x nc, mc ch s dng cui cng ca
bn v cc quy nh trong vng v nhng loi h thng ny.
ng phnphi bn
Hnh 7 .4 . C u t o h t h n g b i t r n g s y k h o n g h a b n .
219
C ba giai on vn hnh h thng trng sy. Trong giai on khi ng (khong hai
nm), bn nn c ti t hn so vi thit k. Sau giai on khi ng, thc vt pht
trin y v c th ti theo cng sut thit k. Giai on th ba (sau khong tm nm
hot ng), bn tch nc c ly i khi bi. Cc n nguyn cn c ly bun
(c th l hai nm cui trong s tm nm) s dng ti bn trong giai on kh ca mua
h nhm tng ti a hm lng cht kh ca bn. Sau bn c ly ln lt t cac
n nguyn; ty theo nhu cu v s lng cc n nguyn, giai on ny c th ko di
khong bn nm. Khi bi c dn sch bn th tip tc thc hin giai on khcri
ng mi (Hnh 7.5). Vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc bi trng sy khng tn km
v khng i hi nhn lc c trnh cao; bi trng sy c th x l c cc loi bun
vi cc c tnh khc nhau.
220
ra lin tc hoc theo tng t. Nc thot ra c a tr li TXLNT x l. Khi
chiu cao lp bn lng ng t cao nht nh th h c thot, nc v cht rn
c lm kh [Peavy v cc cs. 1986]. Bn kh c ly khi h ti s dng hoc
thi b.
Bn cn x l
Tch nc b mt
221
7.2. CC LU V THIT K H THNG
7.2.1. C ht lng v c tnh ca bn
Du m, % 5-12
0
222
Khi lng pht sinh v c tnh ca bn ph thuc c bn vo loi v hiu sut ca
qu trnh x l nc thi.
C th c tnh lng cht rn da trn khi lng kh i vi bn s cp theo cng
thc sau:
M sc = X TSS X Q (7 .1 )
Trong :
M lc - tng khi lng cht kh trong bn th cp (kg/ng);
y - h k ti lng BOD 5 c chuyn ha thnh sinh khi (kg/kg);
BOD - lng BOD 5 c loi b trong qu trnh x l bc hai (kg/m3);
- lu lng (m 3/ng).
7.2.2. La chn mc x l
7.2.3. La chn a im
7.2.4. Ti s dng bn
223
cn tin hih x l b sung trc khi bn c ti s dng hoc thi b. Nu c cc
thnh phn kim loi v hp cht c hi th bn khng thch hp ti s dng, cng
khng c chuyn n cc bi thi (v d: bi chn lp, l t rc). Vic x l trit
bn ph thuc vo cc yu cu v quy nh v x l cht thi, ng dng ph bin nht
nhm ti s dng bn l lm t san lp mt bng (thi b vo t) v s dng bn
x l sn xut phn bn (xem mc 7.1.3).
S dng bn bn t phc v nng nghip l vic thi bn vi t l c li cho cy
trng. T l bn bn ph thuc vo nhu cu dinh dng ca thc vt (trng c cho sc
vt hoc trng rng), t ai v tc ng c th xy ra i vi h sinh thi khu vc.
Phn bn sn xut t bn c ng dng thnh cng trong nng nghip, trng
vn v qun l rng. Phn bn cung cp dng cht cho t; do c thnh phn cc bon
hu c cao nn phn bn tt cho cu trc t nh tng s thng kh cho t, tng cng
thm nc v pht trin r cy. Trc khi s dng, phn bn c sn xut t bn cn
c phn tch kim tra mm bnh c th gy hi cho nng dn khi tip xc vi bn;
tuy nhin phn bn c coi l loi tr c nguy hi ny. vn cn quan tm khi
s dng bn c x l thnh phn bn l s c mt ca kim loi v hp cht c hi.
Cc mc ch ti s dng khc l s dng bn ci thin mi trng (v d: hm
m, xy dng ng cao tc v lp ph bi chn lp).
Nu nng kim loi hoc hp cht c hi hn ch vic ti s dng bn th bn cn
c chn lp hoc c thiu hy. Bn thi bi chn lp c th c nng kim lci
cao v cn lu kh nng gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Thiu hy bn yu cu nng
lng nn gy tn km; nu kim loi v hp cht c hi c th c bay hi thi kh ;
l-t phi c x l [Hammer M,J, 1995].
7.2.5. X l nc tch t bn
224
l b n k h n g c q u t i. P h n g p h p t h n g k h c g i m t h i u t c n g n
c n g n g l b t r v n g c c h ly c t r n g c y x a n h .
7.3. V TR V THIT LP
D i n t c h b m t c n t h i t , k c h t h c v s h t h n g p h t h u c q u y t r n h x lv
b n c c h n , l n g v l o i b n c x l v c c i u k i n k h h u t r o n g v n g .
7.3.2. Tc ng mi trTig
G i n g n h m i d n k h c , v i c x y d n g c s x l b n y u c u p h i n g h i n c u
t c n g v m i tr n g . c tn h c a q u y tr n h c th g y ra s p h n i c a c n g n g ,
d o , c n g n g n n t h a m g ia v o v i c n h g i t c n g m i tr n g .
7.4. CHI PH
7.4.1. Chi ph u t
C h i p h u t b a o g m ch i p h th i t k h th n g v chi ph n g u y n v t liu s d n g
x y d n g h th n g . V chi ph th a y i t y th e o t n g a i m n n v i c tn h to n phi
s d n g n g i a p h n g v p h n tch th n g k ch t i t c u a t t c a p h ph p h t sin h
c h o to n b q u y trn h ; k h n g n n p d n g m c chi ph v p h ph c a c n g trn h t n g
t c x y d n g t i a i m k h c l p d tr .
C hi ph O & M c n g p h t h u c v o i u k i n k i n h t a p h a n g . H u h t c h i p h
O & M c h o q u n l b n l c h i p h n h n l c l i n q u a n v p h t h u c v o c h i p h n h n c n g
t i a p h n g . V i c v n h n h b a o g m q u a n t r c c h t l n g v k i m s o t l u l n g .
V i c b o d n g b a o g m b o d n g c c u t h y l c v b m , h n c h c d i , k i m s o t
s u b , m b o tn h th m m , b n g h i u v ro ch an .
225
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Hense M., IWA publishing, 334 p., London,UK
METCALF and EDDY, 2002, Wastewater engineering, trecitment and rense, ed.
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193 pp, Lisbon, Portugal.
. PEAVY, H.S., ROWE, D.R., and TCHOBANOGLOUS, G 1986. Environmenal
engineering. McGraw-Hill, 699 pp, Singapore.
PABSCH H, 2004. Batch Humiication o f Sewage Sludge in Grass Beds DBU
Gttingen, Technical University o f Hamburg, Hamburg. (Doktor-Ingenieur dissertation).
SPINOSA, L., and VESILIND, P.A., 2002. Sludge into solids Processing, disposal
and utilization. IWA publishing, 334 p., London, UK.
WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION, 2003. Wastewater treatment plant
design, ecl.
XANTHOULIS D. 1996. - Rapport de synthse: Rutilisaion des eaux uses des
fin s agricoes, Ouarzazate, Maroc. PNUD, FAO, MARA - Maroc,
226
TI S DNG NC THI
P h m vi ti s d n g V d ng dng
K h n g g i i h n p h m T i c y t r o n g c n g v i n , s n c h i th th a o , s n
vi s d n g tr n g , sn g n , n g h a tra n g , k h u d n c , cc
v n h a i x a n h , l m t a n tu y t .
th
Hn ch T i c h o c c k h u v c v i t n s u t n h v k h u
v c c k i m sot.
M c c h k h c P hng chy cha chy, x y d n g .
C h o cy n n g n g h ip T i ti u c h o c y l n g t h c v c y n q u .
C h o cy c n g n g h ip T i c y l n g t h c c h o g ia s c , c y l y s i, h o a,
N n g n g h ip
v c y l n g th c g ie o m m , c c h o g i a s c , v n m c y g i n g ,
c h o g i a s c n g c.
K h n g g i i h n p h m K h n g g i i h n i v i n h n g m c c h c h o vui
C h o m c c h vi n g d n g c h i gii tr d i n c : a o h p h c v m c c h
g i i tr b i ii v l t v n .
H n ch C u c , b i t h u y n v c c h o t n g g i i tr
k h n g ti p x c k h c .
C i th i n m i C c b i l c n h n t o , c i t h i n c c bi lc t
tr n g n h i n , t o th n h c c d n g c h y .
B sung ngun B s u n g n g u n n c n g m c p n c c h o sin h
nc ngm h o t, h n c h s x m n h p c a n c m n , k i m
so t h in t n g su y g i m m c n c ngm .
C ho cng C u n g c p n c c h o h th n g lm n g u i, n c cp
n g h ip c h o n i h i, c h o n h v s in h , c h o d c h v g i t l,
c h o h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h.
C h o khu dn c P h c v c h o v i c c r a , g i t l, n h v s in h v
h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h .
Ti s dng H a tr n v i n c c p c h o s i n h h o t.
lm n c c p
227
8.2. CC HNH THC TI s DNG
228
Ty l hp th natri (SAR)
Hm lng natri ln s c th lm thay i cu trc vt l ca t v nh hng ti
t l nc thm qua t (gim kh nng thm thu). S nh hng ca natri cn lin
quan ti hm lng canxi v magi. Khi natri trong t tn ti di dng c th trao
i ion c th n s thay th cc cation canxi, magi v lm phn tn cc phn t st
trong t. S c mt ca natri di dng c th trao i ion c trong t l cn thit
nhm duy trcht lng ca t. T l SAR biu th tng quan hmlng natri v
lng natri ctr trao i c c trong nc ti, v cxc nh nh sau:
Trong : hm lng Na, Ca, v Mg c tnh bng miligam ng lng trn lit (mgl/L).
SAR cho bit hm lng ion Na+ trong nc ti v c lin quan ti ESP (t l phn
trm ca natri c kh nng trao i c) t d cho bit hm lng ion Na+ c trong t:
V iru t
V iru t n g rut < 100 (< 2 0 ) < 120 ( < 5 0 ) < 100 ( < 2 0 ) < 6 0 ( < 15)
Vi khun
C o li p h n < 9 0 (< 5 0 ) < 6 0 (< 30) < 7 0 (< 2 0 ) < 3 0 ( < 15)
T h n g h n < 6 0 (< 3 0 ) < 6 0 (< 30) < 7 0 (< 2 0 ) < 3 0 (< 15)
T < 3 0 ( < 5) < 3 0 (< 10) < 2 0 ( < 10) < 5 (< 2)
n g vt n g u y n sinh
E n ta m o e b a histo ly tica cy sts < 3 0 (<1 5) < 3 0 ( < 15) < 2 0 (<10) < 10 (< 2 )
G i u n s n
* s liu c h u n g v k h n n g t n ti c a m m b n h ; s liu t r o n g n g o c n l k h o n g th i
g ia n t n ti t h n g t h n g c a m m b n h ;
229
Nit (NO -N)
Cc hp cht ca nit vi nng cao c th gy tc ng lm gim sn lng ca
cy trng. Hu ht sn lng ca v ma khng b nh hng khi hm lng cc hp
cht cha nit trong t nh hn 30 mg/L, tuy nhin mt s loi cy trng chi c th
pht trin c trong iu kin nng ca cc hp cht nit nh hn 5 mg/L.
Cc ion c i vi thc vt
Cc cht c i vi thc vt thng c trong nc thi sau x l l cc ion Bo (B ),
clorua (CO, v natri (Na+). Ion Bo (B ) s c tnh c khi n tn ti trong t vi hm
lng qu cao. Mt s loi cy trng nh cy chanh hoc cy mm xi rt nhy cm
vi cht Bo v khng th pht trin c vi hm lng vt qu 0,5 mg/L. Ion Clorua
(C1) c cy trng hp thu v tch t li trong l, nu hm lng ion ny qu cao s
lm cho l cy b kh hoc b chy.
pH
pH trung bnh trong nc ti phi nm trong khong t 6,5 n 8,5. Neu nc
ti c pH nm ngoi khong ny th khng t tiu chun.
Cc nguvn t vi lng v cc kim loi nng
Cc nguyn t vi lng l cc cht ha hc m hm lng ca chng trong nc ti
thng thng chi khong vi mg/L [FAO, 1992]. Cc kim loi nng thng l cc thnh
phn vi lng. Cc kim loi nng c t trng cao gp bn ln so vi nc. C th sng
i hi mt lng nh cc kim loi nng nhng vi hm lng cao qu mc cho php
c th gy hi v l nguyn nhn gy bnh cho c th. Do cn phi quan tm nhiu
ti y u t kim loi nng v y l cht c kh nng tch t trong thc n v qua tch
t trong c th con ngi.
H thng ti
H thng ti cho cy trng c th c t chc theo nm loi khc nhau da trn
phng php ti nh th no v ti u:
Ti ngp: l phng php ti n gin v ph bin nht. Nc ti c phn
b trn ton b phm vi cnh ng, dng nc ti s chy dc theo ton b lp dt
trng trt v thm vo t (Hnh 8.1).
230
R n h ti Lung t
\
7V<7/ /}<7A
7# v/ phun: Vi ti l vi phun f |g j p Ay,Wt
' ft ,
! jtft
Vng r H
1111
t r ( H
MSi p trn
H ga thot nc ng phn phi nc
c nh mc nc
231
ng t
ng ti ch
sot c lng mui khong trong vng r cy bng h thng ng ti thch hp cng
vi vic ra tri. H thng ti s c thit k ph thuc vo kh nng loi b lng
nc ti d tha. H thng ti khng hp l cng vi iu kin kh hu nng s lm
cho t b nhim mn. Khi mc nc ngm nng th nc ngm c th dng ln vng r
cy bng tnh mao dn v a lng mui khong ln vng t b mt. Cc cnh ng
khi s d n g n g u n n c v khi n c b ay h i s lm c h o l n g m u i k h o n g trong
t ngy cng tng. Mt h thng ti thch hp c th gii quyt vn nhim mn
bng kim sot mc nc ngm. Vic ra tri l qu trnh loi b mui khi vng r
cy v c a vo lp t pha di. i khi, cn^hi ti cho khong t canh tc
mt lng nc ln hn lng nc cn thit. Lng nc ny s ngp trn vng r c) v
loi b bt lng mui tch t li. i vi mi loi cy trng nht nh, vic nghin ;iu
kh nng chu ng ca cy i vi mn trong t trng v lng mui khong c trong
nc ti l rt cn thit xc nh cc yu cu v ra tri [FAO, 1992].
nhy cm i vi hm lng mui v phm vi chu ng ca cc loi cy trng
thng khc nhau. Cc loi cy trng c chia thnh bn nhm khc nhau ty theo d
nhy cm v kh nng chu ng i vi mn:
1. Loi nhy cm (u, c rt, hnh,...);
2. Loi nhy cm va phi (cy la, ma, bp ci, khoai ty, c chua..
3. C th chu ng mc va phi (cy u tng, atis, la m);
4. C th chu ng (cy mng ty, la mch, c ci ng, ...).
Maas (1984) a ra mi quan h gia sn lng ma v v dn in ca phn
t bo ha i vi cc mc nhy cm khc nhau ca cy trng (Hnh 8 .6 ). dn in
ECd c tnh bng 1,5 ln dn in ECn v l mi quan h chun ca cc loi it
i vi mt h thng ti thch hp vi quy trnh ti ph hp.
Nc ti vi dn in ECn thp hn 0,7 ds/m l thch hp vi s pht trin cia
cy trng v lin quan mt thit ti sn lng thu hoch. Nc ti c hm lrg
khong va phi (0,7 + 3 ds/m) vn c th cho 100% sn lng bng cch ra tri ui
ch theo yu cu. Phng php ra tri cho php gi mn ca t nm trong gii hn
2 32
0 5 10 15 20 EC.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
5 10 15 20
233
t hoc trong cc t bo ca cy trng. Khi lp k hoch ti s dng nc thi cho mc
ch ti trng cn nghin cu k cc tc ng bi cc cht c hi ti t canh tc v
cy trng [TAO, 1992].
Tc ng ti sc khe con ngi
Vic s dng nc ti l nc thi x l c th dn ti mt s nhng nguv c v
sc khe i vi ngi s dng sn phm nng nghip cng nh i vi nhng ngi
canh tc v cng ng. Cc mi nguy hi v sc khe ph thuc vo i tng tip cn
vi cc nng phm v cch s dng chng (n trc tip hay qua ch bin). WHO
(1989) phn loi cc cy trng theo cc nhm v phng thc tiu th nh sau:
Nhm A:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: ngi s dng, nng dn, v cng ng dn c xung quanh.
Cc loi cy trng c s dng trc tip khng qua ch bin, cc khu t dnh
cho mc ch th thao, cng vin.
Nhm B:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: chi c ngi canh tc.
Cc loi cy ng cc, cy cng nghip, cy lng thc cho vt nui, bi c v cy
ly g.
Cc cy trng khng th s dng trc tip m phi qua qu trnh ch bin trc khi
s dng.
Cc loi cy pht trin trn mt t v khng b nhim bn bi h thng vi ti phun.
Nhm C:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: khng c.
Cc loi cy trng c ch r trong nhm B nu khng c nhng tc ng xu
ti ngi canh tc v cng ng dn c xung quanh (khu vc c bo v).
i vi nhng loi cy trng thuc nhm A nc ti phi c x l t cht
l n g tt v vi trng c bit l i v i n h n g loi rau c s d n g trc tip khng
qua ch bin. Nc ti c cht lng thp hon c th c s dng ti cho cac
cy trng m sn phm ca n chi c s dng sau khi ch bin. e bo v ngi tiu
dng, ngi canh tc v cng ng dn c xung quanh, t chc y t th gi [WHO,
1989] thit lp cc hng dn c th i vi tng nhm cy trng (xem: Cc quy
nh v hng dn v ti s dng nc thi).
La chn phng php ti
Vic la chn h thng ti da trn cht lng ca nc thi ti s dng, loi cy
trng c canh tc, cch ti truyn thng, k nng, v sc khe ca ngi canh tc v
cng ng ni chung. Bng 8.3 nu nhng nh gi chung v phng php ti ph
thuc vo cch s dng nc thi sau x l.
234
Bng 8.3. nh gi cc phng php ti theo cch s dng nc thi
C c ti u ch T i th eo T i ni vi
Ti xung quanh T i n h g i t
n h g i lu n g phun sng
1 Lm m l, Khng l m c u n g l c th M t s nl n g Khng lm tn
cc nguy c t n t h n g l b t c ng tuy tc ng xu t h n g l
l c y s d n khi cy c khng qu nguy ti l c y c
n s n l n g tr n g tr n him nhng cng th xut h i n
th p nhng lu n g l m g i m s n l n g dn en g i m
t sn l n g th u
hoch
2 S tc h t M u i tc h t M ui vn chuyn M ui vn M ui t a tr n
m ui trong tro n g lu n g x u n g p h a d i v chuyn xung xung quanh,
vng r cy t c th hu nh khng pha d i v chuyn ng
vi qu trin h gy hi cho c t c h t tr o n g hu n h k h n g d c th eo h n g
c lp i lp c y tr n g v n g r cy c tch t chuyn ng
li tro n g v n g r c a nc. G i a
cy cc i m t i
hnh thnh lp
m ui ng
4 Kh nng C th m c C th m c v a K h c th m c t t n
th c h ng va phi p h i . Q u t r i n h t i iu c h in h . r t tt. H u ht
i u c h n h bng v i c n c v ti u n c Hu ht l c y cc cy trng c
mn ca nc qun l t t c t h c h i n tt b m c b n h v th p h t tri n v
thi m k h n g v ti u n c , c th l m c h o sn sn l n g th u t g y g i m s n
l m g i m sn y l cch l n g th u h o c h hoch th p l n g th u h o c h
l n g th u c th chp mc c th chp
hoch nhn c nhn c
235
Nu cht lng nc thi sau x l khng m bo tiu chun theo hng dn c a
WHO (1989), cc bin php an ton sau y cn c thc hin [Xanthoulis, 1996]:
" H thng ti bng vi phun (vi phun thng thng, vi phun siu nh, V.V.. ) nn
p dng i vi cc loi cy trng nh lng thc cho gia sc, cy ly si v c )
ly ht;
H thng ti cho bi c hoc nhng khu vc c ng vo hn ch c th tin
hnh vo ban m.
* H thng ti bng vi phun c kin ngh khng nn s dng trong iu kin
thi tit c gi nhiu. Gi c th mang sng m (thm ch c mm bnh) t h
thng ti gy nguy him v sc khe cho ngi canh tc v dn c ln cn.
Phng php ti bao quanh (cn gi l ti ngp ti ch) v ti ngm c thc
hin bng cch lm ngp khu t canh tc bi nc thi v s nhim bn ca cy trng
s pht trin ti khu vc b mt hoc trong lng t. Vi phng php ti ny, ngi
canh tc s tip xc trc tip vi dng nc ti. Cch ti ny cng ch nn p dng
vi cy lng thc cho gia sc, cy ng cc, hoc cy ly qu (nhm B) v ngi canh
tc cn trnh khng tip xc trc tip vi nc thi trong qu trnh ti.
Phng php ti theo rnh khng lm m phn b mt t, t c th lm gim
kh nng gy nhim i vi cy trng bi v cy c mc trn lung t tuy nhin v
an ton v sinh ni chung khng c m bo.
Bn cnh nhng nguy c v an ton v sinh do cn lng, th vic ti b mt cng
em li nhng nguy him i vi t trng v nhim ngun nc ngm.
Phng php ti bng vi phun ch ph hp vi nc thi c khong thp sau
khi c x l bc hai. e phng nga c th b sung cc b phn hoc iu chnh
ng knh vi phun thch hp. Cch ti theo kiu vi phun c nguy c tc t hn cch
ti nh git song vn c nguy c gy nhim cho cy trng do gi c th lm phn tn
nc ti. Phng php ti ny ch c th c s dng i vi cc loi cy cng
nghip v cc cy m sn phm ca n khng s dng trc tip.
Phng php ti ti ch l ph n g php thch h p nht d o t c n gu y c nh h n g
ti sc khe; phng php ny yu cu nc thi phi c lc tt v thit b phi c
bo dng thng xuyn trnh tc.
h thng ti hot ng tt v c qun l hiu qu th nc thi s dng phi
qua x l vi cht lng c duy tr tt. H thng ti cn c trang b mng lc, lc
ct v van kha v.v... iu quan trng l cc b phn ca h thng ti phi c kim
tra v xc nhn tnh trng hot ng tt. cn thc hin bo co thng xuyn v tnh
trng thit b ngn nga v gim thiu cc s c hoc hng hc.
Tc ng ti sn lng thu hoch
Cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi
Nc thi sau x l thng cha mt vi lng cc cht gy hi v mm bnh tuy
nhin n cng cha cc cht dinh dng c li (cc nguyn t dinh dng quan trng:
236
N, p. K, Ca, Mg,... cc nguyn t dinh dng vi krng: Fe, Zn, Cu, M n,...) tc ng
trc tip ti cy trng. Vic ti cy bng nc thi c xem nh l bn phn cng
vi nc cho t, y l phng php rt kinh t do gim c chi ph v phn bn.
Hm lng ln cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi c th dn ti s mt cn bng dinh
dng trong t, cc nguyn t khong cht (N, p, K) trong nc thi thng thng cao
hn so vi yu cu ca cy trng. iu dn n mt s kt qu bt thng nh cy
trng pht trin qu mc v lm cho cht lng ca nng phm b thay i. V th vic
kim sot thng xuyn cc yu t trong dng nc ti l rt cn thit gii hn
lng cc cht dinh dng v trnh xy ra nhng kt qu bt thng.
Hp cht ni
Hp cht ni t trong nc thi bao gm ba dng: nit hu c, amonia v nitrat. T l
ca cc hp cht trong nc thi ph thuc ngun thi v phng php x l.
Amonia (NH4) thng chim a s v c hm lng nm trong khong t 5 n 40
mg/L. Nit hu c bao gm cc dng ha tan v khng ha tan ch chim mt phn nh.
Tt c cc dng nit hu c u c th b xy ha thnh amonia nh cc vi sinh vt trong
nc thi v trong dt. Hm lng nitrat c th thay i t 0 ti 30 mg/L. Nu nc thi
cha amonia c a vo t thng xuyn th cc vi khun nitrat ha s gia tng.
Lng nit d tha s lm cho cy trng pht trin qu mc, mc trng thnh b
chm v cht lng ca ma v b gim st. Tt nhin lng nit cn bn cho t canh
tc phi cao hn lng m cy trng tiu th, ngn chn s tch t v thm su vo t
trng. Neu nc ti cha qu t nit th cn b sung thm nit t c sn lng
ma v tt nht. V d, bng 8.4 nu r tng lng hp cht nit t nc thi ca thnh
ph Ouarzazate (Marc) cn bn cho v ma trng cy c chua cao hn so vi yu cu.
Bng 8.4. Lng NPK (kg/ha) t nc ti c chua tnh ton t lu lng ti 6500nr'/ha
N c thi N c th i
C c n g u y n t k h o n g c h t Y u c u th e o 'l th u y t
q u a x l k h n g q u a x l
N 22 5 334 175
p 99 145 75
237
Hp cht cha Kali
Lng kali trong nc thi ti s dng c th khng gy ra bt c mt tc ng c
hi no i vi cy trng. Yu t dinh dng vi lng c tc ng trc tip ti
mu m ca t, sn lng v cht lng ma v. Hm lng hp cht cha kali trong
nc thi sau x l bc hai thay i trong khong t 10 n 30mg/L (tng ng vi
t 12 n 36 mg K2O/L). Vic xc nh lng phn bn cho ma v cn phi tnh ton
sao cho t c thng s ny.
mn v sn lng ca ma v
Cy trng c th chu ng c mn trong mt khong gii hn nht nh m
khng tc ng ti sn lng ma v. Trn y l gi tr ti hn v nng mui i
vi mi loi cy trng, sn lng s gim khi gi tr ny tng ln [FAO, 1985]. Gi tr
ti hn c gi l im ngng. Mass v Hoffman (1977) a ra cng thc xc
nh mc gim sn lng thu hoch khi lng mui tng:
Y= lOO-b.(EC-a) (8.3)
Trong : Y - sn lng [%];
EC - nng mui khong ca t bo ha nc [dS/m];
a - ngng gi tr nng mui [dS/m];
b - p hn trm sn l n g b g i m trn m t n v c a h m l n g m u i
c tng [%m/dS].
Phn trm sn lng b gim trn mt om v ca hm lng mui uc tng (b) t l
vi s gim sn lng thu hoch, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
b- - 00-______ (8.4)
EC0% ECioo%
Trong : EC 0%- nng mui trong t bo ha 0% sn lng [dS/m];
ECd 100%- nng mui trong t bo ha 100% sn lng [dS/m].
EC 100%tng ng vi ngng gi tr nng mui (a).
V d, sn lng c th c ca cy la (EC0%= 11 ds/m v a = ECm% ~ 3 dS/m)
pht trin trn cnh ng c ti bng nc thi (ECn = 4 dS/m) s l:
Vi khong t 15+20% phn t c lc, lng mui trong nc ti (ECn) c th
c s dng tnh ton mn ca t (EC) bng cng thc chung:
EC = ],5 x EC. EC
c th c c tnh bng 6 dS/m (1,5 X 4 dS/m).
Phn trm sn lng b gim trn mt n v ca hm lng mui c tng (b) s
bng b = 122 = 12,5%.
11-3
Theo cch , Y = 100 - 12,5. (6 - 3) = 62,5%.
238
Nh vy, sn lng thu hoch ca cnh ng trng la s vo khong 62,5%.
Yu cu quan trc
Ba mc ch ca vic quan trc:
1. Ph chun v xc nhn h thng ti p ng c nhng yu cu v thit k;
2. Quan trc qu trnh hot ng hoc xc nhn h thng lm vic theo ng yu cu
thit k;
3. Thm tra hoc chng minh rng sn phm cui cng t yu cu cht lng v
m c ti u v s c k h e.
Ba dng quan trc ny s c tin hnh cc cng on khc nhau. Vic xem xt s
c tin hnh ngay t u khi m h thng va c lp t xong h thng c th
hon thin p ng nhng yu cu t ra. Vic quan trc qu trnh hot ng ca h
thng s c th hin thng qua cc bin php quan trc thng thng v phn tch
nh gi cc cng trnh trong h thng. Vic xem xt mt cch nh k trn sn phm
cui cng nhm hon thin h thng t c yu cu thit k. Vic quan rc c tin
hnh vi tn sut ln nhanh chng lm sng t cc vn pht sinh trong khi cc
s liu quan trc thu c trong thi gian di v ch r hiu sut ton b v phng
hng ca h thng [WHO, 2006].
Chng trnh quan trc phi c xc nh r v phi p ng c cc yu cu ti
thiu sau:
Xc nh cc thng s quan trc;
Xc nh r v tr quan trc;
* Tn sut quan trc.
239
nhin v c th loi b tip BOD, s s , Nit, Phtpho, vi khun, virt, cc nguyn t vi
lng V mt s cht khc. H thng x l SAT v c bn bao gm cc lp t lc m
lp trn cng l lp cha y nc thi x l. Sau , nc thi ny s thm thu
vo trong t i qua cc tng khng bo ha, thm vo ngun nc ngm v lu vc
tip nhn. Cui cng nc c phc hi t h thng ti, t ging (Hnh 8.7). H
thng x l SAT c din ra vi s lun chuyn gia giai on m v kh, thng
thng chu k ca mt giai on bao gm 8 gi lm kh, 16 gi lm ngp v 2 tun lm
kh 2 tun lm ngp [FAO, 1992]. Giai on lm kh l rt quan trng trnh vt tc
cc lp t v m bo thi gian th o n g kh di p h c v ch o qu trnh nitrat ha am onia
trong t. H thng x l SAT thng c xy dng ti nhng vng t c kh nng
thm ln v t xy ra s b a y hi. Cc lp t khng cn c t h m qu ln v phi c
kh nng lc tt to ra hiu qu x l cn thit.
N c sau
x l
Nc thi Nc thi
240
Ging khoan
thm nc H thrn nc
TTTTTT
Tng khng cha nc
(vng khng bo ha)
Tng t cha nc
(vng bo ha)
Hnh 8.8. Cc phng php thng dng b sung nc ngm bng nc thi qua x.
C c y u cu v
C n g n g h thp L o i b c c c h t r n C ng ngh cao
m c t i n x l
H th n g p h n phi v 2 5 . 0 0 0 - 7 5 .0 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 - 1 .5 0 0 .0 0 0
T n g chi ph
d i n t c h t U S D /g in g U S D /g in g
C c y u cu v L m sch v i
Lm kh v no vt L m k h v l m s c h
bo d ng ch iu d n g ch y
T u i th c a c n g
> 100 nm 5 20 nm 25 50 nm
tr n h
C c a t n g c
T ng khng cha nc T ng khng cha nc
k h n n g x l T ng cha nc
v t n g c h a n c v tng cha nc
nc
241
Vd nh i vi d n b cp ngun nc ngm bng nc thi qua x l vi
cng sut 10.000m3/ng v tc thm lc l 50 m/nm i hi din tcht thm lc
l 7,3 ha.
r _ 10.000*365 _ nnn
F = -----------------------------------------------;-= 73.000 m 2 = 7,3 ha
50
Nu gi t khong 20.000 USD/ha th tng gi thnh cho din tch cn thit ny l
150.000 USD. Gi thnh ny c th tng ln nhiu khi tnh ti gi thnh ca h thng
vn chuyn phn phi nc thi vo. Chnh v th lu vc t thm lc nn c b tr
gn vi ngun cp nc vo.
N c c h o th p l m n g u i.
T i s d n g n c th i s in h h o t L m n g u i m t ln .
p d n g tro n g c n g ngh.
N c c h o t h p l m n g u i .
L m n g u i m t ln v ti s d n g .
T i c h n g a y ti n i p h t sin h v s T i s d n g n c t r o n g g i t l ( n c , l m n n g ,
d n g t h a y th c h o n c c n g n g h v t h u h i c h t t y ) .
T i s d n g n c g i t ra.
C r a c n g t r n h .
C c d n g th i khng s d n g tro n g L m n n g n c c a b b i v c c t h m m v i n ,
c n g n g h ip n g d n g tro n g n n g nghip.
%
Ngun: Asano v Levine, 1998
242
Nc lm mt
C hai loi h thng lm mt bng nc:
1. H thng lm mt mt ln: nc i qua b phn trao i nhit mt ln sau quay
tr li ngun cha ban u. Khng c s bay hi v do khng c nc ng
trong h thng.
2. H thng c kh nng lm bc hi nc, lm mt tun hon: y l loi h thng
lm mt ph bin. Thp lm mt c s dng hp th nhit t l phn ng ht
nhn bng hi nc. Nc lm mt tun hon tr li h thng v nc trong h
thng c b sung thm vo thay th lng nc bc hi. Khi nc lm
mt b bay hi th hm lng cht rn ha tan lin tc tng v c th dn n cc
vn v n mn. Do nc lm mt phi c thng xuyn loi ra khi h
thng trnh cho hm lng cc cht rn ha tan trong nc tng qu mc
Nc cp cho ni hi
Nc thu hi c th c s dng cho ni hi to hi nc. Cht lng nc yu
cu tng ln cng vi p lc ca ni hi. Ni hi to p lc cao i hi nc c tinh
khit cao v cn c x l cao hn v d nh l qu trnh x l thm thu ngc hoc
trao i ion. cng ca nc cp cho ni hi phi gn bng khng trnh lng
ng, ng cn hoc n mn thit b. Yu cu nghim ngt v cng ngh x l nc v
mt lng nh nc sau x l cn phi c ti s dng c ra ni hi v lng
nc ny khng thch hp cho vic ti s dng nc thi.
Nc cng mgt trong cng nghip
Vic s ng nc thu hi nh l mt loi nc cng ngh ty thuc vo nhng yu
cu c th ca cng ngh v yu cu cng nh mc ch ca tng loi hnh sn xut.
Vic ti s dng nc cn m bo khng gy nh hng i vi cht lng sn phm.
Cc nguy c tim tng
Cc vn nu trong bng 8.7 c th nh hng ti hiu sut v cht lng ca sn
phm nn cn c kim sot vic ti s dng nc c th c bn vng.
B n g 8 .7 . T i s d n g nc trong cng nghip:
C c v n d lin q u a n , nguyn n hn v bin php x l .
C c v n N g u y n nhn B i n p h p x l
C c h p c h t v c, m u i a v o n c c c c ht c c h n g
S n g c n c n , h p th c a c b o n , trao i ion, lc,
ki m sot tc c h i t
C c c h t tan v c h t r n k h n g tan, m t a v o cc c h t c c h n m n ,
S n m n
cn bng pH th m thu n g c
S p h t trin T n d c a c c c h t h u c, a m o n ia, B i x y t, cc c h t p h n t n , lc
c a vi s in h v t p h tpho
S p h t tri n c a vi sin h v t, cc m u i K i m sot s n g c n, n m n , s
S tc n g h n p h t p h t, c c c h t ta n v cht rn p h t trin c a vi sinh vt, lc h a
k h n g ta n c h t v p h n t n v t l
243
8.3. CC VN K THUT TRONG VIC LP K HOCH TI s DNG NC
8.3.1. Kho st s b
2 44
Cc nghin cu ton din cn c tin hnh lm r v gii quyt nhng cu hi trn.
8.3.1. nh gi
Trong qu trnh nh gi cn tr li cc cu hi sau:
Cc yu cu cn thit v cht lng nc nhm tha mn cho tng i tng s
dng, khong c th chp nhn c v gii hn v cht lng ?
* Nhng ri ro c lin quan ti cht lng nc v lm th no hn ch ?
Ngoi nc th cc yu t no khc c th b nc thi mang n ?
Bin php an ton no cn c tin hnh trnh nhng ri ro v nhim ?
Mt h thng cha nc c cn thit hay khng ?
S dng b cha hay bm l cch tt nht p ng c s thay ibt thng
v lng nc cn s dng ?
Trng hp cn x l b sung th ai s chi tr ?
Liu vic s dng nc thi qua x l c buc ngi canh tcphi thay i
cch ti thng thng ca h khng ?
Vic ti s dng nc thi c th cung cp mt s kt qu nng hc th v thc s.
Cc m hnh ti s dng nc thi c nh hnh mt cch ng n c th c tc
ng tt ti mi trng v v sinh ng thi lm tng sn lng ma v. Tuy nhin,
v i c ti s d n g nc thi tron g n n g n g h i p c th c tc n g xu t i m i trng v
sc khe cng ng. iu l gii ti sao cc hng dn c th v cc tiu chun cn
phi c ch mt cch nghim tc.
8.3.1. Cc tc ng ti mi trug
Cc thun li i vi mi trng
Nc thi c s dng hp l v ng cch cho vic ti ticu trong nng nghip c
th ci thin cht lng mi trng nh sau:
Trnh c vic x cht thi vo ngun nc mt, ngn chn c tnh trng lm
mt cnh quan, cc iu kin ym kh trong bt c ngun nc no v trnh c
tnh trng ph dng ca nc h v cc h cha.
Bo tn c ngun nc ngm trong nhng khu vc b khai thc qu mc cho nng
nghip nhm trnh s mt nc v trnh nc mn xm nhp vo tng cha nc.
C kh nng bo tn cht lng t v trnh c s ra tri ca t (s bo mn).
Cc bt li tim tng i vi mi trng
Vic ti s dng nc thi trong ti tiu cng c th c tc ng xu ti mi trng
v ti sc khe con ngi, v d nh:
Vic a vo mt s cc nguyn t ha hc i khi c hm lng cao, h sinh thi
b thay i (ch yu l trong t, nc v cy trng).
Gy nhim v lm lan truyn cc vi sinh vt gy bnh.
245
Cc tc ng ti t trng
Cc tc ng ti t trng thng rt quan trng i vi ngi canh tc bi v chng
c th lm gim nng sut, gim mu m ca t v gim sn lng cy trng do:
S nhim mn;
S kim ha v lm gim thm thu ca t;
S tch ly khng cn thit cc nguyn t c hi;
S tch t ca cc cht dinh dng.
Cc tc ng ti nc ngm
Trong mt s trng hp th cc tc ng ti ngun nc ngm cn quan trng han
c c tc n g ti t trn g do c c thnh phn tron g n c thi c th g y n h im n g u n
nc ngm. gim thiu hoc gii quyt vn ny, cn xem xt cc bin php
[Xanthoulis, 1996]:
S dng lng nc ti da vo lng nc yu cu ca cy trng vi kh nng
ngm nc ti thiu;
Thit lp mt chng trnh qun l h thng ti tiu da trn nhng yu cu ca
cy trng, kh nng tr nc ca t v s lng nc thi;
Cc loi cy trng la chn c th hp th cc yu t c hi trong nc thi;
Trong trng hp nc b nhim mn, cy trng c la chn c th hp thu mui;
Hn ch lng nc thi ti a chnh xc lng nit cn thit vo trong t
v gim nguy c nhim nitrat. Neu lng nit vt qu lng cn thit i vi
cy trng th phi:
- La chn loi cy trng i hi lng nit ln;
- La chn h thng ti c th phn phi nc ti u;
- Trn ln nc thi v nc sch;
- Duy tr h thng ti mc c th chp nhn c.
Cc yu cu trn c khuyn co thit lp s cn bng nit nhm ngn chn vic
ngun nc ngm b nhim nitrat. S cn bng v nit cho php gi cho hm lng
nitrat trong nc di 50mg/L hoc gi bng nng nit hin c nu hm lng thc
t ny cao hn 50mg/L.
Cc tc ng ti nc mt
Vi hm lng Nit v Phtpho cao trong nc thi c th dn ti hin tng gy
ph dng ngun nc. Nit l yu t hn ch i vi s pht trin ca to bin,
nhng Nit v Phtpho l cc yu t hn ch trong h, trong lu vc nc mn v trong
cc p nc ni m nc thi c lu gi trc khi ti.
Cc tc ng ti cy trng
Bn cnh tc ng ton din ca mt s thnh phn trong nc thi nh nng
mui trong nc ti th nc thi c th l yu t c hi tim tng do s c mt ca
246
mt s nguyn t ha hc nh Bo v mt vi kim loi nng vi hm lng cao. S cht
hoi xut hin trn l ca cy trng nhy cm l du hiu ca s nhim c Bo.
N h m c G iu n s n g B i n p h p X L N T
i u k i n ti C o li p h n b
N hm nguy c tr o n g r u ta n h m t c c c y u
s dng (s C oli/100 m L )
t c n g ( s tr n g /L ) c u v vi sinh hc
A Ti cho loi H th n g c c h n
C ng nhn,
cy tr n g c n h c thit k
ng i s
s dng khng qua < 1 < 1000 t c c h t l ng
dng, cng
c h b i n , k h u th vi sinh h o c c n g trnh
ng
th a o , c n g v i n c x l t n g n g
B Ti cho cy T h i g i a n l u n c
ng cc, c y cng h n nh k h o n g
K hng c
n g h ip , cy cho Cng nhn < 1 t 8 n 10 n g y
ti u c h u n
g ia s c , n g c lo i b t r n g g iu n
v c y n q u d v C o li p h n
c B i n p h p t i ti T i n x ly t h e o y u
ch i vi cc cy K h n g th K h n g th c u v c n g n g h ti
Khng
tr n g nu trong p dng p d n g nhng ti th i u c n
m c B tin h n h l n g s c p
Ngun: W H O , 1989.
247
Cc hng dn ca WHO khuyn ngh i vi vic ti tiu ti cc khu vc khng
hn ch:
Hon ton loi b (hoc gn nh loi b) lng trng giun vi gi tr trung bnh
1 trng/L;
Loi b lng vi sinh vt gy bnh vi gi tr trung bnh nh hon 1000
UFC/100mL.
nhng nc cha c cc hng dn cht ch hn th nc thi sau x l phi tun
theo cc hng dn ca WHO i vi vic ti tiu khng hn ch (Nhm A) c th
c s dng cho bt k loi cy trng no m khng cn b sung cc bin php bo
v sc khe [WHO,1989].
M c h n c h k h i s d n g
N h n g v n c t h x y r a n v
Y u t i
K h n g M n h
v a p h i
M u i (cc tc ng ti nc ti)2
E C n ds/m < 0 , 7 0 , 7 - 3 , 0 > 3 , 0 .
( h o c )
T D S m g / l < 4 5 0 4 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 > 2 0 0 0
6 - 1 2 > 1 , 9 1 , 9 - 0 , 5 < 0 , 5
1 2 - 2 0 > 2 , 9 2 , 9 + 1 , 3 < 1 , 3
2 0 - 4 0 > 5 , 0 5 , 0 - 2 , 9 < 2 , 9
248
Bng 8.9 (tip theo)
M c h n c h k h s d n g
N h n g v n c t h x y r a n v
Y u t i
K h n g M n h
v a p h i
T i b m t S A R < 3 3 - 9 > 9
T i b n g v i p h u n m e /1 < 3 > 3
C l o ( C l ) 4
T i b m t m e / 1 < 4 4 - 1 0 > 1 0
T i b n g v i p h u n m e / 1 < 3 > 3
m e / 1 < 1 , 5 1 , 5 - 8 , 5 > 8 , 5
p H K h o n g t h n g t h n g 6 , 5 - - 8 , 4
1 T h e o t v n c a t r n g i h c C n g n g C a l i m a 1 9 7 4 c t r c h d n b i F A O , 1 9 8 5 .
2 E C l d n i n , x c n h b n g l n g m u i k h o n g t r o n g n c , c o b n g d s / m 2 5 c h o c
b n g n v m m h o / c m . H a i n v n y t n g n g n h a u . T D S l t n g h m l n g c h t h a t a n
c o b n g m g / L .
3 S A R l t l h p p h n a t r i. S A T i k h i c t h n g u y n l R N a . T i gi t r S A R a r a t h t l t h m
t r c h d n b i F A O , 1 9 8 5 .
n g u y n t n y . V i h t h n g t i d n g v i p h u n v m t h p ( d i 3 0 % ) t h n a t r i v c lo c t h
c h p t h u t h n g q u a l c a c c lo i c y t r n g n h y c m .
5 N O 3 - N l h m l n g n it - n it r a t c a r a d i d n g n it c b n ( N H 4 - N v c h t h u c c h a N
c n c t n h n k h i n c t h i a n g c t h n g h i m ) .
Bng 8.10. Hm lng cc nguyn t v lng (mg/L) trong nc thi trc v sau x l
N g u y n t N c t h i t r c x l N c t h i s a u x l
A I 2 , 3 0 , 4 8
A s 0 , 0 0 0 2 K h n g t m t h y
C d 0 , 0 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 1
C o 0 , 2 2 0 , 0 7 7
249
Bng 8.9 (tip theo)
N g u y n t N c t h i t r c x l N c t h i s a u x l
C r 0 , 0 1 2 0 , 0 0 2 5
F e 1 0 , 3 7 2 , 7 0
M n 1 , 4 5 0 , 3 3
N i 0 , 1 3 5 0 , 0 4 4
P b 0 , 0 0 9 0 0 , 0 0 1
Z n 2 , 2 6 0 , 9 6
S e 0 , 0 0 2 5 0 , 0 0 1
B 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 1
C u 1 , 2 8 0 , 2 4
Ngun: X a n t h o u l i s , 1 9 9 6 .
H m l n g t r o n g n c
H m l n g t r o n g n c t h i k h i s d n g t r o n g t h i
T h n h p h n t h i k h i s d n g l u d i a
g i a n n g n b ( m g / L )
( m g / L )
N h m 5 , 0 2 0 , 0
A r s e n 0 , 1 0 2 , 0
B e r y l l i u m 0 , 1 0 0 , 5
B o 0 , 7 5 2 , 0
C a d m i 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 5
C r o m 0 , 1 1 , 0
C o b a n 0 , 0 5 5 , 0
C u p p e r 0 , 2 5 , 0
F l o 1 , 0 1 5 , 0
S t 5 , 0 2 0 , 0
C h 5 , 0 1 0 , 0
L i t h i 2 , 5 2 , 5
M a n g a n 0 , 2 1 0 , 0
M o l y b d e n 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 5
N i c k e n 0 , 2 2 , 0
S e l e n 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 2
V a n a d i 0 , 1 1 , 0
K m 2 , 0 1 0 , 0
3 N c t h i c t i l i n t c t r n c c l o i t .
b N c t h i c t i v i t h i g i a n t i a l 2 0 n m t r n t t r u n g t n h h o c t k i m .
Ngun: c t r c h t H c v i n x y d n g q u c g i a ( 1 9 7 3 )
250
C c kim lo i n n g v c c n g u yn t vi l n g
Nc thi th i khi c th cha mt s cht hu c c hi (c bit l cc kim
loi nng) thm ch ngay c khi khng c dng thi c n g nghip. Nc thi cng nghip
p h i c x l th ch hp trc k h i vo h thng t h o t nc. K h i v i c kim sot
nc thi cng nghip khng c quan tm thch n g th cc kim loi nng v cc
nguyn t vi lng cn c lu tm.
Trong nc thi c s dng lm nc ti c cha nhiu bn cn c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh XLNT. Bng 8.10 nu cc v d v thnh phn ca nc thi trc v
sau khi x l bn cn. Khi nc thi c ngun gc t th th vic x l bn cn c
th p ng c cc quy nh i vi cht lng nc ti (xem bng 8.11).
hoc ang chun b tin hnh tng din tch t ti bng nc thi sau x l ln ti
6.700 ha, do c khong 95% nc thi c s dng cho nng nghip. Ti khu vc
pht trin quan trng nht Tunisia ni c ti 60% nc thi ca quc gia c ti s
dng phc v 68% din tch t nng nghip ti nc ny.
K u w ait[F A O , 1992]
Nc thi khng qua x l c s dng ti cho nhng d n trng rng
nhng khu vc xa khu dn c ca Kuvvait trong nhiu nm qua. Sau khi c nhng
nghin cu ca y ban v sc khe v khoa hc cng vi cc chuyn gia t vn v t
chc quc t (WHO v FAO), chnh ph Kuwait bt u chng trnh x l nc thi
v s dng dng thi ny. Nm 1987, c 4 trm x l nc thi: Trm x l Ardiyah
cng sut 150.000 m3/ng x l nc thi bc hai bt u hot ng nm 1971; trm x
l cho cc ngi lng khu vc duyn hi cng sut 65.000 m3/ng; trm x l Jahra
251
cng sut 65.000 m3/ng i vo hot ng nm 1984 v trm x l vi h n nh vi
cng sut 10.000 m3/ng cng c xy dng o Failaka.
Nc thi sau trm x l Ardiyah, trm x l cho cc ngi lng vng duyn hi v
trm x l Jahra s dng bn hot tnh x l nc thi c nng cp trong nhng
nm 80 vi x l bc ba cng vi kh trng, lc ct nhanh trng lc v cui cng l kh
trng bng clo. Ban u nc thi sau x l bc hai t trm x l Ardiyah c s dng
ti cho cnh ng th nghim ca Phng nng nghip ti Omariyah. Vic th
nghim ny c tin hnh trong nhng nm u ca thp k 70 so snh sn lng
thu hoch t vic ti cy bng nc sch, nc l v nc thi sau x l. Nm 1975,
Lin minh cng ty sn xut nng nghip thit lp mt cnh ng vi din tch 850 ha
di s cho php ca Chnh ph s dng nc thi sau x l ti cho cy trng. Cc
gim c ca cng ty c phn ny l i din cho cc t chc t nhn c lin h vi
nng nghip Kuwait, c bit l vi ni ch bin cc sn phm sa, gia cm v gia sc.
Nm 1975 ch mt phn din tch t c trng trt; cy trng chnh l cy cho gia sc
(c linh lng) cho cng nghip sn xut v ch bin sa, s dng h thng ti vi phun
dng quay trn. Tuy nhin, cc loi cy c, hnh, cy ht tiu v cc loi cy trng khc
mc trn khu vc th nghim s dng h thng ti dng phun c th di chuyn 7c
(bng tay) cng vi cch ti ngp v ti theo rnh.
252
mm, c: 80+85%, chim: 70+75%. Nc cn l dung mi ca cc phn ng sinh ha.
Vi kh nng ha tan cc vt cht, nc c th thy phn v ion ha nhiu hp cht v
chuyn ha chng thnh cc dng d hp th bi cc sinh vt nc. Hn na, nc ng
vai tr quan trng trong qua trnh quang hp. Ngoi ra nc cn l yu t thit yu i vi
cc l o i t h c v t n c d o c k h n n g chuyn quang; h a t a n x y , cc cht d i n h d n g ...
Hnh thc s dng 1900 1940 1950 1960 1970 1985 2000
Sinh hot 20 40 60 80 120 350 . 440
253
N c m l
N c th i sa u x l
i vi cht lng nc s dng ong nui trng thy sn. S dng cc loi thc v t t h y
254
Bng 8.13. Tiu chun cht ing nc phc v nui trng thy sn (WHO, 2006)
C c c h i t i u v i k h u n i v i c h t t h i s d n g c h o m c c h n u i t r n g t h y s n
T r n g g iu n
T r n g s n ( g m t r n g s n m n g ) E . c o li
( s k h u n / o m L
M i t r n g ( s k h u n / 1 0 0 m L h o c ( s k h u n / 1 0 0 m L h o c / g
/ g t n g c h t r n a) t n g c h t r n * )
c h t r n )
N g i t i u t h s n p h m
N c h K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 4 < 1
N c t h i K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 5 < 1
P h n b n
K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 6 <
s a u x ]
T h t c v t h n S i u u t r n g l y n h i m ( c h o c Theo q u y nh c a U y
n h i m
N g i n u i t r n g t h y s n v c n g n g l n c n
o
VI
N c h Khng t m t h y f < 1
T i u c h u n i v i
N g u n t r c h T i u c h u n i v i
C h i t i u c v c c s n p h m N g u n t r c h d n
dn thc vt mg/kg
c m g / k g
K i m lo i n n g
A s e n N S 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
C a d i m i 0 , 0 5 - 1 , 0 E C ( 2 0 0 1 ) 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
C h 0 , 2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 ) 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
L/1
I-
T h y n g n C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 ) N S
o
C c h p c h t h u c
D i x y n h 0 , 0 0 0 0 0 4 E C ( 2 0 0 1 ) N S
D D T , D D E 5 , 0 S F D A ( 1 9 9 8 ) N S
P C B s 2 .0 S F D A ( 1 9 9 8 ) N S
2 55
* pH: kh nng pht trin ca cc sinh vt thy sinh lin quan cht ch ti pH
ca nc. Trong khong gi tr pH thch hp, cc sinh vt s pht trin tt trong
iu kin pH tng v s gim dn sau khi pH t ti ngng thch hp. Khong pH
thch hp thay i ty theo loi v tui ca thc vt. Nhn chung, khong gi tr pH
thch hp ca nc s dng trong nui trng thy sn trong khong t 6,5 n 9,0. i
vi c, trong khong t 7,2 ti 8,5. pH thp khng thch hp vi s pht trin ca c,
trng c. C hi nhy cm vi pH hn so vi cc loi c trng thnh. S pht trin
ca c b nh hng trong iu kin pH 5,5-H),5. pH cao cng khng thch hp vi c,
pH 1CH-10,5 c nh hng xu ti s pht trin ca c v c c th cht khi pH tng
qu 11. Khong gi tr pH thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh l
6,5^-10. Vic iu chnh pH bng ha cht thng yu cu chi ph cao, v vy cn
quan trc thng xuyn pH ca nc thi sau x l nhm hn ch cc chi ph ngoi
mong mun khi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn.
Nhit : c nh hng trc tip ti cc qu trnh trao i cht v kim sot s sinh
trng, pht trin, phn b v s lng cc sinh vt thy sinh. Nhit cn nh
hng ti s phong ph ca cc ngun dinh dng v cc yu t vt l v ha hc
ca ngun nc, v vy nh hng gin tip n kh nng sng v tn ti ca cc
vi sinh vt thy sinh. Kh nng sng v hot ng ca cc sinh vt c lin quan
mt thit ti nhit . S thay i nhit nc nh hng ti cc qu trnh trao
i cht v qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c ca cc ng vt thy sinh v vy
nh hng ti s sinh trng v pht trin ca c. Cc yu cu v nhit thng
thay i theo loi; v d, mt s loi c bt u tng trng trong iu kin nhit
trn 10c, t phn ln trng lng trn 15c v tng trng lng nhanh nht
trong khong 20-K30C. Tuy nhin, i vi c hi m en li khng thch hp
trong iu kin 15c. Cc loi thc vt ch c th pht trin v ny n trong ng
iu kin nhit thch hrp.
xy ha tan l y u t q u a n t r n g n h t b i u t h c h t l n g nc. H u h t c c s i n h
256
L n g n c th i sa u x l
Khng nn chi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn. cn pha nc
h v i l n g l n h n s o v i l n g n c b s u n g l n c t h i s a u x l n h m m b o
t t c h t l n g n g u n n c c h o n h u c u n u i t r n g t h y s n . T r o n g t r n g h p c h c
n g u n n c t h i s a u x l v t r l n g n c c h c t n h t o n t r n c s l n g n c
t mi trng t nhin nh lng ma hng nm, lng bc hi, nhit , a hnh, cht
l n g t v n c n g m ... t i k h u v c c n c q u a n t m k h o s t c n t h n .
Lng ma: T i c c k h u v c c l n g m a h n g n m l n , m a c t h c u n g c p n c
c c c h t d i n h d n g s t n g n u h t h n g k h n g c b s u n g t h m n c v s g y h i n
tng ph dng trong ngun nc lm suy gim cht lng nc. Khi lng bc hi t
hn so vi lng ma, cn tin hnh quan trc cht lng nc thng xuyn v cn b
sung thm nc sch t nhin nhm iu chnh v lng v cht lng ca nc.
Nhit khng kh: n h h n g t r c t i p v g i n t i p t i k h n n g s i n h t r n g c a c c
sinh vt thy sinh v cc vi sinh vt trong nc. Nhit cao lm bc hi nc, gim
nng xy ha tan v lm thay i cc hot tnh sinh hc ca cc cht ha tan.
t: l v t l i u c b n x y d n g c c h n u i c . C c i u k i n v t h n h n g b a o
g m d i n t c h t s d n g , c u t r c t n h i n c a t . M t t r o n g n h n g y u t l i n q u a n
257
iu kin sinh thi: la chn cc loi sn c ti a phng nhm gim thiu cc
ri ro v k thut v chi ph sn xut;
- Cht lng nc sau x l: la chn cc loi c kh nng khng cao vi cc
cht nhim v hp th dinh dng cao;
- T h t r n g t i u t h : l a c h n c c l o i s i n h v t t h y s i n h c n h u c u t i u t h c a o v
n nh.
Nng sut ca cc sinh vt thy sinh: p h t h u c v o g i n g , c h c n n g s i n h l . k h
nng sinh sn, v mi trng sng. Cc sinh vt c nng sut cao c kh nng sinh san
v i t c s i n h t r n g c a o , t n g t r n g n h a n h v s l n g , s l m g i m c h i p h s n x u t
nng thch ng vi mi trng, c nng sut cao v an ton nhm tng cng kh nrg
thay i cc h thy sinh thnh ti nguyn mi trng, to kh nng ti s dng hp
nc thi sau x l v p ng cc nhu cu cn thit v sn phm sinh hc.
Cc yu t x hi
Cc yu t x hi nh hng ti vic ng dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trr
thy sn bao gm thc h, kin thc khoa hc v k thut trong x l nc thi, luit
v c c q u y n h , h t n g c s , c c y u t t h t r n g v . v . . .
thc h: t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x i a n g n g y c n g c p h b i n t r n
gii. Con ngi thng c th chp nhn vic s dng nc thi sau x l vi iu kin
khng tip xc trc tip vi c th, tuy nhin h c li khi s dng nc thi sau x
trong nui trng thy sn. Ti mt s khu vc, vic ti s dng nc thi sau x l c
th cn lin quan ti vn tn gio. V vy cn thc hin cc cng tc tuyn truyi
n h a m t h u y t p h c n g i d n c h p n h n s d n g c c s n p h m c c n u i t r n g b n g
nc thi sau x l.
Khoa hc v k thut: c h t l n g n c s a u x l h o n t o n c c i t h i n . T r o r y
nhng n m g n y , d o c c k t h u t t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x l n g y c n g c C i
thi sau x l cn cha tht s p ng cc tiu chun cht lng nn nc thi sau xr
l cn cha c ng dng nhiu trong nui trng thy sn so vi vic ng dng tron'
cc lnh vc khc.
258
Lut v cc quy nh: c n x y d n g v b a n h n h c c c h n h s c h , i u l u t v q u y
n h n h m k h u y n k h c h v i c t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x l t r o n g n u i t r n g t h y s n .
H tng c s: t i p h n l n c c k h u v c , c c h t h n g n u i t r n g t h y s n k h n g t h
Cc vn t th trng: y u t q u y t n h v i c t i s d n g n c t h i t r o n g n u i t r n g
Cc nguyn tc thit k
Lp d n d a t r n c s l a c h n v t r , d i n t c h t v c h t l n g t p h h p . V
tr v t thch hp s gip cho vic thi cng c thc hin n gin, thun li trong
quy hoch cc ng ng v h thng ti, gim chi ph u t v thun tin trong qun
l. D n c thc hin ti cc vng t cao thng c chi ph u t t, tuy nhin
i vi cc vng t thp thng hay gp cc vn v ! lt. Vic la chn c v tr
v a hnh thch hp thun li trong b tr h thng ng dn v ti hp l l rt cn
thit. V tr c th dn nc ti t chy s lm gim chi ph u t v nhu cu s dng
nng lng. Khu vc la chn cng cn p ng c kh nng tip cn d dng v
thun li cho cc cng tc vn chuyn. Cc vn v t nn v chng thm cng cn
q u a n t m t r i t . e m b o a n t o n c h o c n g t r n h , t h i t k v v t l i u x y d n g c n
k h c p h c s c , v c n c o t o c c k i n t h c v a n t o n l a o n g , c c h s d n g
t h u t , v c c s c m i t r n g d o s d n g c c c h t k h n g p h h p .
259
Cn bng nc
H thng kn
Trong h thng kn, ch c cc ngun nc gm nc thi sau x l v nc ma
(xem hnh 8.10). Nc x khi h thng b hn ch v khng c ti lm sch. Cc h
thng ny thng thy ti cc khu vc kh.
o
'5 '5
5
c
<03-
>
c
II
'5
y
<
5 -5 ( 2
Nc x khi
h thng
Nc phc v nui
Nc thi sau x l trng thy sn
Qsxl + Qm = Qbh Q th + Qx
+ ( 8 . 5 )
Trong :
Q sxl - lung nc thi sau x l;
Qm - l n g n c m a ;
Qbh - l n g n c b c h i ;
Q t/i - l n g n c t h o t h i t t h c v t ;
Qx - l n g n c x k h i h t h n g .
Thng thng, khng thc hin x nc khi h thng khi nc thi sau x l c
s dng l ngun nc chnh. Tng lng nc thi sau x l v nc ma bng hoc
nh hn tng lng bc hi v thot hi nc qua thc vt:
Qsxl + Qm ^Qtii + Q th + Qx ( 8 . )
Nu lng nc trong h thng khng thay i hoc gim i, cc cht ha tan trong
nc s tch t trong h thng v lm suy gim cht lng nc. V vy, khi thc hin
thit k cn c cc bin php hn ch kh nng bc hi v thot hi nc hoc b sung
nc sch cho h thng.
H thng h: l h t h n g t i p n h n n c t c c n g u n k h n g c h g i i h n b i n c
260
c
*<5
C
sC
N c x k h i
N c m t
N ir c p h c v n u i h t h n g
t r n g t h y s n
c
)
c
p
<03
c
261
Qun l nhim sau h thng
Lng nhim trong nc vo v cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong h thng c th
lm tch t cc cht nhim hoc pht sinh cc dng cht nhim mi. Vic x cc ch,t
nhim ny ra mi trng t nhin s gy nhim cc thy vc. C nhiu k thut v
cng ngh c th ng dng hn ch nhim t cc h thng nui trng thy sn, tuy
nhin chi ph x l nhim thng cao. Phng php x l hiu qu nht l s dng
cc ng vt, thc vt v vi khun trong nc loi b cc cht nhim u vo v
gim thiu cc cht nhim pht sinh trong qu trnh nui trng.
Kh nng t lm sch
Bt k thy vc no cng c kh nng t lm sch bi cc qu trnh vt l hc, ha
hc v sinh hc. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc ph thuc vo dng v lng
cc cht nhim. Kh nng t lm sch ca h thng kn thng thp do khng c s
trao i nc, cc cht nhim tch ng trong h thng v khng c dng x. Trong h
thng h, cc cht nhim t b tch t.Tuy nhin, i vi bt k mt h thng no,
lng cht nhim cn c qun l cht ch m bo khng vt qu kh nng t
lm sch ca h thng.
N hu cu nng ng
H thng dng ngc
Khi cao trnh ca x ca trm XLNT thp hn so vi ca vo ca h thng nui
trng thy sn, vic cp nc thi sau x l cho h thng cn thc hin bng my bm.
Nu vic b sung nc sch cho h thng yu cu phi dng bm, nhu cu nng lng
tiu th s ph thuc chnh lch cao trnh. Qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng (cung
cp xy, chiu sng) cng tiu th nng lng.
H thng t chy
Khi cao trnh ca x ca trm XLNT cao hn so vi cao trnh ca vo ca h thng
nui trng thy sn, nc thi sau x l c dn vo h thng bng dng t chy v h
thng khng cn s dng nng lng. Trong trng hp ny, nng lng tiu th ch
cn thit cho cng tc vn hnh.
Vt liu
Xy dng
Cc vt liu cn thit cho cng tc xy dng h bao gm xi mng, thp, ng nha,
nha tm chng thm, gch, ct, g, thy tinh, v ngun cp nng lng.
Vn hnh v qun l
Cc vt liu s dng cho cng tc vn hnh v bo dng gm ha cht dng trong
cng tc quan trc, nc, thuc tr su s dng trong qu trnh nui trng.
262
8.6.4. Vn h n h v bo dig
D ng vo
Vn hnh v bo dng bao gm iu chnh lu lng v cht lng nc trong
dng vo h thng. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc trong dng vo, yu cu v cht
lng nc trong qu trnh nui trng, kh nng t lm sch v yu cu v cht lng
n c x , n c t c c n g u n v i c h t l n g k h c n h a u c h a t r n v c p v o h
D ng ra
Nu nc trong dng vo t yu cu v cht lng v h thng c vn hnh ng
quy cch v khng gp s c th nc trong dng ra cng s p ng c cc yu cu
x. Nu h thng gp s c, cng tc vn hnh khng c thc hin theo ng quy
cch, nc dng ra cn c x l b sung trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. Nu h
thng c kh nng t lm sch tt, c th thc hin tun hon mt phn nc x. Trong
trng hp ngc li, cn b tr h thng x l nhm m bo kh nng lm sch nc.
Qun l nhim v cht lng nc ngun
Cng tc quan trc cht lng nc l rt cn thit nhm m bo duy tr cht lng
nc trong h thng nui trng thy sn. quan trc cc ch tiu cht lng nc nh
COD, BOD, s s , TP, TN, N H /-N , v DO, cn la chn cc im quan trc hp l ti
cc khu vc ca nc vo v ra khi h thng, v mi khu vc cn ly mu theo cc
tng nc khc nhau. Cng tc qun l nhim ch yu c thc hin l trao i v
ti lm sch nc.
Qun l qu trnh sn xut
Qun l ma v
Mi loi thc vt u c kh nng thch nghi ring vi mi trng sng, quy lut
s i n h t r n g v p h t t r i n , v c c g i a i o n p h t t r i n t h c h n g . C c l o i t h c v t t h y
sinh c kh nng pht trin trong cc giai on khc nhau cn c la chn cy trng
xen k c th thc hin lun canh quanh nm. Ty theo cc ma trong nm, cc loi
sinh vt thy sinh c cc c tnh sinh l, v kh nng khng khc nhau i vi cc
y u t m i t r n g c h i . V d , t r o n g g i a i o n p h t t r i n c h i , c n m b o d u y t r
263
Vo ma h, nhit , v m trong khng kh thng cao, nng xy ha tan
thp, trong khi mc hot ng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh tng, v vy cn c bin
php b sung xy. Trong cc ma c nhit v m cao, cng tc qun l s pht
trin ca su, mm bnh cng cn c ch trng. Lng nc thi sau x l c th
c tng vo ma ma do c pha long bi nc ma. T l nc sch cn c
iu chnh tng vo ma kh.
Ngn nga su b
Su b thng pht trin mnh vo thi k sinh trng ca cc loi ng thc vt
thy sinh v c th nh hng ti cht lng v s lng sn phm nui trng. Ngn
nga su b bng cc k thut sinh hc v qun l mi trng l cc bin php ti u
nht. Khi cn s dng thuc tr su, cn la chn loi thuc c c tnh v kh nng tn
d thp, thn thin vi mi trng nhm m bo an ton cho sn phm nui trng.
Thu hoch
Ma thu hoch thay i theo cc chu k pht trin v mc ch sn phm ca cc
dng ng thc vt thy sinh khc nhau. Vic thu hoch mt loi sn phm cn c
thc hin sao cho khng gy nh hng ti kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca
loi khc.
8.6.5. nh gi chi ph
8.6.6. Nhn s
8.6.7. Tc ng m i trng
Tc ng c ch
Gim thiu mc khai thc ti nguyn nc, ti s dng nc thi sau x l s
264
Tc ng c hi
V snh: cc vi khun, mm bnh, trng giun c ngun gc t nc thi c kh nng
gy nn cc dch bnh, cn c cc bin php an ton v sinh tt, phng chng v ngn
c h n k h n n g b n g p h t d c h b n h n h m b o v s c k h e c o n n g i .
ASANO, T., and LEVINE, A., 1998. Wastewater Recamation, Recycling and
Reuse: Inroduction. In: Asano, T. (ed.), Wastewater Recamation and Reuse,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 1-55.
FAO, 1985. Wcier quality fo r agriculture. R.s. Ayers and D .w . Westcot.,
Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1., FAO, Rome., 174 p.
F A O , 1 9 9 2 . Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. M . B . P e s c o d . I r r i g a t i o n
265
RICHARDS, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement o f saline and alkali soils.
USDA Agricultural Handbook N o.60, us Department o f Agriculture, Washington
DC, 160 p.
UNEP-IECT, 1999. nternationa Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban
Areas - Innovative Ways o f Finding Water f o r Cities. WHO Kobe Centre
Conference Room, Kobe, Japan.
WHO, 1989. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and
aquaculture. Technical Report No. 778, WHO, Geneva, 74 p.
WHO, 2006. Guidelines fo r safe use wastewater, excreta and grey water.
Wastewater use in agriculture vol.2, WHO, Geneva, 196 p.
W H O , 2 0 0 6 . Guidelines for safe use wastewater, excreta and grey wciter.
Wastewater use in aquaculture vol.3, WHO, Geneva, 41-43 p.
XANTHOULIS, D., 1996. Rapport de synthse: Rutilisation des eaitx uses cles
fins agricoles, Ouarzazate, Maroc. PND, FAO, M ARA - Maroc.
T I S D N G B N T R O N G N N G N G H I P
Bn pht sinh t cc trm XLNT cha lng ln cc cht dinh dng c th s dng
t r o n g n n g n g h i p . N h i u q u c g i a t r n t h g i i s d n g b n t h i b n t p h c v
b n v i c t h g i m c h i p h u t b n g c c h t h a y t h c c l o i p h n b n t r n t h t r n g
b n g b n v i g i t h p . H m l n g d i n h d n g t r o n g b n c u n g c p n i t , p h t p h o v c c
n g u y n t v i l n g c h o s p h t t r i n c a c y t r n g . H n n a , t h n h p h n h u c t r o n g
b n l m t n g h m l n g h u c t r o n g t . T u y n h i n , s d n g b m t r o n g n n g n g h i p
T i n h n g n i c p h p t i s d n g b n c h o m c c h n n g n g h i p , v i c t i s
d n g b n c k i m s o t v t u n t h t h e o c c q u y n h c a c c c a q u a n q u n l m i
t r n g a p h n g . T r o n g h u h t c c t r n g h p , n h n g y u t h n c h v i c t i s
d n g b n t r o n g n n g n g h i p l n n g k i m l o i n n g , m m b n h , k h n n g t h u h t c c
s i n h v t g y b n h v h m l n g h p c h t h u c c h i t r o n g b n . P h p l u t c n g c
h n g t r c t i p b i c n g n g h x l n c t h i v c t h p i h n l o i t h e o a i m p h t
sinh trong dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT (xem chi tit Churomg 7 v x l bn).
C c t h n h p h n t r o n g b n p h t h u c c h y u v o c i im c a n c t h i v q u t r n h
x l . N u n c t h i c x l l n c t h i s i n h h o t t h b n t o r a s c h m l n g
267
trong nng nghip s cao. Kh nng ti s dng bn c nh gi trn c s nng
cc thnh phn trong bn nh tng lng cht rn, hm lng cht rn d bay hi,
pH, cht hu c, mm bnh, kim loi v cht hu c c hi.
Cc ch s v lng bn cung cp thng tin v tng khi lng bn c th s dng.
Tng lng cht rn ca bn cho bit nhu cu lu tr, vn chuyn v phng php x
l c th p dng. Lng cht rn bay hi biu th hm lng hu c trong bn v c
th gip d on cc vn tim n v mi. pH nh tnh axit ca bn biu th kh
nng thay i pH ca t v cc tc ng lin quan trong nng nghip. Cc mm
bnh biu th kh nng gy bnh ca bn khi c s dng trong nng nghip; tuy
nhin trc khi s dng trong nng nghip, bn thng c n nh ha nn c lng
mm bnh rt thp. Neu bn t nc thi sinh hot khng c n nh, kh nng s
lng mm bnh cao hn nhiu v vic s dng bn c th nguy him. Cht dinh dng
trong bn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh s dng bn lm phn bn cho mc
ch nng nghip. Cht dinh dng bao gm nit (i vi tt c cc loi bn), phtpho,
kali v mt s nguyn t vi lng; nng thc ca cc cht dinh dng ny ph thuc
vo c tnh ca nc thi v qu trnh x l. Kim loi cn c c bit quan tm v
hu ht cc tiu chun gii hn v cht lng bn u lin quan n hm lng kim loi
nng. Cc cht ho hc hu c c trong hu ht cc loi nc thi, do cng c trong
bn. Cc cht nhim hu c nguy hi c th gy hi cho con ngi v t nhin bng
tnh c v cc phn ng lin quan.
Vic ti s dng bn trong nng nghip c kim sot bi lut php s ti, do
cc quy nh v ti s dng bn ti mi quc gia c s khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vic ti s
dng v mc ng dng da trn nng cht dinh dng, kim loi nng v cht
nhim hu c. Ti mt s quc gia, cc quy nh v s dng bn trong nng nghip
c thit lp cht ch ti mc vic ti s dng bn thi t qu trnh XLNT hu nh
khng thc hin c. Ti M, iu lut Nc Sch (40 CFR phn 503) quy nh vic
ti s dng bn [EPA 1994]. Chu u, ch th 86/278/EEC quy nh vic ti s dng
bn; ch th ny l yu cu ti thiu v cc bang thnh vin s c cc quy nh chi ch
hn, tu theo nhu cu ca h hoc mc ch v mi trng.
Cc yu cu c bn nht v ti s dng bn lin quan n mc x l bn (tch
nc, n nh ha hoc x l ring bit), cc gii hn v hm lng kim loi nng, cht
rn kh v cht dinh dng, cc gii hn v pH trong t, loi ma v c th tip
nhn bn v hnh thc tip cn ca con ngi n cnh ng v cc bc tip theo.
268
t n h c a b n . V i c m t c t n h b n c u n g c p t h n g t i n h u c h c h o c c n h q u n l
m t c i m s i n h h c c u n g c p t h n g t i n v c c v i s i n h v t v c h t h u c t r o n g b n .
php ca mt cht nhim trong bn dng cho vic san lp t. Gii hn nng cht
nhim cho php (tnh bng mg/L) l nng gii hn cc cht nhim, thng thy
trong bn ng gi bn trn th trng. Mc ti cht nhim tch ly (tnh bng kg/ha)
l lung cht nhim ti a c th c p dng cho mt a im hoc mt cnh ng.
Mc li cht nhim hng nm ( t n h b n g k g / h a t r n 3 6 5 n g y ) l l n g c h t n h i m
t i a c t h c p d n g c h o m t a i m h o c c n h n g t r o n g v n g 1 2 t h n g ( B n g
J i m n e z v W a n g ( 2 0 0 6 ) , r i r o c a o n h t g y r a t k h u n samonella v g i u n s n .
G i i h n n n g t r n G i i h n n m ; G i i h n t i l n g
T i l n g s i n h
i v i c c d n g s i n h c h t n h i m c h o c h t n h i m
C h t n h i m k h i t h e o n m
k h i s d n g c h o t p h p t r o n g s in h t r o n g s i n h k h i
( k g / h a / 3 6 5 n g y )
( m g / k g ) a k h i ( m g / k g ) a ( k g / h a )
A s e n 7 5 4 1 4 1 2 , 0
C a d m i 8 5 3 9 3 9 1 , 9
C r m 3 . 0 0 0 1 . 2 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 1 5 0
n g 4 . 3 0 0 1 . 5 0 0 1 . 5 0 0 7 5
C h i 8 4 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 5
T h u n g n 5 7 1 7 1 7 0 , 8 5
N i k e n 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2 0 2 1
S e l e n 1 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 5 , 0
K m 7 . 5 0 0 2 . 8 0 0 2 . 8 0 0 1 4 0
a T r n g l n g k h
Ngun: T r c h d n t p h n 5 0 3 , E P A 1 9 9 4 .
269
Bng 9.2. Tiu chun Chu u v gii hn cc cht nhim trong bn ti s dng.
G i t r g i i h n n n g G i t r g i i h n G i t r g i i h n c t h c
C h t k i m l o i n n g t r o n g b n n n g k i m l o i s d n g c h o t t r n CO' s
n h i m s d n g t r o n g t n n g n n g t r o n g t t r u n g b n h 1 0 n m
n g h i p ( m g / k g ) a ( m g / k g ) a ( k g / h a / 3 6 5 n g y )
C a d m i 2 0 - 4 0 1 - 3 0 , 1 5
o
-1-
n g 1 . 0 0 0 - 1 . 7 5 0 1 2
N i k e n 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 3 0 - 7 5 3
C h 7 5 0 - 1 . 2 0 0 5 0 - 3 0 0 1 5
K m 2 . 5 0 0 - 4 . 0 0 0 1 5 0 - 3 0 0 3 0
T h u n g n 1 6 - 2 5 1 - 1 ,5 0 , 1
C r m - - -
3 T r n g l n g k h
Ngun: T r c h d n t 8 6 / 2 7 8 / E E C , 1 9 8 6 .
B n g 9 . 3 . T i u c h u n a n M c h v g i i h n c h t n h i m t r o n g b n t i s d n g .
C h t n h i m G i t r g i i h n c h o n n g ( m g / k g ) a m g / k g t n g l n g p h t p h c
C a d m i 0 , 8 1 0 0
n g 1 . 0 0 0
N i k e n 3 0 2 . 5 0 0
C h 1 2 0 1 0 . 0 0 0
K m 4 . 0 0 0
T h u n g n 0 , 8 2 0 0
C r m 1 0 0 -
T r n g l n g k h
Ngun: T r c h d n t B M i t r n g v N n g l n g a n M c h , 2 0 0 3 .
C h t h u c ;
p H ;
N i t v p h t p h o ;
C a d m i , n g , niken, c h , k m , t h u n g n , c r m v a s e n .
270
V cc tiu chun gii hn cng p dng cho t tip nhn nn t cng phi c
phn tch nhng ch phn tch v pH v kim loi. M cng yu cu c nhng phn
tch tng t [EPA, phn 503, 1994].
C quan mi trng an Mch yu cu mc ly mu ti thiu theo khi lng bn
kh c nh to ra mi nm (2000 m3 mi nm). an Mch cng yu cu phn tch cc
cht c hi vi mi trng khc l alkvlbenzene sulbnates (LAS), polycyclic
hydrocarbons ( I PAH), nonylphenols (NPE), v phthalates (DEHP) [B Mi trng v
Nng lng, 2003].
C h t n h i m m g / k g t h e o t r n g l n g k h
A l k y l b e n z e n e s u l n a t e s ( L A S ) 1 . 3 0 0
P o l y c y c i i c h y d r o c a r b o n s ( E P A H ) 3
N o n y l p h e n o l s ( N P E ) 1 0
P h t h a la t e s ( D E H P ) 5 0
9.3.3. nh gi cc ri ro
9.4. CC YU T TC NG N TI s DNG BN
9.4.1. Yu t a l
K h h u a p h n g v n h n g c n g t c n n g n g h i p c t h n h h n g n k h n n g
t i s d n g b n t r o n g n n g n g h i p . N h u c u d i n h d n g c a c c v m a p h t h u c v o
k h h u v l o i c y t r n g . M c s d n g b n p h i p n g n h u c u m a v , i u n y n h
h n g n k h n n g t i s d n g b n . T i a n M c h , m c s d n g b n t i a c h o p h p
l 1 7 0 k g N i t / h a . n m v 3 0 k g P h t p h o / h a . n m .
C h i p h v n c h u y n p h t h u c v o k h o n g c c h g i a a i m s n x u t b n v n i
ng dng. Thng thng, nng dn phi chi tr chi ph ny; vic s dng bn cho nng
nghip ph thuc vo li ch kinh t tim nng cho nng dn.
9.4.2. Yu t kinh t x hi
M c d s d n g b n l m n g u n d i n h d n g c h o c y t r n g l m t p h n g t h c t
n h i n v t h n t h i n v i m i t r n g , n h n g d n c c t h k h n g n g v h c o i b n l
h i m h a . i v i n n g d n , b n l m t t i n g u v n , d o k h n n g l m p h n b n c a n
271
v cc li ch lin quan ca cc cht hu c. Php lut a phng cn kim sot s cn
i gia nhn thc v li ch, thuyt phc cng ng bng cch gim thiu cc nguy hi
ti sc kho v mi trng. Khi thc thi lut v kim sot ng cch, nng dn s quyt
nh s dng bn trong nng nghip tu theo li ch mong i. S dng bn cho nru
nghip yu cu mt s khon u t v chi ph vn hnh vn chuyn bn t a in
sn xut ti cc trang tri (chi ph thay i theo loi bn), lu tr, ri bn v cv br.,
ly mu, phn tch bn v t, chi ph hnh chnh, qun l.
9.4.3. Yu t mi trng
Php lut a phng gii quyt nhng vn mi trng lin quan n s dng )n
trong nng nghip. Gii hn chung nht cho vic s dng bn trong nng nghip v
mc x l s b ca bn, nng kim loi nng trong bn v t tip nhn, mc s
dng theo nng kim loi v hm lng cht nhim hu c c hi. Cc gii hr b
sung c th bao gm lng cht dinh dng c p dng, khong cch ti ngun mc,
loi ma v v tnh tip cn hn ch ca nng dn ni s dng bn. Cc nhn t ni
trng khc c th c xem xt bao gm kh thi (mi), iu kin nc ngm v nc b
mt, n, an ton (ri ro tip xc vi mm bnh) v nhu cu nng lng.
272
tr phi tnh n cc yu t nh nng cht rn, tnh n nh ca cht dinh ng
trong bn, cht hu c v mc tp trung mm bnh.
S dng bn cho nng nghip yu cu cng tc qun l phi c tnh kh thi v kinh
t v an ton vi mi trng. Quy trnh s dng ph thuc vo kh hu, tnh cht ca
t, ma trng trt v yu cu ca cy trng. Khng c s dng bn khi t b ng
bng, b tuyt bao ph hoc ng lt. Khng c s dng bn trong khi ma ln v c
th ra tri b mt. Trong thi tit rt nng, s dng bn c th lm cht dinh dng
bc hi. S dng bn phi p ng nhu cu ca nh my v ph hp vi t l nng hc
(ty theo ma v, t trng v kh hu). S dng bn cho t khng c lm nh
hng n cht lng nc b mt hoc e da ng thc vt t nhin.
273
Khi s dng bn ni trng thc n cho sc vt v cc ma v cho con ngi tiu
th, mt s gii hn p dng ph thuc vo ma v v kh nng tip xc vi bn. Ch
th ca E nghim cm vic s dng bn cho ng c hoc v trng thc n cho sc vt
trc khi kt thc thi gian ti thiu (khuyn ngh t nht 10 thng, nhng cho php cc
bang thnh vin t do rt ngn thi gian). Ch th ny cng nghim cm s dng bn
c h o n h n g m a v n h h o a q u v r a u , h n c h t h i g i a n s d n g b n k h i t r n g r a u v
9.7. NH HNG XU N MA v V T
T r o n g t t c c c t r n g h p , c c c h t h v b n c a a p h n g g i i h n t h i g i a n s
EPA, 1994. A plain English guide to the EPA, part 503, biosolids rule.
EPA/832/R-93/003, Washington DC (USA).
EPA, 1995. Process design manua land application o f sew age sludge al
domestic septage. EPA/625/R-95/001, Cincinnati (USA).
274
JIMENEZ, B., and WANG, L, 2006. Sludge treatment and management n
municipal wastewater management in developing cuntries: principes and
engineering. Ed. Ujang and Henze, IWA publishing, London, UK.
www.cambi.no/References/sludge/default.htm
275
C C V N V K I N H T V T I C H N H
1 0
10.1.1. Chi ph u t
276
o . s a n l p t .
X y b i l c k h i c n .
L p t n g d n k h i c n .
X y b , l m t h o i d c .
R i s i n i c n t h i t .
i t / l m m n g k h i c i u k i n .
X y d n g h t h n g c p , t h o t n c .
X y d n g h t h n g c p i n .
X y d n g t r m b m n i c n t h i t .
T o l p l t ( n u t c t h m c a o . c n x e m x t p h c h i c h o v i c t o l p l t l n g
b cha).
L p h n g r o .
L p t n g d n p h .
C h i p h v m t k t h u t , l u t p h p ( c p p h p ) , s c . c h i p h t h n g i v l i
nhun ca nh thu.
Cc chi ph khc c lin quan n u t bao gm xv nh. lm ng, ti nh c
c h o d n v m u a q u y n s d n g n c , x n c r a n g u n .
T r o n g t r n g h p c n t h i t , c h i p h c h o v i c r i s i v t o l p l t t h n g l c a o n h t .
277
Hnh 1-2 cho thy mi quan h gia chi ph bo dng, nng cp, u t mi v gi
tr ti sn ca kt cu h tng bin i theo thi gian.
Chi ph ti u t c c t n h l s k h u h a o t h n g n i n c a k t c u h t n g v
thng. Trn hnh 10.3 ng chm gch nm ngang th hin mc ti u t thc hng
nm khng i / c nh trong sut ti th 25 nm ca h thng c u t; ng
nm nghing cho thy mc tng thc tuyn tnh ca chi ph ti u t trong sut tui i
ca h thng. C hai ng k to thnh biu ti u t hon chnh sau 25 nm
9 ,0 %
8 ,0 %
7 ,0 %
' I 6 ,0 %
5,0%
I 4 ,0 %
'< 0
3 ,0 %
2 ,0 %
1 ,0 %
0 ,0 %
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0
T u i th t i s n
hoc hon ton mc gi tr theo thit k ban u, trong khi ti u t chi gi cho gi tr
ti sn khng i. Gia ti u t v u t nng cp / phc hi c mi lin quan cht
ch. Neu khng c khon ti u t no trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th s c
chi ph nng cp ngang bng vi gi tr ti u t dn li nhm khi phc gi tr ca h
thng. Gi tr ti u t tch lu khng c thc hin c gi l "s ng chi ph
bo dng". y l chi s then cht ca gi tr ti sn v hiu qu hot ng ca n. Chi
ph vn hnh s tng nu nh khng c cc khon ti u t cn thit; thm ch phi
ngng hot ng sau mt khong thi gian .
M rng dch v l vic m rng hoc nng cp h thng. Cc khon u t vo chi
ph m rng dch v s lm tng s mt gi thng nin ca h thng v do vy tng
chi ph ti u t hng nm.
278
Chi ph vn hnh bao gm cc khon chi cho hot ng v bo dng hng ngy ca
h thng hay ca thit b. y l nhng khon chi nh k trong sut tui i ca h
thng. Cc khon chi ny dao ng cc mc khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k v
phng php s dng ca h thng XLNT. i vi cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp v
ty theo th loi h thng, chi ph ny c th bao gm:
Kim sot thy lc v su ca nc.
Tra du van v bm.
Lm sch h thng cp, thot.
Ct c b.
Qun l hoa mu.
Ngn chn mui v cn trng (nu cn).
Kim tra nh k.
Do hu ht cc h thng XLNT t nhin hot ng theo ch dng t chy (c
ngha l khng cn n my bm v cc thit b in khc) nn khng cn phi bo
dng nhiu v chi ph cho in nng cng mc ti thiu. Nhn chung, h thng
XLNT t nhin i hi t sc lao ng hn cc h thng thng thng, v thu hoch
hoa mu th i hi nhiu sc lao ng hon do hoa mu trng theo h thng XLNT t
nhin yu cu phi c thu hoch thng k. Trong cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to,
thc vt ch hp th mt lng nh cc cht gy nhim, do vy vic thu hoch v ct
b t h n g k k h n g c n g h a l n i v i k h n n g c a h t h n g x l . V i c d n s c h
279
thit k ban u. Ngi vn hnh cn kim tra tnh trng bi lc hng ngy v ghi li
thi gian x nc kim tra mc thm nc.
Vic kim tra thng k l rt quan trng. Tin hnh mt s phn tch m bo h
thng XLNT t nhin ang hot ng tt l cn thit, tuy nhin khng cn phi thc
hin mt chng trnh ly mu v kim tra tng th. cn kim tra cht lng nc
thng xuyn i vi cc h thong XLNT c giy php x nc ra. Cc yu cu v vic
kim tra, tn sut kim tra c nu r trong giy php.
Vic lv mu e kim tra thng ch cn thc hin i vi nc thi trc v sau x
l. i vi h thng XLNT t nhin, do mt s cng on tin x l c tin hnh
t trc nn vic kim tra nh k khng bao gm cht lng nc ca dng vo. Tuy
nhin, vic quan trac nh k cht lng nc trc v sau x l cng cn c tin
hnh vi tt c cc h nhm gip ngi vn hnh hiu bit v hot ng ca h thng v
c c s iu chnh nu cn thit.
Vn hnh v bo dng t ng b phn
Vn hnh v bo dng h thng XLNT ti ch bao gm vic kim tra thng xuyn
lp bn cn v lp vng trong cc khoang ca b t hoi. Be t hoi cn c bm ht
khi dy ca lp cn v lp vng vt qu 1/3 chiu cao ca b. Khng bm ht b t
hoi s dn n vic cc cht rn chy vo bi lc, bt kn cc l rng trong t v lm
bi khng hot ng c. Chi ph cho vic bm ht b t hoi thng xuyn thng
thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph khi phc bi lc.
Vic kim tra nh k cc iu kin hot ng ca bi lc cng rt cn thit, bao gm
vic kim tra nc ng trn mt t, theo di s thng kh. v nhng khu vc cy
tng trng tt. Cy tng trng mnh c th l biu hin ca: 1) s r r (nu cy chi
tng trng mnh mt khu vc nh trn bi lc); 2) s dn ng bn di mt t C1C
cht x t b t hoi do bi b tc hoc b rc lt vo (nu cy tng trng mnh trn
khp bi hoc khu vc trng nht).
Clti p h bo dng
Vic bo dng cn c tin hnh duy tr hoc thay th c s h tng nhm m
bo tui th ca h thng. i vi nhiu h thng XLNT t nhin, vic bo dng bao
gm kim tra hin tng nt, v b hay cc du hiu b b xi mn. Trong mt ;
trng hp b ngn c lm bng t, cn kim tra phng cc loi vt gm nhn
lm h hi. B, ca cc ao, h cng cn c kim tra pht hin ng vt o bVi
hay hin tng xung cp ca cng trnh v vt liu lt.
i vi mt s loi t, cn khi phc b mt thm khi kh nng thm b suy gin.
Cc cht hu c tch t cn c dn sch hng nm; b mt thm cn c lm sci.
to rnh hay xi nh khi phc kh nng thm. C th no b vi cm t b mt.
l phn t sch. Vic sa cha b , hng ro, li i cng nn c tin hnh vi tin
sut 10 nm 1 ln.
280
Thay th thit b
T r o n g h t h n g X L N T c h i p h t h p , v i c t h a y t h t h i t b t h n g l m t p h n c a b o
d n t n u s t h a y t h g i p k o d i t u i t h c a h t h n g . V i c b o d n g c n t h i t
c h o h o t n g c a h t h n g , n h n g k h n g g i p t n g t u i t h c a h t h n g t h e o n g
n g h a , t h c t n h v o p h n c h i p h v n h n h .
T u y n h i n , t r n t h c t k h c t h t c h n h r m t h a y t h n h r a k h i q u t r n h v n
h n h . C h i p h v n h n h h t h n g h a y t h i t b h i n c t h n g c n c t r n c h i p h v n
h n h c a t h i t b m i . K h i s d n g m t h p h n t c h c h i t i u c h u n c h o c c h n g m c
n h n n g l n g , h o c h t , l a o n g v c h s l i c p d n g m c g i a p h n g c h o
m i m c , t h g i a p h n g s c i u c h i n h . H s t l c n g p h i c a v o
t n h n c c i u k i n c t h t i a p h n g n u k h n g y u t / i u k i n n y s k h n g
c x t n .
H i n h 1 0 . 4 c h o t h y b i u c h i p h v n h n h v b o d n g t h e o t h i g i a n , s l i u
u v o c a t n h t r n g h i n c x c n h m c c h i t r o n g t h i g i a n u , t r o n g k h i s l i u
t i n h t r n g m c t i u x c n h m c c h i g i a n o n c u i . G i a h a i t h i i m n y v i c u
t h o c t h a y i p h n g t h c h o t n g n h m t m c t i u s c t i n h n h . B i u
c h o t h y m c t i u b a o h m c v i c m r n g h t h n g , v i c n y s d n n m t k h o n
t n g u t r o n g c h i p h h o t n g h n g n m n h k h i x y d n g c s h t n g m i .
Chi ph hng nm
C h i p h c n h v c h i p h b i n n g l i n quan d n c c k h o n k h c n h a u c a c h i p h
v n h n h v b o d n g .
Ch phi c nh: K h o n c h i n y k h n g t h a y i t h e o m c h o t n g c a h t h n g ,
b a o g m t i n t h u t , c h i p h g i m s t , k i m t r a . q u n l v h o a m u , b i n c h c n b q u n
l , b o h i m , g i y p h p v . v . . .
X L N T , b a o g m c h i p h c h o v t t t r c t i p , v t l i u tiu d n g , i n , d u n h n , l a o n g
t r c t i p t h e o m a v l a o n g b n t h i g i a n .
281
10.1.4. Lm pht
T u y n h i n t r o n g b n p h n t c h l u t h n g t i c h n h , s d n g g i h i n h n h c t h l i p h
d a n h n h h a y g i t r u t d a n h n h c h n h l s t i n C H I P H D A N H N H V
p h i c h i t r h a y t h u v t r o n g n g y . M t c h n g t c h i C H I P H T H
C
m y X L N l chi ph cho bt k
T k th
th g c
s t h h i n l i s u t d a n h n h . I
quyra
Cc con s thc t nh tin lng thc t, li quy rathnh
thnhtin
tintrong
trongngy
ngymm
s u t t h c c tnh
c tnhn
n nh
h nhhng
a hngca
y ca lm
lm t n g s n p h m n i a t h c c i u
pht. Chi
chnh theo nh hng ca lm pht. Nhng con s Ipht. Chi phphi thc
thc (c
(c nh)
nh)
n y t h h khngtnh
khng tnhn
i nlm
lm
n pht.
pht. g i t r v m t s c m u a c a t i n l n g ,
Trong :
Rn - t l d a n h n h ;
Rr - t l thc;
R - t l l m p h t .
282
Bng 10.1. Gi tr thi gian ca tin
T h i g ia m / t i u : t h
L a c h n
H i n t i N m 1 N iii 2 N m 3 N m 4
T i u d n g h m n a y 1 0 0 E u r o 0 0 0 0
u t 1 0 0 E u r o 0 0 0 1 4 6 E u r o
Chnh khi nim u tin v mt thi gian dn n vic tnh gi tr hin ti bng
cch khu tr li t tng lai v hin ti. Cng thc chit khu c bn l l/(l+ r )' trong
r l t l chit khu v t l s nm u t. Gi tr hin ti ca lu lng tin mt phn
nh gi tr vo thi im hin ti trong khi gi tr ca lun lng tin mt trong tng lai
c iu chnh theo chi ph vn.
Cng thc tnh:
t=n
t^=o(
7 l7+7r )7 ( 1 0 ' 2 )
{l + r)
Trong : B - lu lng tin mt thc (doanh thu tr chi ph) ca d n mi nm;
r - t l chit khu;
t - s nm.
283
Bi tp: Hy tnh gi tr hin ti ca chi ph hot ng hng nm cho mt d n x l
nc thi (750 m3/ng) c chi ph thc v chi ph danh nh khong thi eian 25 nm;
bit rng chi ph hot ng hin nay l 0,1 Euro/m3 v tng 3%/ nm.vi t l lm pht
4%, chp nhn t l chit khu thc 6%.
C h i p h N m 0 N m 1 N m 2 N m 1 5 N m 2 5
C h i p h t h c ( T n g h n g n m 3 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 8 . 1 9 6 2 9 . 0 4 2 4 2 . 6 4 9 5 7 . 3 1 7
C h i p h d a n h n h ( l m p h t 4 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 9 . 3 2 4 3 1 . 4 1 2 7 6 . 8 0 9 1 5 2 . 7 9 8
C h i p h t h c k h u t r ( t l c h i t
k h u t h c 6 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5
C h i p h d a n h n h k h u t r ( t l
c h i t k h u d a n h n h 1 0 , 2 4 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5
B B- OC
V n L i n h u n
( / + , ) " K
K ( n m 1 )
v i m c 3 %
g i t r h i n t i 3 %
D n 1 1 0 0 U S D 1 1 0 U S D 1 0 7 1 , 0 7
D n 1 2 0 0 U S D 2 1 8 U S D 2 1 1 1 , 0 6
o c - c h i p h v n h n h ( b n g 0 ) . I
Vi mc 3%:
D n 1 g i t r h i n t i = 1 1 0 / 1 , 0 3 = 1 0 7 U S D ti th c
g i tr th c h in = 7 U S D .
B i t p : T n h g i t r h i n t i t h c c h o d n X L N T t r o n g b i t p t r c v i g i t h i i t :
284
theo gi 0,12 Euro/m3 nc thi, tng 2% mi nm. v vic bn nc thi qua x l
s dng trong nng nghip s cho mt doanh thu thc c nh mc 0,14 Euro /m3.
Tnh ton theo con s thc.
Doanh thu v chi ph hot ng trong nm 0 khng c tnh n v trong nm ny
d n XLNT ang c xy dng; trong nm 0 cng cha c gi nc (v cha c dch
v cho ngi s dng), mi ch c chi ph u t. Gi tr hin ti thc l s dng, iu
ny c ngha l d n c tnh kh thi v mt ti chnh.
G i t r
K h o n N m 0 N m 1 N m 2 N m 1 5 N m 2 5
h i n t i
C h i p h u t - 4 7 0 . 0 0 0 - 4 7 0 . 0 0 0
C h i p h v n h n h v b o
d n g c h i t k h u ( t l - 1 3 . 3 5 5
- 4 8 1 . 3 5 9 - ( 2 7 . 3 7 5 ) - 2 6 . 6 0 0 - 2 5 . 8 4 7 - 1 7 . 7 9 6
c h i t k h u t h c l 6 % )
D o a n h t h u t p h s d n g
d c h v ( v i m c t n g 2 % 3 3 . 5 0 7 3 4 . 1 7 7 4 4 . 2 1 2 5 3 . 8 9 4
( 3 2 . 8 5 0 )
h n g n m )
D o a n h t h u c h i t k h u t
p h S d n g d c h v ( t l ( 3 2 . 8 5 0 )
+ 5 1 7 . 4 6 6 3 1 . 6 1 0 3 0 . 4 1 8 1 8 . 4 4 8 1 2 . 5 5 7
c h i t k h u t h c l 6 % )
D o a n h t h u t v i c b n
n c ( 3 8 . 3 2 5 ) 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5
D o a n h t h u c h i t k h u t
v i c b n n c ( t l c h i t ( 3 8 . 3 2 5 )
+ 4 8 9 . 9 2 2 3 6 . 1 5 6 3 4 . 1 0 9 1 5 . 9 9 2 8 . 9 3 0
k h u t h c l 6 % )
T n g c n g + 5 6 . 0 2 9
Tuy nhin, khng c phng php no d dng tnh r chnh xc ngoi tr phng
php th ng dn. Nhiu chng trnh, biu bng chun c chc nng ti chnh bao
285
gm c chc nng xc nh sut thu li ni ti. Chc nng ny gip thc hin php tnh
lp d dng xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca hng lot cc dng chi ph v doanh thu.
Bi tp: Hy xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca d n XLNT trong bi tp trc, gi
nguyn cc gi thit v vn v doanh thu. Phng php th ng dn cho bit sut thu
li ni ti nm trong khong gia 7 v 7,274%; kt qu l 7,27%.
T l c h i t k h u t h c ( % ) G i t r h i n t i t h c
6 , 0 0 % + 5 6 , 0 2 9
8 , 0 0 % - 2 7 , 7 3 7
7 , 0 0 % + 1 1 , 2 2 4
7 , 2 7 4 % + 1 0
286
Bng 10.3. Tng quan cc thng s s dng so snh h thng XLNT.
E
A a A z B e * B u D E F I J L * N 0 s *
m *
k in h t:
2 c s p E c
mi tru n g :
p T
s in h h c / p h n h i u c a t p 1 0 0 s p p
can C n
xut khu
v k h n g g ia n v t h i g ia n ) T s p
K h a i t h c p
H o n h p v o c h u k t n h i n s p
t c n t h i t / k h o n g k h n g 2 I
n g n / c n t r n g / c n h q u a n 0 ,5
t i u n g u n t i n g u y n /
g : p s s p St s p p
Nc 2 s 1 0 0 0 s p S t V Cn
Cht dinh dng 2 V s s p St C n
N n g l n g 2 V 1 0 0 V s p V Cn V
V t li u t h V 1 0 V s p V Cn V
g u n g y b n h / sc k h o 1 s 1000 s p V
n n h i m s 10 s p p p
t th i:
B O D / CO D V 1000 V s V V
Dng cht 1 V 100 s V V
K i m lo i n n g 1 1000 V s V V
C c c h t k h c 1 V V s V V
Bng 10.3 (tip theo)
A a A z B e * B u D
m
E
*
E F J L * N o s *
n b n / r c V 1 0 0 0 V s V V
n g h o c h t V 1 0 s
h k t h u t
n s s
y d n g / k t h u t t h p 1 p
t i t r n g v a p / n h h n g t h e o 1
C n
h o c t h t h c h n g s s
d n g 2 C n
in c y / a n t o n 1 s p
m n h / t i c h / g i i p h p c c b s T e V p
v n h o - x h i :
b i t / t h a m g ia s s
g l c / n h u c u t h n g t in 1 s p
h c h p n h n v m t v n h o s
c u v t c h c / t h c h s p
t r i n a p h n g s
h n h i m p
C c c o n s t r o n g b n g b i u t h t r n g s c s d n g ; c h v i t t t t h h i n c c t h u t n g c s d n g t r o n g c c t i li u :
c - c h i p h ( c o s t s ) ; C n - m i li n q u a n ( c o n c e m s ) ;
E - h i u q u m i t r n g ( e n v ir o n m e n t e f f ic i e n c y ) ; p - n g u y n t c b n v n g ( p r i n c i p l e s o f s u s t a in a b iiit y ) ;
s - n h n t b n v n g ( s u s t a i n a b il it y f a c t o r s ) ; S t - t h a m b i n h n g d n ( s t e e r in g v a r ib l e s ) ;
T - m c t i u ( t a r g e t ) ; T e - m h n h k t h u t ( t e c h n i c a p a r a d ig m ) ;
V - b i n s t r o n g b n g L C A u v o - u r a ; * - n g h i n c u n h g i v n g i L C A .
- n h g i t c n g m i t r n g ( T M ) .
V n c h u y n ;
Sn xut;
H o t n g ;
B o d n g ;
T i s d n g ;
T h i b .
289
Cc tc ng ti mi trng thng bao gm t vic s dng t, nng lng, nc
v nhng vt liu khc n vic thi b cc cht (c li hoc c hi) ra khng kh, nc
v t. i vi h thng XLNT chi ph thp, kha cnh quan trng cn c cn nhc l
kh nng loi b cc ngun gy bnh ca d n.
T i n t r n h n h g i v n g i i n h n h d i n r a n h s a u :
thng, n v chc nng cng nh vic lp biu nng lng v vt liu cn s dng.
2. Lp danh mc kim k vng i', lit k tt c cc thng tin v vic pht thi cng
nh tiu th nguyn liu ca cc hot ng vo danh mc.
3 . nh gi tc ng ca vng i: n h g i h u q u v m t m i t r n g c a v i c
n h m c p h t t h i v t i u t h v t t t r o n g d a n h m c l i t k ; t r i n k h a i c c p h n t c h v
mc nhy cm.
4. Din gii kt qu: Bc th t v cng l bc c nhiu tranh lun ny i khi
c lng ghp vo mt s phng php V chnh l bc din gii kt qu, bao gm
vic chun ho, nh mc v tp hp b sung.
Hnh 10.5 biu th ranh gii V in hnh cho mt nh my x l nc thi.
Khi nim v nh gi vng i xut hin ln u tin vo cui thp nin 60, nhng
cho n tn gia thp nin 80 mi c quan tm n (Ecobilan). Vo nm 1989, T
chc Cht c v Ha hc Mi trng (SETAC) tr thnh t chc quc t u tin
nhn ra tnh ITU vit ca V. Nm 1994, T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) bt u
trin khai xy dng chun cho V v xem y nh l mt phn trong cc tiu chun
14000 v qun l mi trng. Cc tiu chun cp n c chi tit k thut v khi
nim cho V.
ISO 1 4 0 4 0 - Tiu c h u n v nguyn tc v k h u n kh;
ISO 14041 - Tiu chun v vic xc nh mc ch v phm vi phn tch danh mc
kim k;
ISO 14042 - Tiu chun v nh gi tc ng ca vng i sn phm;
ISO 14043 - Tiu chun din gii vng i.
Mt s cc phng php c xem nh phng php V tun theo khun kh ca
V xc nh trong ISO 14040, c danh mc lit k tng t nh danh mc trong ISO
14041, v tiu chun nh gi tc ng gn ging nh c m t trong ISO 14042.
Trong khi mt s t cc phng php li theo hng chun ho v nh mc cng
c quy nh trong ISO 14042. Tuy nhin cc phng php da trn chun ISO c th
khc nhau rt nhiu do cc tiu chun ISO cho php linh hot iu chnh cc yu t c
trng v yu t chun cng nh phng php nh mc cho ph hp vi gi tr v iu
kin ca tng vng hay khu vc c th.
290
Nc th
Nc qua x l
291
theo 97/11/EC v 2003/35/EC). Ngh nh ny quy nh tt c cc t chc c d n cn
phi gn cc li ch v mi trng vo qu trnh lp k hoch v a ra quyt nh i
vi tt c cc d n, chng trnh v hot ng. Quy trnh chung ca TM bao gm cc
bc sau:
1 . Xc nh phm vi: x c n h c c v n t h e n c h t v c c v n l i n q u a n .
2 . Sng lc: x c n h x e m m t q u t r i n h T M c t h c s c n t h i t ( v d , t c n g
gim bt cc tc ng tim n.
6 . a ra bo co v mi trng : a r a b o c o k h n g m a n g t n h k t h u t v k t
qu ca TM.
Cc bc 2, 5 v 6 l c th ca TM so vi V. Bc 3 tng t vi bc lp
danh mc kim k vng i ca V, nhng trn thc t li khng ton din bng.
292
TM thng tp trung vo nhng tc ng mang tnh a phng ho v thng p
dng c nhng phng php ph hp vi c th ca khu vc v ph hp vi nhng
tc ng ln. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, tnh linh hot ny, cng vi s quan tm t hn ti
ranh gii ca h thng, li cho php b qua mt s tc ng tch ly v gin tip, c
bit l nhng tc ng gy nh hng n khu vc khc hay nhng tc ng c tm c
khu vc hoc ton th.
Mt khc, phng php V chun li hu nh khng th chi tit ho hu ht cc
tc ng mang tnh a phng. Nhng khc bit r rt ny gip cho vic la chn mt
trong hai phng php tr nn d dng; tuy nhin, vic x l tc ng mi trng ca
nc thi li xy ra trn c quy m a phng v ton th; hn na tnh bn vng mi
trng cng i hi xem xt c hai phng php.
QNTM c th mang c tnh ca c V v TM nhng thng giong TM hom.
QNTM c th c ranh gii h thng m rng, mang c tnh tc ng trn phm vi khu
vc hay ton th cua V; nhng ra quyt nh th tnh linh hot ca h thng ny
thch nghi vi hi cnh v nhu cu ging nh khun kh ca TM. Nt c o ca
K.XM l n c trng cho vic x l nc thi v thit thc vi nhng cng ng nh,
c bit l nhng cng ng c ngun nhn lc v ti chnh thp. Tuy nhin, QNTM
thng c mt yu l cho php ngi ra quyt nh b qua nhng yu t bn ngoi.
293
nhau, v sau xc nh d n c gi tr hin ti thp nht. Neu nh li ch kinh t ca
cc d n khc nhau, th cn tin hnh phn tch gi tr hin ti thc.
Neu nh gii php c chi ph thp nht cho vic x l nc thi gia tng m c
thc hin thng qua vic qun l v nng cp h thng hin c mt cch hiu qu hn
ch khng phi tng cng sut, th gii php ny nn l phn c u tin ca d n.
Vic tng cng sut s l bc tip theo v nn c xem xt ngay trong qu trnh lp
k hoch d n, nu nh c xc nh r rng qua vic d on nhu cu.
Chi ph tng thm trung bnh (CPTTB) theo khi lng nc thi i vi mi d n
(hoc k hoch m rng di hn) l bng chng r rng tnh chi ph ton phn ca
vic cung cp dch v. N phn nh chi ph ti chnh ngi vn hnh h thng c th
khi phc mt n v ti nguyn mi trng qua tiu th v gip ngun vn u t
ban u t c s hi phc chi ph y . CPTTB l vng quay tin mt c
chit khu ca mt d n trong khong thi gian nh trc chia cho phn ti nguyn
mi trng c tiu th hoc x l trong chnh khong thi gian , c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
^(TCP Vn + TCPHBn)
I (l + r)
CPTTB = ( 1 0 . 4 )
[ M T T T N n]
Trong :
CPTTB - c h i p h p h t s i n h t r u n g b n h t n h t h e o t i n t r n m t n v t i n g u y n
c tiu th;
TCPVn - t n g c h i p h v n c a d n t r o n g n m n ;
r- t l c h i t k h u ;
C h i p h u t ( E U R O ) 4 7 0 . 0 0 0 4 7 0 . 0 0 0
C h i p h v n h n h v
b o d n g c h i t 4 8 1 . 3 5 9 ( 2 7 . 3 7 5 ) 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5
k h u ( E U R O )
L n g n c t h i c 6 . 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0
x l ( m 3 )
C P T T B ( E U R O / m 3 ) 0 , 1 4
294
10.3.2. Phn tch ti chnh v kinh t
P h n t c h t i c h n h v k i n h t s c u n g c p m t s d i u m a n g t n h b s u n g n h n g l i
c b i t d n h c h o v i c t n h l i n h u n t h c c a m t d n . C h a i u d a v o s k h c
bit ca tnh trng khi c d n v khi khng c d n. Tuy nhin, li ch ti chnh thc
l i k h c v i l i n h u n k i n h t t h c . T r o n g k h i p h n t c h t i c h n h n h g i t c n g t i
c h n h c a m t d n i v i k h u v c h o t n g d n t h p h n t c h k i n h t l i n h g i
l i l i c h v k i n h t . N u m t d n k h n g n n h v t i c h n h t h s k h n g c n g n
q u v n h n h , b o t r v t h a y t h t h i t b m t c c h h p l ; c h t l n g d c h v x l
n c s k m i ; v c u i c n g s n h h n g t i n h u c u v v i c t h c h i n d o a n h t h u t i
t c h t i c h n h c n c t h c h i n c p d c h v n c v c p d n . P h n t c h t i
c h n h c p d n s n h g i t n h t i t k i m c a p h m v i s d n g m t h a y n h i u k h u
n g t h i . V i c p h n t c h c n b a o g m c k h a c n h v k h n n g t h a n h t o n b n g t i n
m t c a d n c h a i c p .
p h n t i c h n h c n g t r o n g d n g t i n m t c a d n v n h g i k h n n g t i t r c a c n g
h thng.
Phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch ca mt d n lin quan n vic nh gi ti chnh
v sut thu li ni ti theo gi c nh. Nh cp phn trn, sut thu li ni ti l
l i s u t m m c g i t r h i n t h i c a d n g t i n m t t n g t h m t h e o g i t i c h n h l
b n g k h n g . N u s u t t h u l i n i t i b n g h o c l n h n c h i p h c h i t i c h n h c a t i n
v n t h d n k h t h i v m t t i c h n h . D o v y v i c p h n t c h t i c h n h c h i p h - l i c h
b a o h m c k h a c n h l i n h u n c a d n c p d c h v .
Khc bit c bn gia phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch v phn tch knh t chi ph-
li ch l: phn tch ti chnh so snh chi ph v li ch dch v gi ti chnh c nh
t r o n g k h i p h n t c h k i n h t s o s n h c h i p h v l i c h i v i c n n k i n h t c x c
n h t h e o g i k i n h t c n h . G i t i c h n h l g i t h t r n g c a h n g h a h a y d c h v
295
bao gm c nhng nh hng do can thip ca chnh ph v bin ng trong cu trc th
trng. Gi kinh t phn nh chi ph v gi tr kinh t thc s ca hng ha hay s;n
phm sau khi iu chnh theo nh hng do can thip ca chnh ph v bin ng
trong cu trc th trng thng qua vic xc nh gi bng ca gi ti chnh. Do vy,
phn tch ti chnh v kinh t khng bao gm chi ph khu hao, chi ph chm, v nhng
thay i mong i trong mc gi chung. Khng nn xt n khu hao l do vic u t
tnh r trong dng tin mt; gi chm l chi ph cho ti sn c nh c trc khi
quyt nh u t; v trong cc phn tch ny chi ph v li nhun c nh gi gi
c nh (ca nm nh gi). Tuy nhin, nhng thay i mong mun trong gi tng i
(khc vi thay i trong mc gi chung) nn c kt hp vo vic phn tch.
Phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch v phn tch knh t chi ph-li ch cng khc nhau
v cc nh hng bn ngoi (chi ph v li ch) ca mt d n. C rt nhiu v d ca
cc yu t bn ngoi m giao ch th trng khng gii thch c, v do vy khng
c phn nh trc tip trong dng tin mt ti chnh ca mt d n. Tc ng mi
trng l v d in hnh ca yu t nh vy. Cc v d khc i vi cc d n qun l
nc thi l ngun nc cn kit, c bit l trong cc d n s dng nc ngm; v s
cnh tranh gia nhng ngi s dng nc th trong nhng d n cp nc s dng
ngun nc th khan him. Phn tch kinh t c gng nh gi nhng yu t bn ngoi
v ng ha chng vo chi ph v li ch ca d n nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng
ngun ti nguyn hn hp v gp phn nng cao tnh bn vng mi trng.
Mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng ca cc d n qun l nc thi l ci thin
sc kho bng cch gim bt v cui cng l loi b hon ton cc bnh sinh ra t
nc. Mc d cc chuyn gia kinh t mi trng v sc kho rt ng h mt s k thut
to ra ngun tin t li ch sc kho thng qua vic s dng nc sch. Song vic thm
nh cc d n qun l nc thi cn gp nhiu kh khn. V d, li nhun ti chnh thu
c t ngi s dng h thng XLNT c th xc nh c li ch v tin ca mt d
n; tuy nhin, li nhun ti chnh li khng th hin c nhng tc ng bn ngoi i
vi sc kho cng ng c ci thin tt hon nh c mi trng sch hn v ngun
cung cp nc an ton. Khi li ch y t cng cng tr nn c ngha v bn vng th
chng c th c xc nh thng qua cc chi ph y t cng cng v t nhn khng phi
chi tr; thng qua mc tng thu nhp v nng sut lao ng do t bnh tt hn v chi ph
t hn cho vic lc, un si nc cng vi chin dch nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
Phn tch ti chnh
296
D o c s h t n g x l n c c c i m l t u i t h h u c h c a o , n n v i c p h n
s n g c a c o n n g i d a t r n t h u n h p b i n h q u n v t u i t h t r u n g b n h c n l i .
Vic nh gi li nhun ca trm XLNT cng c th bao gm nhng kha cnh sau:
T n h i c t h t r n h c i v i t , b t n g s n v c c c n g t r n h x y d n g
v e n b v . v . . . ) m h t h n g X L N T c t h g i p n n h v d u y t r .
T c n g t i m n i v i m i t r n g ( p h h n g c n h q u a n , t c n g n t h i n
297
cng c khai thc lp y khong cch ti chnh khi tt c cc ngun khc cn
kit. iu ny hon ton sai lch. Khu vc t nhn s kh thc hin gp von cho nhng
d n c tnh kh thi ti chnh khng c m bo v nhng d n khng to thm
li nhun ti chnh.
Vic tham gia ca khu vc t nhn s to ra li nhun c hiu qu trong nng sut v
qun l chi ph, c th sinh ra khon tit kim lm y khong cch ti chnh. R rng
l v i c t h a m g i a c a k h u v c t n h n c n g c c h i p h b s u n g b n g v i l i n h u n t i c h n h
T n g c n g d n g v o k t h u t v b q u y t s n x u t ;
298
l p h t h u c t n g i s d n g d c h v p n g c c c h i p h ( c h o ) d c h v l n h n g
h t h n g c k h n n g n h t h o t n g b n v n g t r o n g i s n g k i n h t c a d n . C
c h p h c h i c h i p h c t h t o r a k h n n g b n v n g l u d a i c h n h l n h n g c c h d a
t r n k h n n g p n g c c m c t i u v k i n h t , t i c h n h , x h i v q u n l s a u y :
B e n v n g t i c h n h v p h c h i c h i p h h o n t o n ;
H i u s u t k i n h t v c h i p h c n b i n ;
K h n n g c h i t r c a k h c h h n g .
p h n b i t c h a i k h o n c h i n y . D o v y , c n p h i x e m x t m c t i u i v i c h i p h k t
hp ca nc v nc thi.
Kh nng bn vng ti chnh v hi phc vn hon ton
Bn vng ti chnh l mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng nht trong vic thit lp
b i u g i . B e n v n g t i c h n h c t h k h c i v i m t d c h v t l p b i u g i c b i t c h o
m t c a m n h t h e o k h n t r u n g b n h c t h l p k h o c h c h o b i u g i v m c t n g
quc gia khc nh Innxia cho rng vic yu cu hon tr ngay mt phn tin u
t s g y r a s t n g g i q u n h a n h , v d o v y h c h i i h i t i n t h u p h d c h v c a o
c h i t r n h n g k h o n v a y c h o u t t n g l a i .
H iu su t kinh t v ch i p h cn bin
H i u s u t k i n h t s n n g c a o h i u q u s d n g c c n g u n t i n g u y n q u c g i a .
m c c b n n h t , h i u q u k i n h t s d i n r a k h i k h n g c t h a y i n o t r o n g b i u g i
dch v mang li li ch cho ngi ny m khng gy nh hng cho ngi khc. Trn
c s c n b n g c a h c t h u y t k i n h t , h i u s u t k i n h t x y r a k h i p h t h u c n b i n b n g
299
vi chi ph cn bin ca doanh nghip. Khi , phc li x hi tng n mc ti a nu
nh c p dng vi ton nn kinh t, vn c li nhun nu nh c p dng rng ri
trong cng nghip. Khi c cng sut d, chi ph trung bnh s gim trong khi mc tiu
th tng. Tuy nhin, khi khng c cng sut d phng d, h thng nh gi nn hn
ch bt nhu cu cho ph hp vi cng sut v c ch nh gi thng xuyn l cch hu
hiu nht hn ch.
Thay i trong biu gi nhm thc y tiu th n mc nh sn hn ch mc
tiu th dng nh hm rng khng phi lc no cng p dng c quy tc chi ph
gi cn bin. Tuy nhin, iu khng ng bi v chi ph cn bin khng ging nh
chi ph bin i. e hiu c iu ny cn xc nh r phm vi y ca chi ph bin
i. Trong k hn ngn, nng sut tng s ch tng chi phi cho nhng th c th tiu th
c nh nng lng, ho cht. Trong k hn trung bnh, nng sut tng s i hi phi
c thm nhn cng... Trong k hn lu di, tt c mi th u c th bin i. Chi ph
cn bin l mc tng trong chi ph pht sinh t vic tng nng sut. Do vy khi c cng
sut d ng k, chi ph bin s bng vi bin ph ngn hn. Khi dch v dn t mc
cng sut th chi ph bin tin v mc bin ph trung hn. Khi t c cng sut v
hon vn u t, chi ph bin s bng vi bin ph di hn bao gm c cc thnh
phn vn. Trn thc t, chi ph thnh phn chnh bng vi chi ph tng thm trung bnh
(CPTTB) c tho lun phn trc.
Gi ph s dng (dch v) khng bao gi c thp hn bin ph ngn hn. Ngi s
dng cn phi tr cc chi ph v cng l trnh lng ph.
Cng bng v gi
Cng bng v gi da trn biu gi ph s dng dch v c tnh theo cc tiu ch
"cng bng"; vic ny c thc hin tt nht khi ph s dng da trn nhng chi ph
truy nguyn t mi khch. Tuy nhin, cc biu gi nn c tnh mt cch ring bit khi
c th. Mt khc, dao ng duy nht trong dch v cung cp nc s nm trong chi ph
lp t ng ng, v c th c tr bng l ph lp t c th v ring bit.
C th c mu thun gia hiu sut kinh t v gi c phn nu nh hiu sut kinh t
hm yu cu mt khon ph c nh tch khi ph s dng. chi ph c nh khng
nh hng n nhu cu, cn phi da trn nhng tiu ch khch quan hn l tiu ch v
mc bn hng. D c l tiu ch g th chng cng khng trng khp mt cch tuyt i
vi cc khon chi ph. Nh vy, trong khi cn phi c s khng mt cng bng gia cc
nhm khch hng th s lun lun c s bt cng bng v gi trong ngay mi nhm
khch bi v mi khch hng c cch s dng khc nhau nhng li phi chu cng mt
mc ph c nh.
S bt cng bng v gi c th c gim thiu bng cch p dng cho mt vi hoc
nhiu nhm khch hng, mi nhm bao gm nhng khch hng c cng mc tiu th;
tuy nhin, mc khng bao gi l bng khng.
300
N guyn tc v p h nhim
Nguyn tc v ph nhim l s m rng cng bng v gi. Nh T chc Pht trin
v Hp tc kinh t ch ra vo nm 1972: "Ngi gy nhim s phi chu nhng chi
ph cho vic tin hnh nhng bin php qun l v ngn chn nhim, do cc cp chnh
quyn quyt nh, nhm m bo cho mi trng trong trng thi c th chp nhn
c". y l cch th hin n gin nguyn tc cng bng v gi, c ngha l phi tr
cc chi ph cho nh my x l nc thi.
Cng thc Mogen, c p dng bi cng ty cung cp thit b nc Thames Water
Anh, nh ngha: Gi ph dch v l tng ca chi ph cho dng chy u v chi ph x l,
c dao ng da vo mc nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD) v cht rn l lng (SS) tng
ng vi c tnh ca nc thi sinh hot v nc sau x l:
Phi dch v = V + B. Or + s. Sr (10.5)
Trong :
V - tin ph cho vic thu gom v b phn phc v dng chy (VN/m3);
B - chi ph x l (V N D /m 3);
s - chi ph x l v thi b cn du nu c (VND/m 3);
O r - t l gia nng COD trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot;
Sr - t l gia nng s s trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot.
Cng thc ny c th va tng va gim gi ph trn m3 nc thi. Trc nht l c
th pht nhng c s gy nhim cha lp t h thng x l ti ch; th hai l tng
thng cho doanh nghip x l trc hoc c nc thi nng thp.
t o n d c h v c t h t n h t n g s v n c n h o n l i v g i p h p d n g c h o m i k h c h
h n g . B i u g i c n g c n t r n h c n h n g n h i u c a c c n h n v i n d c h v - n h n g
n g i c t h s d n g b i u g i n h i l v n h n g c h n h t r g i a - n h n g n g i c t h
s d n g b i u g i d n h p h i u b u . i u n y c n g h a l t t c c c n h m , c c t n g l p
v / h o c c c k h i c s d n g i u c h n h b i u g i u p h i d o n c v k h n g
d dng b thao tng. Biu gi khng nn hy hoi nhng quyt nh ring t c tnh
hp l, c bit l nhng quyt nh u t hoc nhng quyt nh khc c h qu lu
di. Quyt nh ca khch hng da trn biu gi hin hnh khng nn b ph nh khi
m b i u g i c t h a y i ; i u n y s d n n n h n g t h a y i n h t h a y v n h n g t h a y i
301
K h n n g c h i tr ch o dch v x l n c th i
Khi khng xt n nhng cn nhc v kh nng chi tr th mc chi tr chung c
sut cho vic s dng nc sch v x l nc thi s l 5% thu nhp hng thng ca
gia nh i vi c nhng h gia nh c thu nhp thp p ng nhu cu c bn ca
h cng nh nhng h c mc thu nhp trung bnh p ng nhu cu va phi ca h.
Nhn chung, hu ht cc nghin cu kinh t x hi u nh gi kh nng ca nhng h
gia nh "trung bnh" v h "ngho" tr tin nc cho c nhu cu sinh hot ti thiu v
nhu cu ca ngi ngho tnh theo lt trn bnh qun u ngi trn ngy (//ngi/ngy)
s dng nhng tiu ch sau y:
Khch hng trung bnh (120-^180 //ngi/ngy) c th tr 3-^-5% thu nhp gia nh
cho nc my cht lng tt v dch v qun l nc thi trong khu vc th.
C c h g i a n h n g h o t h n h t h 4 ( H 9 0 / / n g i / n g y ) c t h t r 4 - ^ 5 % t h u n h p g i a
d n c c k h n n g c h i t r h n c h . T l p h n t r m t i n y c t h s c i u c h n h
v m t n y , v i c p h n t c h r i r o v n h y c m c n c n n h c t i t h i u l c c y u t s a u y :
Chi ph u t;
T l tng trng dn s (cho mc ch dn s) v cc d on v dng nhp c;
T l pht trin hoa mu v nhng bin ng trong gi bn cc sn phm nng
nghip trn phm vi quc gia hay quc t (cho mc ch ti tiu, nu ph hp);
302
1
B i n i t r o n g c c p h h o c l p h q u a m t k : h o n g t h i g i a n n h t n h ;
B i n n g t r o n g n h u c u v g i c a n c c t lh t i s d n g ( k h i c n t h i t ) ;
C h i p h h o t n g ( b o d n g , q u n l . . . } V ' n h n g b i n i t h e o t h i g i a n c a
c h i p h n y , n g a y c n h n g c h i p h c l i n q u i a n n s n h g i p h h p c
n h g i c a h t h n g q u n l .
P h n t c h r i r o c a m t d n t h n g n g h i n (C U k h n n g d n c t h t c
m c h o t n g t h a m n ( v c s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c ) , c n g n h
n h n g b i n i t r o n g k t q u s o v i c l n g t t n h t c t h c h i n t r c . Q u y
t r n h n h g i r i r o c x u t d a t r n h a i b c : :
1 . P h n t c h n h y c m , c n g h a l t c n g c a n h n g t h a y i c g i n h t r o n g
n h n g b i n s q u y t n h g i c v l i I i h u n l n c c c h s k i n h t v t i c h n h
c t n h t o n ( t h n g l c h s s u t t h u l i n i t i h o c g i t r h i n t i t h c ) .
2 . N g h i n c u v p h n b x c s u t c a c c b i n s c h n v v i c t n h t o n g i t r
m o n g m u n c a c c c h s h o t n g c a d n .
P h n t c h n h y c m s l a c h n n h n g b i n s v t h a m s " t i h n " c a m h n h ,
n g h a l n h n g s m b i n i c a c h n g , c t h l t c h c c h a y t i u c c , s o v i g i t r
c s d n g n h l c l n g t t n h t t r o n g t r n i g h p c b n , c n h h n g l n n h t
n s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c ; n h n g b i n s v t h a m s t i h n n y s
g y r a n h n g t h a y i c n g h a n h t t r o n g c c t h a m s . V i c c h n l a b i n s t i h n
t h n g p h t h u c v o d n c t h . N h n c h u n g , n n c h n n h n g t h a m s c b i n i
( t c h c c h a y t i u c c ) 1 % s c h o b i n i t n g n g 1 % ( i m m t p h n t r m ) t r o n g
s u t t h u l i n i t i h o c 5 % t r o n g g i t r c b n c a g i t r h i n t i t h c .
Q u y t r n h p h n t c h n h y c m n h s a u :
1 . N h n d n g t t c n h n g b i n s s d n g t - n h u r a v u v o c a p h n t c h
k i n h t v t i c h n h , n h m c h n g l i t h n h cc l o i n g n h t .
2 . N h n d n g n h n g b i n s p h t h u c c t h g y r a s a i l c h t r o n g k t q u v t n h
t o n t r n g l p . C c b i n s c x e m x t c n p h i c n g x a v i b i n s c l p
c n g t t .
3 . T i n h n h c c p h n t c h n h t n h t c n g c a c c b i n s c h n r a c c b i n s
c t h o c k h n g c c o g i n b i n . C c p h . n t c h n h l n g t i p t h e o s c
h n c h t h m t r a n h n g b i n s , c n g h a l n n h t , n u n h c n g h i n g .
4 . C h n n h n g b i n s c n g h a v n h g i c o g i n c a c h n g b n g c c h t n h
s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c . M i l n t n h , l y m t g i t r m i ( c a o
h n h o c t h p h n ) c h o m i b i n s v t n h t o n l i s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r
h i n t i t h c , d o c t h g h i l i n h n g c h n h l c h ( t u y t i v p h n t r m ) s o
v i t r n g h p c b n .
30 3
Vai tr ca phn tch nhy l nhn dng nhng bin s ti hn cn tm thm thng
tin. Phn tch ri ro nhm to ra gi tr mong mun ca cc hot ng kinh t v ti
chnh (v d nh sut thu li ni ti v gi tr hin ti thc). Mt d n ri ro s khng
c kh nng vt qua mt ngng nht nh ca sut thu li ni ti; khng phi l d
n m phn b xc sut sut thu li ni ti c sai s chun ln.
304
UNEP, 2002. Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Welands; Design Manual.
USEPA, 1993. Consructed Wetands f o r W astewater Treatment and Wildlife
Habia\ 17 Case Studies. September 1993.
USEPA, 1999. Guiding Princples f o r Constructed Treament Wetlcmcls:
Providing Water Quality and Wildlife Hcibiat - Workgroups Final Draft 6/8/99.
USEPA, 1999. Manual - Constructed Wetlands Treatment o f Municipal
Wastewciters. S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 9 .
305
N H G I T C N G M I T R N G
4. Nghin cu trng hp c th
11.1. NH NGHA TM
ca mt k hoch hay d n v xut cc bin php nhm ngn chn hay gim bt
nhng tc ng xu. TM xem xt tt c cc gii php cho mt d n; kt hp cc kha
cnh v mi trng mang tnh xuyn bin gii v ton cu v tnh n nhng bin di
trong d n, iu kin quc gia, chnh sch, lut php, hng dn v.v... Qu trnh gian
bt v qun l cc tc ng tiu cc i vi m i trng cn c tin hnh trong Slot
qu trnh thc hin d n.
4 . P h p l u t T r u n g Q u c
306
11.2.1. Php lut ca U ban C hu u
L o i d n c n h g i t r n c s t n g
L o i d n b t b u c p h i c T M
t r n g h p h o c t h e o t i u c h h o c n g n g c t h
N h m y t in h l u y n , h a k h , h a N n g n g h i p ( c i c c h r u n g t , q u n l
l n g . n c , C O ' s c h n n u i g i a s c t p t r u n g . . . ) .
S n x u t n n g l n g h t n h n v n h i t L m n g h i p ( t r n g r n g v p h r n g ) , n u i
n n g . t r n g t h u s n ( n u i c t p t r u n g ) , c n g
n g h i p k h a i t h c .
K h a i t h c k h o n g s n ; k h a i t h c m r c
n g m . C n g n g h i p n n g l n g .
S n x u t h a c h t ; s n x u t i n n n g . S n x u t v c h b i n k i m lo i.
X y d n g n g r a y x e l a ; s n b a y , C n g n g h i p k h a i t h c k h o n g s n .
n g c a o t c , n g q u c l .
C n g n g h i p h a c h t .
t h o c x l r c t h i b n g h a c h t .
C n g n g h i p t h c p h m .
C n g t r n h v n c h u y n n c .
C n g n g h i p d t m a y , d a , g v g i y .
X l n c t h i.
C n g n h i p c a o s u .
K h a i t h c d u l a ; d t r d u l a .
D n v c s h t n g .
V n c h u y n k h g a , d u h o c h a c h t
C c d n k h c [ b i t h i b r c h o c n h
( n g n g l n ) .
m y x l n c t h i, ( k h n g c t r o n g P h l c
N n g n g h i p ( c h n n u i t p t r u n g g i a
I ) - ] .
c m h o c l n ) .
D u l c h v g i i t r .
S n x u t g i y .
V.V....
307
TM xc nh, m t, nh gi (theo quy cch thch hp p dng vi tng trng
hp c th) nhng nh hng gin tip v trc tip ca mt d n i vi con ngi,
ng, thc vt, t, nc, khng kh, kh hu v phong cnh, ti sn vt cht, di sn vn
ha v c nh hng ca d n i vi s tng tc gia cc yu t ny.
Ngi thc hin nh gi cn cung cp cc thng tin ti thiu:
M t d n (thng tin v v tr, thit k v quy m ca d n);
M t c c b i n p h p d k i n c s d n g t r n h , g i m t h i u , v k h c p h c
gy ra i vi mi trng;
T r n h b y s l c c c g i i p h p c h n h d o n g i t h c h i n n h g i n g h i n c u
c n t h c h i n T M c l i t k t r o n g q u y p h m p h p l u t c a C h n h q u y n v n g
308
nh cc nh trin khai nh gi phi s dng chuyn gia t vn do chnh ph cho php
m nhim TM. Ngh nh ny cng yu cu thc hin hai cuc kho st kin
cng chng: trc khi tin hnh TM v trc khi cp php mi trng.
Lut a phng ca chnh quyn Wallonia ngy 17/3/2005 lp danh sch cc d n
cn c TM cng nh ni dung v hnh thc ca TM. Cc vn bn cng m t cc
tiu ch v quy trnh ch nh cc nh t vn, iu kin kho st v ly thng tin t
cng chng cng nh cch thc tin hnh gi thng bo n cc quc gia v khu vc
lng ging. Cc c quan c thm quyn cn thng bo n cc Bang v cc tiu khu (ty
theo cch phn khu c th ca Quc gia) c quan tm n d n.
Bruxen
Vng Bruxen vn dng ch th ca U ban Chu u trong php lnh ngy 24 /6/2004
(c bit l cc iu 21 -29) v trong Lut ca Bruxen v xc lp lnh th, COBAT
ngy 9/4/2004 ban hnh ngy 26/5/2004 (c bit l mc 1 v 2 phn 2 Chng III
mc / tiu 4).
Cc quy nh v th tc php l Bruxen cng tng t nh quy nh v th tc
vng Wallonia. Nt khc bit l vic thnh lp mt U ban gm cc chuyn gia t cc
cp chnh quyn a phng v khu vc c lin quan. U ban ny theo st tt c cc
bc ca nghin cu. Sau cuc kho st kin cng chng u tin, U ban s cho
kin v bn nh gi phc tho v la chn ca nh t vn; U ban cng quyt nh thi
im nh t vn nn tin hnh nh gi. Khi c bo co v TM, U ban s xem xt
bn bo co hon chnh cha v xc nh i tng cng chng cn c tham
kho kin trong t kho st th hai, trc khi c quan thm quyn cp "giy php".
Flanders
Ti Flanders, php lut TM c nu trong Ngh nh ngy 5/4/1995 v chnh sch
mi trng, c th l trong mc IV "Tc ng mi trng v bo co an ton".
i vi "Bo co tc ng mi trng ca cc d n", cn tham kho phn III. Cng ging
nh Wallonia, TM c ch dn theo bt k yu cu no ca giy php v mi trng.
Da vo cc tiu ch trong Ph lc II ca ngh nh ny, chnh quyn vng FLander
xc nh r ioi d n cn c bo co tc ng mi trng. Cc nc v khu vc
lng ging cng nh b phn cng chng c quan tm cn c cung cp y thng
tin v c quyn c tham gia kin vo thi im c th. Ngi khi xng mt d
n TM l ngi phi chu trch nhim v phi chi tr cc khon chi ph. Do vy, nh
khi xng cn s dng cc chuyn gia c chnh thc cng nhn di s gim st
ca c quan iu phi TM chnh thc. Ngh nh m t ni dung ti thiu ca mt
nghin cu TM v nhng th tc cn thit m nhn.
TM c vai tr ngy cng ni bt trong h thng quy hoch cng nh trong cc quy
nh v lut l v mi trng ca an Mch. Cc yu cu v TM c trong cc o lut
309
v quy hoch (S 551 ngy 28/6/1999 p hn 3) v trong Ch th T ng hp s 4 2 8
ngy 2/6/1999 v iu lut b sung chiu theo L ut Q uy hoch.
Trong giai on u, ngi trin khai nh gi np b n k h o ch ln cp c th m
quyn (ht / tnh) v cp ny s quyt nh c thc s cn n T M khng. P h lc 2 v
3 trong Lut Q uy hoch gn nh ging ht vi P h lc II v III c a C h th. Ph lc 1
lit k tt c cc d n cn thc hin TM ; P h lc 2 lit k tt c cc d n cn th c
hin TM nu nh d n c cho l c k h nng gy tc n g ng k n m i
trng. Cc d n ny c xem xt theo t n g tr n g h p c th. c n tham kho c n g
chng v cn nhc kin ca h trong qu trn h ln k h o ch cho d n.
Cc quy nh v ni dung nh gi cn c gi ng u y n n h tr c khi sa i b
sung C h th vo nm 1997 m c d c n h n g sa i tro n g cc q u y nh v vic cn
nhc cc gii php v cng c m t s iu chnh nh khc. B n cnh nhng gii
php do bn thn nh trin khai d n n g h in cu, cc gii p h p do cng chng
xut cng cn c xem xt k.
Khi qu trnh lp TM hon tt v cc a ph n g th n g qua, cn c s ban
hnh cc hng dn cn thit v quy hoch i vi d n, giy p hp v T M hay m t
trong nhng giy php hoc giy chng nhn. G iy ph p v T M s n u cc iu kin
ph thuc vo vic nh gi c th cho m i tr n g hp. Sau cc a phng s gim
st theo ng giy php v TM . G iy php v T M cn c c n g b.
M t im c bit ca vic vn dng C h th n y ti an m ch l n u n h d n
c chp thun bi m t giy php / giy ch n g n hn / hay giy m in php no th
cc giy t ny s thay th cho giy php v TM .
310
chun. C quan m i tr ng s quy nh m u chun bo co TM . C c B o v M i
trng s xem xt d n thuc nhm no trong ba nhm sau:
1. D n c tc ng ln cn c TM y ;
2. D n c tc n g m c h n ch v c th gim thiu, ch cn nh gi s b;
3. D n khng c hoc c t tc ng, ch cn c bng TM.
C h u t d n cn k hp ng vi chuyn gia / c quan T M l ngi s chun
thc hin bo co T M . B o co T M cn c phc tho da theo cc tiu chun ca
a ph ng v cht l ng m i tr ng v pht thi cht gy nhim . Sau khi hon
thnh, bo co s c cc t chc th n g mi v cng nghip c thm quyn xem xt
trc khi chuyn n C quan Mi trng (C quan Bo v Mi trng Quc gia, Cc
B o v M i tr ng). N u nh d n c tc ng m i trng ln hoc lin quan n
nhng vn m i trng phc tp, chuyn gia/c quan TM cn phi chng m inh trc
ban hi thm gm cc chuyn gia do c quan mi trng t chc. C quan mi trng s
l c quan c thm quyn cui cng chp nhn hay bc b m t bn bo co TM .
C quan m i tr n g s m bo rng vic thit k, x y dng v hon thin d n s
tun theo cc quy nh c nu c th tro n g bo co TM :
1. Thit k: ch d n s chun b v np ln c quan mi trng bn k hoch v
m i tr ng ca d n tro n g cn nu r cc bin php bo v m i tr ng v d kin
ngn sch u t.
2. X y dng: N h th u cn th ng xuyn bo co v nhng vn c th ny sinh
trong qu trnh x y d n g d n; v d n h kh khn trong vic tun theo quy nh v
p ht thi.
3. H on thin: C h d n nn n p on xin hot ng th ln C c B o v M i trng
v cc cp chnh quyn c lin quan.
311
V ic thc hin bo co TM c trin khai bi c quan/t chc t vn c nng, lc
chuyn m n, ph ng tin, c s vt cht k thut ph h p vi tn h c a d n v c s
y q u y n ca ch d n.
H s ngh thm nh bo co T M v h s ng k cam kt B V M T c gi
cho c quan c thm quyn quy nh ti cc iu 17; 21 v 26 ca L ut BV M T.
N i d u n g b o c o T M b a o g m :.
M t s lc v d n.
Hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n.
D bo, nh gi cc tc ng ca d n n m i tr n g kh u vc.
xut cc bin php khc phc, gim thiu cc tc n g tiu cc.
C h ng trnh -qun l v quan trc, gim st m i trng.
K t lun v k i n ngh.
312
- B tr k h o ch v tin hnh gim st, kim tra vic thc hin cc ni d u n g v bin
php bo v m i tr ng; x l theo thm quyn hoc kin ngh x l n h n g vi phm
x y r a ;
313
A ngui vay cn ly kin ca cc nhm ny t nht hai ln: (a) ngay sau khi r sot
v mt mi trng v trc khi cc iu khon tham chiu cho nh gi mi trng
c thng nht; v (b) khi d tho bo co nh gi mi trng c chun b.
BP4.01 nu r trch nhim v ngha v tng ng ca mi bn tham gia. Trong BP
4.01 cng nu r on thm nh ca mi d n v cc quy nh ca h. V ic nh gi
mi trng ca mt hot ng c xut Ngn hng cp vn thuc v trch nhim
ca bn vay. Bn vay s c i Thi hnh N him v gip thng qua vic kim
tra li d n, ghi li nhng thng tin cn thit, m bo rng tt c cc ti liu hon
thin, tm lc nhng yu t c bn cn cung cp (phn loi d n, quy trnh chun b
bo co, cc gii php c xem xt, tc ng c d on ca d n v cc gii php,
v.v...). Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, i thi hnh nhim v s gim st tt c cc
kha cnh v mi trng. Cui cng, ngn hng yu cu mt bn Bo co hon thnh
vic thc hin c nh gi tc ng mi trng, nu r nhng tc ng c tin
on trong nh gi mi trng cha v hiu qu ca mi bin php gim thiu c
p dng.
Sch ngun cp trong phn trn chnh l cm nang tham kho v cc thng tin cn
thit qun l qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng theo cc quy nh ca OP v BP
4.01. Tt c nhng ngi chu trch nhim cho d n c Ngn hng cp vn v c
kh nng gy tc ng mi trng ln nn tham kho cun sch ngun ny.
Cun sch ngun tm lc cc quy nh v nh gi mi trng ca Ngn hng v
phc tho qu trnh kim tra mi trng ca Ngn hng, t vic r sot trong giai on
xc lp d n n vic nh gi sau khi hon thin. Cc chng cui cung cp hng
dn nh gi mi trng theo khu vc; m t ngn gn tng loi d n; tm lc cc
tc ng tim n; v lu cc vn c bit. Cc chng ny cng nu cc gii php
c th v b sung cc thng tin tham kho v qun l, nhu cu o to v cc quy nh
v gim st. M i phn kim tra a ra kt lun qua mt bng nu r cc tc ng tim
n v cc bin php nhm gim thiu c th p dng c. M i chng c mt phn
nu cc iu khon tham chiu mu cho cc loi d n khc nhau.
314
nhy cm v mt mi trng nht, bao gm c tc ng trc tip v tc ng gin tip.
Nhn chung, cc quy nh nu r mc phn tch cn thit cho vic nh gi, yu cu
v bo co, tham kho kin cng chng v cng khai thng tin. A D B yu cu phi c
nh gi Tc ng Mi trng (TM ) i vi d n Loi A v Kho st S b Mi
trng (KSM ) i vi d n Loi B.
N h d kin, A D B yu cu phi tham kho kin cng chng trong qu trnh
TM. V ic tham kho ny cn tin hnh cng sm cng tt c th xem xt kin
ca nhng nhm ngi b nh hng trong qu trnh thit k d n v nhng bin php
nhm gim bt tc ng ca d n. i vi d n Loi A, N gn hng m bo rng bn
vay (hay nh ti tr thuc khu vc t nhn) phi tin hnh ly kin cng chng t nht
l hai ln.
S tay Hng dn nh gi Mi trng ca A D B gii thch r cch thc hin cc
quy nh nu trong phn Chnh sch M i trng ca A D B trong OM F l. Tt c cc
loi d n u c cung cp thng tin v chnh sch v quy nh ca A D B v vic tin
hnh v lp bo co nh gi mi trng, s tay ny cng m t phng php tt nht
tham kho kin cng chng v cng khai thng tin.
N i dung v hnh thc ca TM v KSM c nu trong s tay Hng dn (xem
bng 11.2.).
Bng 11.2. Nt chnh ca bo co tc ng mi trng
T M ( D n L o i A ) K S M ( D n L o i B )
A . G i i t h i u A . G i i t h i u
B. M t D n B . M t D n
c . M t M i t r n g c . M t M i t r n g
D . G i i p h p D . K i m t r a t c n g M i t r n g t i m n v
B i n p h p G i m n h
E . T c n g M i t r n g c d o n v B i n E . Q u y n h v t h c h v K h o c h G i m
p h p G i m n h s t M i t r n g
F . n h g i K i n h t F . T h a m k h o k i n v C n g k h a i t h n g t in
t r c C n g c h n g
G . K h o c h Q u n l M i t r n g G . K t q u v x u t
H . T h a m k h o k i n v C n g k h a i t h n g t in H . K t lu n
t r c C n g c h n g
I . K t l u n
315
TM phi xut cc gii php thay th v xt n tt c nhng tc ng xu m
cc gii php ny c th gy ra vi mi trng. Cc bin php gim nh c a
vo k hoch cng cn c m t. Trong TM nn bao gm c phn nh gi kinh t
trong phn tch kinh t tng th ca d n; chi ch v li ch ca tc ng mi trng;
chi ph, li ch v hiu qu kinh t ca cc bin php gim nh; tho lun v cc tc
ng cha c th hin bng gi tr tin mt, dng nh lng nu c th.
C hai nghin cu u bao gm K hoch Qun l Mi trng v K hoch gim st
Mi trng. N ghin cu TM mang tnh hon thin hn v phc tp hn KSM trong
khi KSM phi cung cp thng tin v kt qu v cc xut.
11.3. QU TRNH TM
316
- T hng tin v cc bin php gim nh c th gim thiu tc ng bao gm c cc
khon chi ph cho vc gim nh;
- n h g i d k i n t h a y t h t t n h t m c l i c h c a o n h t v c h i p h t h p n h t v
317
Bc 1
Ph lc hoc II D n c th c nh
D n c thuc loi hng ln n Khu thin Khng Khng yu cu TM
c lit k trong Ph nhin 2000 khng?
lc I hoc II khng? Khng
C Yu cu TM
Khng
I Mt s quc gia hnh vin t
ra cc tiu ch v gii hn ti thiu
i vi mt s d n m di
d V tr ca d n trong khu vc d
xc nh (v d, khu bo tn), sn
xut cht c th (v d, ho cht, cht
ngng ny s khng cn n TM
n), x thi theo phng php xc
(hay mt th tc n gin hn c
nh (v d, thiu t rc).
p ng). Tuy nhin trong trng
hp ny c th c ngoi l, chng Kct hp c c tnh mang tnh dnh
hn nh c lin quan n v tr nhy lng v nh tnh, v d, d n s nm
cm (v d, Khu thin nhin 2000) trong khong cch c th ca mt khu
Buc 4 vc nht nh, n s to ra mt lng
Tng trng hp cht gy nhim cao hn mc xc
D n c kh nng gy C Ycu cu TM nh vv...
tc ng ln i vi Cc tiu ch v gii hn theo lut nh trong
mi trng khng? lut TM ca quc gia thnh vin s xc
Khng # Khng yu cu TM lp cc quy nh php lut r rng v ycu
cu TM. Cc tiu ch v gii hn mang
mt s quc gia thnh vin hu ht cc d n nm tnh hng dn trong ti iiu hng dn ca
trong Danh sch Bt buc hoc Danh sch Loi tr v quc gia thnh vin khng xc lp cc quy
him khi cn n vic xem xt theo tng trng hp. nh php ut nhng c th c s dng
cc quc gia thnh vin khc, vic xem xt theo tng quyt nh di vi tng trng hp c
trng hp l phng thc thng thng i vi hu ht cn TM khng.
cc d n. nhng ni cn tin hnh r sot tng
trng hp, Chi th yu cu phi xcm xt tt c cc yu
t trong Ph c III. Bt k hng dn no ca quc gia
Ihnh vin c lin quan cng phi c xem xt.
Birc 5
Ghi li Quyt nh R sot Khi c quyt nh r sot chnh thc khng nh c cn n TM khng, c quan thm
quyn phi ghi li quyt nh v cc do dn n quyt jnh , dng thi cng khai thng tin trc cng chng.
318
M t phng p h p h u hiu xc nh tc ng tim n ca m t d n l xc nh
tt c cc hot ng hay ngun gy nh hng c th ny sinh tro n g qu trnh xy dng,
hot ng hay ng ng hot ng ca d n , v xem xt cc n g u n ny song song vi
cc c im ca m i tr ng ca d n c th b nh hng, nhm xc nh ni c
tng tc gia chng.
V ic xc nh quy m cng h tr cho vic tham kho kin, xc nh yu cu ca
cc nghin cu v kho st c bn, v vic quyt nh phng p h p nh gi ph hp.
V ic xc nh quy m cn c thc hin sm trong qu trnh T M , vo thi im m
c c g i i p h p c n c x e m x t v c c b i n p h p g i m n h c n c t h c a v o
thit k d n.
C c yu t c bn trong qu trnh xc nh quy m l:
- X c nh ranh gii khun kh v thi gian v a l cho vic n h gi;
- L p b n r a n h g i i ;
- T h u t h p d i u c s ;
- n h g i t c n g ;
- X e m x t c c g i i p h p .
319
- K hong thi gian din ra, tc l nh h n g c tn h tm thi hay vnh v in ;
- P h m v i n h h n g , n g h a l t i l m i t r n g s n g c t h b m t ;
320
ng gi nh v i t ng chu tc ng. V ic p hn tch phn ng ca i tng trc
m t hot ng nht nh v xc nh nhng v tr c tc ng ln nht ln i tng hay
cc yu t m i tr n g s cho php xem x t cc tc ng gin tip v tng tc gia
chng theo hai gc : cc hot ng a ra tro n g d n v bn thn cc tc ng .
Cc tc ng lu di cng c th c pht h in trn cc m ng li v cc biu h
thng khi nhng h o t ng khc nhau c th tc ng ln cng m t i tng hay mt
yu t m i trng.
B n li t k
P h n tc h n n g l c v n g n g
321
L p m h n h
Khi thit lp cc iu kin bin cho qu trnh n h gi, cc thng tin cn thit c ti
khng c hoc khng tip cn c, thng tin thiu hon chnh hoc m c k h ig
thch hp. V ic thu thp thng tin v cc hot ng trong qu kh, hin ti v tng ai
c th gp kh khn. V ic thu thp thng tin v ranh gii ni c cc tc ng vt raih
gii a phng hay lnh th quc gia cng l vn nan gii.
H i u b i t v c c t n g t c v l t r n h
322
G i n h
S dng cc bng
N goi nh ng iu nu trn, nn c m t bn tm tt nu ra cc tc ng tng th cn
c xem xt cn thn i vi tng i tng chu tc ng khc nhau. V ic trnh by
thng tin trong bng tp trung vo cc i tng chu tc ng phi ch r nhng im
m cc i t ng chu nhiu hn m t loi tc ng. iu ny rt h u ch trong vic
chuyn ti thng tin v cc tc ng tng th ti nhng ngi a ra quyt nh v ti
cng ng.
S d n g g i n
s liu v bn .
323
11.3.6. a ra quyt nh
V ic tham kho kin ca cng chng c ngha ht sc quan trng trong thc hin
TM . C n c s tham gia thc s ca qun chng trong qu trnh nh gi t khi bt
u cho n khi a ra quyt nh cui cng. M i t ng c lin quan phi c
tham kho kin, t cc nh chc trch hoc cc t chc qun chng n cc c nhn.
S tham gia ca cng chng tro n g qu trnh nh gi m i trng rt quan tr n g trong
vic g h p cc
l tiu kinh t, x hi mi
n g tc hng ti s pht trin
m c v t r n g , l
bn vng bng cch ng vai tr l mt cng c cng c v nng cao thc cng
n g v s c n i g i a c c h o t n g k in h t v m i t r n g . cng l s m bo
chng li cc quyt nh sai tri hoc c ng c chnh tr. S tham gia c a cng
n g l c n t h i t g i m t h i u h o c t r n h c c t r a n h c i , i u v c n t r t p h a c n g
n g , n g t h i c t h n g g p t c h c c c h o q u t r n h n h g i .
324
Bng 11.3. Tm tt cc mc tiu trng cu dn trong
qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng
C c g i a i o n c a q u
C c m c t i u t r n g c u d n
t r n h n h g i
n h g i t n g q u t X c n h c c t c n g c h y u .
X c n h c c g i t r v m i q u a n t m c a c n g c h n g ;
X c n h q u y m X c n h c c u t i n c h o q u t r n h n h g i ;
K h u y n k h c h s h i u b i t c a q u n c h n g i v i d n .
C n g c h n g c t h n g g p s h i u b i t v c c g i t r c a a
p h n g v o v i c d o n , n h g i v g i m n h c c t c n g ;
n h g i
C i t h i n c h t l n g v t n h h p l c a b o c o m i t r n g .
P h c h u n b o c o t c C n g c h n g n g g p v o q u t r n h n h g i c h t l n g v t n h
n g m i t r n g h p l c a b o c o .
Q u y t n h C n g c h n g b n h l u n v k h n n g c t h c h p n h n c c a c c
t c n g t d n .
G i m s t C n g c h n g n h g i c c t c n g c t h x y r a v n g h q u
t r n h q u n l m i t r n g .
11.4.1. Quy m d n
D n bao gm vic nng cao cht lng nc thi qua x l hoc cha qua x l
thi ra m i tr ng v qun l nc m a trong khu vc.
325
11.4.2. M t d n
326
gm chn lp, t hoc ti s dng m t cch c ch trong vic lm p quang cnh.
V ic ti s d n g m t cch c li lun l s la chn thch hp nu n h cht lng bn
m c c h o p h p , n u k h n g b n s c e m c h n l p .
327
11.4.7. Cc nh hng v bin php gim thiu tc ng trong qu trnh vn hnh
c lng nng mi d o c c n h m y s n s i n h r a t r n m h n h k h u c h t n
s , k h o c h x l s c , l y k i n n g i d n v . v . . . )
11.4.8. T h u h i t v t i n h c
1 . 4.9. n h g i v k in h t
328
v lm gim thiu cc tc ng ti m i trng. K hoch qun l m i tr ng c
lng ghp vo giai o n thit k v cng s c lng ghp vo k hoch xy dng,
qun l v hot ng. K hoch qun l mi tr ng s m bo tn h hiu qu trong vic
thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng m i trng a ra.
Cc k hoch thu h t s tham gia ca cng ng vo vic thit k, xy dng v vn
hnh c trin khai trong giai on chun b d n. Cc k hoch ny bao gm vic
th u ht s tham gia ca ngi dn vo vic gim st cc tc ng v cc bin php gim
thiu cc tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh, nh gi m i tr ng v cc
li ch kinh t cng nh ng nh hng x hi cng nh phng vn ngi dn sau khi d
n hon tt. M t s loi hnh hot ng c s tham gia ca ngi dn c trnh by
trong k hoch qun l m i trng bao gm thm quan khu vc nh m y, cc hi tho,
iu tra m t s vn c th, phng vn v lng nghe kin ngi dn.
K hoch qun l m i trng (Q L M ) a ra m t chng trnh gim st m i trng
chi tit, b sung cho k hoch gim st ra trong thit k v khung gim st ca d n.
K e h o c h q u n l m i t r n g s n h g i m c v t m n g h i m t r n g c a c c t c n g
N goi ra m t s ln tham kho kin khc cng c tin hnh bao gm cc iu tra
v kinh t x hi ti cc h gia nh v doanh nghip phc v cho vic phn tch x
hi v m c sng ti thiu.
P h n l n n h n g n g i t h a m g i a u n g h d n v t i n t n g r n g c c t c n g t i u
c c s c g i m b t n h c c c n g n g h t i n t i n v c c b i n p h p t h c h h p . i v i
329
gim thiu tc ng. N h ng bin php gim thiu tc ng c th s trnh hoc gim
thiu cc tc ng khng m ong m un m ngi dn vn lo ngi. B n cnh , m t s
xut c th cng c lng ghp vo trong k hoch qun l m i trng.
Trong tng lai, cc k hoch thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh xy
dng v hot ng ca n h m y s bao gm s tham gia gim st ca ngi dn i vi
cc tc ng v nhng bin php gim nh tc ng, nh gi cc tc ng vi m i
trng, kinh t, x hi ng thi phng vn ly kin ngi dn sau khi d n hon tt.
11.4.12. Kt lun
Europe
EC, 1997. C ouncil D irective 9 7 /1 1/EC o f 3 M arch 1997 am ending D irective
85/337/E E C o f 27 June 1985 on the assessm ent o f the effects o f certain public and
private prcects on the environm ent.
EC, 1985. D irective 85/337/E EC o f 27 June 1985 on the assessm ent o f the effects
o f certain public and private prects on the environm ent.
Belgium
. C ELL LE E T U D E S IN C ID E N C E S S R L 'E N V IR O N N E M E N T (EIE),
2006. Legislation and inrm ation about E nvironm ental im pact studies, notes. (In
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French) available on: < http://m rw .w allonie.be/dgm e/dppgss/dcpp/eie.htm > and
<http://m rw .w allonie.be/cgi/dgm e/dppgss/aeie01.idc>
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th e F i r s t B o o k o f th e E n v ir o n m e n t C o d e . (in French)
. W ALLOON R E G IO N GOVERNM ENT. 2005. B y - la w o f th e W a llo o n
g o v e r n m e n t o f 1 7 m a r c h 2 0 0 5 r e la t in g to th e F i r s t B o o k o f th e E n v ir o n m e n t C o d e .
(in French)
. C O U N C IL 0 F T H E R E G IO N 0 F B R U S S E L S . 2004. O r d in a n c e o f 2 4 J u n e
G o v e r n m e n t o f 9 A p r i l 2 0 0 4 a d o p in g th e B r u s s e s C o d e o f th e t e r r it o r y s e ttin g ,
Denm ark
EC , 2006. The o u tc o m e o f E IA . 35 p. A vailable on line:
< http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/eia/pdf/eia_outcom e.pdf>
. M IN IS T R Y 0 F T H E E N V IR O N M E N T (Spatial planning D epartm ent), 2002. The
P l a n n i n g A c t in D e n m a r k . C onsolidated A ct No. 763 o f 11 S eptem ber 2002.
China
G U A N G D O N G PR O V IN C IA L G O V E R N M E N T - THE W O R L D B A N K , 2003.
G u a n g d o n g P e a r l r i v e r d e lt a u r b a n e n v ir o n m e n t p r o e c t - D e s ig n r e v ie w a n d
a d v is o r y s e r v ic e s o v e r a ll e n v ir o n m e n ta l a s s e s s m e n t f o r w a s te w a te r c o m p o n e n ts .
Vietnam
L E U T H O B A C H , 2006. Personal notes. H U CE
W o rId b a n k - <w eb.w orldbank.org>
W O RLD BA N K , 2004a. O p e r a tio n a lp o lic y ( O P ') 4 .0 1 (1999), revised in August 2004.
W O RLD BA N K , 2004b. B a n k P r o c e d u r e ( B P ) 4 .0 (1999), revised in August 2004.
W O R L D B A N K , 2006. H o w to u s e th e S o u r c e b o o k .
331
EIA Process
E n v i r o n m e n t H e l p d e s k for EC D e v e l o p m e n t C o-operation. Project E I A s c r e e n in g .
<http://ec.europa.eu/environm eneia/eia-studies-and-reports/guidel.pdf>
Case study
P E O P L E S R EPU B LIC O F C H IN A , 2006. E n v ir o n m e n ta l A s s e s s m e n t R e p o r t o f
th e W u h a n W a s te w a te r a n d S to r m w a te r M a n a g e m e n t P r o je c t . 58 p. Prepared by
the W uhan M unicipal G overnm ent r the A sian D evelopm ent B ank (A D B ).
332
C C Y U C U V I U T I T V P H P L
12.1. T N G Q U A N V C C YU CU P H P L
C c y u c u v i u t i t v p h p l m n g i n g h i n c u p h t t r i n n h m y X L N T
n c v c h t l n g n c c a n g u n t i p n h n n c . C c y u c u p h p l c t h c
chia th n h nm ni dung:
1. P h t th i c h t g y n h i m vo n g u n nc h o c t
T i u c h u n c h t l n g n c i v i c c n g u n t i p n h n .
- T i u c h u n g i i h n p h t t h i c h t gy n h i m .
2. Thit k nh my
V t r x y d n g n h m y .
B n n h g i t c n g m i t r n g .
3. Xy dng nh my
n h h n g c a q u t r n h x y d n g .
G i g n c c d i t c h l c h s q u c g i a .
4. V n h n h n h m y
C c r i r o t r o n g k h i v n h n h .
C c y u c u g i m s t .
C c q u y n h i u t i t v a n t o n s c k h e v m i t r n g .
5. G n k t n h m y vi i u kin t n h i n ti a p h n g
- B o v t h i n n h i n , c c l o i c v n g v t h o a n g d .
- B o v d a n h l a m v p h o n g c n h t n h i n .
333
12.2. PHT THI NC THI VO NGUN NC
Cc c quan kim sot nhim v bo v ngun nc thng coi "pht thi cht gy
nhim " l vic lm gia tng lng cht thi vo cc ngun nc t bt k ngun thi
no. T hut ng cht gy nhim c nh ngha l cc cht thi rn, nc thi, bn
c n g r n h , c h t t h i h a h c , v t l i u s i n h h c , c c c h t t h i n n g n g h i p , s i n h h o t v
cng n g h i p ... c thi vo ngun tip nhn. im ngun pht thi l ni lu chuyn
pht tn v d nh ng dn nc, cng rnh, knh m n g ... m t cht gy nhim
c pht thi.
khai cc tiu chun cht lng nc h tr cho vic s dng c chn la cua
m i n v qun l nc trong quyn hn ca m nh. C c tiu chun ny c ban hnh
di dng vn bn bng li hoc cc ch s gii hn da trn cc yu t nh hng n
sc kho m n v qun l ngun nc phi m nhn. M t s nc pht trin cng
thit lp nhng tiu chun sinh hc kt hp vi cc tiu chun ha hc v vt l truyn
thng nhm xc nh cht lng ca nc vng m ly.
3. C h n h sc h n g n n g a su y th o i: Cc c q u a n kim sot n h i m v n g u n nc
thit lp chnh sch ngn nga suy thoi v cc th tc cho vic thc thi. Cc chnh sch
ny c thc hin nhm duy tr v bo v cht lng nc cn thit ca ngun nc
c th m bo c s dng bn vng ngun nc.
Lin m inh Chu u, cc tiu chun cht lng nc c kt hp hi h a vi C1C
yu cu ca ch dn v h thng nc [2000/60/EC ], kt hp vic bo v sinh thi '
vic s dng nc lu di cng nh pht trin bn vng. y l m t cng c m i lip
k hoch v kt hp cc chnh sch. y l m t khung php l cho cch tip cn pt
bin cc nguyn l v cc m c tiu bo v m i trng v pht trin bn vng ti lu VC
sng. M c tiu l nhm bo v thin nhin v cc ngun nc phc v cp nc siih
hot, ngn chn vic x nc thi vo ngun nc ngm v nh gi nc dng. M t \i
nc coi vic xy dng tiu ch cht lng nc l m t tiu chun quc gia, m t s nc
khc th li nhn nhn vn ny c tnh li nhun. Bng 12.1 nu cc tiu chun giM
hn v cht lng ngun nc o.
334
Bng 12.1. Tiu chun gii hn cht lng ngun tip nhn,
hng dn thc hin ca o, 1987
T h n g s C n g t h c h a h c G i t r g i i h n ( m g / 1 )
T n g n i t a m n ( N H 4 + N H 3 ) - N 0 , 5
A m n i a . n h 3 - n 0 , 0 5
N it r a t N 0 3 - N 8
N i t r i t n o 2 - n 0 , 0 5
P h t p h o p 0 , 2
N h u c u x y h a s i n h h c b o d 5 3
N h u c u x y h a C O D 1 0
C a c b o n h u c h a t a n D O C 2
335
Kho st v thit k
Bc u tin nhn c giy php l phi c m t k s xc nh khu vc d n.
x c n h d n g c h y s c t h i t k v c c p h n g n x l k h c n h a u . m t s n c ,
v n t h a m g i a v o m t p h n v i c c a d n . H s y u c u n h n g t h n g t i n v t h i t k
X c n h c h t l n g n c n g m t i v t r n h x y d n g ;
c t n h c a o c a g t v n g n c n g m t h t h n g s c x y d n g ;
336
Bng 12.2. Tiu chun x i vi trm XLNT (Khong 5000 dn)
C c c h t t h i N n g ( m g / L )
N h u c u x y s i n h h a ( B O D 5 ) 2 5
N h u c u x y h a h c ( C O D ) 1 2 5
T n g c h t r n l l n g 3 0
p H 6 , 0 ^ 9 , 0
N i t ( T K N ) 1 5
P h t p h o ( T P ) 2
Ngun: H n g d n c a c n g n g C h u u s 9 1 / 2 7 1 / E E C
337
P h giy php
C quan php c th thu ph cho qu trnh thm nh v ph hng nm kim sot
giy php v gim st qu trnh hot ng ca nh m y sao cho ph hp vi cc quy
nh trong giy php.
Cc yu cu kim sot trong giy php
C quan c cp php phi gim st h thng x l v np bo co gim st vic
pht thi cho c quan gim st hoc c quan cp php. N hng yu cu v gim st ph
thuc vo c trng h thng dng nc thi, quy m ca thit b, cc m i quan tm v
nc nhn v loi hnh x l.
12.3. THIT K NH MY x L
12.3.1. V tr xy dng nh my
12.4. XY DNG NH MY
N u h t h n g t h o t n c v x l n c t h i c t h i t k n g m t h p h i m b o
r n g k h u v c c h o p h t t h i s c p h n n h r h o c l t b n g p h i n n g n
T hng thng khng dng ngun vt liu t thuc nhng vng m ly t nhin.
338
C u n g c p d a n h m c y c c l o i c y s d n g t r o n g v n g m l y . C h n n c h o
x y d n g , d y . . .
M t s n c c l u t b o v n h n g d i t c h l c h s n h t a n h , v t t h , v n g t h a y
i v i c c h t h n g t r o n g t h n h p h , c n d o n k h n n g p h t t r i n v m r n g
trong tng lai ca cc dch v trong thnh ph. T hit k cho php c n g sut s
dng trong bao nhiu nm ? Cn np danh sch chi tit s lng ngi s dng dch
v ca h thng trong khu dn c, trong cc c s t thin, trong khu thng mi v
khu cng nghip.
i v i c c h t h n g t r o n g t h n h p h , l i u c c n h n h a y n g n h c n g n g h i p c
L i u t h i t b c t h i t k s a o c h o k h n g b n h h n g b i c c c n g t y h o c c c
s c n g u n n n g l n g d p h n g k h n c p . N u t r m b m k h n g c n g u n d
nh th no khi c bo?
N u d n thit k bi lc ngp nc nhm x l nc thi, hy nu r c bao nhiu
n nguyn c xut. Cc n nguyn s hot ng ni tip nhau hay song
song? L iu c kin ngh vic x l b sung?
C c h s d n g t t i k h u v c b i l c s a u k h i k t t h c t h i g i a n h o t n g c a b i ?
339
M t i m p h t t h i v o m i t r n g t i p n h n , b a o g m p h n g p h p p h t t n c h t p h t t h i.
i v i k h u v c p h t t h i v o b i n h o c s n g , c n l y t h n g t i n v l u l n g d n g
V t r g i m s t T h n g s T n s u t
L u l n g H n g n g y
C B O D H n g t h n g
D n g v o T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g t h n g
p H H n g t h n g
T n g p h t p h o H n g t h n g
C B O D H n g t h n g
T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g t h n g
D n g s a u
H n g t h n g
r h
x l
O x y h a t a n H n g t h n g
C l o c n d H n g n g y
T r c k h u n n g r u t t r o n g p h n H n g t h n g
T n g p h t p h o H n g t h n g
L u l n g ( t n g c n g s u t c t n h )
G i m s t
C B O D 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p
c c t r n g h p
T n g c h t r n l l n g 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p
K n a n Cap
T r c k h u n n g r u t t r o n g p h n 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p
Ngun: C q u a n b o v m i tr n g M .
340
B n g 1 2 .4 . t r n h b y c c y u c u g i m s t c n t h i t c h o h t h n g x n c t h i n g m .
V t r g i m s t T h n g s T n s u t T i u c h u n
H t h n g X L N T c n h n :
k h n g c o l p n c t r n b
m t .
B t h m n h a n h v n g
T o n b H n g t u n
p h u n : t h c v t t h y s i n h ,
h t h n g h o c h n g
K i m t r a t r c q u a n
v t l i u n i c n h t h c
t h n g
v t , t in h t r n g h t h n g
k n h m n g , l p b n g
p h , c h t k t t a .
T t c : c c v n n m n ,
m i , h o c c c m i q u a n
n g i v v h b o d n g .
T n g l n g K j e l d a h l n i t 3 n / n m
N i t A m n 3 l n / n m
N i t N i t r a t e 3 l n / n m 1 0 m g / L
G i n g k i m t r a C l o 3 l n / n m 2 5 0 m g / L
C a o m c n c 3 l n / n m
d n c t r u n g 3 l n / n m
N h i t 3 l n / n m
p H 3 l n / n m
L u l n g H n g n g y
D n g v o
c b o d 5 H n g q u
h t h n g
( B t h m T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g q u
n h a n h v
p H ( t r o n g b t h m H n g q u
n g p h u n )
n h a n h )
T n g l n g n i t K j e l d a h l H n g t h n g *
D n g t h i t N i t a m n H n g t h n g *
a o / h s i n h h c
N i t n it r t H n g t h n g *
t i b i
C h l o r i d e s H n g t h n g *
t h a m n h a n h
C l o d H n g t h n g *
pH H n g t h n g *
L u n g c h y t i m i b H n g n g y
p H H n g n m
K i m t r a
K t c u H n g n m
t t i
P h t p h o H n g I i m
k h u v c
x t h m K a l i c t h t r a o i H n g n m
C h t h u c H n g n m
M y o
C a o m c n c 3 l n / n m
p s u t
G h i c h : * t r o n g q u t r n h p h t t h i
Ngun: C q u a n b o v m i t r n g M
341
12.5.3. Q uy nh v mi trng, sc khe, an ton v cc iu l
t u n t h c c q u y n h v m i t r n g , s c k h e v a n t o n t i c h , o m v i u h n h
trong tnh hung khn cp, tnh hung trong k hoch v bin php phng chng;
G hi chp v bo co tnh hnh sc k h e ngh n g h ip c a cc nhn vin.
Do nh iu hnh nh my XLNT thng chu trch nhim v h thng thot nc
thi kt ni vi nh my XLNT nn cn thit lp cc quy nh v quy ch trong ngnh
v cht lng nc thi x vo h thng thot nc nhm trnh tn hi cho sc khe v
an ton, trnh nguy c lm gin on qu trnh vn hnh ca nh my XLNT. iu ny
c ngha l vic thit lp v tun th cc quy nh cm mi hnh thc pht thi c lp
hoc kt hp vi cc cht thi khc c th lm xut hin cc cht rn, cht lng, cht
k h , h i , k h i c h i t r o n g h t h n g t h o t n c h o c t i n h m y X L N T v i m c c
V t l i u n m n ;
C h t t h i n h i u m u s c ;
Q u n h i u l u n g c h y ;
H p c h t g y n ;
C ht c hi gy nhim ;
C h t t h i c n h i t c a o ;
V t liu c hi;
C ht thi khng c trong giy php;
H a ch t hu c tng hp PCB v ch t dioxin;
T h u c t r s u / p h n b n ;
C h t t h i p h n g x ;
Cht aming.
342
12.6.1. Cc yu cu bo v thin nhin, thy sn v ng vt hoang d
343
phn ca h thng qun l mi trng, sc khe v an ton hoc ch ring h thng qun
l mi trng tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh. Phn ny s hng dn chi tit cc
iu kin v gii hn qu trnh thc thi c th t c chng nhn h thng qun
l mi trng theo cc iu khon ca ISO 14001:1996.
12.7.1. t ai
12.7.4. Cc yu cu php l
V t h i t b , n n c g i i t r n h v k h n n g t h c h i n c c c h n g t r n h c i t h i n l i n t c
m i t r n g t i c h . V i c n y t h n g t h n g c t h h i n q u a c c m c t i u , m c c h rd
k h o c h h n h n g v i k t q u c t h , v d n h v i c g i m t h i u c h t t h i h a y x a t
nh hng n mi trng.
344
nh trong qu trnh hot ng vi nhng kha cnh v nh hng n mi trng. c
bit l cc nhn vin d cp no vi chc nng no cng phi hiu bit cc kha cnh
m i t r n g c h n h v c c n h h n g t n h n g h o t n g c a h .
12.7.7. o to
12.7.8. Vn bn ti liu
X e m x t u n .
P h t t h i n c t h i ;
Q u n l c h t t h i t r o n g q u y n h ;
Q u n l x c h t h a h c ;
o t o ;
Q u n l k h i u n i v m i t r n g ;
T h n g b o c c c q u a n v s c m i t r n g .
cc thng tin lin quan ti chng trnh nng cp lin tc. T chc cn phi trnh by
q u t r n h g i i q u y t h i u q u c c y u c u i u t i t k h n g t r o n g q u y n h .
345
12.7.10. H s m i tr n g
T c h c c n d u y t r v i c g h i c h p c c h s v m i t r n g h p l , b a o g m h s o
t o , c c g i y p h p m i t r n g , c c k h i u n i v m i t r n g , d l i u g i m s t m i t r n g ,
12.8. N H G I C H I N L C M I T R N G ( C LM )
346
Ch p dng Bn hng dn CLM Chu u cho cc k hoch v chng trnh,
khng p dng cho cc chnh sch cho d cc chnh sch trong cc k hoch c th c
nh gi v C L M c th c p dng cho cc chnh sch khi cn.
Cu trc ca C L M theo Bn hng dn CLM C hu u da trn cc giai on sau:
* X e m x t , l i u t r a x e m k h o c h h a y c h n g t r n h c t h t b i k h i p d n g
* X y d n g c c " q u y t n h " d a t r n c s b n n h g i .
* G i m s t n h h n g c a k h o c h v c h n g t r n h s a u k h i t h c h i n .
B n h n g d n c a L i n m i n h C h u u c n g b a o g m c c t c n g b n c n h m i
t r n g , v d n h t i s n v t c h t v k h u v c k h o c . H u h t c c n c c h u u u
gi l bn nh gi tc ng chin lc.
i vi cc h thng X L N T chi ph thp s rt thun li khi p dng C L M cho:
a ) C h i n l c q u c g i a n g d n g h t h n g X L N T t h , t r o n g t r n g h p n y
T I L I U T H A M K H O
347
1 3 C C VN V T CH C V QUN L
348
sot v thng k s lng cc h thng nhiu cng n g k hin cho v ic qun l h
thng cng thm kh khn. K t qu l cc h thng x l nc thi ti ch hoc phn
tn tr nn yu km , lc hu, cng ngh khng tin tin v k h ng an to n so vi cc h
thng x l nc thi tp trung (h thng thu gom v T X L N T ) v c hai m t m i trng
v sc khe cng ng. Tuy nhin h thng thu gom v x l nc thi tp trung khng
phi l gii php ph hp v m i trng v m ang li li nhun trong m i tnh hung
(T X L N T c th l m t ngun pht thi cht nhim cao vo n g un tip nhn). N h ng
h thng ny c chi ph xy dng v vn hnh cao v thng k hng kh thi hoc chi ph
qu cao, c bit nh ng ni c dn c th a tht. N hiu a phng th n g thiu vn
m ua cc thit b cng nh thu chuyn gia qun l qu trn h x l. C c h thng x
l tp trung cn c th gp vn qu ti do s pht trin k h ng th d o n trc v
cc yu t ny c th e da cht lng nc.
K hi m hnh pht trin thay i v s pht trin ngy cn g tng din ra vn g nng
thn v vng ngoi thnh, rt nhiu cng ng s nh gi xem h c nn u xy
dng h thng X L N T tp trung hay tip tc s dng h th n g x l n c thi ti ch.
Do cng ngh ti ch c nhiu phng n thay th v ngy cn g i m i c n g cc chin
lc qun l nn cc cng ng nh thng la chn s th a y th thc t v hiu qu
hn l xy dng cc trm x l phn tn. V d chi ph u t v q u n l m t h
thng x l nc thi ti ch hay m t tp hp h thng n l c th t h n t 22 n 80
% so vi u t v qun l m t h tp trung.
C ho d cng ng chn nhng h thng phn tn v tin tin, hay h tp tru n g hoc
kt hp c hai h th chng trnh qun l ton din vn n g vai tr tr n g yu. C c
chin lc qun l hiu qu ph thuc vic nh gi m t cch k lng cc ph n g n
qun l v k thut kh thi v s la chn gii php thch hp da trn n hu cu ca
cng ng, m c tiu x l, kh nng kinh t v xu th php lut, chnh tr.
V ic qun l tr nn cng phc tp khi quan tm n nhu cu pht trin chin lc
trn c s u tin thay i do cc hot ng pht trin m i. th ha n h a n h chng, s
x u t hin cc ngun thi khc c th pht sinh ra cc loi ch t dinh d n g m i v c
n h ng m m bnh m i, cc vn ti s dn g nc, cc q uy n h v m i tr n g ngy
cn g cht ch hn, v nhu cu qun l theo m t cch hon ton m i. T t c n h ng vn
n y lm cho vic qun l cng tr nn kh khn. T t c cc tiu ch v tiu chun
cht lng nc, bo v ngun nc ngm , x l nc thi h iu qu v k hng t n km
cn h ng ti m c ch duy tr s pht trin bn vng ca cng ng. V ic u t vo
cc h thng thu gom v x l ca cc cng ng nh lm tn g thu v chi ph ca
ng i tiu dng, tuy nhin, cc chi ph ny c th gim ng k khi s d n g h th n g x
l n c thi phn tn. i vi ngun nc t c nhng m c tiu ny c n g h a l p
ng c cc cng tc bo v hoc khi phc sc khe cng ng, cc hot n g gii
tr, ngh c, ngh nui s, tm , cua, cc ngun nc ung v n g vt h o an g d. C n v
349
m t t h c t , t c n h n g m c t i u t r n b a n q u n l c n p h t t r i n v t h c h i n
13.1. NH N N H C C i T N G
V ic nhn nh cc i tng thc hin trc tip hoc gin tip, m i quan tm , n n g
lc ca h v nhng ngi b nh h ng l rt quan trng trong vic xc nh tnh kh
thi ca d n. C ng cn nhn nh m c kin thc v x l nc thi v ti s d n g
nh gi kh nng ca h trong m hnh kt hp. C c i t ng thc hin bao gm
nhm , t chc, v cc c quan trc tip hoc gin tip lin quan ti cc hot ng ca
d n:
Cc t chc cng ng c tham gia;
Cc c quan iu hnh quc gia;
Cc c quan a phng v khu vc;
Cc c quan t vn v h tr.
M c tiu l nhn nh v m t c tnh dn s v cc c quan trong khu vc nghin
cu - ch yu cc c quan lin quan trc tip - nh v h trn s quc gia, khu vc
v a phng. Do rt cn phi s dng cc d liu v tnh hn h a phng v bi
cnh x hi, vn ha, t chc, c s h tng v dch v:
Tng s dn trong khu vc thc hin d n v phn loi dn s theo gii tnh,
tui, cc c im dn tc;
C c u d n s : m c g i a t n g d n s , t l s i n h , s d n d i c , t c s i n h , t l t
vong, tnh hnh bnh tt, tui th (tnh c m c chnh lch v gii tnh, tui,
nhm dn tc);
c im ca cc gia nh: gia inh a th h, t l ph n lm tr ct trong gia
n h ...
350
T hu nhp v cc hot ng kinh t: G D P/ u ngi/ nm , m t hot ng kinh
t theo gii tnh v tui;
G io dc: T l ngi trng thnh bit ch tnh theo gii tn h v dn tc, t l
ngi c tham gia o to thng xuyn, gio dc tiu hc, tru n g hc v i hc
tnh theo gii tnh v dn tc;
c im cc m i quan h v vai tr gii tnh trong cng ng, bnh ng gii;
C c hot ng sn xut chnh v trch nhim ca nh ng ngi thc h in da theo
a im ca h trong khu vc thnh ph hay nng thn, gii tn h v tui;
D ch v nc v v sinh dch t c bn trong cng ng;
C s h tng ca th v nng thn;
T n h t r n g s c k h e c a c n g n g ;
C c h n h t h c t h a m g i a c a c n g n g ;
C c h n h t h c t c h c c n g n g ;
S hp tc phi thng m i;
C c thc th v chnh quyn a phng, khu vc v quc gia.
13.2. G I O DC, T I P CN V s T H A M G IA CA C N G N G
N h n g t h a y i c b o v c c n g u n l i k h n g ? ( n g u n n c u n g , c c l n g n g h
351
chng. M t chng trnh tip cn cng chng c hiu qu cn lm cho thng tin d tip
cn vi cng chng bng cch trnh by thng tin theo dng thng th ng, kh n g nn
dng nhiu t chuyn m n. N n phn loi, tip xc v t vn cc b n quan tm v cng
c h n g s m t r o n g q u t r n h a r a n h n g q u y t n h t r n g y u , k i n n g h n h n g t h a y i
c h n g t r n h q u a n t r n g . N h t t h i t p h i l y i t n g c a c c c h n g t r n h t i p c n v
gio dc cng chng lm m c tiu nhm t c nim tin ca cng chng v chng
trnh qun l. V i cc chng trnh qun l h thng nc thi ti ch, i t ng ca
chng trnh gio dc v tip cn cng chng c th gm:
Ch s hu nh;
Cc nh sn xut;
Cc nh lp t;
Cc nh vn hnh h thng v i tng k hp ng bo tr;
C h s hu ti sn cng nghip hoc thng m i;
Cc nh quy hoch;
C c t h a n h t r a v i n ;
C c n h k h o s t ;
C n g c h n g ;
Sinh vin;
N hm dn c v hip hi gia nh;
N h m c n g d n v d n h v n p h n g t h n g m i a p h n g , v
N hm , hi mi trng.
Gio dc qun chng
C c th c th qun l ti
S t h a m g ia , n g h c a q u n c h n g t r o n g l p k h o c h ,
ch nn xc tin v h tr
t h i t k, x y d n g , b o t r v v n h n h v c n g t h i i y u
th n h lp cc nhm t vn t
trong vic chp nhn v thnh cng ca chng trnh quan
cc th n h vin tro n g cng n c th i. C c c u c h p v i c n g c h n g n n c s t h a m g ia
n g nhm th i t lp v cng c a c c q u a n c h c a p h n g v c h n h p h , c c c h s h u
ch n g vo ch ng trnh qun c h n g t r n h . T r o n g c c c u c h p n n t h o l u n c c v a n
352
T ng cng bo v ngun nc;
N g n c h n c c h g i a n h v c c c s c n g n g h i p / t h n g m i x c h t t h i
n g u y h i ;
p h b i n t h n g t i n , b a o g m :
B o a p h n g ;
p h n h o c h n h ;
ti liu gio dc COcc ch h v cc kho o to cho cc
nh thit k, ngi lp t h thng, gim st vin cng cc
H i t h o v l p k h o c h
nhn vin vn hnh / bo dng c th gip gim thiu cc
t h a m g i a ; nh hng t cc h thng ti cho bng cch gim s lng
T vn nhm tr n g im ; I cc h thong hng c th lm gim cc chi ph dnh cho ch
\ h thng v qun chng trnh.
Ph ng php lp k hoch
c h i n l c .
353
13.3. XC NH C IM ca cc i tng
N hng thng tin th u thp c t trc s cho p h p tm hiu v nhu cu, m i quan
tm , v cc m i quan h v cc i tng, qua xc nh c c ch t chc cho
chng trnh kt h p d kin. Sau , nht thit cn tm hiu trc nhn thc c a cc
i t ng v d n. N n x hi ha d n trc khi tin hnh cc nghin cu v kinh t
v k thut.
T h n g g i a ;
G io vin.
C c i t ng thc hin d n cn c kin thc v cc vn chnh nh sau
c im nc thi th v cc bin php x l;
X l v t i s d n g n c t h i m t c c h c l i ;
Q u n l m i t r n g v c c n g u n t i n g u y n t h i n n h i n ;
354
N hn thc ca cc i tng v h thng kt hp (h hiu v n n h th no,
h ng h g, thi ca h v khi nim kt hp nh th n o ...);
T h i t h i n c h c a h s l m t p h n k i n h n g h i m ( h m u n t h a m g i a , p h n i
hay th );
M c c h p n h n c a h ( h c h p n h n t h a m g i a v o d n , k i n n g h x u t c c
p h n g n t h a y t h . .
M t c im-, c c t h n h v i n , t r c h n h i m , p h m v i c h c n n g , l o i h n h t c h c ;
Cc lin minh : c c t h a t h u n k k t , c c m i l i n k t v i c c n h m k h c , h a
13.4. L A C H N C C T H C T H T R O N G H T H N G K T H P
13.4.1. C c d n g th c th q u n l
V ic pht trin, thc hin v duy tr bn vng chng trnh q u n l i hi kin thc
v chnh tr, vn ha, tnh hnh kinh t ca cng ng, cu trc t chc hin hnh v cc
c n g ngh c th s dng. N goi ra cn c m c tiu r rng v sc khe cng ng v
m i tr ng cng nh ngun ti chnh thch hp. C hng trnh q u n l nn da trn kh
n ng h ot ng, qun l v iu tit ca thc th qun l v m c tiu ca cng ng.
355
Ti nhiu a phng, s hp tc gia cc thc th trong khu vc qun l (lu vc sng,
a ht, khu vc, quc gia) l rt cn thit nhm lm tng hiu q u ca chng trnh
qun l v m bo h thng x l khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi v ngun
nc.
C c loi thc th qun l chnh gm :
C quan a phng, lin bang v quc gia;
C quan ca chnh quyn s ti;
C c huyn c m c ch c bit v cc thc th cng cng;
C c thc t h qun l d o t n h n iu h n h v s h u .
356
Bng 13.1. Trch nhim v kh nng ti chnh ca cc c quan qun l nc thi
Cng ty phi Cng ty phi
C quan nh Chnh quyn Qun / huyn Qun/huyn C quan cng
Tnh li nhun li nhun t ki
nc , thnh ph c bit c i mi quyn
cng nhn
^hi hnh cc quy Hon thnh C th ha vai C th ha vai
Thi hnh cc M t tnh C
nh ca chnh Khng nh trch nhim tr trong cc tr trong cc
Thi hnh quy b lut ca hnh, xc nh va
quyn thnh ph, quyn hn, c c th trong iu khon nu iu khon
nh v lut nh nc phm vi
c th thi hnh th thi hnh vic s dng c hp tc(v ca hp tc (v
ca nh nc v quy nh quyn hn k
b lut ca nh b lut cng c d hip hi s d hip hi s
ca tnh
nc v tinh hu nh) hu nh)
C th thu C th p C
C th thu ph, C th thu C th pht C th thay
ph, nh gi dng cch C th thay
Thng c nh gi ti ph, nh hnh tri phiu ph
ti sn, nh nh gi ti i l ph, bn
cp tin qua sn, nh thu, gi ti sn, cho ngn kh ngi s
thu, pht sn c bit, c phiu, pht p
phn b v pht hnh ri nh thu, quc gia, thu dng, thu ht
hnh tri thu ph ngi hnh tri
ti tr phiu, cn i pht hnh tri ph ngi s ti tr, i vay
phiu, cn i s dng v phiu, thu ht p
cc khon ti phiu dng v cc
cc khon ti cc ph khc, ti tr, i vay h
chnh chung ph khc
chnh chung bn tri phiu
Mc quyn hn Mc quyn hn Linh hot, cung C th m
Mc quyn hn
v kh nng thc v kh nng thc cp dch v thich rng cc dch C th cung C th cung C th cung C
v kh nng thc
thi b lut cao, thi b lut cao, hp (ch vi v cng cp dch v khi cp dch v cp dch v. c
' thi b lut cao,
n cc chng trnh cc chng trnh nhng ngi khng cn cc chnh ph khi chnh ph khi chnh ph
cc chng trnh
c th sa i c th sa i nhn ph dch khon ch tiu khng th khng th;; t khng th; t p
c th c
cho ph hp vi cho ph hp vi v); cch tip chnh, ngi t tr v tr v linh tr v linh th
chun ha, tng
iu kin a iu kin ia cn n gin v nhn dch v linh hot hot hot
mc hiu qu
phng phng c lp thng ng h
K
i khi qu xa, C th thc y Kh nng ti quy
khng nhy cm i khi khng C th thiu s pht trin ng gp cho
tr b gii hn t
vi nhu cu v sn sng cung qun l, ti chnh quyn a vic chia nh Chnh quyn Cc dch v
trong thu nip c
cc vn ca cp dch v, chnh v cc phng, gi cc dch v a phng cn km cht
v cc tri k
a phng, hng dn thc ngun khc, nguyn hoc ca chnh c th do d lng hoc
phiu, chnh v
thng chuyn hnh php lut, vic thc hin chia nh dch v ph, c th p dng khi c th b
quyn a th
vic thc hnh gii hn ghi n php lut cn cng cng xy ra s tr nim ny chm dt
phng phi c
lut cho a c hn nh ng lo tr v qun l
tr n tri
phng
t
C c t n h c n c t h u t h c m t p h n h o c t o n b q u y n h n h n y c h o c h n h q u y n a
phng. N u tnh chu trch nhim v hnh chnh v k thut ca chng trnh qun l th
vai tr u tin ca chnh quyn a phng l thc hin cc yu cu ca tnh.
Cc c quan chnh quyn a ph ng
nhiu tnh, chnh quyn a phng chu trch n h im qun l ch ng trnh nc
thi. H ng lot c quan cp huyn, qun v thnh ph qun l nhng ch n g trnh nay.
Q u y m , m c c h , q u y n h n c a c c n v c p x , q u n v t h n h p h t h a y i t h e o
t n h h n h v l u t p h p c a m i t n h . T y t h e o q u y n t h c t h i p h p l v c c n g u n c
358
a ht c bit cung cp ctn l hoc a dch v v d nh qun l qu trnh lp k
hoch v pht trin cc hot ng, thc hin cc chng trnh p h t trin kinh t, ci
thin iu kin a phng, vn hnh cc thit b x l nc thi v nc cp. K hu vc
c cung cp dch v ny c th bao gm duy nht m t cng ng, m t phn cng
ng, m t nhm cng ng, cc phn ca m t s cng ng, c m t tnh hay m t khu
v c . C c q u y n h c a t n h t h n g a r a q u y n h n , c u t r c , p h m v i h o t n g c a
a ht bao gm din dch v, chc nng, cu trc t chc, quyn ti chnh v cc tiu
ch hot ng.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit thng c trao quyn ti chnh c
th trnh xin hoc tip cn ngn qu, nh thu dch v, th u ph, kim k ti sn, pht
h n h t r i p h i u q u c g i a . M t s a h t c b i t c q u y n t i c h n h t n g t n h c c
chnh quyn thnh ph t tr bao gm quyn thu thu v gnh chu trch nhim v
nhng khon n chung. N hng a ht ny thng l cc thc th h p php c quyn k
kt hp ng, khiu kin hoc b kin. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra tr ng hp cn p
dng quyn n b lp k hoach v thc thi cc chng trnh ti ch c hiu qu.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit rt c th hp tc vi cc chnh quyn a
p h n g v t n h k h i v i c l p k h o c h v t h c h i n c h n g t r n h c n s d n g n h n g
q u y n n y .
doanh nghip;
K t hp hi ha vic qun l nc thi vi cc chnh sch pht trin v s dng t;
Q u n l c h n g t r n h x l n c t h i v i c h i p h h p l i v i n g i s d n g .
359
C c a h t q u n l v c c t h c t h q u n c h n g t h n g c t r a o q u y n g y q u t
Cc yu cu i vi h thng x l;
C c c n g n g h t i c h t h c h h p v i t n g i u k i n c t h ;
C c y u c u v d u y t r v v n h n h c h o m i h t h n g c t h ;
K h n n g t i p n h n c a n h m y x l n c t h i v x l c h t t h i ;
D t r c h i p h c h o c c b p h n q u n l c h n g t r n h ;
S o s n h c h i p h q u n l h t h n g t p t r u n g v p h c h n g t r n h ;
C c i t c t i m n n g v k i m k c c n g u n s n c ;
C c n g u n t i c h n h d k i n ;
360
Cc thc th qun l do t nhn s hu v vn hnh
Cc thc th qun l t nhn l m t phng n khc nhm m bo qun l tt h
thng x l n c thi. N h ng thc th ny chu trch nhim thit k, lp t, vn hnh
v bo dng h thng. T rong m t s trng hp, cc doanh nghip t nhn ny cng
ng vai tr l cc th c th qun l duy nht, v d, m t n h m y c th qun l m t
chng trnh nh tro n g ton b quan h hp tc gia thnh phn cng v t nhn. C
m t s cch hp tc g i a thnh phn cng v t nhn.
C hng trnh qun l c th k kt vi cc cng ty t nhn cc nhim v r rng qua
thit lp cc iu kh o n nh nh gi v tr lp t, gim st / kim tra v bo dng.
V d nh cc h th n g x l trong cc khu dn c do m t thc th t nhn bo dng
v vn hnh theo bn hp ng vi hip hi vng ln cn. M t v d khc l trng
hp cc h thng x l ti cc vng nh ti a phng c m t thc th t nhn cung
cp dch v v h ot ng theo hp ng k kt vi vng hoc m t t chc ln cn.
Cc cng ty nhn hoc cc thc th qun l cc h thng ti ch th ng c m t
thc th cng kim so t m bo cc dch v lin tc v m c chp nhn c vi
chi' ph va phi, c n c bn tha thun dch v m bo cc t chc t nhn c
an ton ti chnh, cu n g cp cc dch v thch hp v tin cy i vi khch hng. N hng
thc th ny g i vai tr chnh gim nh' gnh nng ti chnh v hnh chnh i vi
chnh quyn a ph n g bng cch cung cp cc dch v qun l h thng. C th trong
tng lai cc cng ty t nhn s xy dng, s h u v vn h n h cc h thng x l v
chu trch nhim gim st hnh chnh thc th qun l.
V ic t nhn ha l quyt nh ca chnh quyn a phng. M i cng ng phi t
nh gi tnh hnh ca m nh v t quyt nh da trn cc ph ng tin thc hin php
lut, nng cp m i tr ng nc v p ng nhu cu khch hng hu hiu nht thng
qua cc nhn v in c tuyn chn k cng.
C quan iu tit v cc thc th qun l c trch nhim
H u ht cc c q u an iu tit (v d nh cc S y t, ti nguyn m i trng, cc c
quan qun l cht l ng nc) thng thiu kinh ph, nhn vin v cc chuyn gia k
thut c th pht trin v thc hin cc chng trnh qun l tng th. D o thiu
ngun lc v nhn lc c o to, cc nh qun l chng trnh trn ton quc thng
nghin cu v ng d n g cc m hnh qun l thay th c th i din cho trch nhim
v cc thnh t qun l c th trc cc thc th khc. H oover v Beardsley (2000) xut
cc thc th qun l nn pht trin cc lin minh gia cc t chc t nhn v cng nhm
th it lp m c tiu tiu chun m i trng, nh gi thng tin v hot ng ca h thng
x l, xc tin cc h ot ng gip cho cc h thng x l p ng nhu cu thc t.
English v Y eager (2001) xut thnh lp cc thc th qun l c trch nhim
nhm m bo cho hot ng ca cc h thng x l nc thi ti ch v phn tn.
l thc th qun l hp php c kh nng v k thut, qun l v ti chnh m bo
vic qun l, vn hnh v bo dng tt c cc h thng kh thi, lu di, sinh li trong
361
phm vi quyn lc php l ca thc th qun l c trch nhim . T nh kh th i l kh
nng ca loi th c th ny trong vic bo v sc khe cng ng v m i tr n g m t
cch hiu qu qua cc chng trnh tp trung vo hot ng ca h thng n h iu h n l
cc h ng dn y quy tc [E nglish v Y eager, 2001]. Thc th qun l c trch nhim
c th vn hnh n h cc chng trn h qun l c pht trin y vi cc chng
trnh gim st hin hnh. Thc th qun l c trch nhim thng c coi l th c th
qun l ton din vi kh nng ti chnh, k th u t v qun l c th m bo cho h
thng x l p ng c cc yu cu hot ng.
ng chi tit, ton din v r rng vi chnh sch ICUtin lun hu ch trong vic ci ihin hot n
v thit yu cho qu trnh cnh tranh cng bng.
362
Trch nhim qun c th c giao cho m t thc th c chnh quyn tnh hoc
chnh quyn a ph ng la chn trc nhm qun l m t s hoc tt c cc b phn
trong chng trnh nc thi ti ch. V ic giao trch nhim qun l cho m t thc th
qun l c trch nhim hoc cho m t thc th qun l t to n din hn r rng l m t
gii php thc t gip gy qu v thu ht nhn lc cho cc h o t ng qun l quan
trng. Tuy nhin, s dng thc th qun l c trch nhim khin cho vic pht trin v
thc hin chng trnh qun l phc tp hn. c n tng cng h p tc v xy dng k
hoch nhm thit lp m t chng trnh qun l hiu qu. T hc th qun l c trch
nhim c th thc hin tt c cc hot ng trong chng trnh qun l c m t di
y, trong c m t s hot ng do m t thc th qun l c k h nng hn ch hn
thc hin. T rong phm vi php l m trch nhim ca chng trnh qun l i din cho
thc th qun l c trch nhim , m t c quan iu tit (v d nh: S y t a phng)
phi gim st thc th ny m bo chng trnh t c m c tiu m i trng v
sc khe cng ng ton din. Ty thuc quy nh ca tnh v a phng, cn c m t
bn tha thun chnh thc gia thc th qun l c trch nhim v c quan iu tit cho
qu trnh iu hnh cc b phn trong chng trnh ca T h c th qun l c trch
nhim , v d n h cp giy php.
V ic tham gia thc hin m t s nhim v trong chng trnh qun l ca thc th
qun l khng ton din hay vic thc hin m t s nhim v qun l ton din ca thc
th qun l c trch nhim nn c iu chnh thch hp cho m i tnh hung a
phng. D a vo c im pht trin t nhin ca chng trnh q u n l nc thi, m t
s hot ng cn m t thc th qun l c trch nhim tin hnh v d nh nh cung cp
d c h v t n h n . T r o n g m t s t r n g h p , t r c h n h i m n y c c h i a s g i a c c c
363
G hi chp h s v qun l c s d liu vi m c ch iu tit;
i u p h i c c n l c t h c h i n k h o c h t r o n g v n g v a p h n g .
Tuy nhin c quan iu tit thng ch y thc cho thc th qun l khng to n din
v trch nhim thc hin m t vi hot ng nu trn. Cc hot ng c u th c cho
thc th qun l khng ton din c xc nh theo kh nng qun l ca h v cc
hot ng c th, cc vn v m i trng v sc khe cng ng v quyn y th c cc
hot ng ny l ca c quan iu tit. V d, nu c trao q uyn s h u v v n hnh
h thng x l trong phm vi dch v, thc th qun l khng to n din s chu trch
nhim tt c cc vn trong h thng qun l bao gm t ra m c ph, thit k v lp
t h thng, tin hnh kim tra v gim st cc h thng ny nhm m bo t c
m c tiu hot ng ca c quan iu tit. O tis, M cC arthy v C rosby (2001) trnh by
m t s ph hp vi qun l hot ng m inh ha cho cc khi nim trn.
H thng kt hp i hi qun l kt hp. c n ghi n h vic thc hin v tn h bn
vng ca k hoch khi la chn m hnh v c cu cho tng trng hp. K hi m
hnh qun l nn bao gm:
M t lnh o thc th xc tin h thng vi cc cng c iu phi v tham gia;
Phm vi qun l ca b phn x l nc thi;
P h m v i q u n l c a b p h n t i s d n g n c t h i ;
K h o c h g i m s t , t i p t c v n h g i ;
364
li hiu qu v c trch nhim , ng dng cng ngh tin tin v k h thi, khng ngng
ci tin k hoch v thay th c s h tng kp thi. Q uyt nh t nhn ha cc loi
hnh ch v hay bn ti sn v m i tr ng l m t trong n h n g m i quan tm ca a
phng, quyt nh ny nn da trn vic kim tra k lng tn h hn h a phng. Cc
quan chc ch nh ph, cc nh qun l, cc nh vn hnh n h m y v cc nh phn tch
ti chnh n n s dng tt c cc cng c lp k hoch v ti chnh nh gi thu o
n h u cu vn hin ti v trong tng lai cng nh cc m c tiu v m i trng.
v c bn, s la chn t chc _____________________________________ .......................................... -------- ................................... ................................. ............ .. ~ -
-
q u a n l y p h t h u c n h u c a u v a u
I
I
kh nng ca cc thc th qun l
n g n g C Q a C C t h C t h l q u n l
ti n c a a p h n g . L o i h n h th c I Cung
Cung cp
cp lin
lin tc
tc cc
cc chnh
chnh sch
sch v
v qun
qun l;
l; I
th q u n l c n th i t th n g p h Tnh
1. Tnhph
ph dch
dch v;
v; I
th u c v o n h u c u b o d n g h Bt buc
Bt buc ngi
ngi ss dng
dng dch
dch v
v chp
chp hnh
hnh cc
cc
I quy nh trong chng trnh qun l (v d quy
th n g . ,H th n g q u n l, u, tin !1! nh
nhvvkim v
kimtratra
vTdch
dch * qun (vi d quy
? !v);
?v);
cha hn l m hnh tt nht. I. D u y ttr
Duy r r ch nhim
trch nhim ;i
ti ch in h hhp
chnh p l
l;: I
l a c h Im Chuyn
Chuyn giao
n giao trch
trch nhim
nhim php
php l
cl (mt
(mt s
s thc
m thc th
th
t t h c t h e q u a n l y
t t i u qun l
qun l tp
tp trung
c trung vo
t trch nhim
vo trch
y nhimphp
u php ll cho
p cho h i n g h i n c u c n I
xi 1 '* * ~ U' mt
mt t chc trong khi cc thc thc th khc phnphn
thn v tho lun vi cng chng, , ; ; , ' ,: ' 6 2 7, ,: 7 , ly
* \ , chia
chia trch
trch nhim
nhimphp
php lcho
cho cc
cc t
t chc);
chc);
N n t h u t h p c c t v n v k i n h t , | .
I Thuv
Thu vgi
gi lai cc nhn
li cc nhn vin
vin c
c ^ ph
trnh ph hp.hp
ti chnh v p hp lut sm trc khi I
n h g i c c p h n g n . .
365
C th bt u qu trnh thit lp h th n g q u n l vi p h n g y t a ph n g hoc
vi cc cng dn c li nhiu nht t vic th it lp th c th qun l. M t thc th qun
l nn phc v dn chng trong ton khu vc hay m t p h n tro n g k h u vc.
Q u y trnh qun l phc tp hom s c th lm tng chi ph. C h s h u h th n g chi
ph thp c th phi tr ha n hng thng g i n g n h cc ch kh c thuc h thng
trong thnh ph. T hm ch nu p dng th u p h n g i s dn g v loi tr cc chi ph
trc tip cho cc i t ng ng thu th cn ch khi xc n h xem ngi dn c b
gin tip nh hng. V d nu thc th qun l l m t th n h p h hay qu n , tt c ngi
dn c th phi chu ri ro chi ph khi thay h th n g h n g do k h n g bo dng tt.
N hu cu th ng rt ln v vic qun l p h c tp h n i vi c hai h thng: x l
ti ch v x l nc thi trong cng ng nh. M c d n h n g h th n g ny bo dng
kh d dng, song cc n ghin cu gn y cho th y cc h th n g n y th n g khr.g
c bo d ng tt. Q uy trn h qun l t t h n s to th u n li cho m r n g s dn g cc
la chn cng ngh phc tp. C ng c th c m t s th c th q u n l p h thuc vo nhu
cu v m ong m un ca qun hoc cng ng a p h ng.
Q un l cc h thng c s h tng nh h th n g cp n c sin h h o t, nc thi, nc
m a, h thng thot nc v bo v lu vc sng g i vai tr q u an tr n g trong th mnh
ca nn kinh t v sc khe cng ng bng cch m bo nc sch an ton cho ngi
dn, cc doanh nghip v cc ngnh cng nghip. C s h tng k h n g ch bao gm cu
trc vt th v d nh ng ng dn nc, th o t n c, h th n g n c thi tp trung tai
ch, cc nh m y x l nc thi m cn l cc b in p h p phi v t th nh thc hnh
qun l tt nht, bo v ngun nc n h sui, h, n c ngm , n c m ly. C s h
tng c th do th c th cng, t nhn, v li n h u n h o c p h i li nh u n , nh u t s
366
h tng m i tro n g cc kh u vc ang pht trin vt q u kh nng hin c. v n
thm trm trng khi phi tng ph p ng cc quy nh mi nhm gim cht nhim, k
hoch khng hp l v xu hng ca chnh ph u t t hn vo c s h tng.
Cc h thng th n g m i nh v cc ch s hu ti sn khu vc nng thn khng
c phc v cp th o t nc cng phi c trch nhim v cn phi gi gn cc c s h
tng t nhn phc v cp nc v x l nc thi. Cc h thng t v phn tn ny i
din cho m t thch th c khc i vi chnh quyn a ph ng tro n g vic gim st, duy
tr v m bo vic tun th. X c nh cc thch thc v c s h tng rt quan trng
nhm m bo n g u n nc sch v sc kho cng ng v tip tc pht trin kinh t
thng qua qun l bn v ng ngun nc.
M c tiu hng u c a v ic x l nc thi l bo v sc k h e cng ng v m i
tr ng nc. C h n h quyn thnh ph v quc gia ci th in cht lng nc rt nhiu
bng vic qun l t t v vn hnh tt cc thit b x l nc thi. C hi ph tng v nhu
cu nng cp n h m y l m t thch thc chnh c c dch v t t nht, gi c n
nh, ngi dn vui v khi c cc thit b x l nc thi do cng chng qun l. Tuy
cc thit b x l nc thi ny chim v tr quan trng trn th tr n g song cc cng ty
t nhn cng rt tch cc tm kim c hi a ra cc la chn qun l cc c s vt cht
x l nc thi a ph ng theo hn h thc t nhn. Cc cng ng trn khp th gii
kt hp c vic qun l cc th it b x l nc thi di h n h thc t nhn. H ot ng
ny c gim st th n g qua cc iu khon v iu kin trong hp ng dch v c
lp ra i vi m i quan h th ng mi.
367
chc nng.T heo quyn thc thi lut php, quyn lc c phn ch o m t s chi nhinh
iu tit thc thi cc hot ng.
Trong tr ng hp , cc t
Cc nhim v ca c quan iu tit
chc lin quan nn c quyn
Pht trin v thc hin cc chnh sch v quy ch;
thc hin tt c cc hot ng
m bo tnh lin tc trong qun l;
cn thit v nn phi hp cc Cng co cc quy ch v cc yu cu ca chng trnh
hot ng trnh xy ra cc bng chnh sch khuyn khch hoc pht;
Chi o nh gi v tr xy dng v khu vc;
khong trng trong chng Yu cu cc nh cung cp xut trnh chng ch hoc giy
trnh, s d th a v thiu hiu php;
Gim st qu trnh xt duyt v ph chun thit k
qu. T rong m t s trng hp
h thng;
c quan iu ti t c th trao Cp giy php lp t v hot ng;
m t s trch nhim cho thc Gim st xy dng h thong;
nh gi cht lng thanh tra v gim st;
th qun l khng ton din. Kim tra v gim st h thng v ngun tip nhn;
K hi ton b trch nhim c Ti tr chng trnh qua ngun kinhph ring;
Thu ph dch v chng trnh qun l (v d cp php,
giao cho thc th qun l c
thanh tra);
trch nhim , c quan iu tit Ho tr ti chnh hoc chia s chi ph;
nn nm vai tr gim st v Ti tr hoc nhn ti tr;
Pht trin hoc ph bin cc ti liu gio dc;
hng dn chp hnh php lut o to nh cung cp v nhn vin;
nhm m bo p h hp vi cc Tin hnh cc chng trnh gio dc cng ng v tham
gia ca cng ng;
yu cu php l, hot ng v
Thu, o to v lu gi cc nhn vin c cht lng.
cc yu cu khc.
M i chnh quyn a phng c m t c cu t chc ring q un l h thng x l
nc thi ti ch da theo nhu cu, nhn thc v thc trng. iu cc k quan trng l
cc quy ch hay b lut phi cho php c quan iu tit v thc th q u n l k h ng ton
din trin khai m t cu trc t chc c to n quyn thc h in cc c h n g trnh iu tit
v k thut th ch hrp. c n c bn nh g i ch n h xc quyn, kh n n g cc m c v
phm vi khc nhau xc nh quyn, phm vi hot ng ca c q u a n iu tit v thc
th qun l khng ton din cng n h l trn h qun l. V ic li ko s th am gia ca cc
t chc y t cng ng, cc nhm m i tr ng, cc c quan pht trin k in h t, cc thc
th chnh tr v cc i tng khc vo q u trnh ny c th m bo rng gii hn v
phm vi hnh ng ca m t chng trnh qun l ti ch c hiu r v c ng h.
T rong m t s tr ng hp cc chnh sch h ay quy nh m i ca nh n c phi c thc
thi cng nhn cc thc th qun l khng ton d in ti ch.
V ic cp chng chi v cp php cho nhng nh cung cp dch v n h ngi thu gom
ph thi, nh thit k, ngi lp t v nhn vin bo dng c th gip m bo hiu
qu, tnh chp php ca chng trnh qun l v gim gnh nng h n h chnh cho c
368
quan iu tit. y cng l m t bin php hiu qu m bo tnh ch u y n nghip cao v
kinh nghim cn th i t th c hin cc cng vic ny.
C q u a n i u t i t n n x y d n g c c t i u c h t i t h i u t r o n g c p p h p / c p c h n g c h
c h o t t c c c n h c u n g c p d c h v n h m b o v s c k h e c n g n g v c h t l n g
ngun nc.
G i m n g u y c i v i s c k h e c n g n g
G im nguy c i vi sc khe do tc ng c a cc ch t nhim t h thng
nc thi tro n g nh;
Phng ch n g nhim nc dng v nc ngm do cc m m bnh, nitrat, v cc
cht c hi g y nn;
P h n g c h n g n h i m n c m t d o c c m m b n h , t h c n ( c h t d i n h d n g ) , v
cc cht c hi;
B o v cc khu vc trng trt v vng sinh sng ca cc loi c khi nhim do
m m b n h v c c h i n t n g p h d n g ;
P h n g c h n g x n c t h i v o t t r n b m t t n h m t r n h t i p x c t r c t i p ;
369
G im thiu nguy c t vic ti s dng n c thi cha c x l trit phc
v cc nhu cu cp nc sinh hot, ti tiu v cc m c ch khc;
G im thiu nguy c t vic qun l khng t t bn cn cc b t hoi;
G im thiu nguy c do cng ng tip cn cc b phn ca h thng.
Gim thiu cc phin nhiu cng ng
G im thiu m i v v ting n gy ra t cc th it b, cng trn h trong q u trnh
x l;
G im thiu ting n v m i hoc cc p h in n hiu khc tro n g v n chuyn, ti s
dng hay ph t thi cc cht thi d tha.
B o v m i tr n g
Phng chng v gim cc tc ng c hi cho n g un nc do x cc ch t g y
nhim vo h thng ti ch;
P hng chng v gim cc cht dinh d ng gy hin t n g p h d ng trong
ngun nc m t;
B o v cc vng sinh vt v ni c tr c a cc loi thy sinh.
C ung cp h thng XLNT c hiu qu kinh t v cc chng trnh qun l
G n y, ngi ta ch nhiu hn n vic phng chng s x u n g cp cht lng
nc ngm v nc m t c lin quan n h th n g x l nc thi ti ch v cc tc
ng n ni sinh sng ca cc loi th y sinh. M c tiu c a chng trn h c m
rng nhm gii quyt cc vn dinh dng, cc cht c hi v cc vn sc khe
cng ng k c cc m m bnh, v n tn g d inh d ng do nc thi ti ch g y ra
lo ngi bi n dn ti vic to sinh tr ng qu m nh v gim lng x y ho tan tng
nc m t, c bit l cc vng nc km lu th n g n h h, vnh hay ca sng. V ic
x cc cht c hi vo h thng x l v dn dn vo ngun n c ngm ang ngy
c nhiu ngi quan tm , c bit hin nay cc n v thng m i n h trm xng du
v trm y t th ng dng h thng x l phn tn ti ch. C c tc n g tim n t m m
b n h p h t r a t h t h n g x l n c t h i t i c h t i c c l n g n u i t r n g t h y s n v c c
n g m v n c m t n n g c a o t h c b o v c h t l n g n c v m i t r n g s n g d i
370
tham g ia nhiu h n vo vic thit lp cc m c tiu chng trn h x l nc thi ti
c h v q u n l c c c h n g t r n h .
Tuy nhin, m t s c quan v cht lng nc thiu qu y n trc tip hoc trch
nhim kim sot cc h thng ti ch. S thiu quyn lc ny d n n nhu cu hp tc
v t ra nhng m c ti u chung gia cc c quan y t c cng q u y n hn. N u khng
tnh n c quan no c quyn hp php qun l cc h thng ti ch th c th nhn ra
rng nhim v ca ch ng trnh qun l cn bao hm c hai m c tiu cht lng nc
v sc khe cng ng. t c cc m c tiu trn cn c m t cch tip cn c tnh
bc n g o t ton din m i c th hon thnh c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh. Hp
tc vi cc c q u an v cc thc th khc nhau l rt cn thit c th kt hp vic
hoch nh, bo v sc khe cng ng v bo v lu vc sng m t cch ti u nht.
13.6.2. Q u y h o c h to n d in
H och nh ton din c ba phn vic quan trng: (1) thit lp v thc hin m t thc
th qun l; (2) thit lp cc qu trnh quy hoch bn trong cho thc th qun l; (3) hp tc
v tham gia vo qu trnh quy hoch s dng t tng th hn. Q u y hoch tng th cung
cp m t c ch m bo cho chng trnh c thng tin cn thit hot ng tt.
C ng cn phi m bo rng cc vn qun l ti ch c k t h p trong c quyt
nh v tng tr n g v p ht trin trong tng lai. M t chng trn h qun l nc thi ti
ch hiu qu nn c th hin trong qu trinh quy hoch s d n g t c th t
c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh v tr gip cc nh quy h o ch trnh c hn ch
ca k hoch tro n g qu kh.
y l nhng vn cn nghin cu c bit quan trng i vi nh ng khu vc h
thng x l nc thi tp trung ang c cn nhc la chn lm gii php thay th cc
h thng phn tn. K hoch tng th v quy hoch s dng t c quan h cht ch vi
n h a u : k h o c h t n g t h d n n p h t t r i n c c c h n h s c h v h n g d n h p l , q u y
hoch s dng t cung cp khung iu lut chi tit thc h in k hoch tng th.
H o n achefsky (2 000) trnh by m t bn tng kt cc qu trnh q u y hoch ton din t
gc sinh thi. N hn chung, k hoch ton din c th vch ra cc m c tiu bo v mi
trng rng ln cho cng ng v bn quy nh quy hoch vng c th:
C t h h a c c y u c u t h c h i n x l n c t h i t i c h h o c p h n t n t i c c v n g
n h n g v n g t r n g y u ;
K h u y n k h c h s p h t t r i n t h h a t i c c k h u v c c q u y h o c h t h o t n c ;
371
V ic kt hp k hoch
C c phn vic trong chirong trnh quy hoch tng th
tng th v chng trnh
Xc nh ranh gii chng trnh qun l;
quy hoch vi vic qun La chn cc thc th qun l;
l chng trnh nc thi Thit lp mc tiu bo v mi trng v sc khe con ngi;
ti ch c th to ra mt Thnh lp mt i lp k hoch bao gm cc thnh vin trong
ban qun v cc co ng a phong;
nn tng vng chc hn
Xc nh cc ngun v cc i tc trong v ngoi hoch nh;
xc nh v yu cu Thu thp thng tin v t, a th\ lng ma, cht lng nc
mc x l thch hp i trong khu vc;
vi cc khu vc ring, Xc nh cc vng sinh thi trng im, cc khu vc gii tr v
cc vng cn bo v nc;
khu vc lu vc sng v
1 Xc nh cc c trng v p s phi trin trong qu kh,
ln cn lu vc sng. ! hin ti v tng lai nh my x l nc thi;
Cch tip cn kt hp cho Hp tc vi cc c quan ph trch nc thi a phng nhm
php gim c chng xc nh cc khu vc dch v hin ti v trong tng lai, xc
nh kh nng tip nhn cht thi ca nh my x ;
trnh qun l c c h Xc nh cc van trong vn bn v cc khu vc c nguy c
thng hin hnh v h tro n g l n g lai;
thng ti ch mi. C u tin v tp trung vo cc vng c van cn gi quyt
ngay hoc gii quyt trong tng lai;
quan y t a phng chu
Phi trin cc yu cu thc hin v cc chin c gii quyt
trch nhim qun l cc vn h i n t i v tim n;
chng trnh theo b lut. \ Thc hin chin c, gim st tin v thay oi chin lc
Phi hp qun l nc nu cn.
thi ti ch vi cc hot
ng hoch nh v quy hoch c th m bo rng cc gi thu c ch nh cho pht
trin l c c s vi mc thc hin nht nh ca h thng ti ch trong lu ti cc
phn tch v c im v tr xy dng v mc phn ti cc cht thi.
e t chc tt hn qu trnh phn tch ny, mt s chng trnh qun l chn nhng
vng i hi cng ngh v chin lc qun l c th bo v cc ngun mi trng trng
yu. Nhng vng ny c th da trn loi t, a hnh, a cht, thy vn v cc c im
khc. Trong cc vng ny, c quan iu tit c th c quyn nh r mt h thng ti
a, cc yu cu thit k h thng, cc yu cu thc hin v bo dng / vn hnh.
Cc thay i ni ti trong mc ch chng trnh, dn s hc v cc tin b cng
ngh cn c thng tin v phi hp nhm m bo hon thnh mc tiu ngn hn v di
hn ca chng trnh. Rt nhiu bin ng nh hng n qu trnh hoch nh ni ti
chng hn nh cc yu t v v tr v cc loi h thng x l trong khu vc, cu trc t
chc hin ti v tng lai ca thc th qun l v ngun ti chnh cho pht trin v thc
hin chng trnh.
372
lng hoc mc tp trung c th nh lng c ca cc cht gy nhim c th
(v d nit, mm bnh). Cc yu cu bng li vn m t cc kha cnh nh tnh c th
chp nhn c ca nc thi. Yu cu bng s v d nh cc h thng b t hoi ti
khu vc mi trng nhy cm ch cho php pht thi khng qu 2,3 kg nit/nm, hoc
nng nit trong nc thi khng qu lOmg/L. Mt s ch tiu gii hn thng yu
cu i vi nh my x l nc thi nh sau:
Phtpho (i vi nc mt);
Cng sut ca h thng da trn lu lng dng chy trung bnh ngy v cao nht
theo tnh ton;
37 3
13.6.4. Cc yu cu xy dng v lp t
374
chng trnh khc nhm gip gim nguy c hng hc h thng, gim chi ph u t lu
di, gim nguy c nhim nc mt v nc ngm [Eliasson v cc cs., 2001; B Y t
Washington, 1994].
C nhiu cc phng n thc hin cc chng trinh bo dng v vn hnh, bao
gm cc chng trnh t nguyn (ch u t c o to chu trch nhim vn hnh v
bo dng h thng ca h); cc chng trnh phc tp hn v tt nht l cc chng
trnh do c quan qun l c trch nhim la chn v qun l. Nhn chung vic bo
dng t nguyn ch ph hp vi h thng khng c tnh cht c kh v t nhng
khu vc c mt dn s thp. Cng tc qun l cn c tng cng i vi nhng h
thng phc tp hn hoc cc _________________________________________________
ngun cn bo v i hi mc C c yu
T~,77 I . . . - 77 . . 1 ]
t trong chng trnh vn hnh, bo dirng
C c yu t trong cnuong trnh vn hnh, bo dirng I
n to an c a o h n . y
v qun l cc cht tn d
Can bao ng cho cac chu I m hng dn v chng trnh cho php vn
Xy dng cc hng
S hu v cc nh cung cp I 1 hnh
hnhva
vbao
bodng
dngh
hthng;
thng; I
dich v v nguy c h thng IIPht
Phttrin
trinh
hthong boco
thngbo cocc
cchot
hotng
ngbo
bodng
dngv
v
vn hnh;
hoat ng sai chc nng. I v^n hanh , I
X . II
Trao oi thng tin
i thng tin bo
bo dng,
dng, vvn
n hnh
h n h v nhc
n h c nh
n h cc
cc
lm n gin vic truyn tin I 1 ch chh hthong-
thng; I
bo ng, mt s nh sn xut IPht Phttrin
trinchng
chngtrnh
trnhthanh
thanh tra vthmthamtratrathc
thcthi;
thi; ;
pht trin nhng h thng Xy Xy dng
dngcc cc chng
chngtrnh
trnh cp
cp chng
chngchi/ch/bng
bngcho cho cc
cc ;
kim sot, X l, gim st t xa nhcung
nh cungcp cpdch
dchv;
v; s ^ I
, ,, ,
Sp xp cc c hi o to nu cn thit;
v thng bo cc trc trc cho T ' ' , , , , '1 . ,, , ,
. XXy
y dng
dngcc ccthu
thtc
tcthng
thngbo
bovvhnh
hnhng
ngkhi
khimthch hp;
ch hp;
cac ky thut vien bang cach \' Thit lp h thng bo co v nhc nh
Thit p h thng bo co v nhc nh qu trnh gim qu trnh gim
nhn tin, qua Internet. Ngy st
sthh thng;
thong;
nay giao thc v tuyn, my ! Xy\ Xy dng cc yu cu qun l cht cht thi v bo co s s
tnh, in thoi di ng v cc i\ dng v pht
(lng v phat thai.thi.
tr gip c nhn dng k thut .......................... - ......... ..........- ............ .......... ................... J
s c pht trin gip ngi qun l h thng c th gim st v nh gi ng thi
nhiu h thng [Navvathe, 2 0 0 0 ], hon na cn tng cng s tp trung cng c qu trnh
qun l cc h thng x l nc thi ti nhng ni xa. Nhng cng c gip tit kim
chi ph i li v thi gian thanh tra, tp trung nhn s vo cc h thng i hi thng
xuyn ch v bo dng. Cc thit b o t xa ti a im x l c iu khin hot
ng thng qua cc ng dy in thoi c sn hoc chuyn dng. Nhng h thng
gip cho cc nh iu hnh h thng c th iu chnh chu trnh bm, thi gian bom,
hn gi v cc chu trnh bm [Stephens, 2000].
Mt s c quan qun l c cc chng trnh ton din hp php ch yu bao qut
vic gia hn giy php hot ng, vic thanh tra bt buc hoc cng khai (khai bo /
thanh tra) da trn cc giao dch hoc gim st nh k do cc thanh tra c giy php
hnh ngh. Cc giy php hot ng c gia hn c th buc cc ch h thng phi k
hp ng vi nh thu bo dng c chng nhn hoc phi chng minh c rng mnh
375
tin hnh y cc th tc bo dng v gim st nh k. Bn bn ti sn c th b;
yu cu phi cng khai hoc thm tra hot ng ca h thng (v d bin bn khai bo
thanh tra ca c quan thanh tra a phng hoc c quan thanh tra hu trch khc) trc
khi vic mua bn din ra. ng c ti chnh thng thc y s tun th v c th l
nhng khon tin pht nh do hot ng bo dng km cng c th l nh ch vic
bn nh nu nh h thng x l nc thi khng m bo hot ng tt. Ph thanh tre
cng l mt ngun kinh ph cho cc chng trnh nh vy. Cc bn cho thu c th nh
hng ti vic p dng bin php cng quyt hn, yu cu phi thanh tra h thng
trc khi cho php tin hnh cho thu ti sn. mt s ni, vic thanh tra din ra cng
lc vi cc giao dch v ti sn kh ph bin d khng c cc quy nh bt buc. Hot
ng ny gn lin vi hot ng cho vay v cc chnh sch bo ton ti sn ca cc
ngn hng a phng v cc t chc cho vay.
C quan iu tit nn bit rng nu vic thanh tra ph thuc vo cc nh thu c th
dn ti k h. Vic chuyn i ti sn khng c c quan php l tham gia cng c th
din ra m khng c thanh tra. Ngoi ra, t nhn c th t thanh tra ri bo co cho bn
thu, cc thanh tra c th khng cn c cng trch nhim gii trnh. C quan iu tit
nn tin hnh thanh tra nh k h thng da trn tui th ca h thng, mc phc
tp ca h thng v thay i ch s hu.
Cc k hoch qun l h thng x l ti ch phi c thng tin v bin php bo
dng h thng ph hp vi cc tiu chun c thit k v ph chun. Bt k h
thng mi hay ang hot ng no m khng c bo dng theo k hoch c
ph chun c th gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cn c ci to. Cc yu
cu bo dng c c th ha trong cc quy tc, v d nh cc b t hoi phi c
bm ht khi bn v cc cht cn b chim 1/3 dung tch b.
376
pht thi / ti s dng. Nhn chung cc nh qun l ca chng trnh thng c gng
gim thiu cc nh hng ca cc ha cht c hi hoc c tim n c t cng nh cc
sinh vt mang mm bnh c trong cht thi i vi con ngi, ng vt, nc ngm v
h sinh thi. Cc mng then cht khc trong chng trnh qun l bn thi bao gm vic
theo di hoc k khai cc h thong trong xc nh cc ngun cht thi,- thit b vn
ti, ch vn chuyn, phng php x l cng nh cc quy trnh kim sot vic tip xc
ca con ngi vi cc cht thi, k c kim sot cc sinh vt mang mm bnh, qun l
nc ma v hn ch vic ra vo cc khu vc chn lp.
377
Phng php c s lin kt gia tnh chuyn nghip vi cc chnh sch khuyn khch v
kinh t ny c bit hiu qu trong vic duy tr s tun th cc quy nh i vi nhng
chng trnh x l ti ch. Cc chng trnh chi n thun ng k cc nh cung cp dch
v hoc khng th thit lp c cc bin php x l i vi nhng i tng hot ng
km cht lng s khng p ng c cc yu cu v c chuyn mn ln k thut.
Mt s chng trnh cp php v chng ch i vi vic thc thi cc quy nh cng
nh nh gi cht lng thc hin i hi trnh hc vn cao hn. Cc kha o to
thng xuyn cng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo tnh hiu qu ca cc
chuyn gia nh gi, th k, nhng ngi lp giy php, cc nh thit k cng nh i
ng cung cp dch v khc.
378
L u l i b o c o v c c h th n g k i m t r a , k t q u v c c l u .
Cc chng trnh qun l tng hp thng bao gm c cc chng trnh quan trc
gi vai tr nh mt cch thc hin khng ghp ni gm nh gi k hoch thc a,
thit k, lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v quan trc.
Cc chng trnh quy m hn hng vo cc t chc cho vay nhm phc v cho li
ch ca cc t thanh tra h thng ti thi im chuyn giao ti sn c th l mt
phng php hiu qu nhm pht hin v khc phc cc vn tim n ng thi trnh
c cc bin php cng ch. Nhiu t chc cho vay yu cu phi thanh tra cc h
thng trc khi chp thun vic cho vay bng th chp nh hoc ti sn.
13.6.9. Cc chng trnh hnh ng nhm bc buc tun th, cng ch v x pht
379
Cc sc lnh ti a phng c tnh cht thc y hiu qu hot ng c th cn c vo
cc hng dn thit k k thut a ra cc yu cu chi tit hn ivi vic thitkv
vn hnh cc h thng. Nhng bin php cng c cc quy nh t ra cho mt chng
trnh qun l bao gm:
Phn hi cc kin khiu ni;
Thanh tra hot ng ca h thng;
Xem xt li cc ti liu yu cu v bo co kt qu;
Ra thng bo v vic vi phm;
Lnh chp hnh v lnh ca to n;
Lng nghe v xt x chnh thc v khng chnh thc;
Xc nh trch nhim dn s v hnh s;
Tuyn pht i vi h thng v / hoc ti sn;
Khc phc s c ti h thng;
Hn ch cc giao dch bt ng sn (v d: th chp);
Ra thng bo x pht hnh chnh hoc pht tin.
Mt s bin php nu trn c th tr nn tn km hoc gy d lun khng tt v em
li t hiu qu nu khng c s ng h ca qun chng. Vic a i tng nm gi th
chp vo trong chng trnh qun l tng qut gip m bo rng cc iu lut s ph
hp vi khu vc qun l v tch cc bo v sc kho con ngi cng nh ngun ti
nguyn nc. S tham gia ca cc i tng nm th chp ni chung s c tc dng tt
hn i vi vic m bo hiu qu hot ng so vi cc bin php trng pht.
Cn c cc thng tin v hot ng ca cc h thng ti ch, iu kin mi trng
cng nh cc bin php qun l ca cc c quan v cc phn tch v xu hng trong
trng hp cc bin php qun l c tng cng. Hu ht cc nc u lp ra cc
chng trnh iu tit v giao trch nhim thc thi cc b lut ny cho cc c quan
a phng.
Mt chng trnh iu tit tp trung vo cc quy nh v hiu qu hot ng thay v
tun th cc quy nh theo mnh lnh s t ra trch nhim ln hn i vi c quan
gim st / cp php, cc nh cung cp dch v (nh gi thc a, thit k, hp ng,
vn hnh) v cc ch s hu h thng. C quan qun l phi thit lpcc chun hiu
qu hot ng ng tin cy v pht trin nng lc suy xt ph duyt cc n thit k
h thng m nh sn xut hoc k s thc s p ng cc yu cu. V ic kim tra hot
.ng ca cc h thng mi xy dng phi c tin hnh thng qua mt chng trnh
thanh tra ph hp. Cc nh cung cp dch v cng phi c tham gia vo chng trnh
ny nhm m bo rng h pht huy mi hiu bit v k nng thit k, lp t v
vn hnh thnh cng h thng x l nc thi theo ng tiu chun t ra. Cui cng,
c quan qun l phi lp c mt quy trnh c th ti to c m bo nh gi
chnh xc v qun l c nhiu cng ngh x l hin i hn.
380
1 3 .6 .1 0 . T h u t h p s li u , l u h s v b o c o
381
Thu thp v qun l d liu gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hoch nh, pht trin
v thc hin chng trnh. Cc cng vic ca h thng thng tin qun l bao gm pht
trin c s d liu, thu thp d liu, nhp d liu, truy vn, phc hi v tch hp thng
tin, phn tch d liu v bo co. Trn th trng c cc loi phn mm khc nhau phc
v cho vic qun l c s d liu v cc loi thng tin khc. Sau giai on ci t v tm
hiu ban u, cc c s d liu in t c th gim bt gnh nng trong vic thu thp,
lu tr, phc hi, s dng v tch hp thng tin. V d, nu v tr ca cc h thng c
m t di dng ta kinh tuyn, v tuyn th ta c th to ra mt tng d liu cho cc
h thng v a vo h thng bn a hnh. Vic thm vo cc thng tin v h
thng thu lc phc v vic x nc thi, khi lng cht gy nhim d kin v thi
gian pht thi theo tng iu kin thu th c th gip cc nh qun l hiu c c ch
gy nhim cho ngun nc v do h tr cc hot ng khc phc. Cc m hnh
cng c tc dng d on cc tc ng ca qu trnh pht trin d kin ng thi
gip a ra cc quy nh trong hot ng ca cc h thng ti nhng khu vc .
Cc c quan khc c th nm gi v qun l mt s d liu cn thit cho vic qun l
cc h thng x l ti ch. V d cc c quan mi trng hay k hoch thng thu thp,
lu tr v phn tch cc d liu v t ai v c tnh ca ngun nc. Vic pht trin
cc chnh sch chia s thng tin gia cc c quan thng qua cc tho thun hp tc c
th gip a cc t chc cng vo cuc gii quyt cc vn v sc kho v mi
trng, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ton din ca chng trnh. C quan qun l c
trch nhim m bo cho cc d liu v nhng h thng hin ang tn ti c th n
c vi cc cn b y t v cc cn b ph trch ngun ti nguyn nc, do nhng
hot ng v phn tch ca c quan ny phn nh tm quan trng trong cng tc bo
m sc kho cng ng v bo v mi trng.
382
Tip cn ph hp vi mc tiu v i tng nu c thay i cc iu kin ni ti
hoc ngoi lai;
Cc quy trnh a ra cc bin php hnh chnh khi xng hoc php lut ci
thin hot ng ca chng trnh;
Bo co hng nm v tnh hnh, xu hng v kt qu t c ca chng trnh
qun l;
Ni gp g trao i thng tin v qu trnh tin hnh gia nhng ngi gp vn vo
chng trnh.
C th s dng mt lot cc k thut v quy trnh khc nhau nh gi cc yu t
hnh chnh v qun l ca mt chng trnh. Phng php p dng, cho mi mt
chng trnh c th tu thuc vo tnh hung ca tng a phng, loi hnh v s
lng ngi gp vn vo chng trnh v mc ng h ca cc c quan qun l c
th tin hnh xem xt cn thn, chi tit v cng bng i vi thnh cng ca mt
chng trnh trong vic bo v sc kho v bo v mi trng. Song d la chn
phng php no i na, cc cn b c kinh nghim cn phi thng xuyn nh gi
chng trnh v li ko s tham gia ca nhng ngi cng gp vn.
Mt s cc t chc chnh ph, a phng v t nhn p dng cc chng trnh
qun l da trn hiu qu hot ng vo nhiu lnh vc hot ng, t cc quy trnh cp
ngn sch ca nh nc cho n cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip. Cc chng trnh
ny nhm hai mc ch: lin kt cc ngun-ti nguyn cn c vi cc mc tiu qun l
v m bo lin tc ci tin. Cc chng trnh qun l h thng x l ti ch cng c
th yu cu cc thc th c lin quan s dng kinh nghim ca mnh vo vic pht trin
v thc thi cc qu trnh nh gi ni b.
383
Nm 1996, USAID tin hnh chng trnh v kh nng duy tr ti nguyn nc
Marc (WRS) nhm ci thin cng tc qun l ngun ti nguyn nc khu vc thnh
th, nng nghip v cng nghip thng qua cc d n th nghim v h tr cho cc ci
cch t chc. Mt trong cc d n nh vy hng ti vic b sung c s vt cht x
l v ti s dng nc thi Drarga, min nam Marc. Chnh quyn a phng
Drarga gim thiu c cc nguy c i vi sc kho ngi dn do s dng nc
ging hoc nc nhim do nc thi trc tip t hm cha phngy ra bng cch xy
dng v a vo s dng mt nh my x l nc thi aphng v ti s dng nc
qua x l vo vic ti tiu. Cc phng php mm gip nh my c th tit
kim chi ph v m bo c hot ng lu di. Cc phng php ny cn m bo
cho cc gii php v c s h tng v k thut i vi nc v cc vn v sinh c
p dng mt cch bn vng, t hiu qu lu di. Nhng bi hc c th thu c cho
thy tnh hiu qu ca cc phng php mm i vi s pht trin ca c s h tng v
chuyn giao cng ngh l s tham gia ca cng ng, cng c c uy tn ca b
my v xy dng c nng lc.
384
phn ln cc nh my ny u khng th hot ng c do thiu kinh ph v nng lc
k thut duy tr hot ng v bo dng. La chn h thng lc ct p dng cho
trng hp Drarga da trn nhu cu v mt nh my x ] c chi ph thp, d vn
hnh, ph hp vi iu kin ca a phng ng thi c th nhn rng ra khp Marc.
H thng mi bao gm hai h cha c dung tch 1000 m 3 v c th d dng m rng khi
dn s tng ln v c th dn nc qua x l phc v ti tiu.
Nhiu kha cnh cng ngh ca d n c tnh ton thu hi vn hiu qu nht
t vic ti s ng cc sn phm ph ca nh my. V d, c th thu c li nhun t
vic bn nc thi qua x l cho nng dn trong chu vi 6 hecta xung quanh khu vc
nh my phc v ti tiu. Sy trng trn bi lc x l bc ba cng cho thu hoch 2
v / nm v c th bn thu hi vn. Bn lng t cc b x l ym kh cng c ht
ln, phi kh v trn cng rc hu c sn xut phn bn. Kh mtan sinh ra t cc b
ym kh c thu li v chuyn ho thnh nng lng chy cc my bm nh my, do
gip tit kim chi ph in.
13.7.3. Kt qu
Tip cn cng ng
385
tin hnh cc nh gi i vi ngi tham gia tm hiu xem liu h c phn bi:
c cc ngun nc khc nhau (nc ng chai, nc sch, nc ging v nc thi),
cc phng php ti tiu ang s dng, mc ng tnh ca nng dn vi vic tra
tin mua nc thi qua x l. Nhng thng tin ny b khuyt cho vic phn tch
k thut, gp phn hon thin nh gi v khu vc mc tiu ng thi cung cp d liu
u vo quan trng cho cc la chn v gii php x l nc thi v nc ti c
cng ng chp nhn. Hn na, qu trinh tham gia ca ngi dn cng gip xy dng
mt mng li cc c dn a phng cam kt vi vic nng cao cht lng ngun nc
trong khu vc v th hin vai tr lm ch trong d n. Vic thng xuyn tham kho
kin ngi dn m bo cho d n c c s ng h v chung sc ca cc i tng
hng li. Cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn tp trung vo vic gip h
hiu c nhng li ch ca vic thay i cc phng thc s dng nc hin ti v
chp nhn cc gii php cng ngh m d n a ra.
Mt cng c quan trng trong vic pht trin s tham gia v quan tm ca ngi dn
i vi cc hot ng ca d n v nhn rng kt qu ca d n l s vo cuc ca
cc phng tin thng tin i chng (bo ch, i v truyn hnh). Cc phng tin
thng tin ca Marc a tin v cc s kin nh l k kt tho thun tp th v tin trnh
xy dng nh my. Bn cnh cc phng tin thng tin quc gia, d n xy dng bn
vng ngun nc cn ngh trung tm nghe nhn trng i hc Nng nghip Quc
gia Meknes ghi hnh li cc vn c d n gii quyt, s can thip ca nhm thc
hin d n v kt qu ca cc hot ng thuc d n. Phn ghi hnh trn s c chiu
li trong cc bui gp g gia hi ng a phng v hi ng lin b gii thiu
tin trnh ca d n th nghim.
Pht trin m i quan h hp tc vi cc th c th trong cng ng
Quan h hp tc s cho php nhng ngi gp vn thit lp mt tha thun nghim
tc v ng gp ti chnh a phng v cc ng gp tng t (v d v t ai, nhn
cng), gp phn cng c quyn s hu d n. Cc i tc gm c hip hi nhng ngui
s dng nc AI Amal - ch s hu trong tng lai ca nh my sau khi hon thnh, j
vin khu Agadir - ngi to iu kin thun li cho cc th tc hnh chnh, cng ig
dn c Drarga - nhng ngi hin t cho d n, Ban k hoch v xy dig
(ERAC-Sud) - c quan h tr 30% chi ph ca d n. Quan h hp tc ny r
nh du bng tho thun hp tc k kt gia cc bn bao gm c B Mi trng v d
n xy dng bn vng ngun nc cng vi s tha thun r rng v vic to iu kin
thng xuyn trao i thng tin, tnh hnh tin trin, cc thnh cng cng nh kh khin
ca d n.
X y dng nn g lc
Quan h hp tc trn cng l im khi u cho vic nng cao nng lc a phig
trong qun l nh my sau khi s h tr ca SAID kt thc. V d trong giai on lip
386
k hoch cho d n, cc i tc c tham gia vo chuyn i thc t M tham quan
mt s nh my x l v ti s dng nc thi s dng cc cng ngh tng t v c
hc v vn hnh v bo dng nh my, cch thu hi vn v cc vn chnh sch lin
quan ti vic qun l cc c s ni trn. Cc i tc cng c o to ti Marc v
cch thc vn hnh nh my, qun l ti chnh v ti s dng nc thi. Nhng hi tho
v cc chuyn i thc t nh vy cng c nng lc ca cc c quan v tng cng
mi lin kt gia cc i tc ca d n.
. ELIASSON, J.M., LENNING, D.A., and WECKER, S.C., 2001. C htica Point
M onitoring - A New Framework fo r Monitoring On-Site Wastewater Systems. In
Onsite W asewater Treatment: Proceedings o f the Ninth National Symposium on
Indivdual and Sm all Community Sewage Systems. American Society o f
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
ENGLISH, C.D., and YEAGER, T.E., 2001. Considerations About the Formation
o f Responsible M anagement Entities (RME) as a Methocl to Insure the Viability o f
D ecentraliied W astewater Management Systems. Unpublished manuscript
prcscntcd at thc Ninth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community
Sewage Systems, Austin TX, Sponsored by the American Society o f Agricultural
Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
HONACHEFSKY, w ., 2000. Ecologicallv-Based Municipal Lancl Use Planning.
ISBN 15667 0 40(55. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
HOOVER, M.T., and BEARDSLEY, D., 2000. Science and regulcitory decision
making. Small Flows Quarterly, 1(4). National Small Flows Clearinghouse,
Morgantovvn, w v .
HOOVER, M.T., and D. BEARDSLEY. 2001. The weight o f scientific eviclence.
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KREISSL, J., and OTIS, R., 1999. NeVI Markets f o r Your M unicipal Wastewater
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NAV/ATHE, D., 2000. Using Smart Controlers with Remote Monioring
Capability to M eet New Market Needs. In Onsite: The Future o f Water Quality,
NOW RA 2000 Conference Proceedings. National Onsite Wastewater Recycling
Association, Inc., Laurel, MD.
OTIS, R.J., MCCARTHY, B.J., and CROSBY, J 2001. Performance Code
Framework f o r Management o f Onsite W astewater Treatnent in Northeast
Minnesota. In On-Site Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings o f the Ninth National
Syinposium on Inividual and Small Community Sewage Systems. American
Society o f Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
STEPHENS, L.D., 2000. Remote Management: A Valuable Tool fo r the Future o f
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u . s ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA), 2000. Drct EPA
Guidelines f o r Management o f O nsite/D ecentralized Wcistewciter Systems. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, O ffce of Wastewater Management.
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<http://www.epa.gov/owm/decent/index.htm>.
W ASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 1994. On-site sew age system
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9, 1994, effective January 1, 1995. Washington Department o f Health, Olympia,
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MC LC
Trang
Li ni u 3
1. T ng quan v nc thi - H thng thot nc v x l nc thi
389
4. X l tp trung nc thi
390
8 .6 . Ti s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn 252
Ti liu tham kho 265
9. Ti s dng bn trong nng nghip
391
13. C c vn v t c h c v qun l
13.1. Nhn nh cc i tng 350
13.2. Gio dc, tip cn v s tham gia ca cng ng 351
13.3. Xc nh c im ca cc i tng 354
13.4. La chn cc thc th trong h thng kt hp 355
13.5. C quan iu tit 367
13.6. Cc b phn ca chng trnh qun l 369
13.7. Nghin cu c th: Cung cp phng php bn vng x l v
ti s dng nc thi Marc - D n pht trin bn vng cc
ngun ti nguyn nc(1996-2003 ) 383
Ti liu tham kho 387
392
x L NC THI CHI PH THP
(Ti bn)
393