x L NC THI

CHI PH THP
(Ti bn)

c . s . TS. DIM1TRI. X A N T H O U L IS
i hc N n u nu h i p G e m b l o u x ( F U S A G x )
2. Passage d c s D p o r t c s B - 5 0 3 0 G e m b l o u x , Bi

TS. J E A N T I L L Y ( F U S AG x )

TS. N A T H A L I K K O N D E K ( H US A Gx )

TS. M A R C \ V A U T H E L E T ( R I S A G x )

TS. P H I L I P P E B E R G E R O N ( F U S A G x )

TS. L U TH BCH
i h c X y d n g ( H U C E )
V i n Kh o a h c v K thut M i trnu (I ES E)
55, nii Gii p h n g , M N i , Vi t N a m

( ;s . TS. TRN HIU NHU (HUCE)

PGS. TS. TRN C H (HUCE)
GS. TS. YVANG C H E N G D U A N
i loc Khoa hc ( ' n g n g h Ty N a m (SVVUST)
Kh o a Ti iiiuycn Mi trng,
M i d i L ) u u il'. (->2 i( ) l < ) , l i n h ' X u y e i h lr u im Q u o c

(S. TS. Z I A N< ; / H I G U I ( S WU S T )

(S. TS. X I I A N G Q I N ( D ( ) N ( ( S WUS T )

TS. x a n ; y n g i o n g ( S WU S T )

( S .T S . H A N S BRIX
Di l c Aa r h u s ( A U )
Khoa Kh o a hc Sinh hc ,
O l c W o m i s Allc. B u i l di n g l 135, 8 0 0 0 rlius, c , a n M c h

rw C A R L O S A R I A S ( A U )

NH XUT BN XY DNG
H NI - 2 0 1 0
 Tp th cc tc gi xin g ti chng trinh E U A sm -Link, Uy ban Chu Au
li cm n su sc v s ti trquy bu trong qu trnh thc hin d n Xy dng
chng trnh v gio trnh o to bc co hc v x l nc thi chi ph thp
V N /A sia - L in k /1 2 (113128).
D n c thc hin thnh cng nh s hp tc gn b, hiu qu v y
nhit tnh ca cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim trong lnh vc nghin cu mi
trng t cc nc B, V itN am , TrungQuc uanM ch,
 LI NI U

Qu trnh th ha ang din ra mnh m ti Vit Nam , tuy nhin , cc h thng cp

thot nc ti cc th v cc vng ln cn cn ang trong tinh trng lc hu , khng
ng b v thiu cc phng tin cn thit cho vic x l nc thi. Vi nhu cu khai thc
ti nguyn nc ngy cng gia tng, c th thy rng vic pht trin v ph bin ng dng
cc phng php x l nc thi tiu th t nng lng v c chi ph vn hnh thp s em
li hiu qu cao trong gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng ti cc th ang trong
tin trnh m rng v ti cc khu vc ngoi thnh.
Hin nay, ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc v sinh mi trng ti cc nc ang pht trin
ni chung v ti Vit Nam ni ring ang thiu trm trng, nhu cu v k s o k thut
vin x l nc thi s ngy cng tng trong nhng nm ti. Hp tc trao i khoa hc cng
ngh v bin son ti liu ph bin cc khi nim mi v v sinh bn vng, cc cng ngh x
l nc thi ang c ng dng ti cc nc trn th gii l vic lm th thc nhm gp
phn ci thin nng lc chuyn mn trong lnh vc x l nc thi ti cc th v cc vng
nng thn ang pht trin mnh Vit Nam.
Cuh sch ny l sn phm t d n hp tc Quc tgi cc trng i Hc Nng
Nghip Gembloux (B), i Hc Xy Dng (Vit Nam), i Hc Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh
Ty Nam (Trung Quc) v i Hc Aarhus (an Mch), do chng trnh Asia-Link, y
ban Chu Au ti tr. Gio trinh o to ny gii thiu cc phng php x l nc thi chi
p h thp khc nhau ang c p dng ti cc nc thnh vin v tp trung vo trao i,
chia s kinh nghim v cc cng ngh x l nc thi c pht trin v ng dng thnh
cng bi cc n v thnh vin. Cc cng ngh ny s dng cc k thut n gin, chi ph
thp x l nc thi v ti s dng nc thi sau x l phc v mc ch nng nghip
hoc hn ch mm bnh v ngun gy nhim.
Cuh sch c bin son bng 4 ngn ng: Php, Vit, Trung v Anh phc v cng
tc o to ti cc trng i hc thnh vin v ph bin ti cc khu vc. Phin bn ting
Php do GS.TS Dimitri Xanthouis ch bin, phin bn ting Vit do TS. Lu Th Bch
ch bin, ting Trung do GS.TS. Wang Chengduan ch bin, ting Anh do GS. TS. Hans
Brix ch bin. Cc ni dung trong cun sch c t chc bin son vi s tham gia:
GS.TS . Dimitri Xanthoulis bin son chng L 2 , 5, v cc mc 8.1 - 8.4; TS. Jean Tilly
bin son chng 10 v . TS. Nathalie Fonder tham gia bin son chng 3, cc mc 4.
v 5.1; TS. Marc Wauthelet bin son cc mc 4.3 v 5.2; TS. Phippe Bergeron bin son
chng 12 v 13; TS. Lu Th Bch bin son li ni u , mc 4.5, tham gia bin son
chng 1, 3 v 10; GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu bin son chng 6; PGS.TS. Trn c H
bin son mc 4.1; GS.TS Wang Chengduan v GS.TS Zhang Zhigui bin son mc 8.6;
GS.TS. Zhang Qngdong tham gia bin son chng 11; TS . Xmng Yinghong tham gia
bin son mc 4.5; GS. TS. Hans Brix bin son mc 4.2, chng 7 v 9 ; TS. Carlos Arias
bin son mc 4.3.
i tng phc v ca sch l cc cn b khoa hc, t vn v qun l, cc ging vin
i hc v sinh vin thuc cc h o to cao ng, i hc v sau i hc trong lnh vc
mi trng.
y l cun sch vit v cc cng ngh v cc vn lin quan ti x l nc thi chi
p h thp u tin xut bn Vit Nam, nn kh trnh khi cc khim khuyt, rt mong
nhn c cc nhn xt gp ca cc c gi.
Cc tc gi

3
 DANH MC CC K HIU VIT TT

K hiu Ting Vit Ting Anh

AF Lc k kh A naerobic Piltcr
BC Bn chuyn ng
BGN Bn gin n'
BHGN bn ht gin n
BOD N hu cu xi sinh ha Bioloical Oxygen Demand
CPTTB C hi p h tn g th m trung bnh
COD N hu cu xi ha ha hc C hem ical O x y een D em and
CWs Bi lc ntp nc nhn to C onstructed W etlands
DDV D n g dinh dng vnh cu
DO xi ha tan Dissolved Oxygcn
CLM nh gi chin lc mi trng
TM n h gi tc n g mi trng
V nh gi vng i
EC dn in Electrical Conductivity
FOG Cht bo, du, m Fats, O il, Greasc
HLR Ti lng thy lc H ydraulic L oading Ratc
HRT Thi gian lu nc Hydraulic Retention Time
KMD K thut m ng dinh dnu
KSM Kho st s b mi trng
LCG Lc ct gin on
LKKN Lc k kh dng chy ngc
LKKX Lc k kh dng chy xui
M SH M ng sinh hc
O&M V n hnh v bo dng Operational and Maintenance
Q LM Qun l mi trng
QNTM Q uy hoch nc thi m
SAR T i hp th natri Sodium Absorption Ratio
SAT X l bng t S oil A q u icr Treatment
SR T T hi gian lu bn S lu d ge R etention T im e
ss Cht l lng S uspended Solid
TDS T n g cht rn ha tan T olal D isso lv ed S olid
TKN T n g nit Kjekiahl Total K jeldahl N itrogen
TXLNT Trm x l nc thi
ASB Be x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua Upflow Anacrobic Sludgc Blanket
tng bn k kh
V ID P H x hai ngn ci tin c thng hi Ventilated Improved Double Pit
VIP H x o chm ci tin c thng hi Ventilated Improved Pit
vsv V i sinh vt
XLBHNT Xr l bc hi mrc thi
XLNT X l nc thi
XL X l n nh

4
 TNG QUAN V NC THI - H THNG
THOT NC V X L NC THI

1.1. KHI NIM V NC THI

Qu trnh hot ng sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi ti cc th lm pht sinh

cc cht thi di cc dng rn, lng v kh. Cht thi dng lng, hay nc thi, sau khi
qua cc khu x l lm sch, s l mt ngun nc cp quan trng cho cc th
(Hnh 1.1). Nc thi l nc sau qu trnh s dng trong cc hot ng ca con ngi,
c thnh phn b bin i, cha cc cht nhim. Theo ngun gc, nc thi c th l
hn hp ca nc hay cht lng c cha cc cht thi t cc h gia nh, trng hc,
khu thng mi hay cng nghip vi ngun nc ngm, nc mt hoc nc ma
[Metcal v Eddy, 2003].

Hnh 1.1. Ngun gc v h thng qun l nc thi

5
 C nhiu loi nc thi vi thnh phn, tnh cht khc nhau v cng c nhiu loi hnh cng
ngh v k thut x l lm gim tc ng tiu cc ca ne thi ti mi trng tip nhn.
Theo ngun gc pht sinh, nc thi c th c phn loi theo bn loi hnh nh sau:
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi thng mi;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc ma chy b mt.
Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi pht sinh ch yu t cc h gia nh, khu vn phng,
trng hc, v nhng ngun tng t, c gi l nc thi v sinh hoc nc thi sinh
hot. N c th bao gm nc thi t cc x nghip cng nghip trong trng hp nc
thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip c thu gom chung trong mt h thng thot
nc chung ca th.
Nc thi thng mi: Nc thi k h n g cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi t cc
khu thng mi, c thnh phn chnh tng t nh nc thi sinh hot, tuy nhin cng
c th c mt hoc mt s' cht c nng ln hn so vi trong nc thi sinh hot in
hnh. Loi hnh nc thi ny cng bao gm nc thi pht sinh t cc c s dch v n
ung, c s git l c trang b khng qu bn my git, c s nui gia sc, gia cm
(chung tri, trm th y, c s chn nui), dch v chm sc sc kho, vi iu kin l
khng cha cc cht c t, cht nguy hi v cht thi cng nghip.
Nc thi cng nghip: Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, thng mi, khai
khong, cc hot ng ti khu lm nghip, bao gm c nc chy b mt v nc r t
cc khu tip nhn rc thi v cc kho lu tr hng thng mi, cng nghip v tt c cc
loi nc thi khc, nu khng c nh ngha l ne thi sinh hot.
Nc ma chy trn b mt: Nc chy trn c ngun gc t nc mua, tuyt tan,
nc ma thot trn h ng ph, w ...; y l phn nc khng thm qua t v chy
trn trn mt ng, t, v c thu gom vo cc h thng thot nc thnh ph hoc
chy vo cc ngun nc mt.

1.2. CC C TNH CA NC THI

Thnh phn ca nc thi rt a dng; ngoi ra cn cha cc vi khun gy bnh hoc

khng gy bnh, cc hp cht hu c tan hoc khng tan, hp cht v c tan hoc khng
tan, xc ng thc vt, kh sinh hc. cht c, vv...

1.2.1. c im v lu lng

Lu lng nc thi l mt thng s quan trng trong vic thit k la chn quy m
v loi hnh cng ngh x l, thm ch c vic la chn h thng thot nc chung hay
ring. Lu lng nc thi c th c biu th bng lu lng c trng, l lu lng

6
trong mt ngy m, lun lng ti hn (cc i v cc tiu), cc h s v s dao ng
ca lu lng nc thi theo ngy, thng, v nm.
i vi h thng thot nc chung (kt hp thot nc thi v nc ma), cc thng
s c khuyn co s dng nh sau [theo Weber. Vandevenne v Edeline, 2002]:
Q m - lu lng c trng trong ma kh:

Qt = (lng nc thi trong mt ngy m), [mVh];

Q u - lu lng ban ngy trong ma kh:

Q,g = (lng nc thi trong mt ngy m), [m 3/hj;

18
- Qix thng c s dng i vi trm x l nc thi c quy m phc v trn 20 000
dn s tng ng. i vi cc trm x l c quy m nh hn, lng nc thi t vo
thi im ban m, c th s dng Q N.
3Q /H - lu lng dng chy cc i v ma kh [m 3/h];
- Thng s ny c xt n trong thit k cng trnh x l sinh hc (c bit vi
nhng th c cc hot ng theo ma).
Qmax - lu lng dng chy cc i v ma ma m-Vh]: 3Qif<Qmax<5Qi,s hoc
Qmax= (2 -H4) Q m i vi Vit Nam;
- Khi thit k cc cng trnh x l s b cn s dng thng s tnh ton 5Q l/t;
- Khi thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi thu gom t h thng cng thot nc
chung, cn s dung thng s tnh ton Q hoc 7QH.
C th gii hn lu lng dng chy bng cch s dng mng/ging tch nc chy
trn (Hnh 1.2).

Dng chy trn ra sng

hoc h cha nc ma

Hnh 1.2. Mng tch nc x trn v gii hn dng chy

1.2.2. Thnh phn v cht lng nc thi
C c thng s vt l
Cn l lng (SS) - cc phn t cht rn khng tan, tn ti di dng ni trn mt nc
hoc l lng trong nc, c th loi b bng phng php lc. Cc cht l lng lm nc
c uc.

7
 Cn lng cc phn t cn l lng c th lng, tch khi phn l lng bi trng lc
trong iu kin tnh.
Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS) - cc cht rn hu c hoc v c, dng tan nhng khng
loi b c bng phng php lc. TDS bao gm cc anion, cation, phn t v cc phn
t keo c kch thc nh b. Cc cht rn ho tan lm cho nc c kh nng dn in.
c thng s biu th trng thi vn c ca nc, gy ra bi cc phn t dng l lng.
mu Mu (nu nht, xm, en, w ...) l thng s c th nhn bit c bng mt.
mu lin quan trc tip ti pH v ch s DO (hm lng xy ho tan) trong ne v cho
php nh gi tnh trng nhim ca nc thi (sch hay b nhim bn t b t hoi).
Nhit (c hoc F) - thng s quan trng s dng trong thit k trm x l nc
thi bi n c nh hng ti cc qu trnh x l sinh hc, ho sinh din ra trong nc.
Nhit ca nc thi thay i tu thuc cc khong thi gian khc nhau trong nm v
a im.
dn in (EC) dn in nh gi kh nng nc truyn dn cc dng in v
c lin quan trc tip ti hm lng tng cht rn ho tan.
Cc thng s ho hc
Tng N i t (TN) thng s i din cho tt c cc dng tn ti ca Nit trong nc,
bao gm hm lng ammonia t d (NH4+), nit hu c (Org-N), nitrit (NO 2 ) v nitrat
(NO3'); tng nit Kjeldahl (TKN) l tng hm lng nit hu c v ammoni t do.
Tng Phtpho (TP) - thng s i din cho tt c cc dng Phtpho tn ti trong
nc; l tng ca hm lng phtpho hu c v phtpho v c.
pH thng s nh gi tnh axt hay kim ca dung dch vi dung mi l nc.
kim thng s biu th s c mt ca cc ion bicarbonat, carbonat v hydroxit c
trong thnh phn ca nc.
Clorua Cl') thng s nh gi kh nng ti s dng nc thi trong nng nghip.
Sunfat (S 0 4) - thng s nh gi kh nng pht sinh kh (ch yu l kh H2S, c mi
trng thi) v c th nh hng ti cng on x l bn cn hnh thnh trong qu trnh
x l nc thi.
Cc nguyn t kim loi v d nh As, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mg, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se,
Na, v Zn c o nh gi kh nng ti s dng nc thi v nh hng ca cc kim
loi nng trong qu trnh x l. Thnh phn vi lng ca cc nguyn t kim loi c vai
tr quan trng trong qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi.
Kh - cc thnh phn kh c sinh ra do cc qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht c trong
nc thi hoc tn ti trong bn thn nc thi, v d nh 0 2, C 0 2, H2S, NH3, v CH4.
BOD thng s biu th nhu cu xy sinh ho trong 5 ngy, c trng bi lng xy
cn thit cho cc vi khun xy ho sinh ho cc cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc c
trong mt om v th tch nc thi trong thi gian 5 ngy iu kin 20c. BOD5 c

8
biu th bng n v mg/L, v c s dng ph bin nh mt thng s nh gi mc
nhim nc thi bi cc cht hru c, hay hm lng cht hu c d b xy ha sinh
ha trong nc thi.
COD nhu cu xy ha hc, c trng cho lng xy cn thit (tnh bng mg/L)
xy ha ha hc cc cht hu c c trong nc thi bng ichromat (cht xy ha
mnh) trong mi trng axit. Thc t cho thy, mt trong nhng u im ca vic ng
dng thng s ny l th nghim o COD c th tin hnh nhanh trong thi gian khong
2,5h ( nhit 140C).
BODx thng s c trng cho tng lng xy ha tan trong nc thi, cn thit
vi khun thc hin qu trnh xy ha sinh ha cc hp cht hu c d phn hu sinh hc
tnh cho mt n v th tch nc thi, cho n khi qu trnh h hp kt thc. N th
hin tng lng cht hu c c th phn hy sinh hc trong nc thi.
BODco/COD - t l BODoo/COD th hin kh nng phn hu sinh hc ca cc cht
hu c trong mu nc thi (hay kh nng ng dng phng php sinh hc trong x l
nc thi). Khi t l ny gim, c ngha l hm lng cc hp cht hu c kh phn hu
sinh hc tng ln trong mu nc thi (v d nh: xenlul, linhin, tanin, bi th, w ...)
[Weber, Vandevenrie v Edline, 2002].
Gi tr BODoo/COD ca mt s loi hnh nc thi:
- Nc thi sn xut ng: 0,82.
- Nc thi l m gia sc, gia cm: 0,67.
- Nc thi sinh hot: 0,5.
- Nc thi git l: 0,38.
Du, m thng xut hin nhiu trong nc thi, bao gm cc cht bo, cc loi
du, cc cht sp v cc hp cht tng t khc. Thut ng cht bo, du v m (FOG-
fats, oil, grease) trc y thng c s dng trong cc ti liu, hin nay c thay
bng du, m.
Cc thnh phn cht c trong nc thi c th cha mt s cc hp cht c gy
nh hng ti qu trnh sng ca cc vi sinh vt.
Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt
Faecal Coiform - cc vi khun sng trong ng rut cacc loi ng vt thuc
nhm mu nng. Ch tiu ny c trng cho mc nhimbn bi cc loi vi khun
gy bnh c ngun gc t phn. Cc vi khun Coliorm khng phi l dng vi khun gy
bnh in hnh.
Cc vi sinh vt khc - vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun sn, v cc loi virut c
trong cc cht thi, th hin mc nhim hay nhim bn c t ca nc thi. Cn
phi lu n cc vi sinh vt ny bi chng l ngun gc pht sinh dch bnh. Mt vi
chng loi c kh nng hnh thnh bo t v cc ti nang, c kh nng tn ti trong cc

9
iu kin bt li v sng lu, thm ch c th sinh sng trong c th ngi. Ty thuc
vo cng ngh v mc x l, cc vi sinh vt ny c th c x l trit hoc khng
trit . Cc ch tiu ny cn c kim sot trong nc thi sau x l, theo cc mc
ch: x ra ngun, ti s dng nc thi trong nng nghip v la chn cc loi cy
trng v phng php ti tiu.

1.2.3. c im ca cc loi nc thi

Nc thi sinh hot c ngun gc pht sinh t cc h gia nh, cng trnh cng
cng v khu cng s. Thnh phn in hnh ca nc thi sinh hot c th tham kho
trong Bng 1.1.
Ti cc khu vc khng c h thng thot nc, b t hoi l mt cng trnh c s
dng ph bin. B t hoi s gi li cc cc cht cn lng trong nc thi v trong qu
trnh phn hy k kh xy ra trong b. Mt phn bn cn s c ht khi b hng nm
m bo duy tr hiu qu x l ca b. Thnh phn cc cht nhim c trng c
trong bn cn b t hoi, c ht v vn chuyn ti trm x l nc thi c nu
trong Bng 1.2.
Nc thi cng nghip - tnh cht ca. nc thi cng nghip rt a dng do thnh
phn v nng cc cht nhim rt khc nhau. Nc thi t cc loi hnh cng nghip
nh ha du, ch bin thc phm, bia ru v ha cht thng c hm lng cc hp
cht hu c ln, ch s BOD, cht rn l lng v cht rn ha tan cao; pH, mi v cc
hp cht sunfua thng bin i (Bng 1.3). Nc thi ca cc nh my ha cht thng
cha nhiu cc hp cht c hi (nh thuc tr su, thuc dit c, phenol, w ...) c hi
i vi cc vi sinh vt trong nc, ngay c khi cc loi cht c ny tn ti vi nng
nh trong nc.

Bng 1.1. Cc Thnh phn c trumg ca nc thi sinh hot cha x l

Nng
Cht nhim n v
Thp Trung bnh Cao
Tng lng cht rn (TS) mg/L 350 720 1.200

Tng lng cht rn ho tan (TDS) mg/L 250 500 850

Cht l lng (SS) mg/L 100 220 350
Cn lng c ml/L 5 10 20

BOD5, 20c mg/L 110 220 400

COD mg/L 250 500 1.000

Nit (tng N) mg/L 20 40 85

Hu c mg/L 8 15 35
Amnia mg/L 12 25 50

10
 Bng 1.1. (tip theo)

Nng
Cht nhim n v
Thp Trung bnh Cao
Nitrit mg/L 0 0 0

Nitrat mg/L 0 0 0

Phtpho (tng P) mg/L 4 8 15

Hu c mg/L 1 3 5
V c mg/L 3 5 10

Clorua mg/L 30 50 100

Sulat mg/L 20 30 50
kim (theo CaC03) mg/L 50 100 200

Du v m mg/L 50 100 150

00
00
Tng Coliorm MPN/lOOmL 106- I07

0
1

1
Ngun: Weber, Vandevenne v Edline, 2002

Bpg 1.2. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong bn cn b t hoi

Tng cht rn l lng (TSS) 10.000 + 25.000 mg/L

Nhu cu xy sinh ha trong 5 ngy u tin (BOD5) 3.000 + 5.000 mg/L
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD) 25.000- 4.000 mg/L
Tng N (TN) 200 + 700 mg/L
Tng p (TP) 100 + 300 mg/L
Du v m 2.500 + 7.500 mg/L

Ngun: UNEP, 1998

Bng 1.3. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi cng nghip

Hp cht d Cht hu c
Ngnh cng BOD TSS Du v M Kim loi
bay hi kh phn
nghip (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) nng (mg/L)
(mg/L) hu (mg/L)
Phenol
Ha du 100 + 300 100-250 200 + 3.000 Asen, St Sulfit
0 -2 7 0

Amonia
Crom
Thuc da 1.000 + 3.000 4.000-6.000 50 + 850 Sulfit
300+1.000
100 + 200

Sn xut
200 + 6.000 : 0 + 3.500
chai l

11
 Bng . 3 (tip theo)

Du v Hp cht Cht hu
BOD TSS Kim loi
Ngnh cng M d bay c kh
nng
nghip (mg/L) (mg/L) hi phn hu
(mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L)
Chng ct Amnia
600 + 32.000 200 + 30.000
ru, ng 5 -4 0 0
Ch bin
100 -- 7.000 30 + 7.000
thc phm
Phenol
Giy 250-15.000 500 + 100.000 Selen, Km
0 -8 0 0
Asen, Phenol
Ho cht 500 + 20.000 1.000+'170.000 0 + 2.000
Canxi, Bari 0 + 5.000

Ngun: UNEP, 1998

1.3. H THNG THOT NC THI

1.3.1. H thng thot nc chung

H thng thot nc chung l h thng trong tt c cc loi nc thi, bao gm

nc thi sinh hot v/hoc nc thi sn xut v nc ma c thu gom, vn chuyn
trong cng mt h thng thot nc.

1.3.2. H thng thot nc ring

H thng thot nc ring l h thng trong nc thi sinh hot v/hoc nc thi
sn xut c thu gom, vn chuyn trong mt h thng ring vi h thng thot nc
ma. H thng thu gom nc thi sinh hot v/hoc nc thi sn xut thng c gi
l h thng thot nc thi v sinh; h thng thu gom nc ma c gi l h thng
thot nc ma.

1.4. VAI TR CA X L NC THI

1.4.1. i vi mi trng

Trong iu kin k kh, qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi

cha c x l s dn n tnh trng mt v sinh nh sn sinh ra cc mi hi thi, gy
kh chu. Tt c cc ng thc vt sng trong nc u cn phi c mt lng xy ha
tan nht nh phc v cho qu trnh sng ca chng. Mt trong nhng mc ch chnh
ca vic x l nc thi (XLNT) l hn ch vic x thi cc hp cht hu c "c tiu th
xy" n mc c th vo ngun tip nhn. Mt khc, khi nc thi c cha nhiu cc
cht dinh dng, s kch thch qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin mnh ca cc loi cy

12
trng trong nc, dn ti s suy giam lne xv c irong nc v gy hin tng ph
dng trong ngun nc. V vy, loi b cc hp cht hu c v v c trong nc thi
trc khi x ra ngun, l mc ch u ticn nhm tin ti mt mi trng bn vng, gi
c h o m i tr ng tr o n g s ch c h o c c th h hm nay v trong tng lai.

1.4.2. i vi sc kho

Nc thi khng c x l cha rt nhiti cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Tn ti rt nhiu

loi bnh dch c ngun gc t cc hot ns thiu v sinh nh vic tm ra hay bi li
trong nc b nhim hn, hoc vic tiu th cc loi ng thc vt thy sinh sng trong
c c n g u n n c b n h im bi nc thi, nh: bnh nga n e o i d a, v i m da, n h i m
khun vt thng hay vim d dy rut, vim gan do virt, t, l. thng hn. Hn na,
trong nc thi cn cha cc cht c hi, c kh nns lm bin i gen hay gy ung
th. V nhng l do trn, vic loi b cc vi sinh vt sy bnh l rt cn thit bo v
sc khe cng ng.

1.4.3. V kha cnh kinh t

Vic ti s dng nc thi sau x l cho nng nship khng ch c ngha v mt

mi trng m cn l ne lc pht trin cho cc mc ticu quc gia, to ra mt nn
nng nghip pht trin bn vng trong khi bo v c ngun nc ang ngy cng
khan him. Mt u im ca vic S dng mrc thi qua x l ti tiu trong nng
nghip l gim mc x l Iirc thi, ng ngha vi vic lm gim ng k chi ph
cho qu trnh x l nc thi, nh vo vi tr ca t v cy trng nh mt dng cng
trnh lc sinh hc t nhin. Ncoi ra, vic tn dng cc cht dinh dng c sn trong
nc thi cn gip ct giam chi ph phn bn cho cy trng.
Nc c vai tr rt quan trng i vi con nsi. Nc gp phn lm tng gi tr v
cnh quan, to iu kin vui chi v ii tr cho con ngi. Do nhiu ngi la chn
ni sinh sng gn ngun nc t nhin irong sch.

1.5. X L NC THI NH TH NO

C nhiu phng php lm sch nc thi, lu thuc vo tng loi nc thi v mc

nhim bn ca chng. Vic la chn cc loi hnh cng ngh XLNT c tin hnh
da trn i tng nc thi v mc ch x l.
T i cc vng nng thn, c bit l cc nc c kh hu kh, ngun nc khan
him, mc tiu chnh l ti s dng nc tlii phc v ti tiu trong nng nghip. V
th, qu trnh X L N T tp trim s vo vic loi b cc tc nhn gy bnh (gim thiu nguy
c gy hi cho sc khe) v lng bn cn c trone nc thi (hn ch nguyn nhn d
gy bt tc ng ng trong mng li phn phi nc ti tiu), c th s dng qu
trnh lc k kh bng b lc ct.
i vi cc vng th v cc khu dn c cn thit phi x nc thi ra sng hoc vo
t, vic XLNT cn tin hnh nhm [oi b cc hp cht hu c v bn cn, trnh

13
vic x thi qu mc lng cht hu c (gy nh hng tiu cc ti qu trnh dinh
dng) vo ngun tip nhn, l sng hoc ngun nc ngm.
i vi cc h gia nh, bin php XLNT ph bin nht l b t hoi. Trong cc thnh
ph, mt trong nhng phng php x l hiu kh hiu qu nht l qu trnh x l sinh
hc bng bn hot tnh, nh vo vic duy tr v ti tun hon hn hp sinh khi c
hnh thnh bi cc vi sinh vt c kh nng hp th v phn hy cc hp cht hu c c
trong nc thi. Phng php x l sinh hc k kh cng c s dng rng ri
XLNT cng nghip v bn cn.
Ty theo phm vi phc v, XLNT c th tin hnh n l (cc b) trong tmg i
tng thi nc (nh dn, cng s) hoc tin hnh x l chung cho mt s h dn c
kt ni bng h thng thot nc. Trong mt s trng hp, x l cc b cng c th
ng dng hoc kt hp trong h thng x l nc thi chung. Chu u, x l n l
bng b t hoi thng c tin hnh s b trc khi x nc thi vo h thng cng
thot nc chung.
Trong mt vi trng hp cn thit hoc cho php s dng cc cng ngh XLNT khc
vi cch tip cn mi l nhm ti sn xut trong t nhin nh cnh ng ngp nc nhn
to, cc h sinh hc n nh nc thi. Nhng cng ngh v cng trnh n gin ny
trong nhiu trng hp li t ra ph hp hn nhng quy trnh x l hin i i hi chi
ph cao.
Mt s h thng XLNT hin i c kh nng lm sch trit nc thi, v d nh h
thng vi lc, cng ngh mng; tuy nhin mc thch hp ca cc loi cng ngh ny
ph thuc mc ch ca qu trnh x l nc thi. V d nh: nc thi sau x l c
ti s dng khi phc li tng cha nc hay trong nng nghip, trong nui trng
thu sn.

1.6. QUY TRNH XC NH PHNG PHP x L NC THI

Vic thit k cc quy trnh XLNT c th rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo c im ca

ngun pht sinh nc thi. Ni chung, cc trm XLNT nh l c s dng khi cc trm
x l quy m cng sut ln khng thc hin c do khng ph hp hoc do iu kin
kh thi v mt kinh t b hn ch. Trong thc t, khng ch quy m ca khu dn c m
cn c rt nhiu cc yu t khc nhau nh hng ti vic la chn quy trnh x l. Kh
hu, a hnh, khong cch li ti cc khu dn c, t l bao ph ca mng li thot nc
v chnh sch kinh t, chnh tr cng cn c xem xt trong vic la chn mt trm
XLNT c lp. Ngoi ra, nh hng pht trin trong tng lai v mc tiu s dng nc
thi sau x l cng cn c cn nhc. i khi, cc khu dn c hoc cc khu cng
nghip c trang b cc cng trnh hoc thit b tin x l, nhm gim ti lng cht
bn nc thi trc khi c thu gom v vn chuyn ti trm x l. Tt c cc kha cnh
rn cn c xem xt mt cch tng qut khi la chn phng php XLNT.

14
 Hu ht cc h gia dinh v
khu cng s c trang b h
thng ng nc hay khng?
C
Ti c sn h (hng thu
gom nc thi hay khng?

C th x ra bin, m khng
C Mt dn c v xy dng gy nh hng xu ti mi
c qu thp hay khng? trng v h sinh thi ven
bin hoc cng, vnh gn
C Kh hu 0 kh hay
t hoi va bi tho hay khng?
v bc hi nc khng? i ng nhn s c chuyn
mn va k nng qun l c-
Khng
khng?
Khng Liu t c thm
nc hay khng?
C sn t ai c gi tr
, C kinh t thp hay khng?
,C th x ra ngun tip
dc mt t C Mc nc ngm theo* nhn (h nc, sng, va
c ln hay khng? ma c Cc 0 khng? san h, w...) l mi trng
Ngun in cao th s dng
nhay cm vi cc nguyn t
c chi ph qu t hay khng?
C inh dng hay khng?
Khng
C
Liu t c thm nc
B t hoi v
cha nc th? hay khng? oi b cc nguyn'
l thng tiu nc,
t dinh dng

Mc nc ngm theo ma
c cao hay khng? Dng nc thi sau x l
c tip xc trc tip vi
con ngi hay khng?

__________ Khng
(x i nc, thai) Dng nc thi sau x l
trong t
c c kh nng ti s
dng hay khng?

Hnh 1.3. Quy trnh la chn phng php XLNT sinh hot.
 Vic XLNT cho cc khu vc dn c nh thc t khng n gin hn cc khu dn c
ln, do s dao ng ln v lu lng v thnh phn, tnh cht nirc thi, c th dn ti
nhng bt li nht nh. Dng nc thi t cc khu vc t dn c thng phi xt n cc
trng hp bt li nht v lu lng (lu lng cc i v cc tiu) cng nh s bin i
ln v ti lng cht bn trong dng thi nh hm lng cht rn l lng, cht hu c,
nit, phtpho, vv...
Trn hnh 1.3 minh ho cc bc tin hnh irong vic la chn cng ngh thch hp
v cc tiu chun lin quan trong quy trnh thit k. Cc yu t chnh trong vic xem
xt, la chn cng ngh XLNT sinh hot l hin trng ngun nc, hin trng mng li
thu gom nc thi, mt nh hay dn c, k nng qun l v vn hnh, iu kin sn
c ca t ai, chi ph in nng, c im ngun tip nhn v kh nng t lm sch ca
n, cc iu kin thu vn, kh hu v kh nng ti s dng dng nc thi sau x l
[UNEP, 19981.

1.7. MC X L NC THI

Trong XLNT, cn la chn ng dng cc phng php x l ring ph hp i vi

tng thnh phn cht nhim trong nc thi. Cc phng php c th c phn loi
theo cc mc x l khc nhau nh nu trong bng 1.4.

Bng 1.4. Cc mc XLNT v cc cng trnh

M c x l M c ch Cc c n g trnh

X l s b Bc u tin ca x s b nc thi l loi Song chn rc, b lang ct,

b cc tp cht ln, du m v cc tp cht khc m y nghin rc, b tch
c th gy ph hu hoc nh hng n hoi du m vv...
ng cua cc c n g trnh x l tip theo.

X l bc mt Loi b m t phn cc cn lng c hoc ni B lng bc m t, b t

trn mt nc v m t phn cht hu c trong hoi, h sinh hc n nh
nc thai. k kh vv.

X l bc hai Loi b c c cht hu c c th phn hy sinh H sinh hc n nh tu tin,

h c, cc cn l lng ch yu bng phng php b lc sinh hc, cc cng
sinh hc. X l bc hai cn c gi l x l trnh x l sinh hc k kh.
sinh hc. bn hot tnh, cnh ng
ngp nc nhn to, vv...

X l bc ba Loi b cc cht tan v l lng cn tn ti trong H sinh hc hiu kh, b

nc nang ca o cht lng dng sau x l, lc ct, lm bc hi, vv...
ch yu l loi b cc mm bnh (kh trng
nc thi) v c c cht dinh dig nh N it v
Phtpho.

Ngun: Crites v T ch ob an oglou s (1 9 9 8 ), W eber v cn g s (2 0 0 2 ).

16
TI LIU THAM KHO

. CRITES, R., and TCHOBANOGLOUS, G., 1998. Small and Decentralized

Wastewater Management Systems. 4* edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. 1064 p.
METCALF and EDDY., 2003. Wastewater Engineering - Treatment and Reuse.
4,h edillon. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1819 p.
UNEP, 1998. Appropriate Technology fo r Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider
Caribbean Region. CEP Technica Report No. 40. UNEP Caribbean Environment
Programme, Kingston, Jamaica.
. WEBER, R., VANDEVENNE, L and EDELINE, F 2002. Traitement
biologique et physico-chimique des eaux uses. Lecture notes.

17
 KHI NIM V H THNG x L NC
THI CHI PH THP

2.1. NH NGHA H THNG x L NC THI CHI PH THP

H thng XLNT thng thng bao gm cc cng trnh ti nc thi c x l

bng cc phng php c hc, ha hc, sinh hc, loi b cc cht rn, cc cht hu
c v i khi c cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. Nc thi c tin hnh lm
sch theo trnh t tng mc x l t x l s b, x l s cp (bc mt), th cp (bc
hai), trit (bc ba) v c th c thm cc cng on x l c bit khc. Ti mt s
nc, cng on kh trng cc vi khun, mm bnh thng l bc x l cui cng.
H thng XLNT chi ph thp l cc h thng x l sinh hc t nhin ti lng thp, c
th x l cc loi nc thi hu c nh nc thi sinh hot. Cc h thng ny c cu to
n gin, c chi ph u t thp ng k, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp. Mc d
cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp i hi din tch t s dng nhiu hn so vi cc h
thng x l sinh hc nhn to ti lng cao, nhng chng c hiu qu hn v ng tin
cy trong vic x l cc vi khun, mm bnh, nu c thit k mt cch hp l v
khng b qu ti.
Tt c cc qu trnh qun l v XLNT ph thuc vo nhiu yu t' v iu kin t
nhin nh ti lng thy lc i vi b lng v c hoc khng c cc yu t' t nhin
nh vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin trong cc cng trnh XLNT in hnh, cc qu trnh t nhin
ny c h tr bng mt lot cc thit b my mc c kh phc tp tiu th in nng
cao (cc my bm, my sc kh v.v...).
Trong ni dung cun sch ny cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c m t bng cc
qu trnh v cc cng trnh x l nc thi c vn hnh trong cc iu kin gn t
nhin hoc ph thuc c bn vo cc yu t t nhin. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th c trang b cc my bm v ng ng phn phi, thu nc thi, nhng khng ph
thuc hon ton vo ngun in nng bn ngoi duy tr kh nng x l [Reed v
cs. 1995].
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c coi l cng ngh x l t nhin, gn t nhin hay
trn c s t nhin do thc t l bn cht ca cc qu trnh x l cc cht nhim din
ra trong cc h thng ny u da trn c s cc qu trnh v chu trnh chuyn ha t
nhin (nh cc yu t sinh hc, c hc hay nng lng mt tri v cc yu t t nhin
khc). H thng x l chi ph thp cng c th c xem l h thng c cc c tnh:

18
 - t c mc x l c th chp nhn;
- Vn u t thp;
- Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp;
- Yu cu k nng vn hnh khng cao so vi cc cng ngh thng thng khc;
- Tui th di hn so vi tui th cc cng ngh x l c s dng cc thit b in - c kh;
- t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng tc xy dng, cc thit b in, c kh;
- Cng ngh/qu trnh x l n gin hiu qu x l n nh v lu di;
- Nhu cu bo dng v vn hnh t;
- C kh nng vn hnh c lp;
- C kh nng tun hon, ti s dng ti a nc sau x l v cc sn phm c ch t
cc cht gy nhim;
- p ng c nhu cu phc v i vi ngi dn c thu nhp thp v trung bnh
vng ngoi thnh;
- C thit k n gin, ph bin vi bt c quy m no t nh n ln.
Trong thc t, mt s cc h thng XLNT truyn thng (s dng bn hot tnh) cng
ng dng cng ngh da trn c s cc qu trnh phn hy v chuyn ha t nhin (cc
cng on x l sinh hc), Tuy nhin cc h thng ny khng c coi l "h thng
XLNT chi ph thp" v c nhu cu s dng in nng lin tc v ln dn n chi ph vn
hnh v bo dng cao.
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thm nhng u im l gim thiu cc tc ng n
mi trng v t nh hng n cc h sinh thi, c kh nng ng dng tt trong cc
iu kin mi trng nc, t v t ngp nc
X l trong mi trng nc
H sinh hc ty tin l dng cng trnh x l trong nc dc ng dng ph bin
nht. iu kin hiu kh c hnh thnh ti cc tng nc gn b mt, trong khi ti khu
vc y vi s c mt ca lp bn lng tch t to nn vng k kh. Ti cc tng nc
gia tn ti hn hp cc vng hiu kh phn pha trn v k kh phn pha y. Cc h
hiu kh thng nh v nng hn cc h ty tin. H hiu kh thng c b tr sau cc
h k kh hoc h ty tin nhm tng cng lm thong v thot kh hoc mi pht sinh
t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c.
X l tron g m i trng t
Bao gm cc h thng dng chy chm trn b mt t, dng thm chm v thm
nhanh ngm di mt t. Ngoi kh nng XLNT vi chi ph bo dng thp, cc h
thng ny cn c thm cc kh nng u vit khc nh cung cp nc b sung cho ngun
nc ngm, cho ti trng rng, cho nng nghip v hoc cho ng c nui sc vt. Hiu
qu x l ca cc h thng ny ph thuc vo cc phn ng sinh hc, ha hc, vt l

19
din ra trn v trong lng t. H thng dng chy b mt cn c cy trng thc vt
hp th cht dinh dng cng nh cc cht nhim ng thi lm tng thi gian lu
nc trong h thng v kh nng tip xc gia cc cht nhim vi t/ h thc vt. Cc
h thng thm chm v thm nhanh ngm di mt t l cc h thng "khng x" cc
dng chy ra rt him khi x trc tip ra sui hoc cc thy vc nc mt khc. Mi h
thng c kh nng lu gi nc/dng chy khc nhau ph thuc c tnh thm ca t.
X l trong mi trng t ngp nc

Cc vng t hoc bi t nhn to m ti t c duy tr thng xuyn trong

trng thi bo ha nc v c cy trng cc loi thc vt c kh nng hp th cc cht
dinh dng v cht nhim l mi trng tt c iig dng XLNT. C hai dng bi
lc ngp nc c ng dng trong XLNT: H thng bi lc dng chy b mt v h
thng bi lc dng chy ngm. C hai h thng u s dng r cy trng lm ni lu gi
v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt, ng thi lun chuyn xi t khng kh cung cp
cho vi sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht nhim c trong nc thi. Vi
khun ng vai tr ln trong c ch x l nc thi ca cc h thng ny, mc d mt
phn cc cht dinh dng nh nit, pht pho v natri cng c cy ci hp th. H
thng bi lc dng chy b mt v c bn gn ging nh cc m ly t nhin. Cu trc
in hnh ca loi h thng ny thng c thit k vi b rng hp, chiu di ln v
c su nh hn lm , c cy trng cc loi thc vt nc. Cc h thng bi lc dng
chy ngm thng s dng si hoc ct d thm lm vt liu c nh r thc vt nc v
lc dng nc thi chy qua.

2.2. u u IM V NHC IM CA H THNG XLNT CHI PH THP

2 . 2 . 1 . u im

Cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c xy dng mt cch hp l, c thit k ph hp

vi cc c im a hnh khu vc s c nhng u im sau:

m bo hiu sut x l cao v n nh

H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k, xy dng, bo dng, v qun l mt cch
hp l c th m bo duy tr hiu sut x l nc thi cao v n nh. Cc kt qu thc
nghim cho thy phtpho, nitrat, nitrit, amnia, BOD5, v cc cht rn l lng c th
c x l t ti mc c th chp nhn. Nhn chung, hiu sut x l cc thnh phn
BOD, TSS, COD, cc kim loi, v cht hu c bn vng trong nc thi sinh hot c th
t mc cao vi thi gian lu nc hp l. Vi thi gian lu nc lu hn ng k, nit
v phtpho cng c th c x l trit . Cc h thng XLNT t nhin chi ph thp p
dng cho x l bc hai c th c vn hnh quanh nm ngoi tr khi thi tit lnh nht.
i vi x l bc ba hoc x l c bit c th vn hnh quanh nm i vi cc khu vc
c iu kin thi tit m.

20
 C h p h u t xy dng thp
i vi nhng khu vc c qu t vi gi t c th chp nhn c, vic u t xy
dng h thng XLNT chi ph thp s kinh t hn so vi cc h thng XLNT thng
thng c s dng cc thit b c kh. Khng s ng cc thit b x l phc tp gp
phn lm gim ng k gi thnh u t. Khi thit k h thng XLNT chi ph thp cn
quan tm ti cc c im ti v tr xy dng nh a hnh, a cht, ngun cp nc,
loi t, loi nc thi c x l v.v... La chn v tr vi cc c im thch hp s
lm gim c gi thnh xy dng.
C hi p h vn hnh thp
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng c chi ph vn hnh thp, gim thiu cc chi ph
s dng in nng v cc thit b, khng cn s dng ha cht. Cc bi lc thng c
thit k m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng. Nu a hnh khng thun
li, khng m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng th s cn n bm v lm
tng gi thnh vn hnh. H thng XLNT t nhin nu c thit k v xy dng hp l
c kh nng t duy tr v bo dng trong thi gian lu di. Nhn chung, mc d h
thng x l nc thi t nhin thng ch duy tr c hiu sut x l mt cch th ng
nhng gim thiu c cc nhu cu v thit b c kh, in nng, v cc yu cu cao v
k nng ca ngi vn hnh.
G im v hn c h ti thiu mi kh chu
Pht sinh mi kh chu l mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm khi lu gi v x l
nc thi, c bit nu v tr ca trm XLNT dc t gn nh dn. Cc bi lc thng t
hoc khng pht sinh mi kh chu.
D uy tr c kh nng XLNT vi ti lng nhim khng n nh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k mt cch hp l c kh nng t iu tit v
duy tr hiu sut x l i vi cc loi li lng nhim khc nhau ca nc thi. y
l u im ni bt ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp v cc thnh phn nhim trong
nc thi rt a dng v ch thi nc khng u, cc iu kin thi tit thay i, s
pht trin ca dn c trong lu vc hay s thay i quan l cc hot ng thng mi
trong lu vc lm thay i ng k ti lng nhim.
G im din tch t cn thit khi ti s dng nc thi
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng x l trit cc cht nhim. V vy, din
tch t cn thit cho vic ti s dng nc sau x l t cc bi lc nhn to t hn din
tch t cn thit khi trc tip s dng nc thi.
G im khi lng cht pht sinh trong qu trinh x l
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th gim ti thiu khi lng cc cht b loi v pht
sinh trong qu trnh x l. Lng bn/sinh khi d pht sinh t hn nhiu so vi cc qu

21
trnh x l th cp khc. Rt nhiu h thng XLNT chi ph thp khng lm pht sinh
bn d i hi phi x l tip theo hay tiu hy.
To cnh quan
Ty thuc vo thit k, v tr, v chng loi thc vt, cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c
bit l cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th lm ni bt phong cnh vi mu sc, b cc v
s a dng ca cc loi cy. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th tng cng khng gian,
din tch cy xanh trong th v kt hp c cc chc nng gii tr cng cng.
Tng cng a dng sinh hc
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng kin to mi trng tt thu ht mt s loi
ng vt hoang d n sinh sng v pht trin v lm tng thm li ch, s hp dn v du
lch cho khu vc.

2.2.2. Nhc im

Ngay c khi c thit k ti u nht, h thng XLNT chi ph thp vn tn ti nhng

hn ch:
Hn c h trong vic loi b cc vi khun gy bnh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th loi b phn ln cc vi khun gy bnh t nc
thi sinh hot. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l ny cng c th cha p ng c cc tiu
chun x cho php v cn thit phi thc hin thm cng on kh trng. Nguyn nhn
c bn l do cc loi chim v cc loi th hoang d khc sinh sng trong v ti khu vc
h thng x l c th l ngun pht sinh v lan truyn cc vi khun gy bnh.

Yu cu v sinh nh k lp bn lng
Bn lng v cc cht tr cn phi nh k c ly i. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th b lp y bi bn v cc cht rn lm tc dng chy trong h thng nu khi thit k
khng tnh n vic loi b rc v cc cht rn trc khi nc thi vo h thng. Tng
lng bn pht sinh s cao hn ti cc giai on vn hnh trong iu kin thi tit lnh
do nhit thp gy c ch cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV). V vy cn nh k
hng nm lm sch lng bn tch t v cc cht hu c trn b mt ca h thng.

Gi thnh xy dng
Vi iu kin a hnh thun li v cc c im t nhin khc nh loi t ph hp
s gim c chi ph u t xy dng ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp. Chi ph xy
dng s tng trong trng hp xy dng h thng ti cc khu vc c iu kin khng
thun li. Thc t cho thy i vi cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c xy dng ti cc
khu vc c iu kin mt bng, a hnh thay i, cn b sung hoc thay th t, b tr
cc vt liu lt chng thm, cn hot ng kt hp vi my bm, v.v... c th lm cho
gi thnh xy dng tng ng k.

22
 nh hng bi cc iu kin thi tit
S thay i thi tit theo ma nh lnh, hn hn lm gim hiu sut x l ca h
thng. Cc s liu v s bin i ca thi tit trong nrn rt quan trng cn c cp
ti trong thit k v vn hnh h thng. Kh nng x l BOD, COD, v nit ca h thng
v bn cht l da trn cc qu trnh sinh hc nn v c bn c th c phc hi lin
tc. Phtpho, cc kim loi, v mt s hp cht hu c bn vng c x l trong h
thng bi cc qu trnh lng ng, tch t theo thi gian. iu kin kh hu lnh, nhit
thp vo ma ng lm gim tc x l BOD v cc phn ng sinh hc nitrat ha
v kh nitrat. Tng thi gian lu nc trong h thng c th nng c hiu sut x l,
nhng ng thi s lm tng din tch cng tc cn thit ca cc bi lc dn ti lm
gim hiu qu kinh t hoc tnh kh thi v mt k thut ca h thng.
Cc vn v m i
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng s dng cc cng on x l k kh c pht sinh
mi kh chu, lm tng nh hng ti cc khu dn c ln cn c bit trong iu kin thi
tit nng. V vy khi thit k cn cp ti khong cch li an ton ti cc khu dn c.
C th m t kh nng x l do s qu ti v cht rn hoc am nia
Trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp, aninia l thnh phn kh kim sot v d on
trc c trong nc u ra. Tinh trng nng amnia cao tn ti trong thi gian di
cng c th gy c ch s pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp.
H n ch ti s dng cht dinh dng i vi cy trng
Mt vi cht dinh dng c x l bng h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp khng
ti s dng c i vi t v cc sn phm cy trng.
S c m t ca cc ng vt v cn trng khng m ong mun
Mui v cc sinh vt, cn trng ly nhim c th l mt tr ngi nu khng kim sot
c s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt. Cc ng vt o bi cng c th l mt tr
ngi. S gia tng v s lng ca cc loi chim trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp c th
c tc ng bt li nu c sn bay gn .
Din tch t yu cu tnh theo dn s tng ng c th ln
Din tch t cn thit cho h thng XLNT chi ph thp c th ln, c bit nu phi
x l Iiit hay phtpho. Cc h thng x l c kh thng thng (v d bn hot tnh, cc
h thng lc nh git hay tip xc sinh hc quay) thng c u th v kh thi hn h
thng XLNT chi ph thp trong iu kin gii hn v din tch t s dng
0,5 -lrrr/ngi (dn s tng ng), so snh vi cc h thng x l t nhin
5 - lOrrr/ngi. Mt khc, kh nng ng dng cc h thng XLNT thng thng cn ty
thuc vo tim nng kinh t.

TI LIU THAM KHO

. REED, S.C., CRITES R .w ., and MIDDLEBROOKS E.J. 1995. Natural systems fo r

waste management and treatment. Second Edition, McGraw-HilI, Inc., 433 pp.

23
 3 x L S B NC THI

3.1. TNG QUAN

X l s b l loi b cc tp cht rn th v cc tp cht khc c kch thcln,

thng c trong nc thi. Vic loi b cc tp cht ny nhm to iukin thun li
cho qu trnh vn hnh, bo dng ti cc cng trnh x l tip theo. X l s b c
tin hnh bao gm: chn rc, loi b cc tp cht th, lng ct, t v c th trang b
thm my nghin rc hoc cc tp cht c kch thc ln. Trong khoang t thit b
chn rc, vn tc dng chy ca nc thi cn c duy tr ln trnh hin tng
lng cn hu c v trong nhiu trng hp c th tin hnh sc kh chng lng cn.
C th b tr thm cc my nghin rc bn cnh cc song chn rc th, nhm gim kch
thc ca cc loi rc ln, nh vy, chng c th c loi b khi nc thi di dng
bn cn ti cc cng trnh x l tip theo. Trong dy chuyn x l s b c th b tr
cc thit b o lu lng dng chy, thng l cc mng o dng chy [FAO. 1992].
Ty theo nhu cu, cc thit b x l s b nc thi trnh by di y, c th c
ng dng trong cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot, tr cc trm cng sut nh c
quy m phc v nh hn 500-1000 dn s tng ng. i vi h thng thot nc
cng nghip hoc trong mt s trng hp nc thi sinh hot, cn b tr cc thit b
ht vng du hoc ht du m trc khi x vo cng dn nc thi.
3.2. THIT B CHN RC (C CU THANH V SONG CHN)
Song chn rc th s loi b cc tp cht th (, que gy, l cy, gch v ...) c th
gy nh hng xu cho my bom v cc thit b khc trong qu trnh vn hnh trm x
l. Kch thc khe h gia cc thanh chn trong song chn rc quy nh chc nng ca
thit b song chn rc (Hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1. Cc dng song chn rc s dng trong XLNT.

SCR - song chn rc; TBCR - thit b chn rc; TBVR - thit b VI rc.
Ngun: Crites v Tchobanoglous (1998)

24
 (c)
()

Hnh 3.2. Cc thit b chn rc s dng trong XLNT.

(a) Song chn c dng ng cong hnh nm; b) Thanh chn thng;
(c) Thit b chcm dng cun trn quay; (d) Song chn rc vt rc c gii.

C nhiu kiu thit b song chn, c th phn loi theo song chn th, song chn tinh
v vn hnh th cng hoc c gii (Hnh 3.2). Cc cht cht thi c loi khi nc
nh s phn loi kch thc vt l, nu cc vt th c kch thc nh hem th chng s
tri lt qua song chn v nu ln hn, chng s b chn, mc li trn song.

e x l nc thi ng vi lu lng ln nht ( ,n a x ), song chn rc cn c t

nghing theo chiu dng chv (hoc dng cong hay cun trn). Tng din tch b mt
song chn rc (As) c xc nh nh sau [Weber v cs., 2002]:

(3.1)
v*R R x(l-F f.)

Trong :
V - vn tc trung bnh ca nc thi chy qua song (m/s);

thng thng bng 0,6 m/s (cho ti 1 m/s ti Vit Nam);

nu V > 0,7 m/s: cc cht thi rn c th b lc p, lt qua song;
nu V < 0,6 m/s: xy ra hin tng lng cn trc song chn.
F,c - h s tc dng chy, F,c = 0,4*0,5 i vi thit b c gii; 0,1 --0,3 i vi
thit b th cng;

25
 R r - t s din tch song chn, R r = Au, /A s (3.2)
Aki, - tng din tch khe h.

3.3. THIT B NGHIN RC

Cc tp cht c trong nc thi nh vi vn, giy v sinh, khn giy, v cc cht rn

khc thng c nhiu trong nc thi. Chn rc hay lm gim kch thc ca cc tp
cht rn trong nc thi l mt khu rt cn thit, nhm hn ch s c gy bt, tc, c
hi cho my bm v cc trang thit b khc trong cc khu x l tip sau. e gii quyt
cc vn lin quan ti vic thu gom, loi b, lu cha v tm dng hot ng v
sinh song chn rc, c th b tr cc thit b h tr hot ng lin tc, gip x nh,
nghin vn cc tp cht c kch thc ln, rc ni trn mt nc trong dng nc thi.
Nhng thit b ct, nghin c gi l my nghin rc (Hnh 3.3).

ng c

Hnh 3.3. Mv nghin rc in hnh.

My nghin rc c s dng ph bin khi vic thu gom v vn chuyn cc tp cht

rn th khng kh thi hoc khng kinh t do thiu cc phng tin thu gom. Thm ch
vi thit b chn rc cng khng th trnh c cc hin tng mt s tp cht th vn
lt qua khe chn, v vy, my nghin rc c th c s dng nh mt thit b h tr.
Ngoi ra, vic nghin nh cc tp cht rc th gip qu trnh vn hnh trm x l d
dng v c hiu qu tt hn, v v vy, c th b tr cc thit b thc hin ct xn nh
kch thc ca cc tp cht m khng cn song chn rc na.

3.4. H THNG TCH CT

Ct l cc phn t tr, c t trng nng hn so vi nc v khng b phn hy trong

cc qu trnh x l. Cc phn t ct c ng knh ln hn 0,2mm s c gi li trong
h thng trnh gy cn tr cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c ti cc

26
cng trnh x l tip theo. Cc thit b loi b ct c th c t sau song chn rc v
my nghin rc, trc trm bm nc thi.

Be ln g ct vi dng chy theo ph ng ngang

Ti cc h thng c cng sut nh, ct c tch ra nh mt on mng m rng

dn nc thi nhm gim vn tc trng bnh ca dng chy ti khong 0 ,3 m/s. Vic
gim vn tc dng chy s lm cho ct lng xung ti mng hoc y b, m vn m
bo duy tr trng thi l lng ca cc phn t hu c khc. Ct s lng xung rnh thu
ti y b v chy v h tp trung ct pha u b. Vic thu gom v x ct c th c
thc hin bng th cng hoc c gii, bng thii b co ct (c li c bit) c hnh
dng ph hp vi kt cu ca mng.

B lng ct tip tuyn

B lng ct theo phng tip tuyn l thit b hinh tr. y hnh phu, c ng knh
t 3m n 8 m, v chiu cao mc nc t 3m n 5m. Nc thi c a vo trong
thit b theo phng tip tuyn (Hnh 3.4), nhm to ra chuyn ng xoy vi vn tc
dng chy m bo k c trong cc thi im c lun lng nc thi thp. Di tc
dng ca dng chy xoy, lc ly tm s y cc ht ct v cc tp cht c trng lng
ring ln v pha thnh b, ri xung phn y b. Ct lng s c a ra ngoi bng
bm ly tm hoc nh h thng p lc kh nn y vo b hoc trc tip vo trong thit
b tch ct. Nc thi sau khi tch ct, c thu ti mng thot b tr pha trn mng
dn dng vo b.

Knh dn nc vo
(theo phng php tip tuyn)

y b
dang phu

Cn gt ct
( y b)

Knh dn nc ra

Hnh 3.4. B ng ct tip tuyn.

27
 Hnh 3.5. B lng ct thi kh. Hnh 3.6. Thit b lng ct chuyn ng vng (Xiclon).

B lng ct thi k h
Be lng ct thi kh hay mng lng ct thi kh, c dng hnh ch nht trn mt
bng, c p dng ph bin ti cc trm c cng sut ln. Mng c chiu di ln,
chiu rng hp, v kh su. Khng kh c cp vo mt bn thnh b di dng cc
bt kh ln to chuyn ng quay vung gc vi phng dng chy trong b. Cc ht
ct, nh dng chuyn ng xoy, s c tch, ra khi cc hp cht hu c dnh bm
vo chng, lng xung rnh thu ct (Hnh 3.5) v chy v h tp trung cui h thng.
Trong b hay mng, c th lp t thm h thng co cn ct d dng trt xung
rnh thu. B lng ct thi kh cn c cng dng lm thong s b v loi b du m.

Thit b xicloit
Thit b xiclon l mt dng cng trnh lng ct c chuyn ng vng v c s
dng kh ph bin trong x l nc thi cng nghip (Hnh 3.6).

3.5. X L TCH DU, M

X l tch du. m l qu trnh thu li cc sn phm vng du, m c phn tch

thnh lp, ni trn b mt nc thi do chng c trng lng ring nh hn ca nc.
Qu trnh tch du, m c th tin hnh trong iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to trong
mt b cha ln. M y c coi l cc cht khng tan trong nc hoc cc hp
cht, c th ha rn do ng t, c hnh thnh t ngun ng thc vt v i khi,
chng c th dnh kt, ng t c cc cht rn l lng khc trong nc thi. Vi vy, cn
ph v qu trnh ng t, gii phng ra hp cht m v c th thu li nh bin php
thu cht ni trn b mt nc thi. K thut phn tch ny bao gm vic thu gom m
cng vi cc tp cht ni khc nh thc n tha, x phng, bt, vng du, cht ty ra
tng hp, cht do, v .v ... Du l cc cht lng nh du thc vt, du m, v cc hp
cht hydrocacbon nh khc.

28
 Nguyn tc vn hnh
K thut thu hi m c th c vn hnh th cng nh trn hnh 3.7. Trn hnh 3.8
m t h thng thu hi m phc tp hn, c kt hp thi kh v khuy trn c hc.

Hnh 3 .7. H thng tch v thu du m in hnh.

Dng c Thit b ht vng

Khi nn cnh khuy v cht ni
Mng thu
du m

Nc thi sau
khi qua song Nc thi
chn rc; 1 sau x l
i vo b

Hnh 3.8. H thng tch du m kt hp vi thi kh v khuy trn c hc.

i vi b tch du, vic Nc thi i ra

b tr h thng vch lng
lamen bao gm cc tm cht
do c xp song song vi
nhau v t nghing mt gc
thch hrp so vi phng
thng ng, s lm tng hiu
qu x l v gim thi gian
lu nc ng k trong b
(Hnh 3.9).

Nc thi i vo

Hnh 3.9. H thng lng lamen tch du.

29
 Tnh ton cng trnh tch du m
Vn tc tnh tin theo phng ngang ca cc phn t c xc nh theo cng thc
v = Q/h.l. Theo dng chy hng ln gia cc tm vch nghing, vn tc ca cc phn
t c phng thng ng, hng ln v bin i dn do tc ng ca cc vch nghing.
V tm chn k tip s lm dng chuyn ng ca phn t, nn thi gian t phn t i
c mt on h s bng thi gian tn i c mt khong cch L gia hai tm chn:
L.h.l ,_C_Q o,
1H~td ~~ =
Vcl vn Q vd

Trong :
L - khong cch gia cc tm vch nghing [m];
s - din tch mt thong [m2];
h - v tr phn t du ti su (h) tnh t tm chn th nht [m];
h.l - mt ct ngang dng chy [m2];
t - thi gian cn thit phn t i c mt on h theo phng ng [s];
t - thi gian cn thit phn t i c mt qung ng L theo phng
ngang [s];
v- vn tc theo phng ng, hng ln ca phn t du trong khi cht lng [m/s];
Q - lu lng nc thi cn x l [m3/s].
x l dng nc thi c lu lng l Q, b phn tch cn mt din tch mt
thong ti thiu s bng t s ca lu lng Q vi vn tc V theo phng thng ng
ca phn t du trong khi cht lng. i lng vn tc dng hng ln V s dng
trong tnh ton c p dng vi phn t c vn tc nh nht trong tp hp ccphn t
cn thu hi. su h di tm chn v cc gi tr lin quan L v / (kch thc hnh
khi) khng nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh tch du m.
V d tnh ton
Bng 3.1 nu cc s liu tnh ton t mt trm ra xe t, vi kch thc cc phn t
c ng knh ln hon 0,25 mm.

Bng 3.1. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi cng nghip

Vn tc dng Din tch mt Thi gian lu nc

Trng lng
Cc cht hng 'ln thong n v S trong b phn tch
(kg/L)
(m/h) (m2) (pht)
Xng (Gasoline) 0,75 22,5 0,16 2

Du (Petrol) 0,80 18,0 0,20 2

Du Diesel 0,85 13,5 0,27 3

Du bi trn 0,90 9,0 0,40 4

30
 Din tch mt thong n v 5 l din tch ca b cho php x l tng ng vi lu
lng nc thi l 1 L/s (10 '3 m3/s). Ly v d thu hi xng:

(3.4)
vd \'j . 22,5
Din tch mt thong n v i vi cn du xp xi bng 0,1 m2. Din tch mt thong
ca b lng cn du ln hn so vi b phn tch, v vy, t yu cu v thi gian lng
cn thit ca cc phn t cn trong b.

Bng 3.2. Thnh phn cc cht nhim in hnh trong nc thi t mt trm ra xe
Tnh cho mt xe t Tnh cho mt xe but, xe ti, xe ko...
Th tch du (L ) 1 2
Th tch cn du (L ) 10 20

Trm ra xe c tng din tch 60 m: v c 4 ngun cp nc: 2 vi 0 2 0 min (mi

vi 0,6 L/s); 1vi 0 1 2mm (0,4L/s); 1 bm nc ra vi 4 vi phun (mi vi 0,5L/s)).
Trm phc v cho 400 xe t v 30 xe ti mi thng. Dung tch d tr, i vi b tch
du c tnh l 100L.
Lu lng nc thi ln nht:
Nc ma : 60 X 0,02 = 1,2 L/s ;
2 vi X 02Omm : 2 X 0,6 = 1,2 L/s;
1 vi X 012m m : 0,4 L/s;
Bm ra : 4 X 0,5 = 2 L/s;
Tng cng : Q = 4,8 L/s.
Tnh ton, thit k b phn tch:

Be tch du c thit k tnh cho phn t c vn tc dng hng ln nh nht (du

bi trn).
. S = S x Q = 0 ,4 x 4 ,8 = 1,92 m2;
. Th tch = 4,8 X 240 = 1152 L hay 1,152 I13;
Gi s, b c kch thc: chiu di b l,9m, chiu rng lm v khong cch gia
y 2 tm chn l 0,26m;
h = 1,152/1,92 = 0,6m;
Chiu cao tng cng = 0,6 + (0,26/2) = 0,73m.
Tnh ton thit k mng thu du
Dung tch d tr = 100L;
. 400 xe t = 1 X 400 = 400L;
30 xe ti = 2 X 30 = 60L;
Tng dung tch du = 560L;

31
 Chiu cao mng thu = 0,560/(1 X 1,9) = 0,3m.
Tnh ton, thit k h cha bn cn:
400 xe t = 10 X 400 = 4000L;
30 xe ti = 30 X 20 = 600L;
Tng dung tch = 4,6m3;
Chiu cao: Nu mng dn nc vo v ra khi b c chiu rng 0,15 m (din
tch cng tc 2,3m2), th chiu ca h cha bn s c tnh bng 2 m (4,6/2,3).
V vy, nn thit k b tch bn cn ring v t trc b tch du m, ng thi
thit k phn cn lng trong b tch du c chiu cao l 0,15 m.
Vy tng chiu cao ca b tch du m l 1,18 m (0,73 + 0,3 + 0,15).

3.6. IU HA NC THI

Cc cht thi pht sinh t hot ng ca con ngi thng khng n nh v lng
v cht. Lu lng v nng nhim ca nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip lun
lun thay i. Qu trnh x l nc thi, c bit l i vi phng php x l sinh hc
s khng thu c hiu qu trong iu kin c s dao ng ln v lng v cht ca
nc thi u vo. Cc qu trnh x l s hot ng tt nht trong iu kin lin tc, n
nh v ng nht. S thay i, t bin v nng cc cht dinh dng c th gy nh
hng ln hoc ph hy h vi sinh vt v cc qu trnh sinh hc trong cc cng trnh x
l. Hn na, nu nng nhim hoc lu lng nc thi dao ng ln, th liu lng
cc ho cht cn cho qu trnh x l cng s lin tc phi iu chnh theo.
Trong cc trm x l nc thi ni chung cn thc hin iu ha v n nhlu
lng, nng cht nhim hoc c hai yu t trn, nhm:
Trnh cc bin i t ngt v nng cc cht dinh dng trong h thngx l
sinh hc;
To vng m, n nh nng cc cht nhim trong nc v tit kim liu
lng ha cht cn thit cho qu trnh x l;
m bo ch vn hnh lin tc v n nh cho trm, ngay c khi lu lng nc
thi ban u rt nh;
Trnh hin tng qu ti v lu lng i vi cc cng trnh x l trong cc thi
im ma ln;
To s n nh cho dng sau x l x vo mi trng tip nhn v gim nguy c
vt qu tiu chun x thi cho php.
C hai dng b iu ha:
iu ha lu lng.
iu ha nng .

32
 3.6.1. iu ha lu lng
l qu trnh tch ly nc thi tronu b cha v dn nc thi t b cha ti cc
cng trinh x l pha sau bng my bm hot ng vi lu lng cng tc khng i.
Lun lng khng i ca bm c xc nh bng t s gia tng lng nc tch tr
trong mt chu k lm y b (thng l 24 gi hoc 1 tun) v khong thi gian lm y
b. Ta c th minh ha bng biu nh trn hnh 3.10. th c trng cho lu lng
my bm c xy dng bng cch ni hai im gii hn ca th tch ly nc thi
(th tch nc tch ly theo thi gian). dc ca ng thng ny biu th lu lng
cn thit ca my bm. ng thng ny cng th hin qu trnh tho nc trong b
cha; v vy, n lun lun phi nm di ng tch ly nc thi trnh trng hp
b iu ha b tho cn, bm ht ht nc.
V i'
th tch ly nc thi

" X L u lng
V " bm

0 ^
24
Hnh 3.10. th xc nh dung lch b diu ha.

Tnh tin ng thng ny theo phng ngang ti im thp nht ca th tch ly

(Hnh 3.10, th biu din tng ng vi ng nt t). Th tch ca b iu ha
c xc nh l khong cch ln nht trn trc tung gia hai th trn.

3.6.2. iu ho nng

Trn hnh 3.11 th hin nguyn tc iu ha nng : S thay i pH trong nc

thi ti trm x l c th c n nh bng cch t trung ha ca nc thi (qu
trnh trung ha gia cc cht trong nc thi hay cc cht t trung ha ln nhau) din ra

Hnh 3.11. iu ha nng .

33
trong b iu ha. Tuy nhin, trong nhii trng hp, pH c theo di bng my
o pH v c trung ha trong b iu ha nh cc cht ha hc thch hp (natri
hydroxit, kali cacbonat, canxi hydroxit, a:it, v.v...). Nhng h thng nh vy c p
dng ph bin trong x l nc thi cng ghip.

3.7. CC THIT B O LU LNG

Lu lng nc thi l mt trong nhig thng s vn hnh quan trng i vi trm

x l nc thi. V vy, cn phi trang b hit b o lu lng nc thi trong cc trm
x l nc thi. Vic o lu lng cn ic tin hnh ti thiu vi cc dng nc thi
u vo v u ra ca trm x l. Tuy nhitn, cng nn thc hin o lu lng trong cc
trng hp nh c tin hnh iu ha n lnh dng sau x l, dng tun hon, c cc
bc x l bn ngoi hay qu trnh x, h bn cn t cc cng trnh trong dy chuyn
x l.
Cc thit b o lu lng thng thngc s dng trong cc trm x l nc thi
bao gm: mng Parsan, mng Palmer-Bovlus, ng Venturi, c bit l cc p trn v
tm chn dng knh m, ng h cm ng t, v.v... Cc p trn v mng c s dng
ph bin bi chng c cu to v nguyn 1; o n gin.
p trn hnh ch nht: Lu lng ((, m 3/s) khi chy qua p trn hnh ch nht
(Hnh 3.12) c xc nh theo chiu ;ao lp nc (h, m) theo cng thc ca
Kindsvater-Carter [ISO, 1980]:

I "
(b + K h) ( h + K ,,)2 (3.5)

Trong :
Q - lu lng chy qua [m3/s];
c e- h s lu lng [m2|;
g - gia tc trng trng [m/s2];
b - chiu rng khe [m];
h - chiu cao lrp nc [m];
Kb v K/, - cc thng s hiu chnh 1^_____________ B_____________J
do nht v sc cng b mt.
Hnh 3.12. p trn hnh ch nht.

Tng b + Kb l chiu rng cng tc v ting h + Kh l chiu cao cng tc ca p trn

hnh ch nht. H s lu lng (Cp) l; Mn s ca b/B v h/p. Chiu cao lp nc (h)
c o ti pha thng 1u ca mmg, tch mng mt khong ti thiu bng 4 ln
chiu cao lp nc . B mt pha Saui Ina cn c cu to bng vt liu khng dnh
nc. Theo tiu chun ISO (1980), chu ne khe (b) v b rng ca mng (B) phi

34
bng hoc ln hn 0,15 m; t s b/B, t s h/p phi nm trong khong t 0 n 2,5; v
chiu cao p c o t v ca mng pha thng lu ti khe, phi bng hoc ln hn
0,1 m.

p trn hnh tam gic: Lu lng ( , in3/s) chy qua p trn hnh tam gic
(Hnh 3.13) c xc nh theo chiu cao lp nc (h, m) nh sau:
a
Q = a * yp \ (3.6)
Q = I ,3 2 ^ tg - x h 2^7.
(3.7)

Trong cng thc 3.7, a = 1,32 tg(a/2) v

b = 2,47. cng thc c n gin ha
v c p dng ph bin xc nh lu
lng theo p trn hnh tam gic.
Trn thc t, cch tt nht l tin hnh
kim tra p trn mt vi ln xc nh
chnh xc a v b trong cc iu kin thc t
[Laborde, 2000].
Mng Parsan: Mng Parsan (Hnh 3.14) to ra mt dng thy lc c bn, thit lp
mi quan h tngng gia lu lng ( 0 v chiu cao mc nc (h) v ch ph thuc
kch thc hnh hc ca mng.

Hnh 3.14. Mng Parsan.

Dng thy lc c bn c to ra bng cch thu hp dng chy hoc tng chiu su
hoc thc hin ng thi c hai cch trn ( phn gia ca mng hay hng mng). Cc
kch thc ca mng Parsan l hm ca b rng hng mng (L):
A = 0 J 9 L + 1,194; (3.8)
B = 1.196L + 0,479; (3.9)

35
 C = L + 0,305. (3.10)
Trong : A, B, c, v L c o bng n v m. Q = 0,372 L.(3,28h)x
Lu lng ( Q , m 3/s) l hm ca b rng hng mng (L) v chiu su lp nc {hy.
Q = 0,372 1 .(3 ,2 8 h)x (3.11)
Trong , gi tr s m (x) ph thuc chiu rng hng mng:

L [m] 0,2 0,6 0,8 1,0 2,6

.V 1,506 1,548 1,560 1,569 1,609

Trong thc t, cc cng thc trn thng c hiu chnh v l thuyt c th khc vi
iu kin thc t [Laborde, 2000].

3.8. PHN PHI DNG

Gu t lt (Hnh 3.15) c s dng phn phi u lu lng. Gu c cu to

gm hai khoang cn bng v c th t lt sang tri v sang phi khi c lm y nc
thi. Gu nc khi lt sang s cha ng mt lng nc chnh xc theo yu cu. Gu
t lt cn c p dng o lu lng dng chy nh, bng cch m s ln gu c
lm cn, x ht nc trong khong thi gian tnh ton.

3.9. B CHA NC MA

Trong h thng thot nc kt hp. b cha nc ma c nhim v cha lng nc

d tha khi c cc trn ma ln, ng thi b c chc nng x l s b nc thi (ch
yu l lng), trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. Thng thng, trong sut thi gian ma.
lng nc thi qu ti i vi trm x l c a ti mt b cha nc ma v trong

36
trng hp b v hon ton v khn cn sc cha na th nc thi s chy
trn ra ngun tip nhn. Sau trn ma. nc tr trong b c bm dn vo trm x l
nc thi.

3.10. BM NC THI

Nc thi thng xuyn phi c bm t im thi nc c cao trnh thp ti cc

cng trnh x l. C rt nhiu loi bm v h thng cc bom bom nc thi nh bm
chm, bm trc ng, bm Acximet dne chn vt v.v... H thng bm c thit k
phi p ng cc iu kin thay i ct p mv bm bi s thay i mc nc v cc
tn tht p lc ti cc ng dn. Tn tht p lc ti cc ng dn, ph thuc vo s thay
i lun lng dng chy trong sut chu k bm, bao gm tn tht do ma st thnh ng,
tn tht cc b ti cc im vo. ra. ti cc van, kha, cc thit b o lu lng, ch thu
hp dng chy, khp, ch ngot, v ti bt k v tr no c s thay i hng dng chy
[EPA, 1977].

TI LIU THAM KHO

. CRITES, R., and TCHOBANOGLOS, G 1998. Small and Decentralized

Wastewater Management Systems. 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. 1064 p.
EPA, 1977. Process Design Manual Wastewater reatm ent/acilities fo r sexvered
smcill communities. EPA-625/1-77-009. Ohio, Cincinnati. U.S. EPA, Offce o f
Technology and Transfer.
FAO, 1992. Wastewater treutmcnt and use in agriculture. M.B. Pescod. Irrigation
and drainage paper 47. FAO, Rome. 125 p.
ISO (1980). International Organization of Standards. ISO 1438/1-1980(E). Water
flow measurement in open chunnels using weirs and venturi/liimes - Part 1: Thin plate
weirs. 1980.
LABORDE, J-P., 2000. Elments dhydrologie de surface. Universit de Nice -
Sophia Antipolis. 204 p.
. WEBER, R., VANDEVENNE, L., and EDELINE, F 2002. Traitement
b i o lo g i q u e e t p h v s ic o - c h i m iq u e cles e a u x u s e s . Lecture notes.

37
 4 x L TP TRUNG NC THI

4.1. H SINH HC N NH NC THI

H thng h sinh hc n nh nc thi (thng gi l h sinh hc) l cc h nhn

to ln, khng su, thng l hnh ch nht dng x l nc thi. Cc h ny c
s dng rng ri chu u v Nam M, l loi cng trnh x l nc thi ph hp vi
cc nc ang pht trin vng kh hu nng. Cc yu t t nhin nh nhit cao v
giu nh sng mt tri c kh nng thc y s pht trin nhanh ca cc loi vi sinh vt
(ch yu l vi khun v vi to), c kh nng x l cc cht hu c trong nc thi, c
trng bng BOD, theo c hai cch hiu kh v k kh. Cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc
din ra trong h l cc chu trnh t nhin v lin tc.
Qu trnh x l nc thi thng c din ra trong hai hoc nhiu h. S sp xp v
kch thc v su h c th to ra cc iu kin hiu kh h ny hoc k kh h
khc. Trong qu trnh x l k tip, tng h c chc nng ring v chng c thit k
ph hp vi mc ch hoc thnh phn nhim cn c tch ra khi nc thi. Dng
nc thi ra khi h thng giu dinh dng do nng to ln nhng s lng cc vi
sinh vt gy bnh v cc sinh vt ngun gc t cht thi sinh hot gim ng k [Mara
v cs., 1992; Mara v Pearson, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1977a].
H thng 'h sinh hc n nh nc thi d xy dng, gi thnh thp, tnh m ln v
hiu qu x l cao.

- D xy dng : o t l cng vic ch yu (cc hot ng xy dng khc rt hn

ch). Sau khi o, cc cng vic xy dng h tip theo l hon thin h o, xy dng
cng dn nc thi vo v ra khi h, k b bo v h v nu cn thit, lt chng thm
h. Ngoi ra cng c th tn dng cc ao h t nhin ph hp lm h sinh hc.
- Ch ph thp: Do cu to n gin, h n nh nc thi l loi cng trnh r nht
so vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi khc. H khng cn c cc thit b c in t tin
v khng s dng nhiu in nng. Khng yu cu nhn lc c trnh cao trong vn
hnh v duy tu cc h n nh nc thi. Gi t v yu cu s dng t c th l yu t
tr ngi chnh i vi k thut h sinh hc n nh nc thi.
- Tnh m: H sinh hc n nh nc thi c th chu c hm lng kim loi nng
cao (n khong 30 mg/L). H cn c th t iu tit c cc hin tng sc hu c
hoc ti thy lc khng n nh ca dng nc thi u vo [Mara & Pearson, 1986].

- Hiu qu cao: Cc h thng h c thit k ng c th t hiu sut x l theo

BOD trn 90%, theo nit t 70^-90% v theo phtpho l 30h-50%.

38
 c bit, h sinh hc n nh nc thi c kh nng x l cc loi sinh vt gy bnh
cao m khng cn s dng cc bin php x l bc ba khc nh clo ha, ozon ha,
u v , . .. Thc t, cc h sinh hc c thit k ng c th dit c 1o 5 s vi khun gy
bnh v c th p ng c cc quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) i vi
cht lng nc ti cy [Mara v cs., 1992; WHO, 2006; WHO, 1989].

Tuy nhin, hiu qu x lv cht l lng ca h sinh hc thp hn cc cng trnh x l

nc thi khc do s xut hin to trong drm nc thi ra khi h. Mc d khng n
mc bo ng, nhng hm lng cc cht l lng trong nc thi ra khi h cao hn so
vi cc cng trnh x l th cp truyn thni. Thi gian lu thy lc lu i i vi th
tch h ln x l nc thi c th l yu t hn ch i vi qu trnh ny do yu cu
din tch v chi ph t s rm cao.

4.1.1. Cc loi h sinh hc v co ch x l

C ba loi h sinh hc:

H k kh;

H tv tin;

H x l trit / h hiu kh.

Chc nng ca h k kh v h ty tin l x l BOD v h x l trit l tiu dit

cc loi vi khun gv bnh (chi tiu tecal colilbrm thng c s dng ch th cho
qu trnh x l). Tt nhin, qu trnh XU' l BOD vn tip tc din ra trong h x l trit
v qu trnh x l vi khun gy bnh v cc cht dinh dng vn c thc hin
trong cc h k kh v h ty tin.
H sinh hc k kh c u dim chinh l x lv c nc thi nhim hu c cao c
hm lng cht l lng ln. Trong h khng c xy ha tan v khng cha hoc cha
mt lng rt nh vi to.

H sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit c qun th to ln. To ng .vai

tr ch yu trong qu trnh n nh nc thi. Cc h ny i khi cn c gi l h
sinh hc quang hp hay l h sinh hc lm thong t nhin. C mt s phng n b tr
cc dng h. V d, h ty tin c th chia thnh h ty tin s cp v h ty tin th
cp, trong chng tip nhn nc thi mi v lng, tch bit (thng l dng ra t
cc h k kh). H x l trit di khi c s dng tng cng hiu qu x l
bng vi sinh vt i vi dng ra t cc h thnu x l nc thi truyn thng. Cng v
vy cc loi h ny cn c ei l h x lv bc cui.

Ba loi h sinh hc chnh thnu c b tr thnh cc chui h ni tip hoc song

song theo cch b tr mt h ty tin s cp k tip mt hoc mt s h x l trit ;
mt h k kh theo sau l mt hoc mt s h x l trit ; hoc mt h k kh tip

39
theo l h ty tin th cp v mt hay nhiu h x l trit (Hnh 4.1). Mi loi chui
h u c nhng tnh u vit khc nhau, ph thuc vo chc nng cng nh yu cu
cht lng nc thi u ra [Mara & Pearson, 1987].

H n h 4.1. B t r c c h s in h h c th n h c h u i (v d)
A - H sin h h c k k h ; P F - H sin h h c ty tin s c p ;
SF - H sinh hc ty tin th cp; M -h x l trit .

Cc c ch x l nc thi chnh ca h sinh hc [Arthur, 1983]:

Sc cha ca h cho php h hp ph c c sc ti lng hu c ln ti
lng thy lc ca nc thi u vo;
Lng s b nc thi, theo cc cht l lng s trm tch xung y h;
X l cc cht hu c trong nc thi bng cc vi khun xy ha hiu kh (trong
iu kin c xy t do) v ln men k kh (trong iu kin khng c xy).
Cc qu trnh ln men k kh v xy ha hiu kh:
Ln men k kh gm hai giai on:

Giai on th nht l s thi ra cht hu c, ti y vi khun s ln men to

thnh sinh khi mi v hnh thnh cc sn phm trung gian khc l axit hu c.

t bo vi khun mi +
Cht hu c vi khun
hn hp axit hu c

Giai on th hai l phn hy cc cht hu c hnh thnh t giai on mt nh cc

loi vi khun to mtan thnh kh mtan v cc sn phm n gin khc.

vi khun ^ b vi khun mi + CH 4 + CO 2 +
Hn hp axit hu c
^ H2 O + NH 3 , v.v...

xy ha hiu kh c th biu din bng cc qu trnh n gin nh sau:

., , t bo vi khun mi + H2O + CO 2
Cht hu c + O 2 vi khun
3-
+ PO 4 + N H 3,v .v ,...

Mt lng ln xy c cung cp nh qu trnh quang hp ca to:

H20 + CO; to+nh sng t bo to mi + H2 O + O 2

40
 H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh thng su t 2 n 5 m. H tip nhn nc thi th c ti lng
hu c cao (>100g BO D 5/m 3ng), vn hnh trong iu kin khng c xy ha tan [Mara
v cs., 1992]. H c s dng nh mt b t hoi h x l s cp nc thi
nhim hu c nng. Cc loi cn trong nc thi lng xung y h to thnh lp bn
cn, ti y qu trnh ln men k kh nh cc loi vi khun to axit, vi khun to axetat
v vi khun to mtan thc hin trong iu kin nhit trn 15c (xem hnh 4.2). H
sinh hc k kh hot ng rt tt i vi cc vng kh hu m. BOD c x l t hiu
sut cao, t khong 40% 10c hoc thp hn cho n trn 60% 20c v trn .
Cc lp vng thng c hnh thnh trn b mt. Tuy khng cn phi ly i, nhng
cc loi rui mui c th pht trin trn b mt trong ma h. V vy cn c cc bin
php x l thch hp nh phun nc sch, nc sau x l hoc trong mt s trng hp
c bit c th phun cc loi ha cht dit mui ph hp, d phn hy sinh hc [Mara
v Pearson, 1986; 1987].

Hnh 4.2. Phn hy cc cht hu v trong h sinh hc k kh.

,
Nyn' theo Ruihong 200.

S xut hin mi (phn ln l hydr sunfua) l mt trong nhng nhc im chnh

ca h sinh hc k kh. V vy, trc y cc nh t vn thit k thng t thin cm
khi chn h sinh hc k kh x l nc thi [Mara v cs., 1992]. Trong h sinh hc
k kh, cc loi vi khun kh sunfat nh D e s u lfo v ib rio kh sunfat thnh hydro sunfua
c mi kh chu nh mi trng thi. Mt phn hydr sunua ha tan trong nc s tham
gia vo mt lot cc phn ng ha hc. l cc phn ng phn ly phn t H2S thnh
ion bisunua (HS') v phn ly ion bisunua thnh ion sunua (S2")- S phn b hm
lng H 2S, HS' v s 2 trong nc ph thuc vo pH. pH 7,5, trong gi tr bnh thng
i vi h sinh hc k kh, 75% sunfua tn ti di dng bisunua khng mi. Do ,
i vi cc trng thi ca sunfua, pH trong h sinh hc k kh cao s lm gim mc
bc mi hi thi.

Mi sinh ra khng phi l vn ln nu nh thng s thit k theo ti lng BOD

cho php c chn ng v nng SO42" trong nc thi u vo khng vt qu

41
500 mg/L [Mara v cs., 1992]. i khi trong h sinh hc k kh xut hin cc vn bn
mu sm hoc ta. y l cc dng vi khun quang hp xy ha sunua k kh. S
xut hin ca chng c li v c th phng nga c s to mi hydr sunfua [Mara &
Pearson, 1987].
i vi h sinh hc k kh kn ph b mt bng cc tm PVC, c th trang b b thu
kh biogas hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men cht hu c t nc thi (Hnh 4.3).
Trong thnh phn biogas ngoi CH4 v CO 2 cn c mt lng nh hi H 2O, N2, O2, H2S
v cc hp phn khc.

Hp k thut
T m n on

ng thu kh

Hnh 4.3. Thu hi b io g a s - mt c t ngang.

Ngun: theo Driouache v cng s. (1997).

Ti Ben Sergao (Maroc), h sinh hc k kh th tch 1.500 m 3 c ph b mt bng

cc tm nha PVC. Nc thi u vo c lng bn lng c l 2,5 L/m 3 (o bng
phng php ng lng). Trm c cng sut x l 750 m3/ng (tng ng cho 10.000
dn). V vy h sinh hc k kh tip nhn khong 1.875 m 3 bn mi ngy. Trong 750
m 3 nc thi cha 800 kg COD th 380 kg c x l bng h sinh hc k kh v 420
kg lng ng thnh bn y. Sau 15 thng, COD ca bn c gim n 80%. Nh vy,
t 336 kg COD thu c 172 m 3 kh biogas mi ngy, tng ng 6,3 m 3 biogas cho
mi ngi trong mt nm (Hnh 4.4). Biogas sau c s dng chy my pht
in cho cc mc ch khc nhau [Driouache v cs., 1997].
C th xem thm cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh trong mc 4.5,

H sinh hc ty tin
C hai dng h sinh hc ty tin: h sinh hc ty tin s cp thu nhn trc tip nc
thi t mng li thot nc v h sinh hc ty tin th cp thu nhn nc thi sau khi
c x l mt phn (thng l sau h sinh hc k kh, b t hoi, h sinh hc ty tin

42
s cp v h thng knh mng thot nc). Cc h sinh hc ty tin thng c su
1,5 m, tuy nhin, h c su t 1 n 2 m cng c s dng. Cc vc nc c
su nh hn 0,9 m khng nn s dng v r thc vt pht trin mnh hn ch dung tch
cha nc ca h cng nh bng ti do l cy to iu kin cho mui pht trin. H
sinh hc ty tin hot ng vi ti lng hu c thp hn so vi h sinh hc k kh.
172 m /ng kh sinh hc
3
161Nm /ng kh sinh hc
336 kg/ng COD

Bn ln men
84 kg/ngy COD

H n h 4 .4 . Thu h i b io g a s - cn b a n g C O D v s n p h m b io g a s
Ngun: theo Driouache v cs., 1997.

i vi h sinh hc ty tin s cp (tip nhn nc thi cha x l) c hai c ch x

l BOD nh sau [Mara v Pearson, 1987]:
Lng cn v tip theo l ln men k kh bn cn lng; n 30% lng BOD
trong nc thi u vo c th chuyn thnh kh mtan.
Vi khun hiu kh xy ha cc hp phn hu c khng lng c trong nc thi
cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh ln men k kh. Lng xy cn thit cho qu trnh ny
mt phn c cp t qu trnh khuch tn t nhin b mt. Tuy nhin phn chnh l
lng xy c to thnh t qu trnh quang hp ca vi to. Chng pht trin mnh v
lm cho h c mu xanh thm. To hp th c phn ln cacbon ixit l sn phm
trao i cht cui cng ca vi khun (Hnh 4.5).
Trong h sinh hc ty tin th cp (tip nhn nc thi sau khi x l mt phn trong
h sinh hc k kh), c ch x l BOD th nht din ra khng r rng. Cc hp phn
hu c theo BOD cn li khng lng c xy ha bi cc loi vi khun d dng
(Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Archromobacter v A caigenes...). Lng xy cn
thit cho qu trnh x l BOD do hot ng quang hp ca vi to trong h sinh hc ty
tin cung cp.

Gi c tc ng quan trng trong hot ng ca h sinh hc ty tin v n lm tng

s khuch tn xy khng kh vo nc v xo trn cc tng nc trong h. S xo trn

43
ny to iu kin phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun, to v lm tng cng
n nh cht thi.

H sinh hc ty tin c thit k x l BOD theo ti lng b mt tng i nh

(100 -- 400 kg BOD/ha.ng) nhm thc y s pht trin ca to. Lng xy ha tan
cung cp cho cc loi vi khun trong h x l BOD do cc hot ng quang hp ca
to cung cp. Nh vy hot ng ca h sinh hc ty tin da vo s pht trin t nhin
ca to. H sinh hc ty tin thng c mu lam thm do mt m c ca to.
Trong h sinh hc ty tin, cc loi to lam (Chamydomonas v Euglena) chim u th
hn so vi to lc ( Chlorella).

2
c>
3
>

cn

Hnh 4.5. Cc qu trnh x B O D tro n g h sinh hc ty tin.

Ngun: theo Ruihong, 2001.

Do qu trnh hot ng quang hp ca to trong h, nn lng xy ha tan trong

nc h lun dao ng trong ngy. Sau khi mt tri mc, hm lng xy ha tan trong
h tng ln v t gi tr ln nht vo u gi bui chiu v sau gim xung mc
thp nht vo na m, khi qu trnh quang hp ngng v qu trnh h hp tiu th
nhiu xy. Khi to hot ng mc inh im, cc ion carbonat v bicarbonat thc hin
cc phn ng cung cp nhiu dioxit carbon cho to, do nhiu ion hydrxyl c gii
phng. Kt qu l pH ca nc c th tng ln n gn 9,4 [Mara, 2005]. Vi khun
faecal khng b dit do tng pH nhng thc t s lng ca chng li gim r rt trong
h n nh nc thi [Curtis v cs., 1992]. Thc ra qu trnh quang hp lm pH tng i
i vi cng bc x trong h ln. y chnh l yu t km hm s pht trin ca vi

44
khun gy bnh [Mara, 2005]. Nc xo trn tt, thng do gi thi trn tng mt to
nn s phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun v to. l cc yu t chnh
lm tng mc n nh cht thi trong h [Mara v Pearson, 1987].

H sinh hc x l trit

H sinh hc x l trit thng su t 1 n 1,5 m. H tip nhn nc thi t h

sinh hc ty tin. Chc nng u tin ca h l dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh. Mc d
x l BOD mc thp nhng h c th tch c mt lng ng k cc cht dinh
dng ra khi nc. Hin tng phn tng sinh hc v phn tng ha l h sinh hc
x l trit thng mc thp v xy lun c khuch tn vo nc sut ngy m.
Qun th to trong h sinh hc x l trit phong ph hn nhiu so vi h sinh hc
ty tin, trong cc loi to ph du chim a s. S a dng ca to ni chung tng
dn t h ny n h kia theo th t trong chui. Ni mt cch khc, s a dng loi
tng ln khi ti lng hu c trong cc h gim xung [Mara v Pearson, 1986]. Mc
d mt phn vi khun faecal c x l trong h sinh hc ty tin nhng kch thc v
s lng h sinh hc x l trit vn c tnh ton xc nh theo s lng ca chng
u ra khi chui h. Khi thit k h sinh hc theo ch tiu feacal colirm cng phi
tnh n lng vi khun lng ng cng bn cn trong h sinh hc k kh. C ch chnh
ca qu trnh kh khun feacal colibrms trong h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l
trit nh sau:
Thi gian v nhit ;
pH cao (> 9) cng vi nh sng mt tri;

Cng bc x nh sng ln kt hp vi nng xy ha tan cao.

Gi tr pH cao (khong 9) trong nc h do qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra

mnh, l s tiu th CO 2 nhanh hn so vi s hnh thnh t qu trnh h hp ca vi
khun. Ket qu l cc ion carbonat v bicarbonat c phn ly theo cc phn ng
sau y:

2 H C O ] -> C O j~ + H 20 + C 0 2 (4 . 1 )

c o 4- H 20 - 2 0 H ~ + C 0 2 (4 .2)

S c nh CO 2 ca to v tch ly ion hydrxyl trong nc thng lm cho gi tr

pH tng ln n 9. Trong h sinh hc n nh nc thi, vi khun faecal (vi trng
hp c bit l vi khun t Vibrio choera) cht rt nhanh khi pH ln hn 9 [Pearson v
cs., 1987].

Dit vi khun g y bnh

Cc yu tchnh tc ng n qu trnh dit khun gy bnh trong hl cng
nh sng,nhit ,pH v thi gian lu nc. Mc dit khun tng ln trong iu

45
kin nhit cao, pH ln (phn ln vi khun b cht rt nhanh khi pH >9), thi gian lu
nc lu v cng bc x nh sng mnh [Mara v cs., 1992].

Nng lng mt tri ng vai tr quan trng trong vic x l cc loi vi khun gy
bnh. N gi m cho h v cung cp y nng lng thc y qu trnh quang
hp ca to, to iu kin tng pH v hnh thnh xy vi nng ln cn thit thc v
tng cng v b p cho s xy ha quang ha. Qu trnh lng ng bn cn ko
theo cc loi ng vt nguyn sinh v trng giun sn xung y h. Vi thi gian nc
lu li trong chui h trn 11 ngy hu nh khng c cc loi ng vt ph du gy bnh
v trng giun sn trong nc thi u ra.
X l cc cht dinh dng

Cc hp cht nit hu c u tin c khong ha thnh amni trong h sinh hc

k kh hoc trong bn cn ca h sinh hc ty tin. Do qu trnh amn ha ( khong
ha) cc hp cht nit hu c, nng amni trong nc h sinh hc k kh thng cao
hn trong nc cng. Qu trnh x l amni ch yu din ra trong h sinh hc x l
trit . Vic x l amni lin quan cht ch vi pH v nhit b mt. Qu trnh ny
din ra ma h manh hom ma ng.

C ba c ch x l amni trong h l: bay hi amniac, nitrat ha do cc loi vi

khun nitrosomonas v nitrobacter, sau l qu trnh kh nitrat, v tng hp nit trong
sinh khi to. C ch chnh x l amoni l s bay hi. Qu trnh khong ha tt trong
h sinh hc k kh chuyn nit hu c thnh amni. V sau trong h sinh hc ty
tin khi pH cao, amniac hnh thnh v bay khi nc. X l amni nh nitrat ha xy
ra chm. Tuy th, hiu qu x l nit trong cc h n nh nc thi c th t ti 80%
[Mara v cs. 1992]. Trn hnh 4.6 m t chu trnh nit v s bin i ca n trong h
sinh hc n nh nc thi.

Phtpho c loi b khi nc trong h n nh bng cch hp th vo sinh khi

ca to, h hp v lng ng [Mara v Pearson, 1986]. Houng v Glovna (1984) gi
thit: bin php tt nht loi b phtpho trong nc thi bng h n nh l tng s
lng h sinh hc x l trit trong chui h, nh vy s lm cho cc loi phtpho
hot tnh hom trn lp mt bn cn y h c xy ha. Tuy nhin, c nit ln phtpho
phi c loi b khi nc chng hin tng ph dng ngun tip nhn nc thi
sau x l. Thc t cho thy h sinh hc n nh c tnh ton thit k trn c s loi
b BOD v colirms m khng tnh n qu trnh x l cht dinh dng.

H lm thong nhn to
Trong iu kin t ai hn ch v yu cu kim sot mi nghim ngt th c th cp
xy cho h sinh hc bng my khuy b mt hoc bng h thng phn phi kh nn.
Lng xy cp vo phi ph hp ti thiu mc cao hon mt bc so vi cng xy

46
do h vi to cung cp. H sinh hc lm thong nhn to c th l xo trn hiu kh hon
ton, xo trn mt phn c cc vng lng hoc cc vng phn hy k kh, ph thuc
vo kch thc, chng loi v s b tr cc thit b cp kh.

/ Khnitrat
/

Hnh 4.6. Qu trnh chuyn ha v loi b nit trong h sinh hc.

ng m nt chi mi quan h nh lng chnh ca qu trnh chuyn ha nit, ng t nt chi c
ch loi b khi lng cn li ca Iiit ra khi nc thi. Ngun: Mara v Pearson, 1986.

Qu trnh khuy trn bng sc kh s lm tng c v n s cn tr s xm nhp

nh sng vo nc, hn ch cc hot ng ca to. Do thi gian lu nc ngn, qun
th sinh vt trong h lm thong nhn to khng th phong ph c nh trong h sinh'
hc ty tin. Vi khun l thnh phn ch yu trong s cc loi vi sinh vt c trong h.

4.1.2. Tnh ton thy lc v thit k h sinh hc

Tnh ton thit k cc thng s vt l h sinh hc n nh nc thi phi c thc

hin cn thn v y l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh thit k k thut v c nh
hng r rt n hiu qu x l ca cng trnh.
iu kin chung

H sinh hc nn c b tr cui hng gi, cch khu dn c ti thiu l 200 m (tt

nht l 500 m) v c d phng i vi s pht trin trong tng lai. Trong khu vc xy

47
dng h sinh hc cn hn ch ngi qua li cng nh bo m an ton v ngn cm tr
nh n .

Mi t h, nht l mi t h k kh, rt kh chu v l mt vn cn phi tnh n

thit k ng v qun l vn hnh hp l. Cng ng cng cn c m bo l
trong giai on quy hoch chn c v tr xy dng h c khong cch ly ti thiu
l 200 m. Cc h cng phi c b tr ti ni c th n c mt cch bnh thng v
theo nguyn tc, v tr xy dng h phi bng phng hoc c dc nh gim c
khi lng cng tc t. H sinh hc khng c t trong phm vi 2 km cch sn bay
v cc loi chim bay v h c th gy s c hng khng.

iu kin
a
k
/ thut

Cc yu t a k thut rt quan trng trong vic thit k h sinh hc. Mc ch chnh
ca vic kho st a k thut l c c s chc chn cho vic thit k o p t v
xc nh t c thm nc hay khng t lp lt. Mc nc ngm cao nht trong khu
vc h cn c xc nh v cc c tnh sau y ca t phi c phn tch:
Phn b kch thc ht (thnh phn c gii ca ht);
T trng kh ti a v m ti u (th tng bin m);
c tnh t t nhin (gii hn Atterberg);
Hm lng hu c;
H s thm.
Ti thiu phi thc hin 4 mu khoan c tnh i din cho 1 ha. L khoan phi th
hin r cu trc ca lp t su di 1 m so vi y h.
Cc loi t hu c (v d nh than bn,...) hoc t do hay ct ht trung bnh - th
khng ph hp cho vic p b. Nu t ti ch khng dng c, t nht l phi
bng li t chc, n nh v khng thm, sau vn chuyn t ph hp t ni khc
n. t ti ch ch dng to dc. Cc loi t st en (t mu ti gc canxi vng
nhit i thng do khi t v dn khi kh) l loi t khng thm nc v rt ph
hp vi h. Cc loi t nu d thm nc nn yu cu phi c lp lt y h. Nn
c b h v mng thot nc xung quanh ngn nc ma v chng xi mn.

Cn bng thy lc
duy tr mc nc trong h, lu lng dng vo ti thiu phi ln hn bay hi
v thm ra xung quanh trong ton b thi gian hot ng. C ngha l:

Qi > 0,001 A(E+S) (4.3)

Trong : Qi - lu lng nc thi vo h u tin [m 3/ng];

A - tng din tch h [m2];

48
 - bay hi thc [mm/ng];
S - thm [mni/ng].

v nguyn tc gi mc nc trong h, lng nc thm phi nh hom lng nc

thi vo h tr i lng nc bc hi thc. thm nc ln nht ca lp t lm y
h c th c xc nh theo nh lut Darcy:

k= (4.4)
86400A Ah

Trong :
k - h s thm ti a c th chp nhn c [m/s];
Qs - lu lng nc thm ti a (= Qi - 0,001 AE) [m3/ng];
A - din tch y h [m2];
A - su lp t tnh t y h n tng t cha nc hoc n lp t
thm nc [m];
A h - k p lc thy tnh (= chiu su h + A /) [m].

Neu nh thm nc ca t ln hn gi tr ti a cho php, h cn phi c lt.

C nhiu loi vt liu lt khc nhau vi gi thnh hp l c th c xem xt s dng.
Cc loi vt liu lt c th m bo yu cu l xi mng portland (CMIEB - 32,5h- 8 kg/m2),
mng cht do v lp t c thm nc nh, dy 150 mm. Theo hng dn chung,
mc chng thm cho h ph thuc vo h s thm o ti hin trng nh sau [Mara v
Pearson, 1987]:
> 10 '6 m/s - t thm nc v h cn phi lt y;

> 10'7 m/s - Mt vi l r nc xut hin nhng khng d lm h cn nc;

< 10'8 m/s - C th dng h t nhin;

< 10
9 m/s - Khng c nguy c nhim nc ngm (nu k > 10'9 m/s v nc
ngm c s dng lm ngun cp nc cho sinh hot th cn thit
phi kho st k lng iu kin a cht th vn khu vc).

Hnh thi h
Cu to hnh hc ca h rt quan trng; hnh dng ca h v v tr cng dn nc
vo, cng dn nc ra phi c thit k hn ch n mc ti thiu lng nc chy
tt ngang qua h. Ni chung, h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp nn c
dng hnh ch nht vi t l gia chiu di v chiu rng t 3 n 1 trnh lng v
tch t bn cn gn ng ng dn nc thi vo. H sinh hc ty tin th cp v h x
l trit , nu c th nn m bo t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ln (t 10 n 2 0 )
m bo cho hot ng ca h gn vi iu kin b phn ng y.

49
 Khng nn chn cc h c dng khng u lm h sinh hc v thng c nhiu vng
cht v to hay tch t gc h nn khi cht s gy nn mi kh chu. H khng cn
thit hon ton l hnh ch nht, cc gc nn c un cong to cnh quan.

tn dng gi lm xo trn cc lp nc trong h, h cn c b tr sao cho kch

thc ln nht ca h (ng cho) nm trng vi hng gi ch o ca a phng.
ng ng dn nc vo cng c b tr trc din vi hng gi cho dng nc
thi v gi c tip xc trc tip vi nhau. Din tch h xc nh theo quy trnh thit
k l din tch mt phn hai su h; n c lm c s iu chinh dc b h
nh th hin trn hnh 4.7.

L+ n(D + 2F)

L-nD

____________ L____________ _

Hnh 4.7. Tinh ton cc kch thc mt v y h sinh hc.

Ngun: M ara v Pearson, 987,

C th s dng phng php chnh xc hn tnh ton h sinh hc k kh (v h

ny tng i nh):

Va =[(LW) + (L-2sD)(W -2sD) + 4 (L -sD )(W -sD ) (4.5)

Trong :
va - th tch h sinh hc k kh [m3];
L - chiu di tnh ton ca h [m];
w - chiu rng tnh ton ca h [m];
.V- dc theo phng nm ngang;
D - chiu su lp nc trong h [m].
Thay th L bng nW, da trn t l gia chiu di v chiu rng l n, biu thc (4.5)
s tr thnh phng trnh bc hai on gin ca w.

Cc kch thc v mc nc m ngi xy dng cn bit l cc gi tr ti y v b

mt b h; tt nhin b h bao gm c ng i li t do. Chiu cao ti thiu ca b h
phi ngn c sng trn to nn do gi thi. i vi h b (din tch di 1 ha) b h
phi c tn cao 0,5 m. i vi h din tch t 1 n 3 ha, b h nn tn cao t 0,5

50
n 1,0 m, ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th ti khu vc. i vi h ln, chiu cao b
h c tnh nh sau [Oswald, 1975]:

F= y/g-1 (4.6)

Trong :

F - chiu cao b h [m];

A - din tch h mc nc b mt (MNCN) [m2].

Ca dn nc vo, ca x v ng nc qun
Thng thng h c thit k vi mt ng dn nc vo v mt ng dn nc
ra vn m bo hiu qu hot ng ca h. Vic thit k chnh xc cc ng nc vo
v ra khng ng vai tr quan trng. Tuy nhin, s sp xp khng hp l v tr ng
ng dn nc vo v ra s gy ra hin tng thy ng hc nh nc qun, gim dung
tch vng x c hiu qu cng nh thi gian lu nc trung bnh. e trnh hin
tng trn, v tr nc vo v ra khi h sinh hc cn c bo tr hai gc i din
nhau theo phng cho ca h (Hnh 4.8). Cng c th lp t cc vch ngn m
bo tn dng ti a tit din t ca h v kim sot hin tng nc qun.

c) d)

Hnh 4.8. ng dn nc vo, nc ra v b tr vch ngn.

(a) nc vo v ra theo vig cho; (b) nhiu ng dan nc vo v hai ng
dn nc ra vi cc ngn chia c dng xi-phng; (c) nhiu ng dn nc vo v
ta (p trn thnh mng); (d) h thng vi nhiu vch ngn. Ngiin: EPA 1977

Nn x ngp trnh nc qun v gim n mc ti thiu lng vng bt (to lc

v cc cht ni khc tch t v ni trn b mt h). Nu x trn b mt h sinh hc k
kh v h sinh hc ty tin th cn lp t thm h thu vng (Hnh 4.9).

51
 J l ----------------------------- = 1 -

Hp chn vng
//////// \ *

Hnh 4.9. Cu to ca vo h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp.

Cc ng dn nc ra cn c gia c bng tm chn ngn vng bt khng b x

ra ngoi. su tm chn kim sot mc nc x ra v c nh hng quan trng n
BOD u ra. Mc nc x ra nn nm gn mt h (pha trn lp bn i vi h sinh hc
k kh v pha di lp to i vi h sinh hc ty tin). Chiu su mc nc x cn
c iu chnh hp l trong qu trnh hot ng ca chui h sinh hc [Mara v cs.,
1992]. Theo [Mara v cs., 1992], chiu su mc nc x c xut l:
H sinh hc k k h : 30cm;
H sinh hc ty tin: 60cm;
H sinh hc x l trit : 5cm.

Cu to ca ng dn nc ra thng thng gm p chn kt hp vi hp thu

vng. p chn thng thun li hon v chng c kh nng o c chiu su lp nc
u ra (Xem mc 3.7- Cc thit b o lu lng). Da vo mi lin h gia chiu su
lp nc v lu lng, ta c th d dng xc nh c chiu cao cn thit ca p
chn. Theo l thuyt, ng vi lu lng nht nh ca dng chy ra, vi mt con p
bit kch thc v hnh dng, ch c mt chiu su lp nc duy nht.

Sau khi ra khi h cui cng trong chui h sinh hc, nc thi nn c dn qua
cc thit b o lu lng n gin nh p trn thnh mng hnh tam gic hoc hnh ch
nht. Do lu lng u vo c o khi nc thi c dn vo h sinh hc u
tin, ta xc nh c t l nc bay hi cng nh nc thm xung, hoc ch lng
nc thm xung t nu nc bay hi c o ring.

X l s b
Tt c cc cng trnh c cng sut nh (phc v di 1000 ngi) cn phi c song
chn rc v thit b lng ct. Thm ch i vi h thng c cng sut nh cng cn lp
t song chn c kch thc khe h 50mm chn cc cht rn ln i vo h thng gy
cn tr lung nc chuyn ng.

52
 Bo m an ton kh s dng
H sinh hc, nu c bo dng tt, trng ging nh b bi hoc ao c. cn lu :
h sinh hc l cng trnh x l nc thi, khng phi l a im vui choi gii tr nn ti
khu vc h c th xy ra cc s c nh tai nn (v d: ng xung h) v kh trnh khi
cc him ha v sinh.
Mt s bin php bo v cng trnh:
Dng hng ro quanh h v kha li vo;
Chi cho php nhng ai c phn s c vo khu vc cng trnh;
Dng bng thng bo trc li vo.
Cc bin php on gin trn cho php hn ch hoc gim thiu mc ca cc ri ro
c th xy ra.

4.1.3. Q uy trnh thit k h sinh hc [Mara v cng s, 1992]

H sinh hc k k h
H sinh hc k kh c th c thit k da vo ti lng BOD ( v ,g/m 3.ng) theo
cng thc sau:

K = - (4.7)
V..s

Trong :

L i - BOD u vo [mg/L hoc g/m3];

Q - lu lng nc thi [m3/ng] ;

v s - th tch h [m1].

Cc gi tr ca v (tnh theo ti lng BOD) theo nhit c lit k trong bng 4.1.
Gi tr ca Avcng nh hm lng BOD 5 tiu th tng theo nhit nc h. Tuy nhin,
hin nay vn cha c cc d liu cn thit thit lp mi quan h ton hc gia v,
lng BOD 5 tiu th v nhit .

Gi s thi gian lu nc trung bnh trong h (6S, ng) l:

0=^. (4.8)

Ta c: X=^~. (4.9)
Qs

Trong bng 4.1 l gi tr ca v gii hn trong khong 100-f300 g/m 3.ng. Vi nhng
gi tr nh hn th khng duy tr c mi trng ym kh cn thit cn vi nhng gi

53
tr / v,>400 g/m3.ng th s thi ra cc kh c mi kh chu (Tuy nhin, khi hm lng
Sunfat cao hon 500mg/L, cc kh trn vn b thi ra vi cc gi tr X.V <400 g/m 3.n g ).
B n g 4 . 1 . T i l ng B OD th eo d un gt ch h v 1 ngBODstiuth trongh s i n h h c k kh

N h it trung bnh trong T i lng BOD5 theo th tch H iu sut x l B O D 5

thng (T , C ) (xv, g/m 3.ng) (%)

< 10 100 40
N>
1*

20T - 1 0 0 2T + 20
0

>2 0 30 0 60

Trn l thuyt, khng c gii hn no cho chiu su ca h sinh hc k kh. Nhn

chung, chiu su thch hp cho h thng l 3m.

H sinh hc ty tin

C nhiu phng php khc nhau thit k h sinh hc ty tin. y xut

dng gi tr thit k chp nhn c l ti lng BOD b mt kg/ha. ng):
lOLQ
(4.10)

Trong : A f - din tch h sinh hc ty tin [m2].

Ti lng BOD b mt s tng theo nhit . xc nh s, trong ti liu [Mara v

cs. 1992] xut cng thc thit k tng qut nh sau:

XS=350(J,107-0,002T)7'25 (4.11)

Trong : T -n h i t [C].

Do bn khng c mt trong h sinh hc ty tin th cp (h ny c dng x l

tip 30% lng BOD sau h sinh hc ty tin s cp), nh vy gi tr ti lng tnh ton
c th chn gim 30% so vi h sinh hc ty tin s cp.

Sau khi tnh s v Af, thi gian lu nc (/, ng) c xc nh nh sau:

AfD
(4.12)
f Q,n

Trong :

D - chiu su [m];

Qm - lu lng trung bnh [m 3/ng] .

Lu lng trung bnh c ly bng trung bnh cng ca lun lng nc u vo

(Qi) v u ra (Qe). Do :

54
 Af D
0f =r T - J~ (4.13)
( ,+ & )

V e = / - 0,00 1AjE (gi thit lng nc thm, r ri khng ng k v E l tc

bay hi nc ca h [mm/ng]), nn thi gian lu nc trong h s l:
AD
Af D
0 / = 7---------------------------------------------------------- ----- (4.14)
[Qi - 0,001 Af E)

Lng BOD tiu th h sinh hc ty tin s cp nm trong khong 7 0 --80% vi

mu nc thi khng lc v 90% i vi mu nc thi sau lc. h sinh hc ty tin
th cp, lng BOD tiu th nh hn nhng hiu sut x l BOD ca h sinh hc k
kh kt hp vi h sinh hc ty tin th cp tng ng (thm ch cn cao hn) hiu
sut ca h sinh hc ty tin s cp.

Chui h snh hc x trit

Ti lng BOD v tiu th

Gi tr ti lng BOD b mt h sinh hc x l trit phi b hn 75% so vi gi

tr ti lng h sinh hc ty tin. Do cc h pha trc loi b ht 70% hm lng
BOD, ti lng trong h sinh hc x l trit s cp c tnh nh sau:
IO(O.L,)Q WO..Li )D
^sm . A
Am

Din tch h sinh hc x l trit s cp:

A -----^ ----- (4.16)

2D4O.O/E0,,,

Hiu sut x l BOD thng t khong 25% mi cp h sinh hc x l trit .

K h m m bnh

H sinh hc x l trit thng c thit k vi mc ch tiu dit mm bnh. Do

vi khun Faecal c s dng lm ch tiu an ton v sinh, cc h sinh hc x l trit
c nhim v lm gim s lng coliorms n mc nht nh. Kch thc cng nh
s lng h quyt nh cht lng nc u ra cui cng ca chui h sinh hc. Trong
thit k c th coi qu trnh dit khun nh l phn ng ng hc bc m t:

B = - 5 ( 4. 17)

Trong : Be - tng s Colibrms trong lOOml nc thi dng ra [FC/100ml];

B - tng s Colibrms trong lOOml nc thi dng vo [FC/100ml];

55
 K - hng s tc dit khun bc l T c [ng '];
6m - thi gian lu nc trong h x l sinh hc trit [ng].
i vi chui h sinh hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v n h x l sinh hc trit ,
cng thc trn c dng:

B. = -------------- 7------------;---------- - --------------------------------------- (4.18)

+ K A ,) + K T /) + K A I ......... + K A )

Gi tr ca K r cc iu kin nhit khc nhau l:

KT= 2,6(1 ,9 )T 20 (4.19)
Be ly bng gi tr quy nh theo tiu chun i vi cht lng nc sau x l. B c
th c o t nc thi trong nc thi sinh hot gi tr v B thng khong 1X1 o 8
trong lOOmL.
thit k chui h sinh hc, s lng h sinh hc x l trit v thi gian lu
nc c xc nh da vo phng php th v hiu chnh. Gi tr 6,n nh nht c
xut l 3 ngy trnh hin tng nc qun. , cng cn phi nh hn 6f. s lng h x
l sinh hc trit cng ln, thi gian lu nc trong cc h cng ngn. Khi , din tch
t cn thit xy dng h s c gim n mc ti thiu [Mara v cs., 1992].
Kh trng giun sn
Trng giun sn thng c loi b nh qu trnh lng ng trong h sinh hc k
kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp. Nu nc thi sau x l c s dng ti, phi
m bo slng trng giun sn trong nc thi khng c ln hn 1 trng trong 1 lt
nc. Ket qu phn tch thc nghim v kh nng tiu dit mm bnh trong h thng h
cho thy mi quan h nh lng sau [Ayres v cs., 1992].
R = 100[l-0,14exp(-0,388)]. (4.20)

Trong R l phn trm (%) trng giun sn b tiu dit v 6 l thi gian lu nc
(ng). loi b di 95% s lng trng giun sn, p dng cng thc sau:
R = 10 0 [-0 ,4 ex p (-0 ,4 9 + 0 ,0 0 8 5 2 i . (4.21)

Kh Nit
H thng h sinh hc c th kh c 80% Nit hoc hn. Qu trnh ny chu s tc
ng ca pH, nhit , thi gian lu nc trung bnh. Cng thc tnh ton kh nng kh
Nit sau c p dng ph bin Bc M nhng c th s khng cho kt qu chnh xc
cc khu vc khc.

Tng Nit c tiu th trong chui h [Reed, 1985] l:

N e = Nexp{-[k(l,039)T-20 ] } .d + 60,6(pH -6,6)J (4.22)

Trong : Ne - tng Nit trong nc thi dng ra cui cng [mg/L];

Nj - tng Nit trong nc thi dng vo [mg/L];

56
 k - hng s tc tiu th tng Ni t bc 1 [= 0,0064 ng'1];
9 - thi gian lu nc trung bnh trong chui h [ng];
7 - nhit [C].
Lng N -N H 4 c tiu th trong chui h xc nh theo cc cng thc sau [Pano &
Middlebrooks, 1982]:

* Vi nhit < 20C:

c - (4.23)
\( a \
7+ ] - .(0,0038+0,000l4T )xexp[(l,041+0,044T).(pH-6,6)\
[VQ j

* Vi nhit > 20C:

(4.24)

Trong :
c e - hm lng N-NH 4 trong nc u ra [mg/L];
C - hm lng N-NH 4 trong nc u vo [mg/L];
A - din tch chui h [m2];
Q - lu lng nc thi u vo [m3/ng];
T - nhit [C].
Gi tr p H c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
p l = 7 ,3'X[) (0,0005A l k ) . (4.25)

Trong : Ak - kim trong nc thi u vo, mg CaCO/L.

4.1.4. Vn hnh v bo dng h

Lm y nc h
Khi ng cng trnh, hay ni cch khc, lm y h, cn c thc hin cng sm
cng tt. Nu nc c dn vo h qu mun, cc loi thc vt ven h s pht trin
nhanh chng, lm mt tnh n nh ca vng b h cng nh lm gim kh nng thm
nc ca loi t quanh h.

Lu lng nc thi u vo thng khng lm y h ngay.Bn cnh ,

dng nc sch lm y h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit rtthch hp
thit lp s tn ti cng sinh gia to v qun th vi sinh vt [BCEOM, 1990]. H
sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp thng c lm y vi mt na th tch
l nc sch v tng dn lng nc thi th vo h (nc thi ny c th c b sung

57
thm bn t cc cng trnh x l khc). Tuy nhin, bin php ny tn km v thi gian
v chi ph nn thng t c s dng.

Bo dng hng ngy

Bo dng cc thit b x l s cp: y l cng vic bt buc phi tin hnh

thng nht. Cc tp cht st li cc cng trnh x l s cp phi c loi b hng
ngy. Cng vic ny thng chi cn dng c co gt n gin. Cc mnh vn v s
c thu gom v chuyn n bi rc cng cng hoc chn lp sn phi.

Lm quang b: vi nguyn tc c bn l kim sot cht ch cc loi thc vt ven

b. Xung quanh h khng c c cc loi cy bi [U.S. EPA, 1977a]. c phi c di
chuyn i ngay sau khi ct gt trnh rcri xung h. Cc b phn ngp di nc ca
thc vt l ni n nu l tng cho b gy. Phn thc vt ni trn nc l ng bng
ct cnh cho mui trng thnh [BCEOM, 1990]. Lm quang b c th c tin hnh
th cng hoc c gii ha nhng trnh dng thuc dit c (v loi ha cht ny s tc
ng xu hoc tiu dit qun th to cng nh ph hoi c ch x l sinh hc trong
nc h).

Lm sch ng dn nc vo v ra khi h: vng, cc cht ni v cc tp cht

khc phi c lm sch khi ng dn nc vo v ra khi h.

Thu gom cc hp cht ni v thc vt ni c kch thc ln: c n thu gom v loi
b cc cht ni, thc vt ni dng ln (hoc bt k vt th no to ra bng rm trn mt
h v gy xo trn qu trnh quang hp ca to) ra khi h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh
hc x l trit . Tuy nhin, cn gi li cc cht trn trong h sinh hc k kh v chng
gip duy tr mi trng ym kh ca h v gim n mc ti thiu mi hi [U.S. EPA,
1977a].

Sa cha cc h hi b h, hng ro, c a...

T chc i ng cn b cng nhn vin

thc hin cng tc vn hnh v bo dng thng nht, chui h sinh hc cn c

mt di ng cn b cng nhn vin phc v. Trnh nhn vin ph thuc vo loi
cng vic v thit b cn c bo dng (v d, vi song chn v thit b gt cn c
gii, cn c k s c kh, nhng khng cn vi song chn v thit b gt cn th cng),
cng nh mc hin i ca phng th nghim t trong khu vc trm x l v cch
ct xn c (th cng hay dng my xn). Trong bng 4.2 xut t chc cn b cng
nhn vin cho h thng chui h sinh hc phc v s dn tnh ton n 250000 ngi.
Vi h thng ln hn, s lng cn b cng nhn vin c th tng theo t l.

58
 Bng 4.2. e xut t chc cn b cng nhn vin cho
h thng x l nc thi bng h sinh hc

Dn s tnh ton 10 000 25 000 50 000 100 000 250 000

Ngi qun l/gim st - - 1 1 1

K s c kh*2 - - - 1 1

Nhn vin th nghim^ - 1 1 1 2

Tr l qun l - 1 2 2 2
S cng nhn 1 2 4 6 10
Li xef - 1 1 1 2
Ngi lau rad 1 1 3 5 5
Tng cng 2 6 10 15 23
a
Ph thuc s thit b s dung.
b
Ph thuc mc hin i ca phng th nghim.
c
Ph thuc loi my xn c c s dng.
,
Ph thuc v tr v s lng thit b c s dng.
Ngun: Arthur, 1983.
Ht bn
Sau mt n ba nm, bn cn c ht ra khi h sinh hc k kh m bo dung
tch thit k ca h. Khi lng bn chim 1/3 dung tch h, cn tin hnh ht bn.
Trong ti liu [Mara v cs., 1992] a ra cng thc tnh ton chu k ht bn (ht bn
sau khong thi gian n nm) nh sau:

H- ( 4 ' 2 6 )

Trong :
V - th tch h sinh hc k kh [m3|;
p - dn s tnh ton;
s - lng bn tch t bnh qun [thng bng 0,04m3/ngi.nm].
Khi ht bn, khng nn ht tt c bn trong h. Mt lng nh bn cn c gi li
trong h cung cp s lng vi sinh vt cn thit cho qu trnh ln men k kh sau .
Chiu dy lrp bn trong h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin c th c ly theo
phng php chic gy cun khn trng. Mt chic gy cun khn trng c buc
bm vo cy so v dng theo phng thng ng xung h cho n khi chm y ri
c rt ln t t. Da vo v tr ca nhng bng bn bm trn gy, ta c th d dng
xc nh c chiu dy lp bn trong h.

Ta c th tin hnh ht bn thng xuyn t pha ra ca h nh bm. Nu khng

c ht u n, bn s tch t dn v nn li di y h. Lp bn c b nn cht ny

59
 Bng 4.3. Mu bng ghi chp bo dng v kim tra

BNG GHI CHP BO DNG V KIM TRA CNG TRNH

THI GIAN (gi, ngy, thng, nm): N HIT :

IU K1N THI TIT :

Tram bm (nu 00 ):
Thi gian hot ng: Bm s 1:................................................ Bm s 2:.............................
Ch s in tiu th: ................................................................................................................
Cc vn khc: (qu ti, . . . ) .................................................................................................

ng i lai: tnh trng (thc vt, s c ,...); cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c

thc hin....................................................................................................................................

Khu vc xung quanh h: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin

Cng trnh x l s b: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin

Song chn rc:.........................................................................................................................
H thng tch du m :............................................................................................................
TNH TRNG H
H s 1 2 3 Ghi ch
Mu nc
Xanh
Nu-xm
- hng
c/trong
Mi
Vt ni. bot. vne
Thc vt ni
Trane thi b
(xi l, hang chut, c...)
Tnh trane cng dn v cne x
(tc cng)
Mc nc
(bnh thng, qu cao, qu thp)

CC HIN TNG KHC: cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin ....

Ngun: CEMAGREF, 1985

60
rt kh bm ht ln v phi dng xng xc ln. Vic ny c th lm mt kh nng gi
nc ca h. Nu bn khng c ht b i, th tch hu ch cng nh hiu qu x l s
b gim v dn ti nhng hu qu nghim trng,

Quan trc v nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h

Ngay sau khi xy dng chui h x l sinh hc, cn lp t h thng quan trc cng
nh tin hnh cc bin php tng ng kim sot quy trnh x l (u vo, chui h,
u ra).Vic kim tra nh k hng thng (nu c th, kim tra hng tun) quy trnh x
l l cn thit nh gi c hiu qu x l ca h cng nh p ng cc tiu chun
quy nh ca a phng.
Mu nc thi phi i din c cho cht lng nc thi trong cng trnh. Do cht
lng nc u vo thay i theo thi gian trong ngy nn cn thit phi ly nc thi
ti nhiu thi im khc nhau. Bi vy, cn phi thit lp mt quy trnh ly mu thng
nht. Cht lng nc trong h thng chui h sinh hc phi c nh gi ti thiu
da vo cc chi tiu theo yu cu ca chnh quvn a phng. Neu c iu kin, cn
phn tch c ti lng thy lc v ch tiu ny c trng cho nng lc hot ng ca h
thng x l nc thi. Cc thng s ch yu thng dng l nhit , lu lng, pH,
xy ha tan, BOD5, hm lng cht l lng, ch s Colibrms, Nit v mu nc.

Vi d v thit k h sinh hc
H sinh hc phc v dn s 100.000 ngi; ti lng BOD5: 40g/ng.ng; lu lng
nc thi OOL/ng.ng; nhit nc thi: 26c. Nng Feacal Colirms trong nc
thi u ra: 1000/1 OOml. Nc thi c x l nh chui h sinh hc bao gm h sinh
hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v cc bc h x l trit .

H sinh hc k kh
Lu lng: Q = 1 0 0x l0 '?x 100.000 = 10.000 m /ng.
BOD 5 u vo: L - 40x1 o3/ 100 = 400 mg/L.
Theo bng 4.1, ti lng BOD 5 tnh ton v~- 350 g/m 3.ng.
Th tch V:
,, L:Q 400 x10000
y - l - ______ _______ (4.27)
350

Vi chiu su 3 m, din tch vng lm vic ca h l 0,38 ha. Thi gian lu nc

thy lc V/Q, l 1,14 ngy, v hiu sut kh BOD 5 l 60%.

No vt bn phi c tin hnh sau khong thi gian n nm, c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
v3 11430/3
n -0,95 ~ 1 nQm (4.28)
Px0,0 4 100000x0,04

61
 Lng bn tch t li trong h sinh hc k kh l 0,04m 3/ ngi.nm v phi ht bn
khi lng bn chim 1 phn 3 dung tch h.

H s i n h h c t y t i n

Ti lng tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc (4.11)

s = 3 5 0 ( 1 ,1 0 7 - 0 ,0 0 2 T ) T 2 = 3 5 0 f l , ] 0 7 - ( 0 , 0 0 2 . 2 6 ) J 26 25 = 3 6 9 k g / h a .n g .

D in tch ca h xc nh theo cng thc (4.10)

_ 10LQ _ 1 0 x ( 4 0 0 x 0 , 4 ) x 10000
= 43360 m 2 .
A f~ s 369

Thi gian lu nc tn h theo cng thc (4.14):

T rong , E l tc bay hi nc trong chui h (E = 6 m m /ng). V i h c chiu

su 2 m , tnh c thi gian lu nc trong h l:

2x43360x2 _
f ~ 2x10000-0,001 * 4 3 3 6 0 x 6 ~ 8,78 n g

Lu lng nc u ra:

Qe = Qi - 0 ,0 0 1 A j E = 0 0 0 0 - ( 0 ,0 0 1 X 4 3 3 6 0 X 6 ) = 9 7 3 9 ,8 m 3/ n g .

H x l s in h h c t r i t

nhit 26c, K c tnh theo (4.19):

K t = 2 , 6 ( , 1 9 ) 26' 20 = 7 ,3 8 ng '

C ng thc (4.17) hoc (4.18) c th c biu din li nh sau:

10s

103[+(7,38xl,4)].[+,38 x 8 ,7 8 ) ]

7 ,3 8

K t qu: 0m = 2 1 ,9 ngy vi n = 1;

9m = 1 ,7 2 ngy vi n = 2.

V i n = 2, c th ly 6m = 2 ng.

K im tra ti lng trong h theo cng thc (4.15):

= 900 kg/ha.ng.

62
 Kt qu trn cao hom 75% so vi ti lng trong h sinh hc ty tin (= 0,75x369
= 276,75 kg/ha.ng). Do , smi c ly bng 277 kg/ha.ng v m/ c tnh nh sau:
- _ 1 0 x 0 ,3LD _ 10x0,3 *4 00 *1 ,5 - .
m = ; ' = ^ ---------- = ^ n gy
Kni

T hi gian lu nc trong h x l trit k tip c tnh nh sau:

108

1 0 S [ + ( 7 , 3 8 x , ] 4 ) [ + ( 7 ,3 8 x 8 , 7 8 ) [ + ( 7 , 3 8 x 6 , 5 ) ]
=
7,38

K t qu: <9, = 0 ,4 5 ngy vi n = 1;

m = 0 ,2 5 ngy vi n = 2.

N u h c su 1,5 m, din tch h x l sinh hc trit s cp c th c tnh

theo cng thc (4.16):

2Qfim - 2*9739,8x6,5
A mi = 41,664m2 .
2 D + 0 ,0 0 1 E d m ( 2 * 1 , 5 ) + ( 0 ,0 0 ] X 6 X 6,5)

L u lng nc thi u ra:

Q e = Q i - 0 ,0 0 1 A mlE = 9 7 3 9 ,8 - ( 0 , 0 0 1 x 4 1 , 6 6 4 x 6 ) = 9 4 8 9 ,8 m 3/ n g y

i vi h sinh hc x l trit th cp:

2 * 9 4 8 9 ,8 * 0 ,4 5
m2 2844m 2
( 2 * 1 , 5 ) + ( 0 , 0 0 1 x 6 * 0 ,4 5 )

Qe = Q i - 0 ,0 0 1 A mE = 9 4 8 9 ,8 - ( 0 ,0 0 1 x 2 8 4 4 x 6 ) = 9 4 7 3 m 3/ n g

L o i b B O D

Sau khi c loi b 90% BO D trong h sinh hc k kh, h sinh hc ty tin v 25%
trong m i bc h sinh hc x l trit , nc thi u ra c hm lng BO D sau lc
(khng cn to) l: 4 0 0 X 0 ,1 X 0 ,7 5 X 0 ,7 5 = 2 2 ,5 mg/L, tha mn cc tiu chun quy nh.

Tm tt

* H sinh hc k kh: Th tch: 11 4 3 0 m 3

Thi gian lu nc: 1,14 ng

* H (chui h) sinh hc ty tin: D in tch tnh ton: 43 360 m 2

D in tch m t nc vi L: w = 10: 1 54 200 m 2

Thi gian lu nc: 8,78 ng

63
 * H (chui h) sinh hc s cp: D in tch tnh ton: 41 664 m 2

D in tch tnh ton vi L: w = 10: 1 52 080 m 2

T hi gian lu nc: 6,5 ngy.

* H (chui h) sinh hc th cp: D in tch tnh ton: 2844 m 2

D in tch m t nc vi L: w=10:1 3555 m 2

T hi gian lu nc: 0,45 ng

4.2. BI L C N G P NC

4.2.1. K h i n im

B i l c n g p n c (W etlands) l h sinh thi ngm nc vi mc nc nng hoc

xp xi b m t t, v c cy trng cc loi thc vt trong iu kin t m. T hc vt
s dng nng lng m t tri hp th cacbon t kh quyn v chuyn ha thnh cc
cht hu c l ngun nng lng cung cp cho cc hot ng sng v pht trin c a cc
vi khun d dng (ng vt, vi khun v nm ).

Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng phn hy, chuyn ha cc cht hu c v cc cht

khc. Vi kh nng , bi lc ngp nc nhn to c s dng lm sch nc (x l
nc thi th, nng nghip, cng nghip v nc ma). Bi lc ngp nc c coi
nh qu thn ca to ha" vi nhng c tnh v thy hc v cc chu trnh ha hc, l
ni cha cc cht thi t cc ngun t nhin v nhn to [M itsch v Gosselink, 1993].

N goi m c ch dng x l nc, bi lc ngp nc cn c nhng li ch khc

nh to cnh quan v m i trng sng cho con ngi v cc loi th. C th coi bi lc
ngp nc nh cc s i u th s in h h c bi tnh a dng sinh hc ca n. N h iu loi
m ung th (chim , b st, cc ng vt lng c, c v.v...) sng v pht trin trong mi
trng bi lc ngp nc hoc s dng cnh ng ngp nc lm ni c tr nh k vi
m t khong thi gian nht nh tro n g chu trnh sng v pht trin [H am m er, 1992]. Bi
lc ngp nc cn c cc gi tr cao v thm m.

4.2.2. C c n h n g h a v th u t n g v b i lc n g p nc

Bi lc ngp nc l h sinh thi ngm nc vi m c nc nng hoc xp x b mt

t, v c cy trng cc loi thc vt c k h nng pht trin trong iu kin t m.

B i l c n g p n c n h n t o (C onstructed w etlands - C W s) c xy dng x l

nc thi hoc nc m a, tuy nhin v bn cht, vic pht trin cc bi lc ngp nc l
nhm to ra v thc y m i trng sng t nhin [H am m er, 1992]. Trong nhng nm
80 ca th k X X, thut ng bi lc ngp nc nhn to bng ting A nh a r tific ia l

w e tla n d s thng c s dng thay v constructed w e tla n d s " hoc tre a tm e n t

64
w e tla n d s tro n g cc cc ti liu khoa hc. Ngy nay cc thut n g c o n stru c te d

w e tla n d s " hoc " t r e a t m e n t x v e t la n d s c dng ph bin hn. T hut ng c i t o b i

l c n g p n c ( r e s t o r e w e t lc m d s thng c dng biu th s ci to hay khi

phc cc bi lc ngp nc b suy thoi hoc b thay i v thy hc. T hut ng p h c
h i b i l c n g p n c ( M i t g a i o n \ v e t la n d s ) c s dng tro n g tr ng hp biu th cc
bi lc ngp n c c ci to nhm phc hi cc chc nng b m t do cc d n pht
trin nh x y d ng ng cao tc, pht trin cc khu th, th ng mi.

4.2.3. T h y h c v th y lc tro n g bi lc n g p nc

C c iu kin thy hc trong bi lc ngp nc c nh hng ti cht lng t, s

pht trin c a cc dng ng vt v thc vt. c tnh c a dng chy v kh nng gi
nc trong bi lc ngp nc xc nh thi gian lu nc v cc cht dinh dng trong
h thng, kh nng tip xc tng tc ln nhau gia cc th n h phn trong h sinh thi.
Hnh thc cu to, tc dng chy, cht lng t v dng cy trng xc nh cc iu
kin thy lc trong h thng. N c c th xm nhp vo bi lc ngp nc di dng
dng chy vo, nc m a, tuyt, nc trn b mt v c th l nc ngm . M t khc,
nc ra khi h thng c th thng qua dng chv ra, bc hi v thm xung t. Cn
bng nc gi a cc dng vo v ra, v cc c tnh vt l c a bi lc ngp nc s xc
nh ch thy lc ca h thng.

K h nng gi nc biu th (. c c tnh thy lc c bn ca bi lc ngp nc. i

vi bi lc ngp nc nhn to ' C W s ), dng chy chnh c coi l dng vo. D ng
chy thm th ng b hn ch bi cc quy nh v x nc thi do c quan qun l a
p h ng ban hnh. C c thnh phn dng chy khc ph thuc vo cc yu t kh hu.
K h nng g i nc ca bi lc ngp nc c m t di dng p h ng trnh sau:

Q v - Qr + Qtr - Q,h + Quu, + ( M - B H - T ) A = ^ . ( 4 .2 9 )

dt

T rong : Q v- lu lng dng vo (m 3/ngd);

Qr - lu lng dng ra (m 3/ng);

Q tr- lu lng nc trn b mt (m3/ng);

Q th - lu lng nc thm b (m 3/ng);
Qian - lu lng nc tan t bng, tuyt (m3/ng);
M - lun lng nc m a (m 3/ng);
BH - lng bc hi (m 3/ng);
T - lng nc thm (m 3/ng);
A - din tch (m 2);
t - thi gian (1/ng);
V - th tch (m 3).

65
 v l thuyt, nc trong bi lc ngp
nc c coi l lun chuyn ng. T uy
nhin, do cc nguyn nhn: c tnh b
m t y, h thng phn phi v thu nc,
kh nng phn phi u nc, v cc yu
t khc c th hnh thnh cc vng ng
nc bn trong bi lc ngp nc. C c
vng cht ny khng tham gia vo qu
trnh x l cc cht nhim v lm gim
din tch cng tc hu ch ca bi lc
ngp nc. V vy cn ti u ha cc
phng n thit k cu to bi lc ngp
nc trnh cc hin tng ng c
th xy ra.

4.2.4. C c d n g b i lc n g p n c
n h n t o

Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th
c phn loi theo hnh thc nui trng
in hnh ca cc loi thc vt nh: h
thng thc vt ni, h thng r chm ni Hnh 4.10. H th n g X L N T s d n g
v h thng thc v t chm [B rix v th c vt n i.
Schierup, 1989]. H u ht cc h th n g u a ) H t h n g d n g c h y b m t, d n g h ;

s dng cc loi cy r chm, tuy nhin b )H th n g d n g c h y n gm n gan g ,

c th phn loi theo dng vt liu s d n g b i l c c h n g th m ; c ) H t h n g d n g

c h y n g m n g , d n g b i l c c h n g th m .
dng v ch dng chy trong h thng
N g u n : theo B rix , 993.
(H nh 4.10).

H th n g dn g ch y b m t

H th o n g d n g c h y b m t l h thng c thit k c lp nc b m t tip xc vi

khng kh. T rong h thng d n g ch y ngm , m c nc c c nh thp hom so vi b
m t vt liu. i vi h thng d n g chy ngm ngang, lp vt liu lun c gi trong
trng thi bo ha nc; i vi h thng dng chy ng, lp vt liu khng trng
thi bo ha v nc c cp khn g lin tc m theo cc khong thi gian nht nh v
c thm qua lp vt liu (tng t n h tro n g h thng lc ct gin on).

Tt c cc dng bi lc ngp n c u c cy trng t n h t l m t loi thc vt c

r trong m t loi vt liu no (th n g l t, si hoc ct). C c ch t nhim c
kh nh s phi hp ca cc qu trn h h a hc, l hc, sinh hc, lng, kt ta v hp th
vo t, qu trnh ng ha bi thc vt v cc s chuyn ha bi cc vi khun [Brix,
1993; V ym azal v cs., 1998].

66
 B i lc ngp n c t nhin c din tch t nh hn 1 ha cho ti hn 1000 ha; khong
50% c din tch trong khong 10 n 100 ha. Bi lc ngp nc nhn to dng chy
b m t thng c din tch nh hn: khong 60 % c din tch nh hn 10 ha. Thng
thng, ti lng thy lc trong cc bi lc t nhin thng nh hn so vi cc bi lc
nhn to do khng c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi [K adlec v K night,
1996]. C c h th n g c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi c nng nit v
phtpho thp (hoc lu gi hon ton) thng c ti lng b m t rt thp, ngc li
i vi cc h thng c thit k x l cc cht hu c (B O D ) v cht l lng
thng c ti lng b m t cao hn. Chiu su mc nc trong h thng khong 5 n
90 cm , thng th ng l 30 n 40 cm. H thng dng chy b m t thng c s
dng x l b sung v c b tr sau cc loi h sinh hc ty tin hoc h hiu kh
trong dv chuyn x l nc thi.

H th n g d n g ch y ngm

chu u, cc h thng bi lc dng chy ngm qua t v si c ng dng v

xy dng rt ph bin. Sy ( P h r a g m e s c m s t r a lis ) l loi thc vt c cy trng ph
bin nht tro n g hu ht cc h thng, mt s h thng c trng thm cc loi thc vt
khc. t hoc si thng c dng lm vt liu trong cc bi lc v chng c kh
nng duy tr dng chy ngm . Cc h thng s dng t thng gp cc vn v dng
chy trn b mt, i vi cc h thng s dng si thng gp cc hin tng tc dng.
H thng dng chy ngm thng c din tch b m t nh (< 0,5 ha) v ti lng thy
lc ln h n so vi h thng dng chy b mt.

chu u, cc h thng dng chy ngm thng c s dng x l bc hai i

vi nc thi sinh hot t cc khu vc nng thn c dn s khong 4400 dn. Bc
M , h th n g ny c s dng x l bc ba i vi nc thi sinh hot t cc khu
vc c dn s ln hn.

4.2.5. C ch x l tro n g b i lc ngp n u c n h n to

C ch x l chnh i vi cc thnh phn nit trong bi lc. ngp nc nhn to l

cc qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat [Gersberg v G oldm an, 1983; R eddy v cc cs.,
1989]. Ti cc v n g hiu kh, cc vi khun niirat ha xy ha am ni thnh nitrat, ti
cc vng thiu kh cc vi khun kh nitrat chuyn ha nitrat thnh kh n it (N 2). xy
cn thit cho qu trnh nitrat ha c cung cp t khng kh v t h r thc vt. Trong
h thng d n g chy ngm ng vi hnh thc ti gin on, kh nng xy ha cao hn
nn hiu q u nitrat ha t cao hn nhiu so vi h thng t bo ho nc. C y trng
hp th n it v tng hp thnh sinh khi. Tuy nhin s hp th n it bi cy trng
thng c tc thp hn so vi qu trnh kh nitrat.

N goi ra, s phn hy cc cht nhim cng c thc hin bi cc qu trnh khc.
Cc vng k kh cng thng c hnh thnh trong bi lc ngp nc nhn to, v cc

67
cht nhim cng c kh trong iu kin k kh ti cc v n g ny. C c vi k h u n k
kh c th phn hy cc hp cht hu c v kh nitrat. Q u trnh kh n itrat ch c th
xy ra trong iu kin khng c xy v giu cacbon hu c (ngun dinh d n g cho cc
vi khun kh nitrat).

Q u trnh kh phtpho trong bi lc ngp nc xy ra ch yu bi cc p h n ng hp

th v kt ta cng cc nguyn t khong cht nh nhm (A l), st (Fe), canxi (C a), v
m n st trong t trm tch [R ichardson, 1985]. Cc trng thi t m v kh trong cc
giai on lun phin lm tng kh nng c nh phtpho trong lp trm tch [B ayley v
cs., 1985; Sah v M ikkelsen, 1986]. S hp th phtpho bi thc vt ng vai tr quan
trng trong h thng c ti lng b m t thp [R eddy v D e B usk, 1985; B reen, 1990].

Cc virus, m m bnh c kh trong bi lc ngp nc bn g cc q u trn h lng, lc

v tiu hy t nhin trong m i tr ng khng thun li [L ance v cs., 1976; G ersb erg v
cs., 1987; W atson v cs., 1989]. N goi ra, cc vi khun cng b nh h n g bi cc cht
khng sinh tit ra t h thng r th c vt [Seidel v cs., 1978]. B c x t ngoi cng
ng vai tr ln trong qu trnh kh trng i vi h thng c lp nc b m t.

Bng 4.4. Cc c ch x l nhim trong bi lc ngp nc.

Thnh phn C ch x l
Cht l lng Lng/ lc v phn hy.
BOD Phn hy bng cc vi khun (hiu kh v k kh).
Lng (tch ng cc thnh phn hu c/ bn trn b mt trm tch).
Nit Amn ha tip theo nitrat ha v kh nitrat bng vi khun.
Hp th bng thc vt.
Lm bay hi amniac.
Phtpho Hp th (phn ng hp th - kt ta cng cc khong cht: nhm, st,
canxi, v mn st trong t).
Hp th bi cy trng.
Vi trng Lng/ lc.
Tiu hy t nhin.
Bc x t ngoi.
Chit sut khng sinh t r thc vt.

M t phn nh cc nguyn t kim loi cng c hp th v k t hp c n g cc khong

cht hu c v c tch t trong bi lc ngp nc di d n g trm tch. S hp th bi
thc vt v chuyn ha bi cc vi khun cng c th ng vai tr quan tr n g tro n g x l
kim loi [W atson v cs., 1989].

C ch ca cc qu trnh kh cc cht nhim trong bi lc ngp n c nhn to

c nu trong bng 4.4.

68
 4.2.6. Kh nng x l

T t c cc dng bi lc ngp nc u c kh nng k h cht l lng vi hiu qu

cao. N ng cht l lng trong nc sau x l trung bnh nh hn 20 m g/L v thng
di 10 m g/L. i vi h thng dng chy b mt c din tch m t nc tip xc vi
khng kh ln, hiu qu x l cht l lng thng thp hon do k h nng pht trin ca
cc loi rong, to. C c bi lc loi ny cn c thit k c su m c nc thp, cy
trng cc loi thc vt ni vi m t ln ti khu vc thu nc loi b to trc khi
x nc ra ngun tip nhn. Thc vt ni trng trn b m t nc s hn ch kh nng
pht trin to do ngn cn qu trnh quans hp ca cc loi thc vt sng trong nc.

Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x lv BOD cao. nng B O D tro n g nc sau x l

thng nh h n 20 m g/L. Trong tt c cc dng bi lc u c chu trnh tun hon
cacbon rin g sn sinh lng BO D thp (1 h-3 mg/1), v vy B O D trong nc sau x l
thng trong m c gii hn thp [Kadlec v Knight, 1996]. Thm ch i vi nhng khu
vc c iu kin kh hu thp hoc c kh nng ng bng vo m a ng, BOD trong
nc sau x l vn t m c thp [Brix, 1998].
K h nng k h n it v phtpho ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th khng n nh
v ph thuc vo cc c tnh thit k v ti lng cht bn. S gia tng lng sinh khi
d v cc kho ng cht l c s bn v n s cho qu trnh kh phtpho trong bi lc ngp
nc. t c hiu qu x l phtpho hng phi m t m t thi gian lu. Bi lc
dng trong m c ch x l phtpho thng ln v tip nhn nc thi long hoc nc
thi c x l s b. Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x l ni d hn so vi
phtpho. C c h p cht n it c cc vi khun chuyn ha thnh kh n it v thot ra kh
quyn. Q u trnh xy ha thng gii hn kh nng kh nit, v vy cu to ca bi lc
v thnh phn cc cht nhim trng Iic thi c nh hng ln ti kh nng kh nit.
Cc h thng d ng chy ngm thng t hiu qu kh nit m c 30+40% ; i vi h
dng chy b m t c ti trng b mt thp hn v thng c hiu qu kh nit t cao
hn 50%.
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng lu gi tt mt s kim loi nng. Tuy nhin kh nng
lu gi kim loi ca bi lc thng c gii hn nht nh, trong trng hp qu ti, nng
kim loi c th t ngng gy c cho h thc vt trong h thng. V vy khng nn
s dng bi lc ngp nc x l cc loi nc thi c nng kim loi nng cao.

Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c kh nng kh vi trng thng qua cc qu trnh tiu

hy t nhin, nhit thp, bc x t ngoi, thc n ca cc loi ng vt trong h
thng, lng ng. T hng thng thi gian lu gi nc trong bi lc lu nn kh nng
kh khun cao c bit l i vi h thng bi lc ngp nc trng c.

C c loi thc vt trng trong bi lc thng c nng sut pht trin cao v th nhu
cu hp th cc cht din h dng cng ng k. K h nng hp th ca thc vt c th

69
kh cc cht dinh d ng trong nc thi, chuyn h a thnh sinh khi v c nh k
thu hoch ra khi h thng. T uy nhin, bi lc ngp nc nhn to c s dng vi
m c ch x l nc thi, lng cht inh dng c kh do th u hoch cy tr n g
thng khng ng k so vi ti lng dinh dng cn loi b t n c thi (xem c th
ti phn chc nng ca thc vt).

4.2.7. L i ch c a b i lc n g p n c n h n t o

T t c cc dng bi lc t nhin hay nhn to u gp phn p h t trin a d ng sinh

hc ca cc loi ng vt v thc vt v c gi tr thm m i vi c n g ng.

S p h i trin ca h sinh vt v c h u i dinh d n g tro n g b i l c n g p n c

Cc dng thc vt pht trin v chui dinh dng c a ch n g ph thuc vo

m i trng vt l tro n g bi lc. C c bi lc ngp nc t nhin l n h n g h sinh thi c
nng sut pht trin cao do s phong ph v nc v cc ch t d in h d n g c tro ng t n g
t b m t ca tri t [M itsch v G osselink, 1993]. V d, tro n g h th n g bi lc ngp
nc b m t c m c nc nng, cc thc vt ni s hn ch s p h t trin ca to tro n g
nc do kh nng to bng ngn cn qu trnh quang hp c a cc loi thc vt trong
nc nh rong, to. N u s pht trin c a to l cn thit nhm t n g c ng chui th c
n cho cc loi thy sinh (nh c, tm , c u a ...), th h thng cn c thit k vi m c
nc su v c khng gian m t nc. N g c li, phc v cho m c ch x l cht l
lng v to, bi lc ngp nc cn c m c nc b m t nng v cy tr n g cc loi thc
vt ni c bit l ti khu vc th u nc ra khi h thng nhm n g n cn s p h t trin
ca to. Trong m t s tr ng hp, ngoi m c ch lm sch v nng cao cht lng
nc, bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c cng dng nui tr n g cc sn phm a
phng nh nui trai nc sch hoc to iu kin gii tr nh c u c ... Tuy nhin cn
c s quan tm cht ch ti cc c n g tc qun l v vn h n h i vi cc loi bi lc
ngp nc dng cho m c ch nui tm hoc cc dng thy sn khc c bit l nh
hng ca vi khun v m m bnh.

M i tr n g s n g ca cc lo i ch im v n g vt h o a n g d

M t trong nhng li ch ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to l k h n n g to m i tr ng

sng v lm phong ph cc loi chim . T ng cng s a d n g c a cc yu t vt l
trong bi lc ngp nc s lm tng tnh a dng sinh hc tro n g h thng. V d, s
lng cc loi chim nc s tng nu m t bng bi lc c th it k xen k cc phn
khng gian m t thong nc m t ph thc vt ni v to cc khu vc t ni. C c loi
chim li nh c, su a sng ti cc khu vc c m c nc nng, c cc loi thc vt
tha, cc vng m ven bin v cc khu vc tip gip g ia cc v n g nc su v t
kh c m i tr ng thun li cho vic sinh sn c a cc loi c l n g u n th c n c a cc
loi chim ln v li. C c bi lc ngp nc rng c kh nng c u n g cp ngun thc n
v m i tr ng sng tt cho cc loi chim n tht nh chim ng, d iu hu. N u cng tn

70
'ti cc loi cy sng v cht trong bi lc s to iu kin cho cc loi chim xy t v
sinh sng lu di. C c loi ng vt c v nh cc loi chut, cng c th sng v tn
ti trong cc bi lc nhn to. c c cc li ch nh thu ht s pht trin ca cc
loi chim , cc bi lc nhn to cn c u t, c chi ph vn hnh v s chp nhn,
ng h ca cng ng.

L i ch i v i con n g i

C on ngi c th s dng bi lc nhn to cho cc m c ch to cnh quan v gii

tr. C c bi lc ngp nc ln c th s dng cho mc ch cu c hoc sn bn v gieo
trng cc loi cy n q u nh u h t ...

C c bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c thit k kt hp s ding cho cc m c ch

gii tr nh tp th dc bui sng, i b. chy, i xe p v ngm cc loi th hoang d.
M t s bi lc nhn to ln c th c thit k kt hp thnh cc cng vin sinh thi
phc v cho cc m c ch gii tr ca cng ng. Vic do chi trn cc ng m n v
ngm phong cnh gip cho cng chng c c thi gian th gin ng th i cm nhn
c s a dng ca cuc sng t nhin trong cc bi lc. Mc ch phc v gii tr s
gip cho cng ng ha nhp vi t nhin v chp nhn s c m t ca cc bi lc nhn
to bn cnh cc th. y l yu t quan trng nhm i cun s ng h ca cng
chng trong cc cng tc xy dng, bo v v duy tr hot ng ca cc bi lc.

4.2.8. T h i t k b i lc n g p n c n h n to

Cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to phc v mc ch x l nc thi c th c phn

loi theo hnh thc phn phi nc v hng ca dng chy. Cc c tnh thy lc ca
dng chy tro n g h thng c ngha quan trng ti cng tc thit k, vn hnh v bo
dng. V vy cc loi h thng dng chy ngang v dng chy ng s c nhng c
im khc nhau c bn v thit k.

B i lc n gp n c nhn to dng chy ngang

T hit k bi lc ngp nc nhn lo bao gm: tnh ton thy lc h thng; tnh ton
thit k theo s dn cn phc v; thit k cu to v la chn cc thit b, vt liu.

X c n h q u y m , k c h t h c v q u y h o c h m t b n

Q uy m kch thc v cc c tnh vt l ca h thng ph thuc vo a hnh, a

cht v tnh cht ca t nn ti khu vc thit k. xc nh c quy m v cc
thnh phn trong h thng bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn tin hnh thit k thy lc v
tnh ton m c x l cn thit m bo lm sch cc cht nhim . T hit k thy lc
h thng bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn cp ti mt s yu t: bi lc ngp nc
nhn to khng phi l h thng tnh; s bin i theo thi gian ca cc c tnh vt l
v cc iu kin m i tr ng hnh thnh lm thay i ch thy lc trong h thng.
C c ph ng php tnh ton thy lc truyn thng i vi h thng dng chy ngm

71
c thc hin theo nh lut D arcy, i vi h dng chy b m t th n g p dng cc
cng thc tnh ton m ng h. H in nay, do s pht trin ca tin hc, nhiu m hnh
tnh ton cng c thit lp v ng dng.

C ng thc D arcy:
(4.30)

Trong :

Q - lu lng trung bnh ca dng chy qua bi lc (m 3/ng);

: - h s dn thy lc (m/ng);

Ac- din tch m t ct ngang ca bi lc (m 2);

s w- dc thy lc (m/m).
C c yu t cn cp ti trong tnh ton thv lc bao gm : dc k h u vc; dc
m c nc; lc cn m a st do cc thnh phn thc vt, m ng sinh hc; v t liu; su
m c nc; chu k cp nc v lm kh; kh nng tc dng trong h thng. N goi ra cn
c thm cc yu t nh cng ma, lng m a ln nht v thp nht ti khu vc. Bi
lc cn c cp nc bng h thng cng phn phi v h thng qun l m c nc.

K h nng x l cc cht nhim c tnh ton da trn cc m h n h tnh ton tc

phn hy cc cht nhim theo phng trnh vi phn cp m t. K t q u tnh ton cho
php xc nh din tch cn th it c a bi lc nhm p ng m c lm sch cc cht
nhim trong nc thi, hoc lu lng nc thi c th x l c. P h n g php tnh
c ng dng nhiu nht l ph ng php cp ti nng nn c a cht nhim
(k-C *), l nng cht nhim sn c hoc c to thnh bi bn th n bi lc ngp
nc nhn to [K adlec v K night, 1996].

(4.31)

(4.32)

Trong :

q - ti lng thy lc (m /ng);

: - h s tc phn hy bc nht (m /ng);

c v- nng cht nhim u vo (m g/L);

Cr - nng cht nhim sau x l (m g/L);

c*~ nng nn ca cht nhim trong h thng (m g/L).

Phng php ny cho php tn h din tch cn thit x l cht nhim :

72
 A =Q (4.33)
k l Cr-C )
Trong : Q - Lu lng (m3/ng);

Gi tr c * ph thuc vo dng h thng, dng thc vt, dng v nng cht

nhim c a nc thi c x l [Kadlec v Knight, 1996]. G i tr nng nn (C*)
in hnh i vi cc dng cht nhim c th ly nh sau: TSS 2--5 m g/L, B O D l--5
m g/L, tng -N < 1,5 m g/L, tng-P < 0,02 mg/L, v aecal colirm s < 300 mg/L.

H s tc phn hy bc nht ph thuc vo thnh phn cht nhim v dng bi

lc. i vi m t s cht nhim , gi tr ca h s nv cn ph thuc vo iu kin
nhit .

k ,= k ,J T'2i) (4.34)
Trong :
k t- gi tr ca h s tc phn hy bc nht ti nhit T (m /nm );
k 20 ~ gi tr ca h s tc phn hy bc nht ti nhit 20 c (m /nm );
9 - h s iu chnh nhit ;
T - nhit (C).

Trn bng 4.5 nu gi tr ca cc thng s c bn dng trong tnh ton thit k bi

lc ngp nc dng chy ngang.

P h n n nguyn

Bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c thit k c s n nguyn t nht l 2, cc on

nguyn c vn hnh song song, s n nguyn c th nhiu hn 2, tuy nhin cn xem
xt ti cc yu t kinh t, a l, yu cu v cht lng nc sau x l. T ng s n
nguyn s lm tng din tch, s lng h thng phn phi v thu nc nn tng chi ph
u t ca h thng.

Bng 4.5. Cc thng s thit k Ctf bn i vi bi lc ngp nc

nhn to dng chy ngang.

D ng chy b mt D n g chy ngm

Cht nhim
k 20 (m /nm) 0 k20 (m /nm ) 0
BO D s 34 1,00 180 1,00
TSS 1000* 1,00 3000* 1,00
T n g -N 22 1,05 27 1,05
T ng-P 12 1,00 12 1,00
F aecal C o lirm s 75 1,00 95 1,00
*: Gi tr c tnh
Ngun: Kadlec v Knight, 1996

73
 H nh dng ca cc n nguyn v b p phn cch cng l cc yu t quan trng.
To ra cc vng su tro n g cc n nguyn s c ch cho qu trnh x l. T hit k bi lc
vi hnh dng bt quy tc s lm tng kh nng qun l v thy lc v phn phi nc,
lm gim kh nng x u t hin dng chy tt trong h thng v lm tn g cht lng nc
sau x l.

T l g ia cc kch thc (chiu di/ chiu rng) ca bi lc c xc nh da trn

cc c tnh thy lc ca h thng v cn xem xt ti cc yu t n h a hnh khu vc,
din tch xy d ng c th v cc tc ng ca h thng ti m i tr n g xung quanh.
T hng thng, t l gi a chiu di v chiu rng ca bi lc th ng c ly ln hn
hoc ti thiu bng 4.

Hnh 4.11. C c p h n g n p h n p h i v th u n c ,
a ) D n g c h y b m t ; b ) H th n g th u n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g a n g - n g m ;
c ) H t h n g p h n p h i n c b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g m .

74
 c u t r c h th n g p h n p h i n c v th u n c

H thng phn phi v thu nc l cc thnh phn chnh ca bi lc. c u trc ca h

thng phn phi nc c nh hng ln ti hiu qu x l ca bi lc ngp nc. H
thng phn phi v thu nc cn c thit k m bo phng chng c cc s c, c
kh nng iu chnh lu lng dng chy, n gin, thn tin trong vn hnh v bo
dng. H thng phn phi v thu nc thng c trang b cc thnh phn nh ng,
van kha, h van, ging phn dng, rnh, mng. i vi cc khu vc c kh hu lnh,
bng tuyt vo m a ng, h thng phn phi nc cn c b tr ngm v c cc bin
php ngn nga ng bng nc trong ng ng nh bc cch nhit hoc trang b cc
thit bnhit.
H thng thu nc cn c thit k m bo kh nng thu hi, iu chnh c m c
nc trong bi lc ng thi c th thot ton b nc khi h thng khi cn thit. Trn
hnh 4.11 m t cc phng n cu to h thng phn phi v thu nc.

H n h 4 .1 2 . B i u x c n h lo i v t li u v k c h c h t s d n g c h o
bi l c nhn to d n g ch y ngang.

y ban C hu u cng ban hnh ti liu hng dn thit k xy dng h thng x l

nc thi trong iu kin t nhin ( 2001 ), trong c hng mc ring v bi lc nhn
to. T heo ti liu h ng dn ny, din tch cng tc ca bi lc c la chn theo dng
v m c nhim ca nc thi. i vi cc yu t vt l v cc kch thc ca h
thng, ti liu c h ng dn la chn s n nguyn, dc, vt liu, cy trng. N goi
ra cc yu t v iu kin a hnh, vn hnh, cc u im v hn ch v k thut cng
c cp ti.

75
 B i lc nhn to dn g chy n g
Trong bi lc nhn to dng chy ngang thng c nhng vng t bo ho nc, ti
hm lng xy thp, kh nng nitrat ha ti nhng vng ny b hn c h nn bi lc
thng i hi c din tch ln. tng k h nng truyn dn xy n cc tng t, m t
dng bi lc khc c p dng vi thit k dng chy ng v s dng cc vt liu
khng bo ha nc nh ct hoc si. V nhng vt liu ny khng bo ho nc nn
nhng h thng dng chy ng c kh nng truyn dn xy cao hn. N hng bi lc
nhn to dng chy ng i hi din tch nh hn, c k h nng nitrat ha cao hn v v
vy c p dng ph bin hn nhng ni c cc quy nh cht ch v cht thi. M t
vi cc nc chu u nh o, an M ch, Php, v c ban hnh cc ti liu hng
dn chnh thc v thit k v xy dng bi lc nhn to dng chy ng.
Thnh phn c bn ca bi lc nhn to dng chy ng bao. gm phn x l s b;
h thng bom ; lp ct lc; m t h thng phn phi nc trn b m t v h thng ng thu
nc di y thu nc sau x l.
Nc thi bt buc phi c x l s
b trc khi phn phi ln b m t bi lc
dng chy ng gim thiu nguy c
tc trong h thng ng v lp vt liu lc
ng. Tuy nhin cng c nhng h thng
hot ng vi cng on x l s b nc
thi ch hn c h loi b nhng vt ln c
i>
X l s b 1

i i 1 1 1
kch thc hn 2m m , nhng nhng h 1 ............ n 1
1 1 1
thng ny i hi phi c din tch bi lc ! 1 l 1
1
1 1 1
ln hn v hot ng cng khc cc h - ..... 1 1 1
S ---T L,---------- ^ Li----------
y 1----------p 3-------
thng truyn thng.
H n h 4 .1 3 . S c u t o b i l c n h n t o
Nc thi x l s b c phn phi dn g ch y ng.
trn b m t ca bi lc c cy trng thc
vt (hnh 4.13). Cc cht nhim c x l bi cc v s v pht trin trong lp ct lc v cc
chm r cy. iu quan trng l lp vt liu lc khng c bo ho hoc ngp ne
m bo kh nng duy tr mc xy cao trong lp vt liu lc [Brix v Schierup, 1990].
Lau sy ( P h r a g m ite s a u s t r a lis ) l thc v t thng c dng gieo trng, tuy nhin
cc loi thc vt khc c kh nng chu c m i trng nc thi cng c th c s
dng. Chc nng chnh ca thc vt l khng lm h thng bi lc b tc. N u nh h
thng bi lc c xy dng cc vng n i th s c m t ca thc vt cng gip cho
h thng khng b ng bng vo m a ng [Brix, 1994, 1997]. Sau khi thm qua h
thng lc, nc thi x l c thu bi h thng ng thot c thng k h b tr di
y lp vt liu lc. tng cng k h nng x l nit, nc sau x l c th c tun
hon li cng on x l ban u hoc v ging bm tng cng kh nng k h nitrat
v n nh hot ng ca h thng.

76
 su thng thng ca h thng lc ti thiu l l,4 m bao gm tng thu nc ti
thiu 0,2 m gia c bng cui, si th; lp vi a k thut; l , 0 m ct lc, v trn cng
l m t lp ph b m t 0,2 m. Thm vo , phn b bao xung quanh cao 0 ,2 m ngn
nc trn t khu vc xung quanh vo bi lc. Ti y bi lc phi c l t bng m ng
chng thm dy t nht 0,5m m . M ng chng thm c bo v bi hai lp vi a k
thut trn v di. Tng thu nc c b tr h thng ng thu nc c gia c pha trn
bng si th (8 --16 m m ). Cc ng thu nc c ni m t u vi ng thot nc chnh
thot nc t y bi lc ra ging thu bn ngoi. Cc ng ng thng hi cho h
thng thu nc c b tr cao hn b mt bi lc khong 0,3 m (hnh 4.14) thng
kh cho h thng thu nc v lp vt liu lc.

Bc chng thm

H n h 4 .1 4 . M t c t n g b i l c d n g c h y n g .

H n h 4 .1 5 . th c h t d n g l a c h n v t li u b i l c n h n t o d n g c h y n g .

V t liu lc c th l ct vi d |0 t 0,25 n 1,2 m m , t 1 n 4 m m , v h s

ng nht (U = d 60/d |0) cn nh hn 3,5 (hnh 4.15). T l tp cht trong vt liu lc nh
cc thnh phn t st v ph sa (c ht nh hon 0,125m m ) phi thp hn 0,5% . Trong
thc t, ch s dng ct c ra. Chiu su cng tc ti thiu l l,0 m , v b m t bi
lc cn san phng. ct lc khng tri xung tng thu nc, cn b tr lt ngn cch

77
gia hai tng bng m t lp vi a k thut m hoc bng m t lp cui si ngn
khng cho ct lt qua v lm tc tng thot nc. Ch khng nn nn cht ct trong
qu trnh thi cng v v vy khng nn dng m y m c hng nng trn nn bi lc trong
qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
Nc thi c phn phi u trn b m t bi lc bi h thng ng phn phi c p.
Cc ng ny nn c ng knh thch hp c th dn nc v khng b tc v cn c l
t y ng vi khong cch l l 0,4 4- 0,7m. iu quan trng l ton b h thng hot
ng di p lc trong m t khong thi gian di m bo s phn phi u nc trn
ton b b m t bi lc. Trong thc t, lu lng bm t nht phi ln gp 3 ln lu lng ca
h thng phn phi m bo cho nc lun bao ph b mt. Tn sut bm hot ng
thng thng vo khong 8 -r 12 ln m t ngy v khi ne c tun hon li trong h
thng th tn sut c th tng n 16 -- 24 ln m t ngy. Nu cn th h thng ng phn phi
c th c chng bng gi bng m t lp v bo g hoc v s t trn b m t (hnh 4.16).
Tc n g m i trng
Lp ph
Trong bng 4.6 trnh by tm tt
nhng iu cn ch gim thiu cc
Lp v bo g hoc v s
tc ng ca bi lc.
Cc kim loi nng v cc hp cht
hu c c th lu li trong h sinh vt Ct lc

thng a u a qu trnh tch t sinh hc v

cui cng t ngng c hi khng
Tng thu nc vi
nn thi ra ngoi m i trng. C c cht h thng ng thot
rn l lng v BO D trong nc thi cn
Vi a k thut
c x l s b nhm m bo mc
Mng chng thm
xy ho tan thch hp trong cc bi Vi a k thut
lc. Cc cht nhim c nhu cu tiu
th xy cao trong qu trnh phn hy s H n h 4 .1 6 . C h i tit c c tng l c tro n g b i l c

to ra cc iu kin k k h khng tt d n g c h y ng.

cho i sng thy sinh.

V ic to ra cc bi ni trong h thng cng lm tng s a dng v cc loi chim .
'N hng vng nc su s lm tng thi gian lu nc v kh nng x l nc c a h
thng, ng thi cng s cung cp m i trng sng tt cho c. C c vng nc h khng
nn kt ni vi nhau theo m ch ca dng chy m nn b tr xen k vi nhng vng
nc nng c trng cy dy c.
S a dng ca cc loi thc vt trong bi lc cng nh hng n s a dng ca cc
loi ng vt v v vy nh hng n i sng hoang d ca bi lc. K hng nn thc hin
cc bin php qun l m ang tnh can thip nhn to loi b m t s loi th c hi. Nn
thc hin cc bin php t nhin c hiu qu nh nui c bt m ui dit m ui.
S tip cn ca con ngi vi bi lc v s chun b cng nh cung cp thng tin l
rt quan trng m bo cng chng c hiu b it v bi lc v tc dng c a chng.

78
 C c vn c th ny sinh
C ht lng nc v mi trng sng bi lc nn ph hp vi m t s sinh vt c th
kim sot trng m ui m t cch t nhin nh c v cc cn trng khc. N gn nga kh
nng tip cn n nhng vng c cc loi b st c nh rn c v c su. Cc s c
ngoi m ong mun (cht ui) cng l mt vn c th xy ra nhng vng nc su.
C hnh v vy m cc li i trn vng nc su ncn c lan can bo v. K hng nn tiu th
c v ng vt hoang d t cc bi lc.

4.2.9. T h c v t tro n g bi lc

Phn ln thc vt thy sinh cc bi lc l cc loi thc vt v m (m acrophytes) bao

gm cc loi cy sng di nc nh thc vt ht kn, bo, ru nc v m t s loi to
ln. Thc vt s dng nng lng mt tri ng ho cc bon v c t khng kh v
sn sinh vt cht hu c, nhng cht ny cung cp nng lng cho ng vt, vi khun v
nm. C hng cng c kh nng phn hy v chuyn i cc cht hu c v cc cht khc.
Thc vt cng c vai tr nht nh trong x l nc thi. C ba loi thc vt in hnh
thng c dng trong cc bi lc (hnh 4.17), c phn loi theo hnh thc sng v
pht trin [Brix v Schierup, 1989; Cronk v Fennessy, 2001; W etzel, 2001]:

Bng 4.6. Cc vn cn lu nhm gim thiu nh hng ca

bi lc ti mi trng xung quanh

Lu v cht lng nc:

X l s b cc c-ht hu c v kim loi
c hi;
X l s b nc thi c nng BOD cao;
D uy tr x y ho tan (ln hn khng).
L u v m trng sng:
To ra s a dng v cc yu t vt l;
K t hp b tr cc vng nc su;
Kim sot mc nc;
B tr cc vng t ni trn din tch
mt nc;
To ra cc khu vc c th lm t;
Cn trng cc loi thc vt da dng;
=> Trnh nh hng c hi ln h sinh vt;
=> Trnh tnh trng thiu ht x y ln trong h
thng;
=> Cung cp iu kin sng tt cho h sinh vt.
=> Tng cng s a dng v m i trng;
=> Tng cng xo trn, tng thi gian lu
nc v cung cp m i trng sn g lu di
c h o c;
=> Kim sot s tng trng ca thc vt;
:=> Cung cp ni n nu ch o c c loi chim v
b st;
=> Tng s lng ni c th lm t;
=> To kh nng thch nghi ti u hn ch o cc
loi ng vt;

Kt hp cc kt cu ng (nh c, bi => To s da dng v m i trng sng, tr

c y v c y cao); ng v lm t;

Kt hp s a dng theo chiu ngang => To s a dng v m i trng sng;

nh c c vng t kh, nc nng v su;
Kin to cc di b p a dng, khng => Cung cp s che ph v ch iu di d c theo
nh hnh. b di hn.

79
 Lu v cng chng:
B tr ni xe v cc ch dn cch tip
cn an ton n khu vc bi lc;
To nhng on ng i b v nhng
im quan st;
Kt hp vi nhng khu trng by;
Cng b cc khu vc bi lc;
Khuyn khch v lp danh sc tuyn
dng cc hot ng tnh nguyn;
B tr cc im monitoring c th tip
cn c;
To nhng im nghin cu i sng
hoang d;
Duy tr cc ti liu kim sot.
N gun: Knight, 1997.
1. Thc vt n trn mt nc
2. Thc vt sng tri ni trn mt nc
3. Thc vt sng chm di mt nc
1 i)>
80
Thu ht cng chng;
=> To cho cng chng tip cn vi mi
trng m ly, bi lc;
=> Gii thiu cho cng chng bit v mi
trng bi lc cng nh cng dng ca n;
=> To s chp nhn v ng h ca cngng;
Nng cao s lm ch to s ng h ca
cng chng;
Cng b cc s liu v cht lng nc
chc nng ca vng m ly;
=> Quan st hot ng sng ca cc loi th
hoang d m khng nh hng n chng;
=> Cho cng chng bit v hot ng ca h
thng.
H n h 4 .1 7 . C c lo i th c v t n c i n h n h ,
( a ) c y s y ; ( b ) c y l a u ; ( c ) c n n c l r n g ;
(d ) c y h o a s n g ; (e ) c n c n g t;
( f ) r a u m ; ( g ) b o l c b n h ; ( h ) b o t m ;
( i ) c l q u n ; ( j ) c m t h o a .
N g u n : B r i x v S c l ie r u p , 1 9 8 9 .
)
 . T h c v t n i tr n m t n c : l loi ph bin vng m ly, m c khong 50 cm
di m t t v ti su ca nc khong 150 cm hoc ln hon. Ni chung, chng c
thn v l m c trn m t nc v c b thn r di. Loi ny c th sng nhng vng
ngp nc v thng l cc loi thc vt thn rng hoc c nhng l ln bn trong lm
tng kh nng vn chuyn xy xung h r.
2. T h c v t s n g t r i n i tr n m t n c : bao gm cc loi c r mc tng y nng
v nhng loi sng tri ni trn m t nc.
3 . T h c v t s n g c h im d i n c : c cc m quang hp hon ton chm di nc
nhng thng c hoa ni trn m t nc.

4.2.10. V a i tr c a th c v t tro n g bi lc

Vai tr quan trng nht ca thc vt trong chc nng X LN T ca bi lc l da trn

cc c tnh vt l ca cc m thc vt nh kim sot si mn, lc nc, to ni sng v
hot ng cho cc v s v . S trao i cht ca thc vt (s hp thu, thi k h x y ,v .v ...)
nh hng n vic x l nc theo nhng cp khc nhau tu theo thit k. Thc vt
cn c vai tr ng qu khc nh to cnh quan, m i trng sng cho cc loi th hoang
d. Bng 4.7 tm tt cc vai tr c bn ca thc vt trong bi lc nhn to:

Bng 4.7. Cc vai tr c bn ca thc vt trong bi lc nhn to

Cc b phn Vai tr trong x l

ca thc vt

N hng m ni Gim nh sng gim s pht trin ca cc phiu sinh vt;

trn mt nc
nh hng n kh hu ti khu vc > cch nhit v m a ng;
Gim sc g i * gim nguy c xo trn;
To cnh quan p;

Tch t cht dinh dng.

N hng m C tc dng lc > lc cc vt th trong dng nc thi;

chm di nc
Gim tc dng chy > ng tc lng ng, gim nguy c xo trn;
Cung cp b mt dnh bm ch o cc m ng sinh hc;
N h kh x y thng qua qu trnh quang hp tng cng qu trnh
phn hy hiu kh;
Tiu th cht dinh dng.

R v thn r G ia c b mt lp bn lng ng *t si mn;

trong lp bn
Chng tc nghn trong h thng dng chy ng;
Nh kh xy lm tng cng qu trnh phn hy hiu kh v nitrat ho; -
T iu th cht dinh dng;
Lm pht sinh cc cht khng sinh.

Ngun: Brix, 1997

81
 c tnh vt l
S c mt ca thc vt trong cc bi lc lm gim tc dng chy [Pettecrevv v Kalff,
1992; Somes v cs., 1996], to ra iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh lng ng cc cht rn,
gim nguy c si m n v xo trn, tng thi gian tip xc gia nc v thc vt. Trong cc
h thng dng chy ng, thc vt vi cc chc nng hot ng ca h r lm gim nguy
c tc nghn dng chy trong lp vt liu lc [Bahlo v W ach, 1990].
Thc vt bao ph bi lc ging nh tm m ng sinh hc ngn gia khng kh v t m
hoc b m t nc to ra s khc bit c ngha ca nhiu thng s m i trng. Gim tc
gi gn m t t hoc m t nc lm gim s xo trn ca cc cht lng, v vy c th
loi b cc cht rn khi nc thi bi qu trnh lng ng. Tuy nhin nhc im ca vic
gim tc gi gn b m t nc l gim kh nng lm thong trong nc.
Cc tn l thc vt ngn kh nng truyn nh sng m t tri, lm cho qu trnh sinh
si ca to di tn cy b chm li. i vi cc vng kh hu n i, cy c c th gi
cho t khi b ng bng khi c tuyt bao ph vo m a ng.
C c tc n g n k h n n g tru yn dn th y lc tro n g t
Khi tnh ton cc thng s thy lc trong bi lc dng chy ngm khng nn gi thit
rng kh nng truyn dn thy lc tng l o s pht trin ca r cy v thn r. Tuy
nhin, s c m t ca thc vt c th ngn nga hin tng tc dng chy trong bi lc
dng chy ng v nhng bi n nh bn cn (hnh 4.18). S pht trin ca r cy v s
chuyn ng ca thn cy di tc d n g ca gi lm tng kh nng thm nc ca t.

Hnh 4.18. Bi n nh bn cn dng cliy ng.

82
 To b mt cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
Thn v l cy cng nh r v thn r ca thc vt ng vai tr nh vt liu lu gi
to b m t dnh bm cho s pht trin ca mng sinh hc (M SH) cu thnh t cc loi
to quang hp v cc v s v . Nhng MSH ny v cc MSH bm trn b m t cc vt liu
khc trong bi lc bao gm c cc m thc vt cht, l ni din ra hu ht cc qu
trnh x l sinh hc trong bi lc.
S hp th cht dinh dng
Thc vt trong bi lc cn c cht dinh dng sng v pht trin v chng hp thu
cht dinh dng ch yu qua b r. M t vi loi hp th qua thn cy m c di nc v
l t m i trng nc xung quanh. V cc thc vt trong bi lc thng pht trin rt tt
nn c m t lng ng k cc cht dinh dng trong phn sinh khi m i to thnh. Kh
nng hp thu cht dinh dng ca thc vt ln v v vy lng cht dinh dng c th
thu c (nu nh thu hoch lng sinh khi mi ) vo khong 30 n 150
K gP/ha.nm 200 n 2500K gN /ha.nm [Brix v Schierup, 1989; G um bricht, 1993, B rix;
1994]. N u nh khng c thu hoch th lng dinh dng trong thc vt s phn hy
v tr v vi nc.

C u n g cp xy qua r cy

Thc vt trong bi lc thi xy qua b r (hnh 4.19).

Cc loi thc vt thn rng vi h
thng kh i lu bn trong c nng
xy tch t bn trong thn v r cy cao
hn cc loi ch da vo s trao i xy
khuch tn [A rm strong v A nnstrong,
1990]. D ng kh i lu lm tng dng k
di c kh nng lm thong ca r so
vi di lm thong theo c ch khuch
tn [Brix, 1994]. V vy thc vt thn
rng vi c c h dng kh i lu c tim
nng gii phng ra nhiu xy t r hn l
cc loi khng c c ch ny. xy c
gii phng ra t u r c tc dng xy
ha v kh c cc cht c hi c trong
h thn r. N goi xy ra, r cy cng thi
ra cc cht khc nh cc cht khng sinh,
cc hp cht lm nh hng n s sinh
H n h 4.19. x y thot ra t r c y lau.
trng ca cc loi khc, cc hp cht
C h th m u xanh m eth y xung quanh
hu c nh cacbon hu c).
biu th s p h t th i x y t r cy.

83
 H n h 4 .2 0 . B i l c tr ng c y d o ng ri n g (ca n n a lilies)

C c vai tr khc
Thc vt trong nhng h thng bi lc ln lm phong ph v a dng ha cc loi
ng vt hoang d nh chim hoc b st. Thc vt cng c vai tr quan trng i vi
m i trng v c gi tr kinh t nh l hoa qu, thc vt nng lng sinh hc, thc n gia
sc v thm m (hnh 4.20). V cc bi lc nhn to s dng cho m c ch lm sch v
tng cng cht lng nc thng yu cu s dng din tch mt bng ln, nn mt
s vng c th dng h thng ny nui trng cc loi cy c gi v tr kinh t, nng
lng hoc thc phm . V ic la chn nui trng loi cy no c th m ang li gi tr li
nhun cn ph thuc vo cc yu t' nh cht lng nc, iu kin sc kho, k h hu v
gi tr kinh t.

4.2.11. T r n g cy

Phn ny ch gii thiu v cc loi cy lau, sy l cc loi thc vt c dng ph

bin nht trong cc bi lc chu u. Cc k thut v lu c th p dng tng t cho
cc loi cy khc. C c thng tin sau c trch t cc kt qu thc nghim A nh
[Cooper v cs., 1996], t cc ti liu [H aslam , 1971, R odew ald-R udescu, 1974; V ber,
1978; W eisner v E kstam , 1993] v t cc nghin cu khoa hc thc hin ti an
M ch v cc nc chu u khc. C th cy trng lau sy trong cc bi lc theo bn
cch sau:
. T r n g th n c y : C c on thn cy ng hoc nm hoc cm thn cy c cy
trng thnh lung theo m t kiu nht nh (k thut cy thn).
2. C t th n : S dng to cc loi cy ging thn r trong nh knh phc v cy
trng, hoc ct thn cy trc tip ti lung. y l k thut ct ta thn cy pht trin
h r trong t.
3 . m h t: m ht trong nh knh v sau cy trng sang cc bi lc.
4 . G ie o h t: gieo trc tip xung t ti cc bi lc.

84
 L y h t g i n g t t nhin
V ic ly ht ging t t nhin ph thuc vo tng vng. Ht dng nhn ging c
th c thu lm t cui thng mi n thng ba nm sau hoc m un hn. Tuy nhin,
ht thng rng trong sut m a ng nn thi gian thu lm ht tt nht l vo cui
thng m i m t. H t ging c th c lu gi ti ni kh mt trong vi nm m khng
b thoi ho.
S n y m m ca h t cy lau sy
S ht c th ny mm dao ng t khong 2 n 96% [Haslam, 1973]. H t ti cn c
lm lnh v ct gi trong iu kin nhit 5c trong vi thng tng cng kh nng ny
m m . Ht ny mm tt nht trn t bn hoc giy lc m trong iu kin phng th nghim,
vi nhit ban ngy v m l 30c/20c [Haslam, 1973; Cooper v cs., 1996].
T rn g t th n r
T hn r ng hoc nm c t nht m t chi c th c trng trc tip ti lung. K
thut ny c thnh cng hay khng cn ph thuc vo giai on pht trin ca chi v
m c b hi trong qu trnh ly ging v cy trng [Vber, 1978].
T rn g t th n cy c t ra
C c on ct t thn cy cng c th c trng trc tip ti bi lc trong iu kin
t bo ha nc vo khong gia thng 5 vi t l sng st l 35% . C ch ny trnh
c chi ph m trong nh knh v gim thiu c cc cng on phi m ang cy i
cy trng. Cc on ct t thn cy phi di t nht hai t nhng khng nn ly t non
trng. V ic ta l trn thn cy cng lm tng t l thnh cng.
T r n g cy m
C y m d trng hn cy thn r, khng b cht, tt c cc cy m u ra r trong
m a u tin v ln nhanh hn. Hin nay trng cy m l k thut c s dng rng
ri n ht Bc u. M t cy trng thng l 4 cy /rrr (hnh 4.21).

Hnh 4.21. Trnq cy m trn bi lc n nh bn cn.

85
 G ieo h t trc tip
Trn l thuyt th cc bi lau, sy c th c trng trc tip t ht vi din tch rng
l phng php kh thi nht. Tc pht trin ca cy trng t ht cng nhanh tng
ng so vi trng t cy m hoc cy thn r. H t c th ny m m trn cnh ng vo
khong gia thng nm v ti m a thu m i cy c th m c di 140 cm . Trn thc t,
vic trng t ht s kh hn nu nh kh n g c s chun b t v chm sc tt sau .
L ung t phi c gi m v nu c th th phi c che ph bng tm nilng hoc
nha trong ht c th ny m m v pht trin tt hn. V ic cung cp nc v cht dinh
dng trong sut qu trnh trng cy l rt cn thit v m m cy d b nh hng bi
cc iu kin t kh v thiu cht dinh dng. C hng cng khng chu c l, sng,
m n cao, bng rm v t khn g thong k h [H aslam , 1971; H aslam , 1973; W eisner
v cs., 1993; W eisner v E kstam , 1993; C ooper v cs., 1996].
S chm sc v q u n l
Bn phn: cy cn c b n phn ngay khi c trng trn vt liu si, ct nu nc
thi cha c cp ngay vo h thng.

H n h 4 .2 2 . C h e s n g b ng v b o tro n g b i l c d n g c h y ng.

Lm hng l o : c bit nhng vng nng thn thiu cc bi c xanh th vo ma

xun lau sy non l thc n a thch cho d v th. V vy cn thit phi lm hng ro
bo v cho cy.
Lm c: c phi c nh sch thng xuyn trong hai nm u (xem phn sau)
C h e s n g : sng c th lm cht rt nhiu chi non. trnh h hi do sng vic
trng thn r hoc cy m nn b t u vo cui th n g nm hoc u thng su. i v.
cc bi lc dng chy ng nn b tr h thng phn phi nc k t hp che sng
(hnh 4.22).

86
 V n h n h v bo dng
K h i n g h thn g
C ng ging cc h thng sinh hc khc, cc thnh phn trong bi lc cn phi thch
nghi trc khi c th X LN T t hiu sut cao v n nh. Khi h thng c xy
dng xong, vic u tin l phi kim tra cc b phn iu phi nc nh l bm (nu
c), h thng phn phi v cc van. Bc tip theo l bt u np ti tng bc cho h
thng; cng nn p dng quy trnh tng t cho vic np ti cc cht nhim cho cc
sinh vt sng quen dn vi s thay i iu kin ha hc khc nghit trong h thng do
nc thi gy nn. iu ny c th nh hng n thc vt v s pht trin ca m ng
sinh vt.
Lm c
Trong nhng nm u trng cy, c c th mc rt nhiu c bit l trn nhng lung
t. Phng php lm c hiu qu nht l ti ngp nc. Tuy nhin lau sy khng chu
c qu nhiu nc c bit trong giai on u [W eisner v cs., 1993]. V vy, cc
lung cy nn phng hoc gn phng, sao cho khi cao nc dng khong 30cm th
c th trn lung. V n v c di c th c hn ch trong giai on ban u nu
trng cy trn si.
B o d ng th ng xuyn
K i m s o t m c n c : nh gii thch ti phn trn, khng nn cc cy non b ngp
nc qu su [W eisner v cs., 1993]. Tuy nhin nu cho t kh th s km hm s pht
trin v c th lm cht cy. Nu nh r v thn cy c thng kh qua nhng thn ng th
vic nc ngp va phi c th to ra lp bn, lm cho cy c th pht trin sm hn l
nhng lung khng ngp nc. Lp bn ny cn c tc dng cch nhit.
Chi p h
Bi lc nhn to thng c chi ph thp v cng ngh n gin d lm v c th s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn a phng. Tng chi ph xAy dng v vn hnh ch yu ph
thuc vo kinh t a phng v yu cu thit k. Chi ph xy dng ch yu bao gm:
t.
o t.
Be b v chng thm .
T rng cy.
V t liu v t trng.
H thng kim sot thy lc (phn phi v thu).
C c chi ph khc (lm hng ro, lm ng vo, bin bo .. .)
C c vn chi tit v chi ph s c gii thiu trong chng 10.
C h p h u t
Chi ph u t bao gm cc chi ph thit k, xy dng v mua tt c cc nguyn liu
phc v cho vic xy dng bi lc nhn to. Nn dng gi ti a phng.

87
 Chi p h vn hnh v bo dng
G ing nh chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng ph thuc vo iu kin
kinh t a phng. Chi ph vn hnh bao gm chi ph kim sot cht lng v dng
chy. Bo dng bao gm bo dng bm v h thng thy lc, lm c, chng d ch
bnh, ct ta cy, to thm m , bin bo, lm hng ro.
ng dng
Bi lc nhn to c th x l m t s loi nc thi, bao gm :
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi nng nghip;
Nc t m axit;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc m a v;
Nc t m.
Thng dng nht l dng x l nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh v nc thi
th. Vi cc loi nc thi khc bi lc nhn to ch yu c thit k x l theo
thnh phn cht nhim v tiu chun thi c th. C hnh v vy m vic thit k h
thng thng ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th c a khu vc v i tng cn x l.
M t s n g h i n c u i n h n h
X l nc th i sinh h o t t i U ggerhalne ( an M ch)
M t : l m t trong s nhng bi lc trng sy dng chy ngang u tin c xy
dng ti an M ch sau khi phng php "vng-r" c cng b vo u nhng nm 80
[Brix, 1994]. T hit k ch yu da vo tng c a ngi c [K ickuth, 1981]: s dng
h thng r ca cy sy lm tng s truyn dn thy lc ca t np ti thy lc trong
ba nm ; t c cha ti thiu 20% thnh phn st c th loi b phtpho rt tt. i l
ca K ickuth an M ch thit k h thng ny. Bi lc trng sy c xy dng
ti U ggerhalne, phc v m t khu dn c nh Bc A alborg, an M ch. Ti khu vc ch
c nhng c s cng nghip nh nh cha, np bnh kh t ... ni vi h thng thot
nc chung tip nhn nc m a v nc thi sinh hot. H thng c thit k x l
bc hai nc thi vi quy m phc v 400 dn (dn s tng ng).

Bng 4.8. C ht lng nc sau bi lc nhn to U ggerhalne.

Thng s Ba nm u Sau ba nm
i Lu lng dng chy:
Trong ma kh < 150 m /ng < 150 m3/ng
< 15,5 m3/gi < 15,5 m3/gi
Trong ma ma < 10 L/giy < 10 L/giy
Nhit < 30c < 30 c
pH ' 6,5 - 8,5 6,5 - 8,5
BOD5 ( iu chnh) 40 mg/L 10 mg/L
Bn lng c (2 gi) 0,5 mL/L 0,5 mL/L
I TSS 30 mg/L 15 mg/L

88
 T h i g ia n x y d n g : thng 8- 11 nm 1985;
H o t n g : th n g 11 nin 1985-2001.
C h p h : khong 1 triu DKr (1985) tng ng u s $ 150.000 (U S$375/ngi)
M t q u t r n h : nc thi c x l s b trong b lng v sau c bm ln
mng phn phi h di 80m. Sau khi chy qua bi lc trng sy, nc c thu qua
mng si, thot ra bng ng t di y mng v x ra ngun tip nhn.
K c h th c : h thng bi lc bao gm mt n nguyn di 33m , rng 80m , din tch
m t bng 2.640m2 (tng ng vi 6,6 nr/ng i), chiu su ca bi l 0,60 H- 0,65 m;
dc l 1,2 %.

Bng 4.9. S liu trung bnh hng nm v hot ng ca bi lc Uggerhalne.

TSS COD BOD,
Nm n q
|m m /n g | Vo Ra Vo Ra Vo Ra
1986 13 35 1 10 3 8 ,4 207 78 89 3 3 ,8
987 11 42 113 12,9 245 110 99 14,2
198 8 10 53 89 13,1 244 100 99 16 ,2
1989 12 34 127 7 ,4 314 70 164 10,1
1990 10 46 103 8,(S 215 46 120 5 ,9
1991 8 33 179 7,1 140 30 224 5 ,0
1992 9 50 219 6 ,0 159 3 ,3
1993 7 27 165 5 ,9 450 24 225 4,8
1994 7 90 232 5,1 193 7 ,0
199 5 8 39 125 6,1 403 77 176 3 ,9
1996 6 52 148 6 ,8 408 93 150 9 ,5
997 10 39 ISO 5,3 377 65 18 4 4 ,5
1998* 4 39 158 6.4 330 63 11 5 6,0
1999 7 66 77 7 ,7 1X6 47 82 3,1
2000 5 42 135 16,2 MI 72 106 7 ,0
2001 5 66 151 2 3 ,4 292 75 111 5 ,2

q Tng-N NH ,-N T ng-P

Nm l
|m m /n g | Vo Ra Vo Ra Vo Ra
1986 13 35 2 7 ,9 2 3,2 7,3 6 ,2
198 7 11 42 28,3 2 0,3 9,1 6 ,5
1988 10 53 2 6 ,8 2 0 ,X 8,8 7,1
1989 12 34 3 7,2 2 0.3 12,1 7 ,8
1990 10 46 29,1 18,6 27 ,0 1.5,0 6,7 4,0
1991 8 33 2 4 ,0 14.0 12,0 18,2 3 ,7 2,1
19 9 2 9 50 3 3 ,2 12,6
19 9 3 7 27 9 4 .0 31 ,0 2 8 .6 14,2 9 ,0 7,0
1994 7 90 13,5 13,6
19 9 5 8 39 2 0 .9 11,6
1996 6 52 3 5 ,6 2 3 ,0 2 4 ,9 15,6 8 ,3 7,1
19 9 7 10 39 38,7 20.2 28,1 13*6 9,8 6,6
1998* 4 39 2 2 ,5 16 8 17,3 12,5 4,8 4,8
19 9 9 7 66 16,1 11,5 9 ,7 8,5 3,3 3,2
200 5 42 30,0 20.3 21.2 14,0 6,6 5,5
2001 5 66 25,0 18,4 16,7 12,5 4,9 4,3

n: s lng mu; q: ti lng thy lc; tt c cc nng c tnh bng mg/L;

* Thng mt -- thng by.

89
 V t li u : nh nh thit k m t, vt liu l t nhp khu vi 20% t st v t hu
c trn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin vic phn tch t thc ti bi cho thy c 25% ph sa v
75% ct [Schierup v cs., 1990]. T hnh phn hu c ca t l 5,9% ; thnh phn (kh)
ca nit (total-N ) l l,7 1 m g /g ; phtpho (total-P) 0,34 m g/g, st (Fe) 8,6 m g/g, canxi
(Ca) 2,9 m g/g, v nhm (AI) 9,4 m g/g.
Cy: sy nhp khu t c, c trng vo thng 11, 1985
C h n g th m : 2-m m H D PE
M ng phn ph i nc vo: m ng h c si di y.
M n g th u n c r a : m ng c y si vi ng thot PV C 145 m m .
T i u ch u n x : h thng bi lc khng p ng tiu chun x tro n g thi gian vn
hnh ba nm u (1986-1988), v l thi gian cn thit cho cy m c (B ng 4.8).
H ot ng: hot ng ca h thng c kim tra 6 -- 12 ln m t nm , cc m u nc
u vo v ra c ly m u 24 gi. M u u vo c ly sau khi lng; C c s liu
nu ti bng 4.9 ch bao gm cc s liu cht lng nc t bi lc sau khi sy pht
trin n nh. Cc s liu nu bng 4.8 cho thy cht lng nc sau b i lc lun t
tiu chun x trong sut qu trnh hot ng. Tuy nhin hiu sut x l N v p cn thp
(khong 30% ) v nc sau x l khng c nitrat ho.
H th n g b i lc nhn t o d n g ch y n g cho m t h gia n h : M o seh u set
( an M ch)
M t : h thng bi lc nhn to dng chy ng c s dng bao gm h thng x
l s b (m t b lng 2 m 3), tng lc ct si su lm c trng lau sy. H thng cn c
cc ging bm cng sut h gia nh, g in g bm tun hon vn hnh tro n g m t vi nm
u, c thm m t ging lc phtpho bng vt liu kho n g canxi. Sau do hiu sut kh
p khng t yu cu nn m t h thng nh lng ho cht c lp thm . H thng
bm nc tun hon nhm tng cng k h nng x l hon ton n it thng qua qu
trnh kh nitrat v nhm gim nng cc cht nhim thng c trong nc thi sinh
hot gia nh khi khng c pha long bi nc m a. H n na vic s d n g cc dng
c tit kim nc tr n n ph bin lm nng cc cht nhim tro n g nc thi kh
cao. D in tch m t bng cn thit tnh th eo u ngi i vi h thng loi ny kh nh,
theo cng b ca m t s tc gi th vo khong 1-2 m 2 [Cooper, 2001; C ooper, 2003;
Brix, 2003; A rias v cs. 2003]. D in tch m t bng tnh theo t l nu trn gim
BO D ti nng thch hp, v nitrat ho, thm c h gim tng n it ng k (hnh 4.23).
Thi gian xy dng: thng 5 nm 2002.
H ot ng : t thng 5 nm 2002.
Chi p h : khong 30.000 K r an M ch, khong u s $ 4 .000 (2002), u s $ 800/ngi.
M t qu trnh: sau khi c x l s b, nc thi c cp theo ch u k ln b m t
ca bi lc vung su lm . Bi lc c thng k h bng ng <)50mm ni vi h thng thu

90
nc di y. Bi lc c cch
nhit bng m t lp v bo dy 15cm
ph trn ng phn phi. Nc thi
ngm qua tng vt liu khng bo ho,
ti y cc ch t hu c c x l bi
qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh,
am nia c nitrat ho. Nc c thu
hi vo cc ng thu b tr ti y bi
lc v c tun hon (vi t l 1/ 2 )
tr li b lng tng cng qu trnh
kh nitrat. N c sau x l c x vo
h cha nhn to xy dng cng vi H n h 4 .2 3 . B i l c tr n g s y d n g c h y n g sa u
h thng bi lc [Johansen, v cs. th i g ia n v n h n h m t th n g .
2002]. Trn hnh 4.24 I1 t chi tit P h a x a l h c h a n c t i s a u x l .

mt bng h thng bi lc. V nng phtpho trong nc sau lc khng p ng tiu

ch u n cho php, nn vo cui nm 2004, h thng bm nh lng ha cht tr lng
c lp t thm vo b lng to phn ng kt ta phtpho.
K c h th c : 15 m 2 nn, khong 3m 2/ngi.
V t li u : c t si c ra sch vi' ng knh < 4 mm.

H n h 4 .2 4 . C h i ti t m t b n g h th n g b i l c d n g c h y n g M o s e h u s e t .
1 ) N c th i t h g ia n h ; ( 2 ) B l n g 3 n g n 2 m s ; ( 3 ) G i n g b m ;
( 4 ) H th n g p h n p h i n c ; ( 5 ) B i l c tr n g c y ; ( 6 ) H th n g th u n c ;
( 7 ) L c P ; ( 8 ) G i n g b m tu n h o n ; (9 ) n g a n c q u a y t r l i b l n g ;
( 1 0 ) N c sa u k h i x l c x r a h n h n t o .

91
 C y tr n g : bi lc c cy trng cy sy 1 nm tui vi mt khong 4 cy/m 2.
H th n g p h n p h i n c v o : bm p lc vn hnh theo chu k ni vi h thng ng
dn c b' tr trn b m t bi lc m bo nc c phn phi u trn b m t bi lc.
H t h n g th u n c : y bi lc c mt h thng ng thu thu nc v ng thi
thng kh bng nhng ng ng thng hi ni trn b m t bi lc. H thng c b phn
tun hon a m t phn nc x l quay tr li b lng tng q u trnh k h nitrat
(hnh 4.25).
T i u ch u n n c s a u k h i x l : Q uy nh v nc thi sau x l t nhng ngun thi
nh nng thn c ban hnh bao gm 4 mc tu theo tnh ch t ca ngun tip
nhn [B m i trng v nng lng, 1997]. Tng tiu chun c yu cu ring v m c
x l: SOP yu cu phi x l cc cht hu c, nitrat ho v x l phtpho. s o yu cu
x l cht hu c v nitrat ho. O P yu cu x l cht hu c v pht pho. p yu cu ch
x l cht hu c (Bng 4.10).

H n h 4 .2 5 . H th n g n g tu n h o n .
1 ) n c r a t b i c ; ( 2 ) n c tu n h o n v b l n g ; ( 3 ) n c t i b p h n l c P ;
( 4 ) n c s a u l c P ; ( 5 ) n c d n v b l n g ; ( 6 ) v t li u l c p .

Bng 4.10. Cc quy nh ca an M ch v x nc thi p dng i vi vng nng thn.

C ht hu c N itrat ha Tng Pht pho

Loi Hiu sut x l BOD 5 Hiu sut x l Hiu sut x l
(%) n h 4n (%) (%)
SO P 95 90 90
SO 95 90
OP 90 90
o 90

92
 H ot ng: h thng c vn hnh c v khng c tun hon, nhng sau nm 2005
th vn hnh lin tc c h tun hon. H thng lc t tiu chun SO P trong 6 thng
u vn hnh, do b phn lc phtpho hot ng tt. Sau 6 thng, vt liu lc phtpho
c du hiu b bo h a v cn phi thay th vt liu. Tuy nhin kh nng tm kim vt
liu thay th ti thi im khng kh thi. V vy, h thng nh lng ho cht tr
lng c lp vo b lng thay th vo nm 2004. H thng lun c quan trc v
theo di trong sut thi gian hot ng. Trong thi gian u, ngoi phtpho, cc s liu
v hiu sut x l B O D 5 v N H N u tho mn tiu chun. Tuy nhin, sau khi lp h
thng bm nh lng ho cht th nng phtpho trong nc thi gim t tiu chun
a phng (Bng 4.11).

Bng 4.11. C c thng s vn hnh h thng bi lc dng chy ng M osehuset

x l nc thi sinh hot t mt h gia nh (s liu trung bnh nm)
TSS x y bo h o (% ) b o d 5
q
Nm n
[m m /n g ] Vo R a (H i u qu) Vo Ra Vo R a ( H i u qu)

2002 17 25 83 6,2 (93% ) 1 10 227 1 7 ,2 (9 2 % )

2003 11 25 121 11,1 (9 1 % ) >1 33 267 1 0 ,8 (9 6 % )
2004 12 25 66 12 ,7 (8 1 % ) 12 48 243 7,6 (97% )
2005* 7 25 92 5,1 (9 4 % ) 7 50 230 9 ,5 (96% )
2006 5 25 86 7 ,7 (91% ) 10 51 228 8,4 (9 6 % )

T ng-N nh 4n T n g-P
q
N m n
[m m /n g ] Vo R a (H i u qu) Vo Ra Vo R a ( H i u qu)

2002 17 25 1 09 35 (68% ) 91 19,2 (7 9 % ) 1 4 ,4 1,5 (90% )

2003 11 25 118 63 (4 7 % ) 92 1 1,7 (8 7 % ) 26 22 (15% )
2004 12 25 107 56 (5 1 % ) 60 2 ,9 (9 5 % ) 1 8,7 15* (22% )
2005** 7 25 139 65 (53% ) 59 3 ,8 (9 4 % ) 11 ,3 2 ,8 (75% )
2006 5 25 94 54 (4 3 % ) 57 3,3 (9 4 % ) 1 0 ,4 2,1 (80% )

n: S lng mu; q: Ti lng thy lc; Cc gi tr nng c tnh bng mg/L;

* Phtpho c b sung thm t thng 10 nm 2004. Gi tr trung bnh ca nng Phtpho
sau x l mc 2,95 mg/L;
** Thi gian bt u vn hnh h thng theo hnh thc tun hon nc sau x l.

4.3. H T H N G L C C T G I N ON

4 .3.1. M t c h u n g

T heo tc lc c th phn thnh hai loi h thng lc ct gin on (L C G ) l h

thng l c ch m v l c n h a n h . Loi LCG dng lc chm c ng dng u tin ti
A nh vo nhng nm u ca th k X IX v c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Sau
m t thi gian, loi LC G dng lc nhanh c pht trin x l nc sng c
c cao ca cc con sng chnh M [M cGhee, 1991]. Loi L C G dng lc nhanh
(vi ti lng thy lc b m t t 5 n 15 m 3/m 2.h) c cng sut lc cao gp 50 ln so

93
vi loi LCG dng lc chm (0,1 n 0,4 m 3/m 2.h). H thng L C G dng lc nhanh
thng thng bao gm cc cng on: lm keo t; kt bng; lng; lc v kh trng
[Thonart, 2006; M cG hee, 1991]. V t liu lc trong h thng lc dng chm (kch th c
ht trung bnh t 0,15 n 0,3 m m ) thng nh v m n hom so v i d ng lc nhanh (kch
thc ht trung bnh t 0,6 n 2 mm). Phng php ra lc i vi hai h thng n y
c thc hin khc nhau. H thng lc nhanh yu cu phi r a lc thng xuyn,
thng thng chu k r a lc l 2 ngy/ln. B in php r a lc l s dng dng chy
ngc qua lp vt liu lc (ra lc ngc). H th n g lc chm gim c ti a tn sut
lm sch (thng th ng sau t hai n ba thng) bng cch loi b m t phn (vi cm )
lp vt liu lc pha trn [Thonart, 2006]. T rong phn ny ch cp ti h thng
LC G dng lc chm l cng trnh c kh nng ng dng thch hp trong X LN T.
C ch x l trong h thng lc chm l d a trn cc q u trnh: phn hy sinh hc
hiu kh din ra trong lp ct lc; lc vt l cc cht rn v hp th; d n h bm cc ch t
hu c lm hnh thnh lp m ng gelatin gi l m ng sinh hc (M S H ) ph trn b m t
ca lp vt liu lc [M cG hee, 1991]. Theo cc nghin cu c cng b bi A C T E ,
1981, lp M SH ny c hnh thnh do s pht trin c a cc v s v dnh bm trn b m t
ca lp ct lc trong cc h thng lc chm hoc lc nh git. L p M SH ny c cu
thnh bi tp hp cc loi vi khun, to si, to ct, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun nh v
cc sinh vt khc. M SH c kh nng gi v xy ha cc cht h u c, vi khun v k h
xc cc loi to cht c trong nc thi.
M SH cng c hnh thnh v bao ph trn b m t ca tng h t ct lc. Lp M SH
ny phn hy cc cht c hp ph trn b m t v trong M SH cng din ra q u
trnh cnh tranh sinh tn gia cc loi v s v [T honart, 2006]. K t q u l lng thc n
sn c cho v s v b gim i v s cnh tranh ca cc vi sinh vt tn g ln theo chiu su
ca lp vt liu lc. T rong nc sau lc ch ch a cc loi m ui v c thng thng
khng gy hi, nng xy ha tan thng thp v trong nc t n ti m t lng nh
C 2. Tuy nhin, bng cc qu trnh lm thong tip theo (v d bng p trn khi x ra
ngun) s gii quyt c cc vn ny.
S tch t cc cht bn c loi b t nc thi trong vt liu lc s lm gim kh
nng thm lc ban u ca h thng. K h nng thm lc c th c phc hi bng cch
sc kh lm thong cho h thng trong thi gian g i a cc thi im kt thc chu k lc
(khi khng tip nhn nc thi) v trc khi din ra chu k lc tip theo.
T rong trng hp h thng LC G c thit k cho m c ch s d n g nc sau x
l b sung cho ngun nc ngm th phn y ca bi lc s c lt bng lp t c
kh nng thm to iu cho nc thm xung tng ch a nc ngm . C c bi lc i
khi c gi l bi lc ct khng y. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp th y
ca h thng lc ct c b tr chng thm (lt chng thm hoc b t n g ha) v nc
thi sau khi thm qua lp ct lc c thu bng h thng ng th u nc dn ti u ra
ca bi lc.

94
 ng thng kh
(ni ven tng ng tr)

H n h 4 .2 6 . M t c t h th n g l c c t
th n g th n g l o i l c c h m
c x d n g t i B e n S e rg a o , M a r c .
N g u n : D r io u a c h e v c s . 1 9 9 7 .

ng thot nc ng thu nc

C c h th n g c tr n g

Trn hnh 4 .26 gii thiu mt ct h thng lc ct loi lc chm thng thng.
Trn hn h 4.27 gii thiu h thng LCG ci tin c b sung thm h thng ng sc
kh. Cac ng sc kh c b tr trong lp ct lc ti tng y ca h thng vi m c ch
lm thong v ti to kh nng thm ca vt liu ct lc.
ng c l
pha n
ng phn phi
PVC

Nc thi
t b t hoi

ng thot
PVC

ng cp
kh

ng phn phi ^
t trong lp cui

Ct lc

ng thot

H n h 4 .2 7. H th n g l c c t c s c k h .
a ) Mt ban g; n) mt ct dc.

95
 4 .3 .2 . P h m v i n g d n g v v n h n h
P h m vi ng d n g
H thng LC G thng c s dng cho cc th nh c s dn di 10.000
ngi [X anthoulis, 1998]. T uy nhin, LC G cng c th ng dng cho cc th ln,
v d, ti A gadir, M arc, xy dng m t bi LC G phc v cho 400.000 ngi.
Bi lc ct thng thng c s dng x l nc thi sau b t hoi trc khi a
ti trm X L N T tp trung. N goi ra n c th c s dng x l b sung v nitrat
ha nc thi sau x l bc hai, v X L N T sau cc h sinh hc [C rites v
Tchobanoglous, 1998]. T unisia v M arc, nc thi sau x l bng LC G c s
dng cho vic ti cc loi cy nng nghip hoc c s dng b sung ngun nuc
ngm [X anthoulis, 1998].
Vn

hnh
vn hnh tt h thng LC G cn tun th theo cc hng dn di dy
[X anthoulis, 1998]:
H thng LC G cn c vn hnh gin on theo chu k.
Giai on lm ngp nc trong bi lc cn phi tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht
c th to c thi gian lm kh di to iu kin cho q u trnh khi phc lng
xy cn thit trong p vt liu lc.
N c x l cn phi c ti u trn b m t bi thm v nhanh chng lm ngp
u trn ton b din tch b m t ca bi lc.
Cn thay i quy trnh vn hnh ty theo iu kin thi tit c th ti khu vc
N u c thit k ng k thut, h thng LCG s c hiu sut x l cao (Bng 4.12).

Bng 4.12. Cht lng nc thi sau h thng LCG c xy dng ti Boone

Ch tiu B t hoi LCG Hiu sut

BOD (mg/L) 297 3 99,0

TSS (mg/L) 44 3 93,2

N H N (mg/L) - 37 0,48 98,7

N 3-N (mg/L) 0,07 27 384,71

Faecal colirms (MPN/100 mL) '4,56 105 73 99,9

N gun: LCG ti tinh Boone (Missouri, USA) c xy dng nm 1995 v c quan tc

ong sut 15 thng [EPA, 1999]
Trong bng 4.13 nu cc s liu vn hnh h thng L C G th nghim c >y
dng B en Sergao, M arc, nm 1986 vi cng sut 750 mVng (cng sut 10.000 cUn)
[D riouache v cng s, 1997].

96
 Bng 4.13. Cht luig nc thi sau tng cng on x l
ca h thng LCG Ben Sergao

Chi tiu N c thi N c thi sau lng N c sau x l H iu sut

T S S [m g/L ] 431 139 2,8 99%

C O D [m g/L ] 1189 505 52 96%

B O D s [m g/L ] 374 190 10 97%

T K N [m g N /L ] 116 99 17 85%

Nitrat [m g N /L ] 0 - 5 6 ,7 -

N Tota| [m g N /L ] 116 7 3 ,7 36%

P tou,i [m g/L ] 26 24,5 15,8 39%

K [mg/L] 37 - 37 -

C a [mg/L]. 143 238

F aecal co iifo rm s
6 .1 5 6 .1 0 6 4 ,9 6 .106 327 100%
[FC/100ml]
Trng giun [khun/L] 214 47 0 100%

N gun: Driouache v cng s, 1997

4 .3 .3 .T i u c h u n th i t k v v t li u
Vt liu lc (ct)
V i chc nng l vt liu lc, ct l vt liu quan trng n h t c a h 'thng. T hnh
phn, kch c ht trung bnh v c tnh ca ct l cc thng s c bn ca h thng
LCG . B dy ca lp ct lc (chiu su lp ct lc) thay i ty thuc tng bi lc c
th v thng trong khong t 0,5 n 2 m [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee,
1991; X anthoulis, 1998]. Tuy nhin, cc h lliiig LC G c chiu su lm thng c
s dng nht [M cG hee, 1991]. M t v i bi lc ct c xy d ng c chiu su lp
ct lc ln hn v lp ct pha trn khong t 2 ti 5 cm s c ly i nh k. Chiu su
ti thiu ca bi lc ct c xut vo khong 0,5m; nhng bi lc c chiu dy lp ct
lc nh hn 0,5 m c th t hiu qu x l BOD v hm lng cn l lng cao song kh
nng nitrat ha t hiu sut thp. [Crites v Tchobanoglous, 1998; M cG hee, 1991].
V ic phn b kch thc ht trong lp vt liu lc cn c thc hin sao cho m
bo kh nng gi li cn l lng c trong nc thi, d dng hnh thnh m ng sinh hc
trn b mt vt liu, m bo vn tc dng chy thm chuyn ng trong bi lc sao cho
xy c th d dng xm nhp vo h thng theo dng chy ng thi m bo hiu sut
lc cn. S ph n b kch c ht cn m bo tnh ng nht v p ng cc xut sau'
(v ct lc vi cc c ht khc cng c th c s dng):
d90% = 2 m m
d50% = 800 im

97
 dlO % = 330 um
uc = d60/dl0 < 3
H s ng nht ( C) tnh bng t l gia c ht chim 60% v c ht chim 10% s
biu th tnh ng nht v kch c ct lc. S dng ct lc k h n g n g nht v kch c
ht s khng cho hiu qu lc cao. c n s dng ct c bn c hc tt, sch, khng
ln bi, bn, m n st, cht hu c v cn vi v cc ch t ny l n g u y n nhn gy hin
tng tc lc.
D in tch bi lc v s n nguyn
D in tch cng tc ca h thng LCG thng c tnh tro n g khong t 0,4 n
4 m 2 /ngi v ty thuc vo tng loi nc thi, lu lng nc th i, kch c ht ct
lc, chiu cao lp ct lc, iu kin kh hu v iu kin bo d ng v vn hnh
v .v ...[X a n th o u lis, 1998].
D in tch lc (A ) c tnh bng [Thonart, 2006]:

A = 0- (4.35)

T rong : A - din tch bi lc (m 2);

Q - lu lng nc thi ln nht vo bi lc (m 3/ng);
ve- tc lc (m /ng).
V n tc lc (ve) c th c tnh ton s b theo cng thc c a H azen (4.36) p dng
tnh vn tc dng chy ca lp vt liu xp trong iu kin vt liu bo ha nc
[M cG hee, 1991].
f T + 10N
(4.36)
60

T rong : v e- t c lc (m /ng);
c - h s cht ca lp vt liu lc (ly t 700 n 1000 i vi ct
m i v t 500 n 700 i vi ct lc s d n g m t vi nm );
d /o - kch c hiu qu ca ht vt liu lc (m m );
h - tn tht p lc (m );
L - chiu su ca lp vt liu lc (m );
T - nhit (C).
H thng LC G cn c thit k phn thnh cc n n g u y n (s n nguyn ti
thiu l 2 ) nhm m bo kh nng vn hnh lin tc c a h th n g tro n g thi gian bo
dng (thi gian bo dng t 1 n 2 ngy) v pht trin M S H trn b m t vt liu lc
(t 6 gi ti 30 ngy) [Thonart, 2006; M cG hee, 1991].
D in tch ca m i n nguyn nn ly trong kho n g t 100 m 2 ti 5.000 m 2. So
lng n nguyn c th xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau [T honart, 2006]:

98
 (4.37)

th m th y l c v tc s dn g nc
tnh ton thit k h thng LCG cn tnh ton theo lu lng nc thi ln nht
do hiu sut x l ca h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm lng cht hu c c trong
nc thi cn x l. T c thm thy lc (LV1.) ca bi lc thng th ng c ly trong
khong t 40 n 80 m m /ngy, vi tc thm thy lc ln hn c th gy tc bi lc
khi s dng ct m n. N goi ra, tc s dng nc (hydraulic application rate - H A R )
cng l thng s k thut thng c s dng biu th k h nng hot ng ca
LC G [C rites v T chobanoglous, 1998]:

HAR =4 ^ (4.38)
D F

T rong : H AR - tc s dng nc (m m /ln);

L w - thm thy lc (m m /ng);
D F - tn sut lc (ln/ng).
L w c th biu th nh ti lng b m t c tnh bng t l gia lu lng nc thi
(m 3/h hoc m 3/ng) v din tch bi lc (m 2). Do ti lng b m t c n v l m /h
hoc m /ng.
Ti l n g h u c
Ti lng hu c ca h thng LCG l lng cht hu c tnh theo BO D hoc
C O D hng ngy c cp trn ton b b m t ca h thng. Ti lng hu c c biu
th bng kg-B O D /m 2.ng v thng c ly trong khong t 0,0025 n 0,01 kg-B O D /
m 2.ng [C rites v Tchobanoglous, 1998]. N hn chung, i vi cng m t loi vt liu
lc, nu tng ti lng hu c s lm gim cht lng ca nc sau x l [EPA, 1999].

Tn su t cp n c thi

T hay v l ng nc thi cn x l c cp u v lin tc ln b m t bi lc ct, ta

cn ti nc thi vo bi lc theo tng t. T heo C rites v T chbanoglous (1998), i
vi nc thi sau b t hoi thng thng th nn cp theo tn sut ti thiu l 18
ln/ng, v 24 ln/ng i vi nc thi c hm lng B O D ln. Tn sut cp nc
thch hp cn c xc nh c th trong qu trnh vn hnh. Hai giai on hot ng
ca bi lc c phn cch bng giai on b sung xy hay giai on lm kh, giai
on hot ng th ng ko di t 2 n 3 ngy.

H th n g th u g o m n c sau x l
b sung xy trong lp vt liu lc (nhm duy tr iu kin hiu kh), iu quan
trng l phi lm thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cng nhanh cng tt. H thng

99
ng thu gom v thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cn c lp t y bi lc v
mi ng th u phi c ni vi m t ng thng kh. C c ng thu gom nc phi c t
trn lp si khng ln vi vi chiu dy t 10 n 25 cm v c ph bi m t lp si
khng ln vi khc dy 25 cm . ng th o t chnh phi c b tr tru n g tm ca bi
lc [X anthoulis, 1998].
H th n g p h n p h i v nh l ng
H thng phn phi nc c yu cu phi phn phi u nc thi trn ton b din
tch bi lc. Phng php ph bin l s dng h thng ng ti c c l pha trn.
4.3.4. V n h n h v b o d ig
N him v chnh khi vn hnh v bo dng bi lc l quan trc cht lng nc thi
sau x l (B O D , C O D , s s , N H 4 N , NO 3-N v F C /100m l), kim tra thit b phn phi
nc thi (u vo v u ra bi lc, h thng ng phn phi c l, cc bm v .v ...) v
bo dng b m t ca bi lc [EPA ,1999]. V ic bo d ng b m t bi lc bao gm lm
kh b m t sau loi b lp ct lc pha trn (thng c ly i khong 2 n 5 cm
[Thonart, 2006; X anthoulis, 1998]) ti thiu l 4 thng m t ln. Thit b phc v cho cng
tc bo dng ny rt n gin v d nh: co c li m ng v rng, bng xng v vn
chuyn bng xe y. C ng nhn vn hnh bo dng cn c trang b ng v gng tay.
4.3.5. C hi ph u t
Bi lc ct c xy d ng v lp t n gin. C t lc c th d dng la chn v s
dng ngay loi sn c ti a phng vi gi thnh h p l. V vy chi ph u t xy
dng LC G th ng thp. Tuy nhin, ty theo iu k in c th c a t ng a ph ng v
gi thnh vt liu v nhn cng s c nhng tc ng ti tng chi ph u t xy dng
bi lc. G i thnh ca m t bi lc ct phc v cho m t h gia nh M vo khong
10.000U SD [EPA , 1999]. chu u, chi ph xy d ng m t bi lc ct phc v cho
hn 100 ngi vo khong 1.000 /ngi.

4.3.6. N h n cng
V ic xy dng bi lc khng i hi ngi cng nhn c trnh cao, thi gian vn
hnh v bo dng bi lc ch khong 2 gi m i ngy v c th c tin hnh bng lao
ng ph thng [EPA , 1999].

4.3.7. T c n g t i m i tn m g
C c u im :
N c thi sau x l bng L C G c th ti s dng vi n h iu m c ch khc nhau
v d nh b sung cho ngun nc ngm , s dng ti cho nng nghip. N u cht
lng nc sau x l p ng tiu chun m i trng th c th x vo ngun tip nhn;
K hng s dng ha cht;
Thn thin vi m i trng.

100
 C c hn ch:
M i pht sinh t bi lc c th nh hng ti dn c sinh sng xung quanh bi lc
C th xy ra cc hin tng tc dng tron qu trnh vn hnh.
M t s vn c th xy ra vo m a ng do hin tng ng bng trn b m t ca
bi lc;

4.4. H THNG x L B c HI NC BNG THC VT

H thng x nc thi bng k thut s dng kh nng lm bc hi nc ca cy

liu c trin khai ng dng cc nc trn bn o X cnginavi. Cc n in
liu nng nghip c nui trng vi mc ch kt hp x l nc thi v khai thc
g phc v nhu cu s dng nng lng. Cc n in nv c trng cc loi cy thn
g c sc tng tr ng nhanh. S tng trng ca cy thng b hn ch do thiu nc
trong cc thi im hn hn vo m a h; iu ny lm ny sinh ra t ng s dng
nc thi ti cho cc n in. Do nc thi th c cha hm lng nit v phtpho
cao vi t l ph hp cho s tng trng ca cy, vic ti tiu bng nc thi s cung cp
c nc v cht dinh dng cn thit cho s tng trng ca cy. Thc t cho thy lng
nc m t i do bc hi nc t cc h thng trng liu rt cao. V vy c th thit k h
thng x l khng pht thi, lm bc hi hon ton nc thi bang cy liu.
H in nay h thng x l bc hi nc thi bng liu c p dng ph bin tt
c cc nc trn bn o X cnginavi, cc nc vng bin Ban T ch, B a Lan, A i Len
v A nh. C c cng tc chun b ban u cho vic ng dng h thng ny cng c
tin hnh Php v Hy Lp. H thng x l bc hi nc thi c th c s dng
nh ng ni thiu ngun cp nc cho cc loi cy c nng sut bc hi nc cao. Cc h
thng x l bc hi nc thi c th c thit k VI iu kin lng nc m t i t
cc h thng nhiu gp hn hai ln tc bc hi nc t nhin c tnh ton theo cc
tham s kh tng.

4.4.1. n h ngha

X l bc hi nc thi (X L B H N T) l phng php x l nc thi ti ch c th

thay th cho cc h thng hp th qua t thng thng, c bit l i vi cc khu vc
c yu cu bo v nghim ngt cc nun nc m t v nc ngm hoc ti nhng khu
vc c iu kin t khng thm nc. X L B H N T l s kt hp hai q u trnh ring bit
l b c hi nc t m t t. v thot hi nc t thc vt. H thng X L B H N T c tnh u
vit nh kh nng lm bay hi nc thi vo khng kh m khng x ra ngun tip nhn
n h nc m t hoc nc ngm. Tuy nhin, trong m t s tr ng hp, h thng
X L B H N T cng c th hot ng kt hp qu trnh thm nc v bay hi lm phng
php thay th.

101
 Q u trnh bc h i
Q u trnh bc hi chuyn nc trng thi lng sang hi n c (h a hi) v rt hi
nc ra khi b m t bay hi (thi hi). N c bc hi t cc b m t k h c nhau n h sng,
h, m t ng, t v thc vt m. thc hin c qu trn h ny, cn c nng lng
chuyn trng thi ca cc phn t nc t dng lng sang d n g hi. B c x m t tri
trc tip v m c thp hn, chnh lch v nhit m i tr n g x u n g quanh s cung
cp nng lng ny. ng lc tch hi nc l s chnh lch g i a p sut ho i nc
ti b m t bay hi v p sut hi nc c a kh quyn. K hi q u trn h bay hi d in ra,
khng kh m i tr ng xung quanh s bo h o dn v tc bay hi s chm hn v
c th dng hn nu nh khng kh m khng c chuyn vo m i tr n g xung quanh.
V ic thay th khng kh bo ho bng khng kh kh h n p h th u c ch yu vo tc
gi. D o vy, bc x m t tri, nhit khng kh, m kh n g kh v tc gi l
nhng thng s kh hu cn xem xt nh gi qu trnh b a y hi nc.
Q u trnh th ot h i
Q u trnh thot hi lm ha hi nc trng thi lng tro n g cc m ca thc vt v
thot hi nc vo m i tr ng xung quanh. T hc vt m t nc ch y u l qua cc l
kh khng l nhng l h nh trn l cy m hi nc v cc ch t kh th o t qua. R cy
nhn nc cng vi cc cht dinh dng v truyn i khp thn cy. Q u trnh h a hi
din ra ti l cy, ti cc khoang gian bo, v khu ca cc l kh s kim sot qu
trnh trao i hi. G n nh ton b lng nc c nhn vo b m t i qua q u trnh
thot hi v ch m t lng nh c s dng bn trong cy.
Thot - bc h i n c
C c qu trnh bc hi v thot hi xy ra ng thi v khng c p h n g p hp no c
th phn bit gia hai qu trnh. N goi lng nc sn c tro n g l p t b m t, qu
trnh bay hi t t trng ph thuc ch yu vo lng bc x m t tri chiu ln b m t
t. Lng bc x ny gim dn trong sut qu trnh cy p h t trin v bng ca cy s
ngy cng che ph nhiu din tch t hn. K hi cy cn nh, n c ch yu l m t qua
qu trnh bc hi t m t t; khi cy tr ng thnh v hon to n p h kn m t t,
thot hi tr thnh qu trnh chnh. Tc bc hi nc l l ng n c m t i t cy v
t trn m t b m t c cy trng theo n v su c a n c v th n g c tn h theo
m ilim et (m m ) trn n v thi gian l gi, ngy, tun (m i ngy), thng, thm ch c
giai on tng tr ng hay c m t nm.

4.4.2. C c th n g s v k h h u v a h n h

C c yu t kh tng c vai tr quyt nh i vi qu trnh th o t - bc hi nc l

cc thng s v thi tit c kh nng cung cp nng lng cho q u trn h ha hi v rt
hi nc khi b m t bay hi. C c thng s thi tit chnh cn x em x t s c trnh
by trong phn sau y.

102
 B c x a m t tr i

Lng nng lng sn c chuyn ho hi nc l yu t quyt nh qu trnh

th o t - bc hi nc. N ng lng m t tri l ngun nng lng t nhin ln nht c th
c h uyn ha khi lng ln nc thnh hi nc. Lng bc x t nhin c th chiu
ln b m t bay hi c xc nh bi v tr v thi gian trong nm . D o v tr tng i
g i a m t tri v tri t lun thay i, cng bc x t nhin cng dao ng cc v
khc nhau v vo cc m a khc nhau. C ng bc x thc t c th chiu ti b
m t bay hi p h thuc vo trong ca ca kh quyn v s c m t c a cc m m y
c kh nng phn x v hp th phn ln lng bc x. K hng phi tt c nng lng t
n hin u c s dng lm ha hi nc, m t phn nng lng m t tri s c dng
lm m khng kh v t.

N h i t k h n g k h

B c x m t tri c hp th bi bu kh quyn v hi nng ta ra t tri t lm

tng n h it khng kh. N hi cm nhn c t m i trng xung quanh truyn nng
l ng ti thc vt v to ra nh hng c tnh kim sot i vi tc thot - bc hi
nc. T rong iu kin thi tit nng, m m c tiu th nc do th o t - bc hi s
n h iu h n khi thi tit m t m, nhiu my.

m khng kh

T ro n g khi ngun cung cp nng lng t m t tri v m i trng xung quanh l ng

lc ch n h lm ha hi nc, s chnh lch gia p sut hi nc ti b m t bay hi v
p sut hi nc ca kh quyn l yu t quyt nh cho qu trnh thot hi. C y c
t i nc cc khu vc kh, nng thng tiu th lng nc ln do s di do v
n ng lng v kh nng lm kh ca bu kh quyn. khu vc nhit i m t, mc
d c m c nng lng u vo cao, d m khng kh cao s lm gim tc thot - bc
hi nc.
rry _ -* /* _ f
Tc g i

Q u trnh thot hi nc ph thuc vo gi v cc chuyn ng xo trn ca khng

kh lm tng kh nng di chuyn lng ln khng kh trn b m t bay hoi. K hi lm ha
hi n c, khng kh trn b m t bav hi s dn dn b bo ha bi hi nc. N eu khng
kh b o h a khng c thay th lin tc bng khng kh kh hon, kh nng thot
hi v t c thot - bc hi s b suy gim.

4.4.3. C c yu t lin quan n thc vt

Loi cy, s a dng, v giai on pht trin ca cy l nhng yu t cn c cn
nhc khi nh gi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc t cc cnh ng tr n g cy. C hiu cao
c a cy, x x ca thn v vm cy, phn x, lp ph trn m t t v c tnh ca
r cy s to ra s khc bit v kh nng thot - bc hi nc ca cc loi cy khc nhau

103
trong cng m t iu kin m i trn[f. T hot - bc hi nc bng thc vt tro n g iu
kin chun l nhu cu bc hi ca thc vt c trng trn nhng cnh ng ln di
iu kin m i tr ng ti u v ngun nc ngm v cc bin php qun l tt.
iu kin m i tr n g v qun l
Cc yu t nh m n ca t, ph nhiu ca t, s tn ti ca cc tng t
rn hoc khng th xuyn qua c, s thiu kim sot cc loi su bnh v k h u qun
l km c th hn ch qu trnh tng tr ng v lm gim kh nng thot - bc hi nc
ca cy. C c nhn t khc cn c xem xt khi nh gi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc
l lp ph m t t, m t cy, tr lng nc ngm . nh hng c a nc n g m i
vi qu trnh thot - bc hi nc tu thuc trc tin vo mc thiu nc v loi
t. Q u nhiu nc s dn n hin t ng ng nc c kh nng lm h hi r v hn
ch qu trnh hp th nc qua r do km hm h hp. C c h thng thot - b c hi
nc thng s dng loi cy c kh nng chu ng nc lu di.
a
* im

cao so vi m t bin (m ) v v ( bc hoc nam ) ca a im c nh hng

n qu trnh thot - bc hi nc v p sut kh quyn (hm ca cao so vi m c
nc bin trung bnh), bc x ngoi kh quyn. T rong m t vi tr ng hp, s g i c nh
sng ban ngy cng chu nh hng ca cao v v .

4.4.4. c tnh th ot - bc h o i nuc nh th no?

M c thot - bc hi nc c th c o trc tip ti hin tr ng, tuy nhin
nhng tnh ton chnh xc i hi s dng cc thit b tinh vi v cc ph ng php o t
hp. C c cng tc o c ny th ng kh khn, tn km v i hi cn b k th ut c
trnh cao. Do vy cc phng php o trc tip ny hu nh ch c s dng
hiu chinh chnh xc ca cc ph ng php gin tip. Ph ng php s dng o
m c thot - bc hi nc da trn vic o m c bc hi c nhng iu chnh gii
thch nh hng ca t v thc vt. M c th o t - bc hi nc thng c o gin
tip, da trn cc yu t kh hu, nhng i khi cng ph thuc vo loi t, tn h trng
nc trong t v thc vt. G i tr ca m c thot - bc hi nc t nhin thng
c tnh ton ti m t trm kh t ng gn nht trn m t b m t chun c trng c ngn
thng thng. G i tr ny c gi l m c thot - bc hi nc chun, v th ng c
chuyn thnh m c thot - bc hi nc thc bng cch nhn vi h s b mt. K hong
chnh lch gia m c thot - bc hi nc v lng m a c s dng trong vic lp k
hoch ti nc.

Lin hip quc thng qua t chc FA O (T chc nng nghip v lng thc) pht
trin phn m m C R O P W A T lm cng c tn h ton m c thot - bc hi nc chun,
nhu cu nc ca cy trng, v nhu cu ti nc ca cy trng. C c tnh ton c
thc hin da trn m t chng trnh phi hp gia thng tin v kh hu a phng
(m t c s d liu c cha thng tin v trn 140 quc gia) vi nhu cu nc khc nhau

104
ca cy trng. Phn m m ny c ng min ph trn m ng c th tm v ti v t a
ch http://w w w .fao.org/ag/A G L /adw /cro p w at.stm .

4.4.5. C c d n g h thng thot - bc hoi nuc v cc c tnh

C nhiu loi h thng thot - bc
hi nc khc nhau trn th gii.
T hc t cho thy, cc cnh ng
trng liu c kh nng tip nhn v
x l thnh cng nc thi d th.
nc ri t bi chn lp rc
[R osenqvist v cs., 1997; Hassclgren,
1998; H asselgren, 1999; Venturi v
cs., 1999]. Cc k thut ny s dng
nc v cht dinh dng sn sut
sinh khi; nc v cht dinh dng d
tha c thi ra cc ngun tip nhn. H n h 4.28. H th n g thot - b c h i n c iu hnh

an M ch trin khai h thng ch o mt h g ia inh t i a n M ch .

thot - bc hi n c s dng cv liu

x l nc thi v ti sinh cc cht dinh dng cho cc h gia nh (H nh 4.28)
nhng ni m cc tiu chun nc thi rt nghim ngt v vic lm ngm nc vo t
l khng th thc hin [G regersen v Brix, 2000, 2001; Brix v G regersen, 2002]. H
thng thot - bc hi nc bng cy liu l h thng x l khng x nc (do thot -
bc hi) v m t phn cc cht dinh dng c th c ti sinh qua sinh khi liu. H n
na, sinh khi c thu hoch c th dng lm ngun nng lng sinh hc.
H th n g th o t - bc h i n c s d n g cy liu dn g kn

T rong h th n g kn c s dng cy liu khng x nc thi, bi tr n g liu c lt

m ng chng thm do vy khng c hin tng ngm nc thi vo ngun nc ngm .
Tt c nc thi c dn vo h thng v nc ma trt ln h thng u c thot -
bc hi vo kh n g kh.

H th n g th o t - bc h i n c s (lng cy liu dng thm

H th o n g tr n g cy liu trn nn t khng chng thm , cho php ngm m t phn
nc qua t [M inistry o f Environm cnt and Energy, 2003b]. H thng c thm thng
c thit k trn nn t st c mc thm thp.

4.4.5. T h i t k v x c n h kch th c

L a c h n lo i c y v k h n n g th o t h i

C y c s dng trong h thng thot - bc hi cn c cc c tnh sau:

Tc thot hi cao; cc cy trim trn nn t m t hoc m ly thng c tc
thot hi nhanh v chng thng c xu hnt h cc l thot kh quanh nm.

105
 Pht trin trong t ng ngp nc; th c vt vng m ly c th sng trong v ng
t ng ngp nh h thng k h cha kh bn trong r cy v cc m m chi mang xy
f **
1A
en r.
H nh thi pht trin cn ti a ho kh nng thot nc, c ngha l s dng hiu ng
"dy phoi", ni m chiu cao ca cy ln hn chiu cao ca m i trng xung quanh.
C kh nng hp th cc cht dinh d ng cao v c k h n n g tch lu cht dinh
dng v kim loi nng trong phn thn cy c th thu hoch c trn m t t.
C kh nng hp th m ui tch ly tro n g h thng theo th i gian.
C c y u t c t h l m t i a h o m c n c b c h i .

M c nng lng u vo cao (bc x m t tri);

N hit khng kh cao;
m tng i trong khng kh thp;
S trao i khng kh (gi);
K h nng duy tr, pht trin tn, vm cy;
K h nng duy tr v pht trin cc l kh khng trn thn cy;
Ch s din tch l;
Cc yu t nh hiu ng oasis (ni m u m), ni m khng kh kh v m hn cn bng
vi vng kh thi qua mt khu thc vt trong iu kin d tha nc [Rosenberg, 1969].
T rong qu trnh lm thot - bc hi nc, thc vt s d n g n h it t khng kh v
nng lng bc x, v v vy khng kh c lm m t bi q u trn h ny. H iu ng "dy
phi", ni m chiu cao ca cy ln hn chiu cao cc vt th khc ti mi trng xung
quanh ( x x khc nhau) c th lm tng lng nc c bc hi [Allen v cs.,
1998]. Hin tng ny xy ra khi cc dng i lu nhit vo cc vm cy v dng di
chuyn hi nc ra khi vm cy c gia tng di tc dng ca lung gi thi theo
phng nm ngang vo cc khm cy. Do vy,
m c thot - bc hi nc thc l ti cc di t
rng c lp tnh theo n v din tch b mt c
th cao hom nhiu so vi mc thot - bc hi
c tnh ton.
M t s v d ca hiu ng "dy phi" v "ni
mu m" c th c m t qua qu trnh thot -
bc hi nc t mt hng cy c bao quanh
bi thc vt thp hoc mt cnh ng kh khng
c hoa m u, hoc qu trnh thot - bc hi nc
t mt di cy cattail (cy sng trong t ngp
N
nc c l nh, di dng lm thm, m gh) dc
theo dng sui. V d, m t hng cy c trng Hnh 4.29. Hiu ng "dyphi".

106
vung gc vi hng gi ch o s lm tng lng nc bc hi v cy s dng nhit t
khng kh lm bay hi nc v gi lm cun hi nc ra khi cy (xem hnh 4.29).
Cn b n g n c v th u hc
M t trong nh n g kha cnh
Nc ma Nc thot bc hi
quan trng nht ca h thng thot
- bc hi nc bng cy liu l kh
n ng lm thot - bc hi ht lng Nc thi (Q)
n c thi v n c m a dn ti h -----
thng. L ng nc thot - bc hi
(B H ) hng nm b n g lng nc
thi (Q) dn ti h thng cng m n){ 4 0 c in brig nc lrong h lhng :hol.
lng nc m a (M ) trn b m t boc hi nc
h thng (xem hnh 4.30). T rn
thc t, m c th o t - bc hi nc v lng m a dao ng trong Rm trcn g khi lng
nc thi dn ti h thng li kh n nh. V vy, s bin ng theo m a v lng
nc m a v m c thot - bc hi nc cng cn c xem xt sao cho h thng c
th tch ( su) c th d tr nc thi v nc m a vo m a ng.

K ch th c v c u t o c a h th n g
H thng X L B H N T s d ng cy liu thng c xy dng trn m t m nh t vi
su 1,5 m , c lt chng thm bng vt liu polyethylene, v trng liu. D in tch
b m t ca h th n g p h thuc vo khi lng v cht lng nc thi cn x l v
lng m a h n g nm ti a phng. D in tch cn thit X L N T t m t h gia nh
an M ch th ng cn t 120 n 300 m 2. Lng m a hng nm ti a im xy dng
l m t th ng s q u an trng xc n h kch thc ca h thng. N c thi c cp
vo h thng b n g p lc v dc phn phi bng h thng ng ngm di m t t.
T hn cy liu c nh k ct ta nhm kch thch s pht trin c a cy v loi b bt
ch t dinh d ng v kim loi nng.
C c c t n h c b n c a h i h n g s d n g c y l i u :

i vi h thng phc v m t h gia inh (5 ngi), nc thi cn c x l s b

trong b t hoi hoc b lng c th tch ti thiu l 2 m 3, trc khi c cp vo h thng.
H thng kn s dng cy liu thng c xy dng vi chiu rng 8 m, chiu su
ti thiu 1,5 m v dc be b 45.
y c lt bng m ng chng thm v nc thi c phn phi di lng t
bn trong h th ng bng h thng bom t ng qun l theo m c nc.
ng thot n c y h thng c th c dng x ht nc trong h thng
trong tr ng h p c m ui tch t sau vi nm.
M t n a hoc m t phn ba s cy liu c thu hoch hng nm gip cy lun
c tr, kho v c tc thot hi nhanh.

107
 i vi h thng X L B H N T kt hp thm , cc kch thc c bn cng c th it k
ging nh h thng kn. Cy liu s lm bc hi nc thi trong m a pht trin; vo
m a ng, m t phn nc thi s c ngm vo t.

4.4.7. a im v xy dng

X c nh
a
im

t m c thot - bc hi ti a, h thng cn c t khong t trng cch cc

to nh v cy ci m t khong cch t ng i. m bo h thng khng b che bng
bi cy hoc cc to nh v hng cy phi c trng vung gc vi hng gi ch
o. C n thit k c li i thun tin cho vic s dng m y m c tro n g qu trnh xy
dng v thu hoch liu.
T h it k v x y d n g
N c thi cn c x l s b, v d bng b lng trc khi cp vo h thng. N c
thi c phn phi trong nn t bng bm v cc ng phn phi p lc c t
gia lng h thng. ng phn phi c t trong lp si ng k n h 15 h-32 m m hoc
vt liu khc c xp cao. u cui ca ng phn phi c t tro n g ging thm v
quan trc (xem hnh 4.31). M c nc trong t c th c quan trc ti ging thm ni
c th bm ht nc b m n ra khi h thng khi cn thit.

H n h 4.31 . H th n g x l b c h i n c thi s d n g c y liu.

ng bo d ng c trong lp si ti y. ng ny c s dng tho nc

ra khi h thng khi cn thit. t trng c s dng ti ch. H thng c be b
xung quanh cao 0,3 m trnh nc chy trn t khu vc xung quanh v gi nc vo
m a ng (xem hnh 4.32). M t h thng chun thng c b rng 8 m , su 1,5 m v

108
chiu di ph thuc d in tch cn thit. Cc h thng su hon, c sn dc hn thng
c li th hn.

0,3m

1,5m

5m

Hnh 4 3 2 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T s d n g c y li u .
N g u n : G r e g e r s e v c s ., 2 0 0 3 a

ph b m
0,6rn
ng phn phi

1111111111111
ilMpi
iiilinrn phn phi
[ Lp vt liu ph
. dy toi thiu 0,225m
\- : I
Rng ti thiu 0,25m

t ph b mt

Vi a k thut ng phn phi

I Lp vt liu phn phi

niiiinniin ^ d y ti thiu 0,25m

Rng ti thiu 0,25im

H n h 4 .3 3 . C h i ti t h th o n g p h n p h i n c th i.

109
 p vt liu phn phi Irrv - r^ - n g dn bo dng
" > * ' ' ^ r^ - v i a k thut
Mng chng thm
Lp ct dy 0,5m

Hnh 4 .3 4 . M t c t h th n g X L B H N T k n .

Trng cy v g y g i n g
H thng thot - bc hoi s dng cy liu cn x y d n g vo m a xun. C c vt liu
trng cy cn c chun b b i cc ch u y n gia gy ging, c n s dng cc vt liu
chit cy v tnh thuc loi c kh n n g p h t trin n h an h cy tr n g n h m to ra sinh
khi m c cao nht. Liu pht trin t n h in s k h n g s d n g c. L iu th ng c
kh nng pht trin nhanh trong nm u, c th t ch iu cao 4 m. V o m a ng sau
khi trng, cn tin hnh ct ta cc m m chi ti v tr st t nhm k ch th ch cy ny
nhiu m m , to khm . T hng th ng, liu c th th u h o ch c sau b a nm (cng vo
m a ng) tnh t ln ct ta ban u. C y liu th n g p h t trin rt t t tro n g iu kin
c m trong vng t su k h o n g 1 m tn h t b m t. L iu c th chu c ng
lt theo m a nh ng khng sng c tro n g ng n g p lu di.
K im sot c di l cng tc quan re .

trng trong vic trng liu, c n nh

sch tt c cc loi c sng dai trc
khi trng liu v trong sut hai m a
tng trng u tin. T rong hai nm
u cn lp hng ro bo v liu
trnh b ph hi do th hay cc ng
vt n l khc c th gy nn.
N n trng cc loi liu cho nng
sut cao, c gy ging c bit
s dng nh loi cy nng ng lun Hnh 4.35. P h n l o i c c g i n g li u ih e o m m u.
canh ngn hn (xem hnh 4.35). C c N gu n : D E F R A , 2002.

ging liu ny c tin hnh lai

ging c nng sut cao, dng cy th n g v c k h n n g ch n g chu su bnh. Trng

110
xen k cc loi ging liu khc nhau to kh nng khng cc loi bnh do nm
gy nn l ph ng php l t ng nht.
Liu c cy trng di dng
1m ._ 1m
1m 1,5m 1m ^ cc on ct di 20-f30cm t thn
cy m t nm tui thu hoch trong
; khong thi gian t thng 12 n
thng 3 khi cy an g trong thi k
! ng ng. C c on ct cn c
! trng ngay hoc gi nhit
; -2c n -4 c v chng c th
sng c vi tun nhit ny.
T - CN c o T - Cc on ct nn c vn chuyn
<5*
r -
o
1 c-
1 o
! r -
! o
-
_ o o :o t ni gi lnh n khu vc cy
, < N j" co " LO
c n 1 >
c
! c n >
cz
' ot trng ngay trong bui sng thc
c c
'C O 1 'C O 1 ,0 3 '0 3
X X 1 X X 'r hin trng cc on ct . Neu
cc oan ct c gi nhit
H n h 4 .3 6 . S t r n g x e n k b a lo a i li u k h c n h a u . __ . . . ,
trn 0 c , giai o n ngu ng s b
gin on, r bt n h s pht trin v m m c th ny m nh. H in t ng ny s lm
gim thnh phn nc, cht dinh d ng v do kh nng sng c a cy cng suy gim.
C y c tr n g sau t s ng gi cui cng trong nm l l t ng nht, nhng cng
c th trng sm vo thng hai nu iu kin t cho php. V ic trng cy m un vo
thng su vn c th thnh cng nh ng nn trnh trng m un v m a tng tr ng u
tin cng di th cy cng c th sng kho hn vo m a ng.
L iu nn c tr n g thnh hng cch nhau khong 1 m v cc nhm gm ba hng
m t cch nhau khong 1,5 m. C c cy trong hng nn cch nhau khong 0,4--0,5m. T
m i on ct 1H-3 chi cy s ny ln v t chiu cao ti 4m vo cui m a pht trin
u tin. e gim thiu cc thit hi do su bnh, ba ging liu khc nhau nn c
trng thnh cc h n g xen k (xem hnh 4.36).
C y liu cn c chm sc cn thn nhm ngn nga su bnh, c di m bo
cho liu p ht trin tt trong nm u. C di nn c nh bng m y. V o m a ng
u tin sau khi c trng, cy liu th ng c ct ngn cch m t t di 20 cm
nhm k ch thch pht trin thnh khm c nhiu m m . C ng vic ny nn c thc
hin vo cui m a ng, nh ng trc thi k ny m m , thng vo cui thng hai. Sau
khi ct liu c th tin hnh phun thuc dit c nhm loi b c di m c trong nm u.
N n s d ng thuc dit c trc khi liu ny m m to khm chnh nh hng ca
th u c lm hng cy. T m i gc ct s m c khong 5 n 20 chi cy ty thuc vo
g ing liu. T rong v ng b a thng k t khi ct liu, nn lm m i che hn ch nh sng
trn m t t dit c m t cch t nhin.

111
 V ic thu hoch liu thng tin hnh theo chu k hai hoe b a nm m t ln. T y theo
chu k la chn, m t na hoc m t p h n ba tha liu s c ct m i nm . C ng vic
rty c tin hnh vo m a ng, sau khi l rng v trc khi ny m m , th ng vo
khong gia thng m i n u thng ba.

X c nh kch th c v q u y hoch h th n g

D in tch b m t ca h thng ph thuc khi lng, ch t lng n c thi cn x l

v lng m a hng nm ti a phng. L ng m a hng nm t a im xy dng h
thng v lng thot - bc hoi l cc thng s quan trng xc nh kch thc. T ng
lng nc thot - bc hi hng nm t cc h thng s dng cy liu ti an M ch
tnh theo cc thng s kh hu c cho l cao gp 2,5 ln m c thot - bc hi t nhin
ti khu vc. C c yu t ny cn c kim tra khi p dng i vi cc khu vc khc
trn th gii. Lng thot - bc hi c th c xc nh qua cc s liu v kh tng.
V ic tnh ton m c thot - bc hi da trn d liu kh tng yu cu cc thng s v
vt l v kh h khc nhau. S liu v thi tit c th dng tnh to n c lng m t
s s liu khc; cc thng s cn li th ng lin quan n cc s liu c o trc tip
v c th c tnh ton bng cc cng thc thc nghim . C c s liu ny cho php tn h
ton lng nc (tnh bng m m /nm ) c th b tht thot t h thng b i qu trnh thot
- bc hi. D in tch b m t cn thit c a h thng sau c xc n h da vo lng
nc thi, lng nc m a trung bn h , v lng nc thot - bc hi ti v tr xy dng
h thng. Cc s liu v s thay i lng m a v lng bay hi theo m a cng l cc
yu t quan trng.
Cc quy lut v s thay i lng m a v lng thot - bc hi h n g nm (c th
dng theo thng) c th c p dng lm m hnh tnh ton bin ng theo m a trong
cn bng nc ca h thng v dng tnh l ng nc cn d tr vo m a ng. K inh
nghim vn hnh cc h thng thc t ti an M ch, cho thy nhu c u v lng nc
d tr vo m a ng thng ln hn lng nc thot - bc hi v c vai tr quyt
nh trong tnh ton din tch b m t c a h thng.

X c nh quy m h th n g th o t - b c h i n c b n g liu an M ch

Cc ti liu hng dn ca an M ch cung cp cc chi dn chi tit v thit k, xy dng

v xc nh kch c ca h th n g [G re g e rsen v cs., 20 0 3 ]. D o lng m a (v m c
thp hon l lng thot - bc hi) bin i theo vng, vic xc nh quy m ca h thng
an M ch cng dao ng vi h s ln hn hai. m bo thot - bc hi nc cng sut
100 m 3/nm, din tch cn thit ca h thng l 124 m 2 i vi khu vc c lng m a thp
nht, v cn din tch b m t l 293 m 2 i vi khu vc c lng nc m a cao nht (xem
hnh 4.37). V vy, cn phi kho st k iu kin kh hu a phng trc khi thit k m t
h thng thot - bc hi nc.

112
 169 17 Din tich cn thit (m2) lm bc hi
100m3/nm nc thi
181 16
/
175 / 166 181 1^7 1O
2
2 170 15 U1 <* 149 U2
/ ^ N.
>
1
24 * * 1 t 179 144
-7
174
1 m

1**
\
I
t 14

l ,1W AW
T _ t }
i'1
33* 265 233 .1 17 163 151 150 138*1
T!__
24 271 210 17 132 135
p* V "
----
TTx
f 240 291 252 1#5 1, 126. .127 147 137

277^
l h : . /
U
V
273 228 174 1^47 129 12
V
12? 33
nu
23 283 17 207 134 130
\
140
/y
13; 13*

'K 8 !S*
S' >N ; \ . oC
20S . 233 IM
H T
140 130 ti7\ 197 MO -
< c;, 1
v>
rr
207' 23? 261 210 .154, 1 IM 1 2 6 \ 132 . 137 \ H9
^ I ^ _L \ 15? _ s f c .
+ fi>' 1 ^ -
"77' ISA
233 2 2 152 161 133 12 UI'
5 12
i ' t n K.
svr, _ J^ V r
IM , 220 243 217 .142*1s . w j? 13 071L,1M I2r
ig & X - 441 \ /
V7 ^ 174
r \' / &
242 238 12 s I 12
- 134 134
' -
M
124 125 125

l n h 4 3 7 Bn phn ximq theo nhu cu din tch b mi ca

h hg s timq ieu XLBN T cng sut 00n//nm .

V ic xc nh quy m ca h thng thoi - bc hi c thm nc cng c thc

hin nh h thng kn. Trong ma pht trin, cy liu s lm bay hi ton b lng
nc thi, nhng vo m a ng m t phn nc thi s ngm vo t. N hn chung, cc
h thng thot - bc hi c thm nc cho php
linh hot cao hn trong vic xc nh quy m v
lng nc khng thot - bc hi c s thm
vo t.

4.4.8. V n h n h v b o d ng

K h i n g h th n g tXr ***&&<* ^

T rong giai on khi ng h thng, cng vic

chnh l thc hin sao cho cy trng pht trin
nhanh, c m t ln c th thot hi nc. V
vy, trong nm u cn quan tm ti vic cy trng
cy. T hi gian v khong thi gian khi ng h .
Hnh 4.38 Gc liu sau khi ci.

113
thng thng thng tt nht l vo u m a xun. K hi cy c trng, l ng nc
thi cp vo h thng cn c kim sot th eo n h u cu c a cy (t n h t l k h n g lm
km hm s pht trin ca cy), c di cn c n h sch tro n g m a p h t trin u tin
v chng c th lm gim kh n n g pht trin c a cy. M c n c tro n g h th n g cn
c kim tra th ng xuyn trong sut n m u. D o tc th o t - b c hi cn thp
trong nm u khi cy cn nh, m c n c c th d n g ln b n g vi m t t vo cui
m a thu; nu hin tng ny xy ra, cn tin hnh bm nc ra khi h thng. C ng vic
ny c th phi duy tr cho n m a xun tip sau khi tc thot - bc hi tng.
B o d n g v c t ta nh k
Sau nm u tin, vic bo d ng cn c th c hin n h k vi cc cng tc ht
bn cn (hng nm ) t b t hoi hoc b lng, k im tra h o t n g c a bm v ct ta
m t na hoc m t ph n ba s cy i vi h th n g s d n g cy liu. V ic ct b t cy
(H nh 4.38) c tin hnh vo m a ng, sau khi l r n g v tr c khi ny m m ,
thng vo khong gi a thng m i n u th n g ba. c t ta cy l cn thit nhm
gip cho cy pht trin kho m nh v c k h n n g th o t hi cao. V ic ct cy c n g c
ch v ph hp nht tr c khi cy q u to.

4.4.9. C hi ph u t v vn hnh

C h i p h u t
Chi ph u t cho h thng thot - bc hi n c d ao n g ln t y thuc nhu cu xy
dng v iu kin thc t ca khu vc. C hi p h cho v ic x l s b, th n g bao gm b
t hoi hoc b lng v h thng bm nc th i n h th n g c th c tnh to n m t
cch tng i chnh xc theo nh m c xy d ng; n h n g chi ph ch o h thng thot -
bc hi nc li ph thuc vo yu cu c m n g c h n g th m , khi lng t cn vn
chuyn v .v ... Theo kt qu kho st 34 h th n g th o t - b c hi nc s dng cy liu
cho ring tng h gia nh an M ch (h thng kn c m n g ch n g thm ), chi ph vn
dao ng trong khong t 2.000 n 1 2 .0 0 0 [G regersen v cs., 2003]. Chi ph u t
trung bnh cho m t h thng kn s dn g cy liu, bao gm x l s b v bm , n
M ch l khong 8.000. Do vy, cn tnh to n chi p h v n cho m i h thng rin g l v
chi ph ny phn ln ph thuc nhu cu o t v m n g lt c h n g thm .
C h i p h vn hnh
Chi ph vn hnh c a h thng th o t - b c hi n c th n g r t th p v gii h n chi
ph cho vic ht bn b t hoi hoc b lng v b m n c thi n h thng.
V ic ct cy cn th c hin m t n m m t ln, n hn ch u n g i hi rt t cng sc. i
vi h thng s dng cy liu dnh rin g cho h gia n h , v ic ct cy th n g c thc
hin tron g vi gi do chnh ch nh. N m u sau khi gy tr n g v n liu, c cn c
nh sch v cng vic ny cng i hi rt t cng sc. C hi ph v n h n h h th n g s
dng cy li dnh ring cho m t h gia n h an M ch, bao g m c chi ph cho vic
ht bn b t hoi (ln/nm ), thng m t k h o n g 300/nm .

114
 M t yu t q uan trng khi so snh chi ph l h thng thot - bc hi nc lm gim
lng nc thi c x ra t h thng. Trn thc t, trong tr ng hp s dng h
th ng kn, tu y t i k h n g c nc thi x ra. an M ch, ngi x nc thi phi tr
m c ph khong 5 /m 3; n h vy m t h gia nh x 100 m 3/nm s phi tr 500/nm .
T rong h thng th o t - bc hi kn, khng c nc thi x ra, cc h khng phi tr
k h on ph no. V vy, k hon tin tit kim 500/nm cao hn so vi khon chi ph vn
hnh 300/nm .

4.4.10. n g d n g

H thng thot - bc hi nc ch yu c s dng x l nc thi ti ch c

b i t dnh cho cc k h u v c c yu cu bo v nghim ngt cc ngun nc m t v nc
ngm hoc n h ng ni m vic lm thm nc vo t khng thc hin c. an
M ch, h thng thot - bc hi nc s dng cy liu c p dng vng nng thn
ni c tiu ch u n v n c thi rt ng t ngho v ni nc khng th ngm ra t, hoc
do phi bo v ngun nc ngm hoc do t st hay mc nc ngm cao. H thng c
xy ng ti tng h gia nh hoc s dng cho nhm gm vi h gia nh. H thng s
dng cy liu c thm nc vo t ch yu dnh cho tng h gia nh ring l.
M t s kin h n g h im v h th n g X L B H N T khn g p h t th i t i an M ch
H in ti, hn 100 h thng x l khng pht thi s dng cy liu ang hot ng ti
an M ch, ch yu phc v cc h gia nh vng nng thn. Phn ny s tm lc
su h thng c x y d n g vo nm 1997 [G regersen v Brix, 2000; 2001]. Su h
th n g ny tip n hn n c thi t cc h gia nh on l v c din tch b m t t 150
n 500 m 2, tu th u c vo s lng ngi, m c tiu th nc ca h v lng m a ti
a phng. B a loi liu ( S a lix v im in a lis ) gm "B jm ", "Tora" v "Jorr" c trng
dng cc on ct di 20cm v nh trn mt t 5cm. N c thi x vo h thng, lng
m a cng nh m c n c bn trong v n liu lun c kim tra cn thn.
Cn bng nc

M t trong s n h ng n g h a quan trng nht ca h thng lm sch nc thi s

d n g liu l kh n n g th o t - b c hi ton b nc thi v nc m a trt ln h thng.
T ro n g b ng 4.14 nu cc s liu v lng thot - bc hi nc t su h thng c
c tnh trong hai nm ho t ng u tin [G regersen v B rix, 2001].
L ng n c thi x vo h thng l 450 n 600 m m /nm . Trong nm th hai, lng
n c m a cao hn m c trung bnh ca 30 nm (1.150 m m ) gn 400 mm. h thng 1
v 5, sc tn g tr ng ca cy liu t ng i km do c c m c nhiu trong vn liu.
H thng 6 c n c m t chy vo h thng do li xy dng. M c nc m a cao trong
n m th hai dn n tnh trng bo ha hon ton (nc ng trn m t vn) m t s
h thng; do vy, cc h th n g ny b qu ti thu lc.
V ic loi b n c khi h thng din ra nh qu trnh bay hi t m t t, th c vt v
q u trnh th o t hi.

115
 Bng 4.14. Lng thot - bc hoi nc (mm/nm) ca
su h thng s dng liu an Mch
H thng N m 1 N m 2
(thng t 1997- thng ba 1998) (thng tir 1998 - thng ba 1999)

1 980 1.470

2 1.270 2 .0 9 0

3 1.140 1.650

4 1.130 1.690

5 980 1.660

6 1.020 1 .880

Ngun: Gregersen v Brix, 2001

T h u h o c h v s n s u t s in h k h i

S liu v nng sut sinh khi v hm lng dinh dng c n g n h kim loi nng
trong thn v l cc cy liu m t v hai nm tui c xc nh tro n g h thng 4. Ti h
thng ny vn liu bao gm ba hng thuc loi "Jorr", hai h n g loi "B jom " v hai
hng loi "Tora". iu ng tic l k h ng o c chnh xc l n g cht dinh dng v
kim loi nng c x vo h thng. V i hm lng thng th ng trong nc thi t h
gia nh: 30 m g/L tng-nit (N), lO m g/L tng-phtpho (P) [H enze, 1982], v 30m g/L
kali (K ), lng nit, phtpho v kali trong sinh khi thu hoch c gn bng vi lng
c x vo h thng theo nc thi. R ing vi phtpho, lng c thi vo h thng
cao gn 30% so vi lng trong sinh khi c th thu hoch c. T u y nhin, vic cn
bng phtpho ph thuc vo m c s dng cht ty ra c ch a p h tp h at ti m i h
gia nh c th.
i vi kim loi nng, thng k h ng th da vo s liu c sn tnh ton m c cn
bng khi lng. Tuy nhin, nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia n h th ng cha t kim
loi nng. N ng trung bnh ca cc kim loi nng trong nc thi sinh hot thng
m c: cadim i (Cd): 2 I-Ig/L, ch (Pb): 40 |J.g/L; km (Zn) 130 (Ig/L; ng (Cu) 40 |ig/L ;
niken (N i) v crm (C r) 15 |ig /L ; thu ngn (H g) 12 |ig /L [H enze, 1982]. N eu cc s
liu ny c s dng cho vic tnh ton cn bng khi lng h c th xem l mt
phn kim loi nng tch t trong h thng trong sut khong thi gian hot ng ca
h thng. T uy nhin, vic cy liu hp th kim loi nng cn tu thuc vo m c kim
loi c trong t v ging cy liu [L andberg v G reger, 1994, 1996; G reger, 2000] v
v vy lng kim loi nng c loi b qua thu hoch c th cao hn m c c ghi li
trong s liu hin c. i vi tr ng hp xu nht, d a trn s liu v hiu q u x l
hin c v cc m c nng k trn, cho thy sau 25 nm hot ng m c kim loi nng
trong t khng v t qu chun cho php hin hnh v s d ng t cho nng nghip
(Cd: 0.5 m g/kg t kh; Pb: 40 m g/kg t kh; Zn: 100 m g/kg t kh; Cu: 40 m g/kg
t kh; Ni: 15 m g/kg t kh; Cr: 30 m g/kg t kh).

116
 T c h t m u i

H m lng m ui trong h thng c xu hng tng dn theo thi gian, nhng tc

tng k h n g xc nh c v cn tu thuc vo lng m ui c tro n g nc thi v do
p h thuc vo thi quen ca ngi x thi. Nu lng m ui tro n g nc thi tng qu
m c cho php, cn x ht nc c cha m ui ra khi h thng vo giai on sau ca
q u trnh hot ng.
K i n h n g h i m

K inh nghim u tin an M ch cho thy iu quan trng l phi gi cho vn

liu m i c gy trng khng b c m c trong sut nm u. c m c nhiu s lm
gim n g k vic sn sinh cc nhnh liu trong nm u. T h ng th ng thn liu c
ct trong nm u nhm tng s nhnh t mi cy, nhng nu cy liu m c vi s
nhnh t trong nm u th cng s m c t nhnh vo nm th hai v cc nm tip theo.
D o vy, nng sut tng tr ng sinh khi cng s thp hn v qu trnh thot - bc hoi
cng n h hp th cht din h dng s b iih hng. T nm th hai liu s m c vt c
n u c lm sch c trong nm u.
C c thng s quan trng khi thit k h thng lm sch nc thi s dng cy liu
b ao gm :
K hi lng nc thi chnh xc trong nm vn hnh u tin;
L ng nc m a ti khu vc xy dng;
K h nng chn ging liu c th thot - bc hi nc v tc h lu cht dinh dng
v kim loi nng trong lng sinh khi c th thu hoch c trn m t t.
V d, ti m t khu vc c lng m a trung bnh hng nm l 700 m m ; gi thit l
c y liu lm thot - bc hi 1.200 m m m i nm. C hnh lch g ia lng nc m a (700
m m ) v lng bc-thot hi nc (1.200) l 500 m ra hay 500 L /m 2, m c ny bng vi
lng nc thi x vo h thng mi nm . Gi s m c x nc thi l 100 lt m t ngi
m t ngy hay 36.500 lt m t ngi m t nm , din tch b m t cn c thot - bc hi
lng n c thi bng 365.500 L/nm chia cho 500 L/m 2.nm b n g 73m 2/ngi. c n
tnh n cc bin i theo m a trong lng nc m a v m c th o t - bc hi nc sao
cho h thng c th tch ( su) cha nc thi v nc m a trong m a ng.
H n na, lng cht dinh dng c x vo h thng phi bng vi lng c ly i
q u a vic thu hoch sinh khi trn m t t.
S liu cho thy khi sc tng trng ca cy liu t m c ti u vo nm hot ng
u tin, lng thot - bc hi ca h thng c th tng t nht 300 m m (trong iu kin
an M ch) vo nm tip theo, c ngha l t 1.200 n 1.500 m m /nm . D o vy, trong
nh ng nm tip theo cc h thng lm sch nc thi ginh cho 2--3 ngi c th tip
nhn c m c nc thi cao hn so vi m c thit k. T u y nhin, vn cha chc chn
v kh nng hot ng lu di ca h thng, c bit l lng m ui tch t v kh nng
pht trin n nh ca cy liu.

117
4.5. CC PH N G PHP x L K KH N C THI

4.5.1. T n g quan

Cc qu trnh k kh c th x l n c thi c nng cc cht h u c cao. T ro n g

iu kin khng c xy, cc vi khun k kh s phn hy v chuyn ha cc h p cht
hu c thnh cacbon ixyt v m tan (kh sinh hc). T rc y, qu trnh k kh c
p dng x l bn cn, cc cht thi hu c, v nc thi c nng cht h u c
cao. T rong cc trm x l nc thi th thng c cc cng trnh phn hy (b
m tan) x l k kh bn cn. v n thiu nng lng trong nhng nm 70 thc
y vic pht trin v p dng rng ri cng ngh x l k kh pht sinh nng lng.
Sau , c nhiu nghin cu th c nghim v nghin cu ng dng c tin hnh,
cc k thut x l k kh nc thi ngy cng c ci tin v kt qu l lm gim ng
k thi gian lu bn trong cc cng trn h x l k kh. N g y nay, x l sinh hc k kh
cn c p dng x l nc thi c nng cht h u c tru n g bnh v thp n h
nc thi sinh hot.

4.5.2. L ch s ph t trin

T rc nhng nm cui ca th k X IX , m tan c bit ti l kh c sn sinh

t qu trnh sinh-ha. V o nm 1896 vic ng dng qu trnh phn hy k kh c
thc hin u tin ti nc A nh sn xut ra kh m tan thp sng ng ph. Sau
chin tranh th gii th hai, cng ngh x l k kh pht trin rt nhanh, gi a nm
1950, b phn ng tip xc k kh xut hin. P h t m inh quan trng ny trong x l k
kh cho php ko di thi gian lu b n (SR T ) hn thi gian lu nc (H R T) trong b
phn ng. C ui nhng nm 1960, Y ong v M cM arty pht m in h ra b lc k kh
(A F). V o cui nhng nm 1970, L ettin g a v cc ng nghip ca ng ti tr ng i
hc nng nghip H Lan pht m in h ra b x l sinh hc dng chy ngc q u a tng
bn k kh (U pflow A naerobic Sludge B lanket - U A SB ), cng ngh x l k kh nc
thi ny ang c ng dng rng ri nht hin nay. C ng ngh x l bng A F v
U A SB thc y s pht trin c a cc k thut x l k kh tc cao, xy dng l
thuyt v pht trin lm giu vi sinh vt trong bn nhm m c ch tng cng hiu qu
ha trn v tip xc gia nc thi v bn. B phn ng k kh tun hon v tng bn
ht gin n (E G SB ) l nhng v d in h n h nht.

4.5.3. C ch ln m en ky kh

S chuyn ha cc hp cht cao phn t thnh kh sinh hc i hi s tc ng ca

m t vi nhm vi sinh vt. Q u trnh phn hy k kh c tin hnh q u a cc bc khc
nhau nh phn hy k kh cc cht m , hydrat cacbon, cht bo. Q u trnh chuyn ha
ton phn bao gm bn giai on chnh (xem hnh 4.39):

118
 C C H P CH AT H u c
M, H Y D R T CACBO N , CH T b o

T H Y PHN

A X IT HA

C C SN phAm t r u n g g ia n
P R O P IO N IC , B U T Y R IC v.v...

A X E T A T HA

M TAN HA

100% COD

H n h 4 .3 9 . Q u trn h p h t sin h m tan t c c h p c h t c a o p h n t.

C c c h s th h i n p h n tr m ( % ) th e o C O D ; l n g C O 2 p h t s in h k h n g c c p y .
Ngun: Gujer v Zehnder (1983)

Thy p h n
Q u trnh ny chuyn ha cc cht rn phc tp thnh cc hp cht ha tan vi trng
lng phn t nh hn. Q u trnh ny i hi s tc ng ca cc enzim ngoi bo tit
ra t cc vi khun gy m en. C c cht m c phn hy thng qua cc chui thnh cc
axit am in, hydrat cacbon c chuyn ha thnh cc cht ng c th ha tan v cc
cht bo c chuyn thnh chui cc axt bo v glycerin. T rn thc t, tc thy
phn c th gy c ch tc phn hy k kh. c bit, tc chuyn chuyn ha cc
cht bo s xy ra rt chm trong iu kin dui 20c.
A x t ha
T rong qu trnh axit ha, cc cht ha tan c to thnh t qu trnh thy phn di
tc dng ca cc vi khun ln m en c chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht hu c n gin
(axt bo d bay hi, cn, axt lactic) v cc cht khong (carbon dioxit, hydro, am nia
v kh hyro sulfat). Q u trnh ln men axit c thc hin bi nhiu loi vi khun khc
nhau, nhng phn ln chng l vi khun k kh bt buc. Tuy nhin, cng c th c m t
s loi vi khun lng tnh c th chuyn ha cc cht hu c qua con ng xy ha.
iu ny rt quan trng trong x l nc thi k kh, v xy h a tan c th gy nh
h ng xu cho cc vi khun k kh v cc vi khun m tan ha.
A x e ta t ha
Cc hp cht to thnh t qu trnh axit ha c chuyn ha thnh cc sn phm
cui sinh kh m tan: axetat, hydr, v cacbon dioxit. N h m t trn hnh 4.39,
khong 70% CO D trong nc thi u vo c chuyn thnh axt axetic v phn cn

119
li c tp trung lm ngun cp in t trong phn ng to kh hydr. Ty thuc v o
th nng xy ha ca cc cht hu c ban u, qu trnh axetat h a c th din ra cng
vi s to thnh cacbon dioxit hoc hydr.
M ta n h a

M tan ha thng l giai on chim t l hn ch trong ton b qu trnh phn hy,

m c d ti nhit thp n c th thy phn. M tan c to thnh t qu trnh p h n
hy axetat hoc t phn ng kh dioxit cacbon bng hydr, tng ng, bi cc vi k hun
ln m en gim v vi khun hydr.
T n g h p m t a n t v i k h u n l n m e n g i m

C H C O O H - > C H 4 + C O 2 (4.39)

T n g h p m ta n t v k h u n h y d r o

4H2 + C O 2 - C H 4 + 2 H 20 (4.40)
C c vi khun tng h p m tan t hydro v dioxit cacbon p h t trin nhanh hom cc vi
khun s dng axetat [H enzen v H a em o es 1983], v vy qu trnh tng hp m tan bi
cc vi khun ln m en gim thng chim t l gii hn trong sut qu trnh chuyn h a
cc hp cht hu c cao phn t c trong nc thi thnh kh sinh hc.
C c nhm vi khun khc nhau tham gia trong qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c
u c kh nng ng ha v d ha. V vy, song song vi q u trnh gii phng ra cc
sn phm ln m en khc nhau, lng sinh khi m i cng c to thnh trong bn giai
on chuyn ha c m t trn. th u n tin, ba qu trnh u tin i khi c gp
li vi nhau v c gi l qu trnh ln m en axit, v qu trnh th t c gi l q u
trnh m tan ha.
Q u trnh ln m en axit c khuynh h n g lm gim pH do lm pht sinh cc axit bo
d bay hi v cc cht trung gian d phn ly. V qu trnh m tan ha ch tin trin tt
trong iu kin pH trung tnh, nn v l do no , phn ng c th tr nn khng n
nh do tc kh axit trong qu trn h m tan h a gim so vi tc pht sinh axit,
tng lng axit cn li s lm gim pH , v v vy gy c ch k h nng pht trin hot
ng ca cc vi khun m tan ha. T rn thc t, hin tng ny, c gi l ch u a
trong cc b phn ng k kh, v c n g l s c rt thng gp trong vn hnh cc h
thng x l k kh. trnh hin tng chua , cn duy tr cn bng gia cc qu trnh
ln m en axit v m tan ha.

4.5.4. L n g ha trong cc qu trnh ln m en ky k h v xy ha

M t s gii hn cc cht hu c c s dng bi cc vi khun m tan ha v cc

phn ng to thnh C 2, cc phn ng loi nhm m ethyl c nu di y [M adigan
v cs. 2000 ], t ng ng, lin quan n cc phn ng xy ha hydr, axit rm ic, xit
cacbon, m tan, m tylam in, v axtat.
4H 2 + CO2 - C H 4 +2H 20 (4.41)

120
 4H C00- +4H + -> CH 4 +3C 0 2 + 2 H 20 (4.42)

4 C 0 + 2 H 20 -> C H 4 + 3CO2 (4.43)

4 C H 3O H -> 3C//< + c 2 + 2 H 20 (4.44)
4 ( C H ) 3 N + H 20 -> 9 0 / , + 3C 2 + 6 H 20 + (4.45)

C H C O O H -> C H 4 + C 0 2 (4.46)

T rong p hn ng m tan ha (4.46), axetat c tch thnh m tan v cacbon dixit.

C O D b loi b trong b phn ng c tnh ton theo sn phm m tan. C O D ca
m tan l tng lng xy cn thit xy ha cacbon dixit v nc.
CH 4 + 2 0 2 -> C 02 + 2 H 20 (4.47)

T (4.47), lng C O D /m ole m tan l 2 X 2 X 16= 64 g C V m ole C H 4. Th tch m t

m ol m tan trong iu kin tiu chun (0c v 1 atm ) l 22,414 L, nn C H 4 tng ng
vi C O D c chuyn i di cc iu kin k kh l 22,414/64 =0,35 L CH4 /g COD.
4 .5 .5 . n g c hc ca qu trnh phn hy k kh
C c q u y lut ng lc hc v pht trin sinh hc u da trn hai m i quan h c
bn: tc sinh trng ca vi khun v tc tiu th cht nn. nh hng ca nng
cht nn (v d cht dinh dng) ti tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt c m
p h ng bng cc m hnh ton hc khc nhau [M onod, 1949; M oser, 1958; C ontois,
1959; G rau v cs., 1975]. H hp ni bo, thng thng c nh n gha nh qu trnh
t p h n hy sinh khi, duy tr t bo, s n, cht t bo v tiu hy l qu trnh dn n
s suy gim khi lng t bo. Cc qu trnh ny quan trng trong h thng x l nc
thi, c bit l cc h thng k kh, v chng thng vn hnh trong iu kin tc
sinh tr ng thp. tnh ton nh hng ca cc qu trnh ny ti tc sinh trng,
tc ti u hy ca vi sinh vt c s dng thay cho tc sinh trng.
ng lc hc ca qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt c th biu th bng hai
ph ng trnh c bn do M onod xut.
(1) T c sinh trng ca vi sinh vt, t l thun vi tc tiu th cht nn
(ng).

= Y (4.48)
V dt / g d (S + K s
(2) T c tiu hy ca vi sinh vt, c th din gii theo phng trnh bc n h t :
'f X^
-X b (4.49)
. dt

T rong :
X - nng vi sinh vt (m g V SS/L);
s - nng cht nn (m g COD/L);

121
 Y- h s tng sinh khi (mg v s s /m g COD);
/X - tc sinh tr ng c tr ng ca vi sinh vt (n g '1) (t l tng sinh khi tr n 1
n v thi gian);
/An - tc sinh tr ng c tr ng ln nht (n g '1);
b - h s tc cht (ng'1);
K s - hng s M onod (n a bo ha) (m g C O D /L).
C c k t g, u v d, biu th, t ng ng vi cc qu trn h sinh trng, tiu th v
tiu hy.
(d x / d t)g - i lng biu th tc sinh tr ng ca vi sinh vt theo thi gian;
( d S / d t )u - i lng biu th tc tiu th cht nn (ng) theo thi gian;
(d X / d t)d - i lng biu th tc tiu hy cc vi sinh vt theo thi gian;
(d x / d t) - i lng biu th khi lng thc c a vi sinh vt theo thi gian.
Ph ng trnh (4.48) cho thy, vi gi tr nng cht nn cao, t l M onod S/(S + K sJ

tin ti ng nht v tc sinh tr ng c lp vi nng cht nn v tun theo quy

lut ph ng trnh bc khng. N u nng cht n n thp, t l M onod tng ng S/K s

v tc sinh tr ng t l thun vi nng ch t nn, v tun theo quy lut ph ng

trnh bc nht. i vi cc nng tru n g gian, tc sinh tr n g s t ng thch g ia
cc qu y lut ph ng trnh bc nht v bc khng tng ng vi nng cht nn.
T rn hnh 4.40 biu th m i quan h g ia tc sinh tr ng v nng cht nn i
vi hai loi vi khun m tan ha: M e th a n o tr ix v M e th a n o s a r c in a . Cc gi tr tc
tng tr ng c tr ng ln nht c a cc loi vi sinh vt tiu th axetat ny, tng ng l
/An = 0,1 v 0 ,3 (n g ''). Tc sinh tr n g c tr ng bng m t na gi tr ln nht c a
n khi nng cht nn bng h s K s, c gi l hng s n a bo ha hay hng s
hp dn. i vi M e th a n o tr ix v M e th a n o s a r c in a gi tr K s, tng ng, bng 200 v 30
m g/L axetat. H nh 4.40 cho thy cc gi tr ca hng s c th phn nh tnh trng ca
h thng: vi nng axetat thp (< 55m g/L ) tc sinh trng c trng ca
M e th a n o tr ix cao hn M e th a n o s a r c in a v s l loi v s v m tan ha in hnh trong h
thng. N gc li, khi nng axetat v t qu 55m g/L , M e th a n o s a r c in a s pht trin
m nh hn, chim u th hn so vi M e th a n o tr ix v tr thnh v s v tiu th axetat chnh
trong h thng.
Lng sinh khi thc c a cc v s v tro n g h thng x l c xc nh bng chnh
lch gia gi tr sinh tr ng v tiu hy c a cc v s v trong h thng. Sau m t khong
thi gian di, lng sinh khi thc ca v s v c n li s tng ln. V vy, duy tr m t
lng sinh khi nht nh vi ti ng khng i, cn duy tr m t nng cht nn ti
thiu, c th tnh ton c bng cch quy gi tr tc sinh tr ng bng khng.

Mms
m , min
X
\d t ) K s + s m,n

122
hay

5 =A . (4.50)
Vm-b

iSmin l gi tr thp nht cho php ca nng cht nn trong h thng x l. Trong
x l k kh nc thi, vic chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc c
tin hnh th ng qua chui cc qu trnh lin tip. V vy, nng cht nn ti thiu s
bng tng cc g i tr nng nh nht ti cc qu trnh khc nhau.

0,25
T = 33 c

0,20
O)
c
y/M eth a n o sa rcin a
? 0,15 ' Mm= 0,3/r.g
V
3 Ks= 200 mg/L
.c
0,10 jm= 0,1/ng
"
Methanotrx

pm= 0,1/ng
H 0,05 -
Ks= 30 mg/L

55
't ' t
0
0 30 200 400 600
Nng axtat (mg/L)

// /|/| 4 .4 0 . g a /7 h g i a t c s in h t r n g vsv v n n g a x a t.

T rong thc t, nng cht nn s khng th t c m c ti thiu, v nhu cu ko

di hn v thi gian lu nc trong h thng s lm tng th tch ca cc cng trnh.
N u nng cht nn ln hn m c ti thiu, s tn ti m t lng tng sinh khi thc
ca cc v s v trong h thng. Trn thc t, khng th duy tr s tng trng lin tc ca
cc v s v trong h thng: sau m t thi gian vn hnh, h thng s b y v cc v s v s
b cun tri khi h thng nn s hao ht sinh khi ca cc v s v s khng trnh khi.
N u gi thit rng lng v s v c sn sinh trong h thng x l khuy trn hon ton,
c ly lin tc ra khi h thng vi tc khng i, tc ny s bng tc sn
sinh th c t. T rong trng hp ny, m t lng v s v khng i v nng tng thch
vi ti lng h u c a vo h thng, s t thit lp. Tc ly sinh khi ra khi h
thng bng gi tr nghch o vi tui ca bn, biu th thi gian lu bn trung bnh
trong h thng. V vy, i vi h thng n nh (khng tch ly vi sinh vt):

123
 'd X \ d X ) (d X '
+
\ dt yw V dt )

Hoc

(4.51)

Trong : R - Tui bn (ngy);

(dx/dt)w - Tc ly vsv ra khi h thng.
Thay th n trong phng trnh (4.48), ta tnh c nng cht nn u ra:

K. b + -
R
s= V
(4.52)
\ b + ~ '
R;

400

300 -

O)
200 -

Hnh 4.41. Quan h gia nng cht nn v

tui bn i vi cc loi vi khun
100 -

Methanorix v Methanosarcina.
Ngun: Gujer and Zehnder (1982).

0 20 40 60 80 100
Tui bn (ng)

Phng trnh (4.52) cho thy nng u ra ph thuc vo ba hng s (Ks, m v b)

v mt chu tnh bin i: tui bn R. Hnh 4.41 cho thy nng cht nn l hm s ca
tui bn, c mt gi tr tui bn ti thiu cho qu trnh chuyn ha trong h thng. i vi
cc gi tr tui bn thp hn gi tr ti thiu, lng vsv mt i do x bn v vsv cht s
ln hn lng sinh trng ti a v v vy s lng vsv khng th duy tr lin tc.
Gi tr tui bn ti thiu c th tnh ton t phng trnh (4.52) vi gi thit l khng
din ra qu trnh chuyn ha trong h thng, tc l nng cht nn s bng nng
u vo sv.

(4.53)
R.
7 + * -b
V

124
 Thng thng, nng cht nn u vo ln hn nhiu so vi hng s na-bo ha
(nu khng ng nh vy, vic loi b cht hu c s kh khn). Trong trng hp ny,
phng trnh (4.52) c dng n gin hn:

=- L- (4.53a)
Pm - b
Trong : Rsm - tui bn ti thiu (ngy).
Thng s ng lc hc quan trng khc l hng s tc tiu th cht nn c trng.
Hng s ny biu th lng cht nn ln nht c th chuyn ha trn khi lng n v
vi khun trong mt n thi gian. Thng s ny c th c tnh ton t tc sinh
trng c trng ln nht ln nht v h s tng sinh khi nh sau:

(4.54)

Trong : Km - tc tiu th cht nn c trng (kg COD/ kg vss.ng);.

Trn bng 4.15 nu gi tr cc thng s ng lc hc quan trng nht i vi cc qu
trnh ln men axit v mtan ha.

Bng 4.15. Cc thng s ng lc hc ca cc h vi khun k kh

Mn Y Km Ks
H vi khun
(ng1) (mg vss/m g COD) (mg COD/mg vss.ng) (mg COD/L)
Vi khun axit ha 2,0 0,15 13 200

Vi khun mtan ha 0,4 0,03 13 50

Hn hp 0,4 0,18 2 -

Ngun: Henzen v Harremoes (1983).

Gi thit rng trong qu trnh nui cy cc vi khun thun khit dng axit ha hay
mtan ha, c hai trng hp u t tc chuyn ha ln nht khong 13
mg COD/mg vss.n g . Vi khun axit ha tng trng 0,15 kg v ss /k g COD cht nn l
hp cht hu c, vi khun mtan ha tng trng ch 0,03 kg vss/kg COD cht nn l
cc hp cht tng hp mtan. Nh vy, lng sinh khi bn 0,15+ 0,03= 0,18 kg vss
s c sn sinh ra khi 1kg COD hn hp cht hu c c tiu th trong iu kin k
kh. V vy, trong h nui cy kt hp cc dng vi khun axit ha v mtan ha s dng
hn hp cht nn hu c, s gm: lng vi khun mtan ha chim 0,03/(0,03+ 0,15) =
1/6 v vi khun axit ha chim 5/6. .Trong php c lng ny cha k n hai yu t:
( 1) trn thc t sn phm mtan s t hn v mt phn cht hu c trong nc u
vo c ng ha bi cc vi khun axit ha s khng s dng c cho qu trnh tng
hp mtan.
( 2 ) yu t phn hy cha c tnh n.

125
 Tuy nhin, nhng yu t ny ch c nh hng rt nh, nn ti l ln nht ca sn
phm mtan trn mt n v sinh khi ca hn hp vi khun s chi bng khong 1/6
lng mtan thu c trong qu trnh nui cy vi khun mtan ha thun khit, v d
13/6 = 2 mg COD/mg vss.ng.

4.5.6. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy ky kh

Cc yu t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh phn hy k kh nc thi gm nhit

, pH, cc thnh phn dinh dng chnh v cc hp cht c hi trong nc u vo.
i vi nc thi sinh hot, thng thng ba yu t cui khng cn phi cn nhc. iu
kin pH thch hp v n nh trong nc thi sinh hot thng c to nn nh s c
mt ca cc hp cht axit cacbonic v khng cn s dng ha cht no hiu chnh
pH. Cc cht dinh dung (c cc cht dinh dng v m, nit v pht pho v dinh
dng vi m) c rt nhiu trong nc thi. Cc hp cht c tnh c r rt i vi cc vi
khun nhn chung khng c trong nc thi sinh hot. nh hng c hi ca sunfua
khng nghim trng v nh hng ca xy ha tan ch c th xut hin khi h thng x
l k kh c thit k khng hp l.
nh hng ca nhit ti qu trnh phn hy k kh
i vi cc loi nc thi c nng cht nhim cao, nhit vn hnh i vi
mt quy m cng sut no c th c xem nh mt qu trnh c th iu chnh h
thng x l k kh, v trong gii hn cho php, n c th c kim sot bng vic s
dng mtan sinh ra lm m nc thi. Hnh thc ny khng p dng c cho trng
hp cc loi nc thi nng thp nh nc thi sinh hot v nng lng thu c t
mtan sinh ra khng lm tng nhit ca h thng. Nhit lng ln nht c
sinh ra t s t chy mtan thu c t qu trnh phn hy 500 mg/L COD (gi tr in
hnh cho nc thi th) l 1,5 kcal/L. v l thuyt vic lm tng nhit ln l,5c l c
th thc hin c, nhng gi tr ti a ny chi c th t c khi cc cht nhim
c chuyn ha hon ton thnh mtan-COD v nhit lng cha trong mtan c
khai thc ton b. V th, nc thi sinh hot cn phi c x l ti nhit n t
c khi vo h thng, nhit ny lun thp hn nhit ti u cho qu trnh phn
hy k kh.
Cng nh cc qu trnh sinh hc khc, hiu sut phn hy k kh ph thuc nhiu
vo nhit . Tc chuyn ha ca cc qu trnh phn hy k kh din ra nhanh nht
vi cc iu kin mesophilic trong khong t 35 n 40c v thermophilic kho ng
55c. i vi x l nc thi sinh hot ch Hn quan n phn hy mesophilic. nh
hng ca nhit ti hiu sut phn hy k kh trong iu kin mesophilic c m t
qua biu trn hnh 4.42. T hnh 4.42 c th suy ra cc kt lun nh sau:
(1) Khong nhit ti u nht l gia 30 v 40c.
(2) i vi cc mc nhit thp hn khong ti u, hiu sut phn hy gim
khong 11% khi gim l c , hoc theo phng trnh Arrhenius

126
 r, = r3 (l,ll)(T-MI (4.55)
Trong : T - nhit (C);
rh K) - hiu sut phn hy ti cc mc nhit tng ng T v 30c.
Trn c s hiu sut phn hy ti 30c, s dng phng trnh (4.55) c th tnh c
hiu sut phn hy ti 20 v 10c tng ng l 35 v 12%.
+ De Man (1990) Van den Berg (1976)
X Kennedy vcs. (1981) stander (1967)
Van den Berg (1977) Lettinga (1978)

_ 100
g 80
V
2 50
5 40
o. 30
'05
20
Q -
X
10

5 H s Arrtienius = 1.11 / c
0 20 40 60
Nhit (C)

Hnh 4.42. Anh hng ca nhit ti hiu sut phn hy k kh (rong iu kin Mesophilic.
Ngun: Henzen v Harremoes (1983).

nh hng ca nhit ti qu
trnh phn hy k kh khng b hn ch
khi thay i tc ca qu trnh. Cc
qu trnh phn hy k kh ko di cng
b nh hng. Hnh 4.43 m t quan h
gia hiu sut phn hy bn lng (bn
s cp) v thi gian phn hy ti cc
nhit khc nhau [ 0 Rourke, 1968].
Biu ny biu th r s ph thuc
nhit ca qu trnh phn hy cht
rn. S bin i thnh cc phn nh
ca cht hu c b phn hy c th
c cho l do hiu sut thy phn
thp. Trong iu kin thc t, iu Thi gian (ngy)
c ngha l cc hp cht hu c l
Hnh 4.43. nh hng ca nhit ti qu trnh
lng c th c tch khi nc
phn hy k kh bn s cp.
nhit thp, thm ch c khi khng b
Ngun: 0'Rourke (1968).

127
chuyn ha, v c th b gi li trong lp bn y v gp phn lm tng sinh khi bn
trong h thng x l. Sau khi tr thnh mt phn ca bn, n c th c thi ra di
dng bn d. Bn d c th c x l trong cng trnh phn hy khc trong iu kin
nhit cao hn nhit nc thi. Vi tt c cc quy m cng sut, kh nng p dng
qu trnh phn hy k kh ti cc khu vc'c iu kin kh hu nhit i (nhit nc
thi trn 20C) v cn nhit i (nhit nc thi trn 15C) thng kh thi hn so vi
cc vng kh hu n i v lnh (nhit trn 10C).
nh hng ca p H
Gi tr v n nh ca pH trong b phn ng k kh l yu t quan trng v qu
trnh mtan ha ch t hiu sut cao trong iu kin pH c duy tr mc trung tnh.
Khi gi tr pH thp hn 6,3 hoc cao hn 7,8, hiu sut ca qu trnh mtan ha gim.
Cc vi khun ln men axit t nhy cm vi cc gi tr pH cao hay thp, v vy qu trnh
ln men axit s chim u th hn mtan ha, iu c th gy nn hin tng lm
chua cc thnh phn trong b phn ng.
Gi tr pH trong b phn ng c thit lp sau khi t c mc cn bng ion trong
cc thnh phn gc axit khc nhau c mt trong h thng. Cc thnh phn gc axit yu
c nh hng ln v c bit l cc hp cht ca axit cacbonic thng l yu t quyt
nh, v nng ca chng nhn chung thng vt qu mc c bn so vi cc hp cht
khc nh phtphat, amonia, hoc sunphat.
nh hng ca cc cht c hi
Ngoi nng ion hydr, mt s cc thnh phn khc cng nh hng n hiu sut
phn hy k kh, thm ch vi nng rt thp, nh cc kim loi nng v cc hp cht
hu c - axit. Tuy nhin, s c mt ca cc hp cht ny vi nng gy hi thng
him xy ra trong nc thi. Cc hp cht c th gy nh hng xu thng l xy v
sunpht. Kh nng xm nhp ca xy c th xy ra thng qua h thng phn phi nc
thi, nhng s c tiu th cho s chuyn ha xy ha trong qu trnh ln men axit. V
vy thng khng c xy ha tan trong b phn ng k kh, mc d khng kh c th
xm nhp vo cng nc thi u vo, v vy s xm nhp ca n s khng gy nh
hng i vi hot ng ca b phn ng. Sunpht c th c to thnh trong qu trnh
t phn ng kh sunpht. Tuy nhin, theo cng b ca Rinzema (1989) nng sunpht
c trong h thng x l k kh nc thi th (ti 50mg/l) thp hon nhiu so vi gi tr
nng ti thiu c th gy tc hi i vi h thng. V vy, tc hi ca cc c t
thng khng phi i vn cn lu tm i vi cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot.

4.5.7. n g dng v hot ng

u im ca qu trnh k kh
Cc qu trnh k kh yu cu t nng lng, pht sinh t bn d, yu cu cht dinh
dng t, v c th chu c ti lng th tch ln:

128
 Pht sinh nng lng mi: qu trnh x l k kh lm pht sinh nng lng mi
tng ng 10.4* 106 kJ/ng, trong khi cc qu trnh hiu kh li yu cu s dng nng
lng - 1.9 x l 06 kJ/ng (xem bng 4.16).
Sn lng sinh khi thp hn: qu trnh k kh lm gim lng sinh khi d vi h
s 6 n 8 , v iu ny s lm gim chi ph cho cng on x l bn cn.
Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng thp hn\ i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh bng
bn hot tnh, t l thch hp gia BOD v cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi l
BOD: N: p = 100: 5: 1. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh x l k kh, nhu cu s dng cc
cht dinh dng t hn theo t l BOD: N: p = 35CK500: 5: 1. Nc thi c nit v
phtpho v cc thnh phn vi lng khc nhau p ng nhu cu v dinh dng trong
x l k kh. Ngc li, i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh thng cn b sung thm
cc cht dinh dng.
Ti lng th tch cao hn: qu trnh k kh thng t c ti lng hu c cao
hn so vi qu trnh hiu kh (ti lng hu c l 3,2-5-32 kg COD/m3.ng i vi qu tnh
k kh cao hn nhiu so vi mc 0,5^3,2 COD/m3.ng i vi qu trnh hiu kh) [Speece,
1996]. Lng cht hu c c loi b nhiu hon trn n v th tch cng trnh.
Nhc im ca qu trnh k kh
Tri li, x l k kh i hi thi gian khi ng lu hn, b sung thm cc cht
kim, x l nc thi v vi khun k kh thng rt nhy cm vi cc cht c.
Thi gian khi ng lu hn: tc pht trin ca cc vi khun k kh thng
chm hn v vy i hi thi gian khi ng h thng lu hn, thng t 8 n 12 tun.
Yu cu b sung kim: cn m bo nng kim mc t 2.000 n 3.000 mg/L
(theo CaC3) trung ha lng kh C2 v cc axit hu c d bay hi pht sinh t
qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c v duy tri pH thch hp vi s pht trin
ca cc vi khun. Nu lng kim ny khng c sn trong nc thi hoc khng c
to ra bi qu trnh phn hy cc cht m hay axit amin, nhu cu b sung thm cc
cht kim s lm tng chi ph ha cht ng k.
Yu cu x l b sung: kh nng chu ti lng hu c cao hom, lng cht hu c
c x l nhiu hn, v thng thng nng 'hu c trong nc thi u vo cao hn
nn nc thi sau qu trnh x l k kh thng cn d nhiu cht hu c hn so vi
nc sau x l hiu kh v cn c x l b sung nhm p ng yu cu cht lng
x. Mt chui cc b phn ng kt hp cc qu trnh k kh v hiu kh c th c ng
dng trong x l nc thi th nhng vng c kh hu m, nhm lm gim bi nhu
cu s dng nng lng v gim lng bn thi pht sinh [Goncalves v Avaujo, 1999;
Garuti v cs., 1992].

129
 Bng 4.16. So snh nhu cu nng Ing trong cc h thng x l ky kh v hiu kh

Gi tr (kJ/ng)
Nng lng*
K kh Hiu kh

Lm thonga-b -1,9.10 6

Mtan c to r a c,d 12,5.10 6

n nh nhit 30c -2 , 1.10 6

Nng lng thc, kJ/ngy 10.4.106 -1,9.10 6

* Nng lng cn thit x l 100 m3/ngy nc thi vi nng hu c 10 kg/m3 v nhit

20C;
aNhu cu tiu th xy = 0,8 kg 0 2/kg COD c x l;
bHiu sut lm thong = 1,52 kg 0 2/kW.h (3600 kJ = 1 kWh);
c Hiu sut pht sinh mtan = 0,35 m3/kg COD c x l;
dHiu sut nng lng ca.mtan = 35846 kJ/m3 ( 0c v 1 atm).

4.5.8. Cc qu trnh x l ky kh nc thi

H thng x l k kh c in
Nhng ng dng u tin
ng dng u tin ca qu trnh phn hy k kh x l nc thi c tin hnh
trong b kn kh c Mouras trin khai ti Php vo cui th k trc. Vo khong u
th k XX, mt s h thng x l k kh mi c trin khai v d nh b t hoi
ca Cameron Anh, b lng hai v ca Imhoff c. Trong c hai h thng ny, nc
thi chy qua phn trn ca h thng, bn cn lng xung to ra vng k kh y b.
Cc thnh phn cht rn lng c c trong nc thi s lng xung vng y v c
phn hy trong iu kin k kh. Trong b t hoi, hiu sut lu gi cc cht rn lng
c c th b nh hng bi cc cht tri ni dng ln t y, hoc do s kt dnh cc
cht rn bi cc bt kh sinh hc to thnh hn hp vng. iu ny khng xy ra trong
b lng hai v do cc cht rn c lng xung khoang phn hy ring v bt kh pht
sinh dng ln t y khng vo c khoang lng. Trong thi gian sau, xut hin cc b
lng hai v ci tin. Ti cc b ny, cc cht rn tch t trong khoang phn hy c gia
tng nhit, v vy lm tng tc phn hy k kh. Thi gian lu nc trong b t hoi
v b lng hai v l mt n hai ngy, loi b cc cht rn lng c. Do vy, cc
h thng ny trn thc t l cc h thng x l s cp kt hp x l sinh hc cc cht
rn lng c.
Trong cc h thng x l k kh thi u, vic x l c tin hnh trn c s qu
trnh lng cc cht hu c l lng. Do ch mt phn cc cht hu c chy vo l c th
lng c (mt phn ba ti mt na), nn hiu sut x l ti a ca cc h thng ny ch

130
t 30--50% tnh theo cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v ph thuc nhiu vo tnh
cht ca nc thi v kh nng lng cn,
Hiu qu x l thp ca cc h thng s cp c th c cho l do thit k cha hp
l. Do kh nng tip xc km gia cc vsv k kh trong h thng v cc thnh phn
cht hu c khng lng c trong nc thi u vo, phn ln cht hu c ho tan
hoc c thy phn khng c chuyn ho b cu n tri theo dng thi ra khi h
thng. Ti thi im , cc khi nim v ngha ca vic to kh nng tip xc tt
gia cht hu c v qun th vi khun cha c nhn thc y . Kh nng hot
ng km ca h thng k kh pht sinh cc thnh kin cho rng kh nng x l ca
cc h thng ny km hn so vi cc h thng hiu kh, cc thnh kin ny vn cn tn
ti n ngy nay. Tuy nhin, trong cng khong thi gian , t cc kt qu nghin cu
c trin khai trong thc t cho thy rng h thng x l k kh hin i c thit
k hp l c th t hiu sut x l cao i vi cc cht hu c c th phn hy sinh
hc. thm ch vi thi gian lu nc rt ngn.
H sinh hc k kh
H sinh hc k kh v c bn khng khc bit vi cc h thng x l k kh thi u
c m t trong phn trn. Chng cng l cc h thng lun chuyn vi cn lng k kh
c tch t phn y. Cc h k kh c khi tch ln hn cc h thng x l bc u
rt nhiu, v thng khng c che y. Vic khuy trn nc trong h thng ( su
2+5 m) c th xy ra nh chuyn ng dng ln ca cc bt kh sinh hc, cng do tc
ng ca gi v nh nng mt tri (khuy trn c hc v khuy trn nhit). H k kh
thng ch dng ring cho x l nc thi, c bit l c s dng nh bc tin x l
trong mt chui cc h lm n nh nc thi. Thi gian lu nc thi trong cc h k
kh (thng thng t hai n nm ngy) thng lu hn trong cc h thng x l bc
u v do hiu sut x l cht hu c cng cao hn. Vi thi gian lu nc t mt
n nm ngy, h k kh c th x l BOD trong nc thi sinh hot t hiu sut 50+
70% [Mara, 1976].
Trn hnh 4.44 biu th kt qu mt s nghin cu v quan h hm s gia hiu sut
x l BOD v thi gian lu nc.
Trong bng 4.17 tm tt cc iu kin vn hnh h k kh thc hin ti cc nghin
cu khc nhau. Mc d cc s liu th nghim c di tng i rng, nhng c th thy
r l hiu sut c xu hng tng khi tng thi gian lu nc. T cc kt qu th nghim
c th xy dng cng thc thc nghim xc nh quan h gia hiu sut x l v thi
gian lu (hydraulic retention time - HRT). Quan h tuyn tnh ca th logarit trn
hnh 4.44 s l:
24
E = -----(4.56)
H R T
Trong : E - hiu sut x l cht hu c (%).

131
 Bng 4.17. Cc iu kin vn hnh h k kh trong x l nc thi sinh hot

Ti lng hu c Nhit
Tham kho HRT (ng)
(kg/m3.ng) (C)
.1 Gloyna (1971) 4,5 + 5,5 0,03 + 0,05 23
2 Gloyna v Aguia (1972) 0,06 + 0,12 32

1/T
1*
3 Marais v Shaw (1961) 0,75 0,23 19
3,0 0,06 19
4 Lakshminarayana (1972) 1,0 --2,0 0,053 25
1,0 + 2,0 0,053 30
5 Parker (1959) 1,0 0,25 19
6 Parker (1970) 5,0 0,23 19
7 Lakshminarayana (1972) 10,0 0,023 19
8 Meiring v cs. (1968) 0,5 0,40
9 McGarry v Pescod (1970) 1,0 --2,0 0,68 30
1,0 + 2,0 0,26 30
10 Sastry v Mohanras (1976) 2,0 + 7,0 0,80 Hr0,33
11 Collazos (1990) 0,4 - 0,9 0,46 + 0,25 26
90

O
m
* 70
X
4 -t

50
p
QJ.

^ 30

.5 1 2 5 1D 20
Thi gian lu nc (ng)

Hnh 4.44. Quan h hm s gia hiu sut x BOD v

thi gian lu nc trong h sinh hc k kh.

t hiu sut x l BOD trn 80%, cn thi gian lu nc lu xp x su ngy.

Vi ti lng hu c di 1.000 kg BOD/ha.ng hay 0,1 kg BOD/m 2.ng, chc nng )
l ca h s c xu hng ty tin (tc l c iu kin hiu kh ti lp nc b mt) hen
l k kh. Vi cc gi tr in hnh v su (2--3 m) v BOD u vo (250 mg/L hy
0,25 kg/m3), h c th t c mc ti 0,1 kg-BOD/m2.ng vi thi gian lu big
0,25 X (2*3) / 0,1= (5 +7) ngy. V vy, cn c thi gian lu t hn su ngy nhm n
bo iu kin k kh trong h.

132
 Cc h thng x l k kh tc cao
Trn hnh 4.45 m t s nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng x l k kh tc
cao. v c bn, c hai c ch lu bn c s dng:
(1) C nh bn: s dng vt liu lu gi bn. Loi ny bao gm b lc k kh dng
chy xui hoc dng chy ngc (hnh 4.45a v 4.45b) v cc b phn ng c tng bn
y hot ng theo c ch dng tun hon (hnh 4.45c) hoc c ch to lp bn l lng
(hnh 4.45d). Kh sinh hc Kh sinh hc
(a) (b)
Nc sau
x l Nc thi

Vt
Tun hon liu
(tu chn) lc

Nc thi Nc sau x l

Kh sinh hc Kh sinh hc
(d)

Nc sau x l Nc sau x l
>

Nc thi Nc thi

Kh sinh hc Khi sinh hc

(e)
Nc sau x l
Nc sau x l
T

Lp bn
Nc thi

(g) Kh sinh hc

Nc sau x l
-#

Lp bn
Nc thi

Hnh 4.45. S nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng x l k kh tc cao.

(a) Lc k kh dng chy ngc (LKKN); (b) Lc k kh dng chy xui (LKKX);
(c) Tng bn y chuyn ng (BC); (d) Tng bn y gin n (BGN); (e) Qu trnh tip xc;
(f) ASB; (g) Be k kh dng chy ngc (h) Tng bn ht gin n (BHGN).

133
 (2) Tch lng - rn v tun hon cht rn c tch. Loi ny bao gm qu trnh
tip xc, qu trnh k kh ging nh qu trnh bn hot tnh (hnh 4.45e) c dng thm
b lng ring bit v b UASB (hnh 4.45g).
Cc loi h thng x l k kh khc nhau c p dng rng ri x l nc
thi ca nhiu loi hnh cng nghip, nhng cho n nay qu trnh x l k kh him khi
c s dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot, v vy cc thng tin thc nghim cn rt
hn ch. Trn thc t, kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng x l k kh tc cao mi
ch hn ch vic s dng cc cng trnh: b lc k kh, b k kh vi lp bn chuyn
ng v gin n, b UASB c hoc khng c thit b tch pha lng - rn. Do vy, trong
phn ny ch tp trung tho lun v nhng qu trnh ny.
B lc k kh
B lc k kh (LKK) ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng nghip, mc d
cn mc tng i hn ch. B LKK c th hot ng tt vi ti lng hu c
10 -- 20 kg COD/m3.ng khi c nng v tnh cht ca cc thnh phn hu c trong
nc thi khng c tnh c hi. Nhc im ln ca h thng LKK l gi thnh ca
cc loi vt liu lc cao, thm ch c th ngang bng vi gi thnh xy dng cng trnh.
Cc h thng LKK thng c dng x l nc thi t cc loi ngnh cng nghip
khc nhau, nhng i vi nc thi sinh hot, h thng ny cn t c p dng vi quy
m cng sut ln.
Cc s liu biu th kh nng hot ng ca mt s h thng LKK (dng chy ngc
c vt liu lc dng ri v dng c nh theo m-un) vn hnh trong iu kin phng
th nghim v trong thc t c tng kt bng biu lgarit th hin mi quan h
gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lu nc (hnh 4.46a). Quan h gia cc thng
s ny c th c biu th bng phng trnh:

( s '
log = -CjlogHRT + c2
\ s v

hay (4.57)

Trong :
s - nng cht nn (mg COD/L), V v r tng ng vi trc v sau x l;
E - hiu sut x l cht nn (%);
C,C2 - hng s thc nghim;
H R T - thi gian lu nc (ng).
T biu nu trn hnh 4.46a, ta thy: C\= 0,5 v C2 = 0,87, do cng thc (4.57)
c vit thnh:
E = 1 - 0,87 (HRT)--5 (4.58)

134
 Cc h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng v gin n
Trong h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng (hnh 4.45 c), vt liu lu gi bn c dng
ht c gi trng thi lun chuyn ng do lc cn ma st ca dng chy ngc gy
nn. Vt liu lu gi bn s dng trong h thng BC cn c t trng thp nh cht
do hoc antraxt nhm gim vn tc cn thit ca dng cht lng chy ngc, do
gim chi ph vn hnh my bm. Qu trnh BC i hi ng knh ca ht vt liu
nh hn 3 mm v vn tc dng chy ngc khong 20 m/h. Nc thi sau x l c
tun hon m bo duy tr n nh ca vn tc dng chy ngc. su ca b
dao ng t 4 n 6 m. Vi din tch tip xc b mt ln ca cc ht vt liu trong tng
bn chuyn ng s m bo kh nng lu gi c lng sinh khi ln trong h thng.
Qu trnh BC rt kh thi trong XLNT hu c vi cc mc nng a dng; nhit

(a) (b)
90 90
M-un vt li_ __ ["'jeres vcs (1985)
[""prgtorius Q- ^>Yodav C5 (1985)
^^Genuno -vcs E - 1-(HRT7'55 ''
/ung (1990^ 0 Otuens(1087)
E OKobayaivcs
Q 80 80 ^ Jew ell/Schtti rtz enbaum
^Oliveir? p
O o Schui tz enb aum/Je uie H
o
70 Vt liu ht ri 70
E = 1 -(H R 7 y M X
X tra
' 50 Young (1990) w 50
) Z3
0,5 t>
<a 30 E= 1- ,B7(HRT) X 30
X E= 1- ,56(HRT)

10 20 30 50 0.5 10
HRT (h) HRT (h)
(c)

1""] PadQS do pedregal

Haskoning (1080)
Q Vieira/Soua (1080)
Sche1inkhot(10B5)

__ -0,66 ^
Bart)0S3/Sant'Aina
Nobre/Guimaraes

SchillinknotiCollaz5
E= 1- ,B8(HRT) 1 HskQningurconutt

3 5 10 20
HRT (h) HRT (h)

Hnh 4.46: Quan h hm s gia hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lm nc trong
mt s cng trnh x l k kh tc \cao
(a) B lc k khi (b) Tng BC hoc BGN. (c) K kh dng chy ngc, (d) UASB

135
di 3 5 c, ti lng hu c 10--40 kg COD/m 3.ng, h thng BC c th t hiu sut
x l COD trn 90%. B BC c th duy tr c nng sinh khi cao, chu c ti
lng hu c ln. Do c vn hnh theo ch tun hon nc sau x l nn b BC
c kh nng t iu chnh (pha long nng hu c u vo bng dng tun hon),
trnh c cc hin tng gy sc t ngt c th xy ra do cc dao ng ln v nng
cht hu c trong nc thi u vo. Cc b ny cng khng i hi nhiu din tch
xy dng. Qu trnh BC ph hp nht vi nc thi cha cc thnh phn nhim
dng ha tan v h thng khng c kh nng gi li cc cht rn. Cc ca vo v ra ca
b cn c thit k m bo s phn b dng chy tt. Nhc im ca h thng BC
bao gm nhu cu in nng vn hnh bm nhm duy tr trng thi chuyn ng ca vt
liu v bn trong h thng, chi ph vt liu lu gi bn cao, cn kim sot v duy tr s
n nh ca chiu cao tng bn chuyn ng trong h thng, kim sot x bn d, thi
gian khi ng lu.
Qu trnh x l k kh vi tng bn y gin n (BGN) (hnh 4.45 d) khc vi khi
nim BC bi vn tc dng chy ngc c p dng thp hn nhiu. e gi cho lp
vt liu m c th gin n, mt phn nc sau x l c tun hon bng bm nhm
tng vn tc dng chy ngc. T l gin n tng bn y nn dao ng trong khong
10%--20%, chiu cao sau gin n khong 50% chiu cao hiu dng ca b, v vn tc
dng chy ngc khong 2 m/h. Nhng iu kin ny s to s va chm gia cc phn
t ht v lm bong lp mng sinh hc bm trn b mt ht nhanh hn. Vt liu m
thng s dng l ct thch anh c ng knh 0,2+0,5 mm. Than hot tnh dng ht,
gm, zeolit cng c th l vt liu ph hp.
Trn hnh 4.46b th hin cc kt qu quan trc hiu sut x l v thi gian lu nc
trong qu trnh vn hnh mt s h thng BC v BGN. Mi quan h gia cc thng s
ny c th c th hin theo cng thc sau:
E = 1 - 0 , 5 6 ( H R T ) 06 (4.59)
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh (UASB) (xem hnh 4.45)
c Lettinga v cc ng nghip trin khai vo nhng nm 1970 ti i hc
Wageningen, H Lan. B UASB l h thng k kh tc cao c s dng rng ri
nht trong x l k kh cht thi. S cu to b USAB c m t trn hnh 4.47.
Thit b c th nht ca b UASB l b phn tch pha rn-lng-kh. Thit b ny c
b tr phn trn ca b v chia b thnh hai phn: phn di l vng phn hy, v
phn trn l vng lng. Nc thi c phn phi u vo ti vng y, chy ngc qua
lp bn v vo vng lng thng qua cc k h gia cc b tch pha.
Do b tch pha c cu to thnh nghing dc, din tch phn .nc trong vng lng
tng dn theo chiu dng ca dng chy, nn vn tc dng chy ngc gim dn khi
cht lng chy v pha im x. Do vn tc cht lng gim dn, phn bn b cun theo

136
dng chy vo vng lng c th kt t v lng xung. Ti mt thi im no , khi
trng lng ca lp bn kt t trn b tch pha s vt qu lc ma st c th gi n trn
b mt nghing dc, bn s trt xung khoang phn hy pha di v li tham gia vo
sinh khi bn c vai tr phn hy cht hu c trong nc thi u vo. Nh vy, vng
lng pha trn gip cho h thng c th gi c khi lng bn ln trong b UASB
ng thi hn ch c ti thiu nng cht l lng trong nc sau x l.
Cc bt kh sinh hc pht sinh t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c trong lp
bn y ni ln theo chiu dng chy ti b mt phn gii cc pha lng - kh bn trong
thit b tch pha. Cao trnh b mt phn gii ny c th ngang bng vi cao trnh mt
phn gii nc - kh trong vng lng, hoc c th mc thp hn nu s dng van thy
lc tng p sut ca kh sinh hc (xem hnh 4.47). Cc bng bn dnh trn hoc b
cun theo bt kh c th ni ln mt phn gii pha trong thit b tch kh, nhng sau
s lng xung khi cc bt kh thot vo pha kh t mt phn gii. Cc vch ngn c
b tr bn di cc khe h gia cc thit b gom kh c tc dng hng dng, ngn
khng cho bt kh lt vo vng lng pha trn nhm hn ch kh nng to dng chy ri
lm cn tr qu trnh lng ca cc ht bn.
Kh sinh
hc

Vng lng
v x nc
sau x l

Vng
chuyn tip

Vng
phn hy

Hnh 4.4 7. S cu to b x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua lp bn k kh (UASB).

Mt c tnh quan trng ca qu trnh UASB l kh nng to bn dng ht (ng

knh 1 -- 5 mm) trong h thng. Cc ht bn hnh thnh trong b UASB c bn c
hc v t trng cao, kh nng lng tt v hot tnh to mtan cao. Bn dng ht
c hnh thnh ch yu trong qu trnh x l cc loi nc thi cha cc cht ha tan.
Kh nng to bn ht lin quan n cc iu kin vn hnh b UASB v c tnh ca
nc thi cn x l. Cho ti nay, cha thy c hin tng to ht no trong cc loi b
UASB x l nc thi th. Trong tt c cc. trng hp, ch c cc bng bn c hnh
thnh trong cc b UASB x l nc thi th. Tuy nhin, hiu sut x l BOD v TSS

137
t c vn mc cao, iu ny chng t vic to bn ht khng phi l iu kin
nht thit cho vic x l thnh cng nc thi trong b UASB.
gim chi ph xy dng, b x l k kh dng chy ngc (hnh 4.45g), mt dng
ASB n gin ho cng thng c p dng. H thng ny khng c thit b tch
pha, nhng c b tr khoang lng nh gn lin bn trong. B tch pha l thit b thit
yu ca b UASB, do vy h thng ny s c xem xt ring; tng t nh h k kh
dng chy ngc.
Trn hnh 4.46c v 4.46d m phng kt qu vn hnh cc m hnh b k kh dng
chy ngc v b UASB. T cc biu ny c th xy dng c cc cng thc kinh
nghim sau:
* i vi b k kh dng chy ngc: E = 1 - 1,53 (HRT)'0 64 (4.60)
* i vi b UASB: E = \ - 0,68 (H R T f M (4.61)
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n (BHGN) (hnh 4.45h) do Van der Last (1991)
pht trin, c c im l lp bn dng ht hot ng theo phng thc gin n nh tc
dng chy ngc cao hom, tc l t 6 +1 2 m/h (vn tc ny ch mc 1+2 m/h trong
b UASB). B BHGN c hiu sut x l cht hu c ha tan tng i cao thm ch
trong i kin nhit thp, do to c iu kin tip xc tt gia cht hu c v cc
ht bn. H thng BHGN c bit hu ch trong iu kin nhit thp, nc c nng
hu c thp, kh nng sinh kh, v, do , mc xo trn do bt kh to ra thp.
Trong cc iu kin ny, mc ng nng cao hom ca dng chy vo v chiu cao tng
hom ca lp bn ht gin n s gip h thng hot ng tt hn so vi b UASB
thng thng.

Thi gian lu (h)

Hnh 4.48. Quan h gia hiu sut x l cht hu c v thi gian lu nc.

138
 B phn ng BHGN khng x l c cc cht hu c khng ha tan do vn tc
dng chy ngc cao. Cht rn l lng chy vo c y qua tng bn ht v theo
dng thi ri khi h thng. Mt khc, cc cht dng keo c th c x l mt phn do
c hp th vo cc bng bn.
So snh hot ng ca cc phng php x l k kh nc thi
T hnh 4.48 kt hp vi cc s liu t hnh 4.44 (h k kh), 4.46a (b lc k kh),
4.46b (BC v BGN), 4.47c (k kh dng chy ngc) v 4.47d (UASB) ta thy: cc s
liu c mi quan h tuyn tnh gia lgart ca hiu sut x l v thi gian lu trong tt
c cc h thng x l k kh v c th c biu th bng phng trinh sau:
E = 1 -C (H R T )-c2 , (4.62)
Trong hng s Cj v C2 th hin c tnh ca cc qu trnh x l k kh khc nhau
c gi tr c lit k trong bng 4.18. C th thy rng trong bt k h thng no, hiu
sut thc cng chnh lch ng k so vi gi tr d on. Mc d vy, s liu cho thy:
i vi nhit trn 20c, hiu sut x l ca cc qu trnh xem xt c th t
trn 80%, nhng thi gian lu cn thit dao ng ng k tu theo loi h thng;
Kh nng x l ca cc loi b UASB v b BC hoc BGN c xu hng ging
nhau khi c thi gian lu ging nhau;
Kh nng x l ca h thng UASB (vi thit k chun) thng cao hom so vi b
x l k kh dng chy ngc khng c thit b tch pha, v b lc k kh khi hot ng
vi cng mt thi gian lu nc nhu nhau.
so snh thi gian lu nc hay khi tch cn thit ca cc h thng x l khc
nhau, ta bin i cng thc (4.62) v dng ph hp hn nh sau:

(1-E)
HRT = (4.63)

Gi tr thi gian lu cn thit t c hiu sut x l hu c 80% trong cc h

thng khc nhau c nu trong bng 4.18 v hnh 4.48.
Bng 4.18. Gi tr ca cc hng s thc nghim v thi gian lu nc
cn thit nhm m bo hiu sut x l COD trn 80% i vi
cc h thng k kh khc nhau (nhit > 20C)

H thng C| c2 HRT (h)

UASB . 0,68 0,68 5,5
BC hoc BGN 0,56 0,60 5,5
B lc k kh 0,87 0,50 20
K kh dng chy ngc 1,53 0,64 24
H k kh * 2,4 0,5 144 (=6 .ngy)

* Hiu sut x l theo BOD

139
 Trn thc t, tnh kh thi ca mt h thng khng ch c xc nh da trn khi
tch cn thit ca cng trnh. Cc u im v nhc im ca mi h thng x l cng
cn c xem xt. B t hoi v b lng hai v thng t hp dn v hiu sut x l thp
v thi gian lu cn thit tng i lu. H k kh c hiu sut x l hu c cao hn v
c u im l xy dng n gin hn. Tuy nhin, din tch cn thit cho h li tng
i ln v do vy vic ng dng s khng c tnh thc t trong cc khu vc ng dn v
c gi thnh t cao. B lc k kh c nhc im l chi ph xy dng cao, v c bit
l nhng kh khn c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng do b tc. T bng 4.18 c
th kt lun l: c hiu sut x l nh nhau, b x l k kh dng chy ngc cn c
thi gian lu nc ln hn b ASB t bn n nm ln. Do , vic b tr thit b tch
pha trong cc h thng c lp bn y l cn thit. Chi ph cho thit b tch pha s c
b li do nh c cc thit b ny s lm gim c khi tch cn thit ca cng trnh.
Khi so snh b UASB vi b BC hoc BGN, c th thy r rng hai h thng sau c
nhc im ln l cn s dng h thng bm tun hon. Ngc li, nu c iu kin a
hnh thch hp, b ASB c th khng cn s dng bom. Hn na, b BC thng c
nhiu hn ch trong x l nc thi sinh hot nh hiu sut kh cc cht rn l lng
thp, kh nng lu gi v duy tr sinh khi trong b rt hn ch. V vy, h thng UASB
c th c coi l la chn ph hp nht trong s cc h thng k kh s dng cho vic
x l nc thi sinh hot.

4.5.9. Thit k b UASB

Cu to
v kch c
Trn hnh 4.49a m t hnh dng c bn ca b UASB, trong din tch b mt
khoang lng pha trn ln hn din tch b mt ca khoang phn hy pha di. Khoang
lng ln hn s thun li cho vic lu bn; iu ny rt quan trng i vi nc thi c
nng hu c thp. Ngc li, i vi nc thi c nng hu c cao, ti lng hm
c l yu t quan trng hn so vi ti lng thy lc, v vy, khng cn thit phi thit
k din tch b mt rng hn trong khoang lng. Thc t cho thy trong iu kin ti
lng hu c ln, thit k din tch b mt khoang phn hy ln hn so vi khoang lng
l ph hp (hnh 4.49b). Trn thc t, hu ht cc b ASB ang c xy dng hoc
i vo hot ng u c din tch b mt nh nhau trong khoang phn hy v khoang
lng hnh (hnh 4.49c). Kinh nghim cho thy xy dng b c thnh thng ng d thi
cng hn cc loi b c thnh nghing v khu vc lng ln hn. V vy, trong phn ny
ch cp ti b UASB c cu hnh thnh thng.
i vi nc thi c nng thp v trung bnh nh nc thi sinh hot, ti lng
thy lc l tham s quan trng quyt nh hnh dng v kch c b UASB. Do vy, vic
thit k b UASB trn c s ti lng thy lc sau kim tra kh nng hot ng ca
h thng i vi ti lng hu c tnh ton s thit thc hn.
Thng s quan trng trong thit k b UASB l thi gian lu nc. Thng s ny
khng tnh ton chnh xc c bng cc nghin cu mang tnh l thuyt, nhng cc kt

140
qu thc nghim cho thy khong thi gian lu nc trung bnh su gi l ph hp i
vi cc iu kin trong vng nhit i v cn nhit i (T > 18C). Ket qu th nghim
thu c trong iu kin kh hu n i cho thy thi gian lu nc trong cc h thng

> <

Nc thi vo Nc thi vo Nc thi vo

Hnh 4.49. Cc cu hnh c bn ca b UASB.

thng thng cn c tng ln mc 12 -- 14 gi i vi nhit 10 + 12c [De Man,

1990; Van der Last, 1991]. Da trn thi gian lu nc cn thit, th tch b phn iig
c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
vb= Q x H R T (4.64)

Trong :
Vb - th tch b (m3);
Q - lu lng nc thi trung bnh (m3/h);
H R T - thi gian lu nc (h).
thun li cho cng tc thi cng xy dng, khi dung tch tnh ton ca b vt qu
1000 m 3 cn thit k thnh cc om nguyn. iu ny khng nhng lm gim chi ph
xy dng m cn tng kh nng linh hot trong vn hnh, v vi cu trc nh vy cho
php dng hot ng ca mt n nguyn no sa cha hoc bo dng, trong
khi cc n nguyn cn li vn hot ng bnh thng.
Thng s thit k tip theo l chiu cao ca b. Vic la chn chiu cao ph hp ph
thuc cc yu t kh nng hot ng cn thit v v kinh t. Chi ph cho vic xy dng
hoc o t s tng theo chiu cao hoc su ca b, nhimg yu cu din tch t s
gim. iu kin kinh t ti u cho chiu cao ( su) ca b UASB l 4-5-6 m v trong
hu ht cc trng hp y cng l khong dao ng v chiu cao ph hp nht cho
hot ng ca h thng.
Mt yu t quan trng na trong thit k l cao trnh y b so V mt t. Cao trnh
ca cc cng trnh trong h thng nn c thit k nhm m bo kh nng t chy ca
nc thi. Nu a hnh khu vc cho php, thit k b na chm na ni s lm gim ng
k chi ph xy dng. Trong tt c mi trng hp cn ch trng vn chng y ni do p
lc nc ngm to nn vo thi im b rng khi thc hin cng tc bo dng.

141
 Chiu cao ca b c ngha quan trng i vi hiu sut x l cht hu c. Vn tc
dng chy ngc trong b c lin quan trc tip n chiu cao ca b. Vn tc dng
chy ngc khng c vt qu mt gi tr nht nh c th lu gi mt lng bn
va , v v vy chiu cao ca b cng c gii hn nht nh. Mt khc, vn tc dng
chy cao s lm tng kh nng to dng chy ri trong b ti khu vc ca vo v do vy
lm tng kh nng tip xc gia bn sinh hc v nc thi. Mi tng quan gia vn
tc dng chy ngc v chiu cao ca b UASB c th hin nh sau:

V = L -----JVl-----= ( 4 .6 5 )
1 A AxHRT HRT
Trong :
V/ - vn tc dng cht lng thy ngc (m/h);
A - din tch b mt b UASB (m2);
H - Chiu cao b UASB (m).
i vi x l nc thi sinh hot bng h thng UASB, thng thng, gi tr V/
trung bnh trong ngy khng nn vt qu 1 m/h. V vy, vi thi gian lu nc su
gi, chiu cao ca b cn thit k nh hn 6 m. Thm ch, khi thi gian lu nc theo
thit k vt qu su gi, chiu cao ca b vn thng ly trong khong 4+6 m v vn
tc dng chy ngc s thp i theo t l thun.
Mt vn khc cn cn nhc l kh nng ha tan ca cacbon ixyt c lin quan
n nh hng ca su i vi hiu sut phn hy k kh. Kh nng ha tan ca
cacbon ixyt c xem nh l hm s ca su di mt nc. Theo nh lut
Henry, nng bo ha tng theo p sut ring phn ca cacbon ixyt trong kh sinh
hc. Trn thc t, p sut ring phn s tng khi tng p sut tng, do su ln hn.
B cng su, nng cacbon ixyt c ho tan cng cao v lm gim pH trong h
thng. V vy, nu thit k b c su ln s hn ch hiu sut phn hy k kh: pH c
th mc thp hn so vi gi tr ti u do c nng cacbon ixyt cao. Tuy nhin,
vn ny thng khng quan trng i vi vic x l nc thi sinh hot v nng
cacbon ixyt thng thp do nng COD trong nc thi sinh hot tng i thp v
phn ln cacbon ixyt c to ra s lu li trong dung dch, ngay c khi p sut kh
sinh hc pht sinh trong h thng bng p sut kh quyn (gi tr thp nht c th). V
vy, i vi trng hp x l nc thi sinh hot, p sut kh sinh hc tng khng gy
nh hng ln ti nng cacbon ixyt v pH ca hn hp cht lng trong h thng.
Trn mt bng, b UASB thng c thit k theo hai loi dng c bn: hnh
vung/ch nht v hnh trn (xem hnh 4.50). Dng trn c u im l n nh kt
cu cao hom, nhng xy dng thit b tch pha hnh trn thng kh hn so vi hnh
vung hoc hnh ch nht. V l do ny, cc b UASB nh thng c xy dng theo
dng hnh tr trn v b ln hn s c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh vung. Trn thc t
c hai dng ny u c p dng. Cng c th thit k theo kiu kt hp, v d, b

142
hnh trn ghp vi thit b tch pha hnh
ch nht. Khi h thng gm nhiu om
nguyn, thit k theo dng hnh ch nht l
ti u nht. V v " V /
i vi cc b c dng hnh vung hoc
ch nht trn mt bng, sau khi tnh ton
th tch v chiu cao ca b, cn xc nh /\ A
> <
c th cc gi tr chiu di v chiu ngang.
gim ti thiu chi ph xy dng nn
Hnh 4.50. Cc dng c bn ca b UASB.
thit k b hnh vung v chu vi ca hnh
vung nh hn chu vi hnh ch nht khi c cng din tch. Din tch ca cc thnh b
hnh ch nht ln hon so vi din tch thnh b hnh vung, do s i hi nhiu vt
liu xy dng hn. Trn hnh 4.51 cho thy mc tng tng i ca din tch b mt cc
thnh l hm s ca t l chiu di/chiu rng. Mc tng tng i trong din tch ca
h thng hnh ch nht s tng ng k vi t l di/rng ln hn 4:1.

Hnh 4.51. Quan h gia din tch

tng i ca thnh b vi t l cc
chiu di/rng ca b UASB dng hnh
ch nht trn mt bng.

Trn hnh 4.51 cng cho thy h thng hnh trn c chu vi ngn hn h thng hnh
vung khong 12 %. u im ny ca h thng hnh trn ch tr nn quan ng nu nh
thit k b hot ng vi mt n nguyn. Khi xy dng h thng c hai hoc ba n
nguyn (p dng nhiu trn thc t), cc b hnh ch nht thng c xy dng hp
khi c tng chung nhau.
H thng tch pha
H thng tch pha l b phn c trng v quan trng nht trong b UASB. B phn
ny c bn chc nng:
* Thu gom kh sinh hc thot ra t pha cht lng;

143
 a) Pksh=Pkk+Ph

b)

Thit b hng dng

\

c)

Thit b hng dng

Hnh 4.52. Cc v d thit k h thng tch pha KLR trong b UASB.

a) H thng tch pha b tr chm; b) H thng tch khi cn bng p sut kh quyn;
c) H thng tch pha lp ghp c kh nng tho d trong qu trnh bo dng.

144
 * To iu kin lng cc cht l lng trong phn trn ca b pha trn thit b tch pha;
* Lm gim ti thiu nng cht l lng trong nc thi sau x l;
* To khong khng pha trn thit b tch pha cho php lp bn y c th gin n
trong trng hp ti lng thy lc tng t ngt.
H thng tch pha lm nhim v tch ba pha c trong b UASB: Kh (K), cht lng
(L) v cht rn (R). e h thng tch KLR hot ng ng chc nng, kh sinh hc pht
sinh trong khoang phn hy khng c cun theo dng chy sang vng lng. Neu
khng t c iu kin ny, dng chy ri do bt kh gy ra s lm gim hiu sut
lng dn ti hin tng cun tri bn v tiu hao lng kh sinh hc c sn sinh. V
nhng l do ny, h thng tch pha KLR cn c cc b phn: cc thit b thu gom kh
b tr ti nh b v mt tng gm cc thit b nh hng dng nm di cc khe h
gia cc thit b thu gom kh ga ny (xem hnh 4.52).
Vn tc dng chy ngc thay i theo chiu cao ca b v s t gi tr ti a khi
din tch sn c cho dng chy b thu hp mc ti thiu. Hin tng ny xy ra ti cao
ct cc khe h gia cc thit b thu gom kh. T im ti im x nc thi, tit
din ngang ca dng cht lng s tng v do vn tc dng chy s gim, v nguyn
l, ch nhng phn t bn c tc lng chm hn vn tc ti a ca cht lng s b
cun vo khu vc lng pha trn thit b KLR. Trong khoang lng, ch nhng phn t
bn c vn tc lng vt qu vn tc ti thiu ca cht lng ti im x nc thi s
c lu gi li. Nhng phn t ny s lng trn cc vch nghing ca h thng tch
KLR. Cho ti khi khi lng bn kt t ln thng c lc ma st v s trt
tr li vng phn hy. V vy, cc vn tc quan trng ca cht lng l:

(4.66)

(4.67)

Trong :
Vi, V2, V/ - tng ng l cc vn tc dng chy ngc ca cht lng ti y thit b
tch KLR, ti im x nc thi v vn tc tnh ton ca dng chy
ngc trong b UASB;
A\, 2 , A - tng ng l cc tit din ngang ca dng cht lng ti cc im nu
trn v din tch b mt ca b UASB.
Cn lu l ngay c vi nhng phn t bn c vn tc nh hn V2 vn c th c
gi li b nh kh nng kt t ca cc phn t ny.
Trn hnh 4.53 trnh by cc thit b nh hng dng kh che cc khe h. iu ny
l rt cn thit v bong bng kh sinh hc dng ln c xu hng dao ng. Khong che
lp xp x 100 mm l va i vi b c tng chiu su 4+6 m. Vi gi tr ln hn s

145
khng hiu qu v s lm gim tit din ngang ca dng cht lng chy qua cc khe h
v nh vy s lm tng tc dng chy ngc ti cao trnh ny.
Vic s dng h thng tch KLR nhiu hn hai tng nh trnh by trong hnh 4.53 c
th l mt bin php hay nhm tng tit din dng chy qua cc khe h. T hnh v
4.53a, c th thy r t l ti a gia tit din ngang ca cc khe h v din tch mt ct
ngang ca b (kh n g tnh n din tch che lp) l (N- 1)/N trong N l s tng thit b
tch pha.
Trn hnh 4.53b l biu th hin mc tng tng i ca t l tit din ngang ca
cc khe h din tch b mt b khi tng s tng KLR. u im ca bin php ny cn
c cn nhc cng vi chi ph cao cho vic xy dng h thng tch KLR nhiu tng
nh vy. cn lun l v nguyn l, din tch ti ct x nc thi sau x l (ch khng
phi ti ct cc khe h) s quyt nh tc lng ti thiu ca cc phn t bn c lun
gi li trong b. Tuy nhin, khi lp t h thng tch KLR nhiu tng, dng chy s u
hn v kh nng kt t cc phn t bn nh di chuyn qua cc l hng cng s c
tng cng.
Cc yu t c bn trong vic thit k h thng KLR bao gm:
(1) T l tit din ngang ca dng cht lng ti cao trnh cc khe h v ti cao trnh x
nc sau x l. Nh cp phn trn, cc tit din ny gin tip quyt nh vn tc
lng ca nhng phn t bn cun vo khoang lng v nhng phn t bn s c gi li.
(2) V tr ca thit b tch KLR lin quan ti cao trnh mt nc ca b. V tr ca
thit b tch pha trong b s quyt nh t l th tch b dnh cho khoang phn hy
(phn di) v khoang lng (phn trn). Trong hu ht cc b UASB, th tch ca
khoang lang thng chim 15^-20% tng th tch b.
1

'TO-
E
-Q
'Cp

<cD
'-o
<<1>

Hnh 4.53. S b tr h thng tch pha KLR nhiu tng v quan h gia t l tit din
dng chy qua khe h/tit din b v s tng trong h thng tch pha.

146
 (3) nghing ca cc thit b tch pha. nghing ny s quyt nh din tch b
mt ni cc cht rn lng ng v trt tr li khoang phn hy. nghing quyt nh
chiu cao ca cc thit b tch pha v lng vt liu cn thit xy dng cc thit b
ny. nghing cng dc cng cn nhiu vt liu, nhng mt khc cc cht lang
ng ri tr li vng phn hy d dng hn. Trn thc t, gc nghing gia vch ca
thit b tch KLR vi phng nm ngang thng dao ng trong khong 45 v 60.
(4) Din tch b mt phn gii cc pha lng - kh trong thit b tch pha quyt nh
tc thot kh trn din tch n v ca mt phn gii. Khi tc thot kh gim s to
iu kin cho s hnh thnh lp vng tri ni che ph b mt phn gii cc pha. Lp
vng ny, theo thi gian, s ngy cng tr nn dy v cng (c bit l trong iu kin
nhit thp) v s gy cn tr nghim trng i vi vic thot kh ti mt phn gii.
Tc pht sinh kh sinh hc cng cao cng lm tng kh nng hnh thnh vng bt ti
b mt phn gii, c bit l i vi nc thi c cha nhiu m. Hin tng pht sinh
vng bt trn b mt phn gii kh - nc ! nguyn nhn gy tc ng ng thot kh.
Kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng ang hot ng cho thy, tc thot kh t b mt
phn gii nn dao ng trong khong 1+3 m3/m2.h [Souza, 1986], nhng c th s
khng t c tc ny khi p dng vi loi nc thi c ha tan cc cht thi nh
nc thi sinh hot.
Nh m t trn hnh 4.52a v b, v c bn c hai cch to ra mt phn gii lng -
kh bn trong thit b tch pha KLR:
1. i vi b tch KLR b tr chm, (hnh 4.52a hoc 4.53a), cn s dng van thy
lc bn trong (hnh 4.53a) hoc bn ngoi (hnh 4.52a) nhm to p sut bn trong
thit b tch pha duy tr mt phn gii;
2. Khi phn nh ca b tch pha c t pha trn ca b mt nc, p sut kh
ga c th bng p sut kh quyn v khng cn n van thy lc.
u im ca phng n mt bao gm:
Khi thit b c ch to bng thp, vic b tr cc thit b chm di mt nc s
lm gim kh nng n mn thp (han g), vn han gi thng xy ra ti khu vc mt
phn gii lng - kh.
Cc cht ran c th lng trn ton b din tch b. v vy s lm tng ti a kh
nng lu gi bn trong h thng.
Kh sinh hc c x bng p sut d gip cho vic cp kh n im s dng d
dng hn.
Khi gp s c r r, chy trn ng ng dn kh sinh hc, thit b van thy lc bn
ngoi c chc nng nh mt thit b an ton gip ngn chn kh nng gy n bn trong
thit b tch pha KLR.
u im ca phng n hai (khng c van thy lc) l d tip cn b tch pha
kim tra, 3o dng hoc sa cha.

147
 Cc s c v thy lc c th xy ra khi c hin tng tc ng thot kh. Do kh sinh
hc tch t bn di thit b tch pha lm tng p lc y hng ln v c th gy h hi
kt cu gn c nh thit b tch pha vo thnh b, hoc thm ch c kt cu ca bn
thn b cng c th b h hng. Mt khc, cng c th xut hin trng thi chn khng
khng hon ton, do vn hnh khng ng, nc thi sau x l c x ra qu nhanh.
Khi khng c trang b cc thit b x chn khng, lc ht chn khng c to ra bn
di b tch pha c th gy ra hin tng n bn trong. Mt khc, nu c trang b thit
b x chn khng, c th dn n hin tng lt khng kh vo khoang cha kh v lm
pht sinh hn hp kh c tnh gy n.
Trn hnh 4.52c (bn tri) m t phng n thit k lp ghp nhm khc phc c
cc nhc im ca phng n nu trong hnh 4.52a v b. Bng vic to kt cu h ti
cao trnh di mt phn gii lng - kh thng c xc nh, mt "van an ton" t
ng s kch hot nu ng x kh b tc nghn. Kh sinh hc s tch t dn v mt phn
gii cht lng -cht kh s h thp dn bng mc ti ch h, ni m kh sinh hc c
x ra. Bong bng kh thot ra s cnh bo cho ngi vn hnh bit l mt ng dn kh
b tc. H thng tch pha ny c th c xy tch thnh hai phn: thnh nghing
dc hng ngang ch c nhim v hng bt kh sinh hc ti mng thu gom trung tm,
v do vy khng cn thit phi xy chc chn b phn ny. Cc thnh ny c th lm
bng cc tm vt liu khng g nh g cng, xi mng aming, b tng hoc nha. Phn
chnh dng mt chic mng ngc thu gom kh sinh hc. Phn ny c th c xy
bng b tng, vi dy sao cho m bo kh nng cn bng gia lc y Acximet ti
a ca kh th ch phn nc trong mng v trng lng ca mng, nhm trnh hin
tng mng b ni.
Mt u im quan trng na ca thit k trn hnh 4.52c l c th tip cn mt phn
gii lng - kh thc hin cng tc bo dng nh k, ly i cc cht vng ni gy
cn tr cho vic thot kh qua b mt phn gii. Do mng ngc c kh nng t nh v
bi chnh trng lng bn thn, nn s khng cn xy c nh mng vo kt cu ca b
phn ng; mng c th c bng dm b tng d dng tho g v lp t li trong qu
trnh thc hin bo dng. Vic loi b cc cht rn kt dnh trn thnh thit b tch pha s rt
phc tp nu thit b c xy dng dng lin khi, nh trong hnh 4.52a.
Nhc im ln ca thit k trn hnh 4.52c (bn tri) l cc bt kh c th b cun
theo dng chy qua cc khe h nm gia mng v thnh nghing lm xut hin dng
chy ri trong phn lng v lm cho qu trnh lng km hiu qu. Nhc im ny c
th khc phc bng cch b tr cc tm nha mm ti cc khe h gia mng ngc v
cc vch nghing ca cc thit b tch pha nh c minh ho trn hnh 4.52c (bn
phi). Vi bin php kt ni linh hot bng vt liu mm gia cc phn trn v phn
di ca thit b tch pha ny s ngn chn khng lm xut hin dng i lu trong h
thng. Trong phng n thit k ny, cc khe h vn c nhim v nh van an ton v c
th c s dng ra sch mt phn gii.

148
 Thit b phn phi dng chy vo
c s phn b u dng chy theo tit din b ASB, cn b tr h thng phn
dng vo t vi im ti y b. Din tch phc v ti a ca mt im cp nc thi
vo nhm m bo kh nng hot ng tt ca b ASB trong cc iu kin nhit
khc nhau c nghin cu bng thc nghim. Trong iu kin nhit trn 20c c
th ly khong 2 v 4 m 2 cho mi im cp nc vo [Haskoning, 1989]. nhit
thp hn 20 c th tch kh sinh hc thot ra s thp hn v qu trnh trn ln bn vi
dng chy vo cng km hiu qu hn. De Man (1990) v Van der Last (1991) xut
mc 1+2 m 2 trn mt im cp nc vo.
e m bo kh nng phn phi u dng chy vo, thit b phn phi dng cn
c thit k sao cho:
Lu lng dng chy ti mi im cp nc vo c n nh theo mt t l ph
hp ca tng dng chy n im ;
D dng pht h i n cc hin tng tc d ng ti im cao nc vo;
D dng khc phc s c tc dng khi xc nh c v tr b tc.
e m bo chia u dng chy ti cc im cp vo khc nhau, mi ng ng dn
nc vo cn c ni vi mt khoang ring ca h thng phn phi dng v ch cp
cho mt im vo ca h thng. i vi h thng phn phi dng m trong cc im
cp nc vo c ni vi mt ng cp nc chnh, v d, bng vic s dng mt ng
nm ngang c cc l h, t trn y b, theo thi gian, khng th trnh khi hin tng
mt s l h s b tc v nc chy ti cc im ny s c phn b n cc im cn
li, iu ny dn ti vic phn b khng ng u nc chy vo trn din tch y b.

b) /

Mng phn phi chnh

Thng phn phi

A'; Ti cc imcp nc vo b

, p trn

ng dn nc
MtctA-A* vo b

Hnh 4.54. H thng phn phi nc thi vo b UASB.

149
 Ti cc im cp
nc vo b
Hnh 4.55. S cu to thng phn phi

m bo mi im u vo c nhn ng phn nc theo t l cn cp, nn s

dng h thng phn phi t chy c cao trnh mc nc cao hn mc nc trong b.
Vic cp nc c th thc hin bng bin php to dng t chy nh m t trn hnh
4.55. Trong h thng ny cc thng phn phi nh c ni vi ging hoc knh phn
phi v mi im cp vo c ni vi mt thng phn phi. p sut trong thng bng
p sut kh quyn nn c th b tr h v d dng kim tra tnh trng hot ng ti mi
thng bng mt. Nu cn thit, c th b tr np y bng vt liu nh ln cc thng
trnh nh hng ca mi hi hoc rui nhng. C th lp t thit b kim sot n gin
bng thit b cm ng, v d nh phao n.
iu quan trng l mi thng phn phi phi nhn c phn nc chy vo nh
nhau. Vic ny c th d dng thc hin bng cch lp t cc ca phai dng p trn
hnh tam gic gia ging hoc mng phn phi chnh v cc thng phn phi nh minh
ha trn hnh 4.54. Sau khi iu chnh ngang mc cc p trn ti mi thng, dng chy
s c phn chia u.
Tn tht p lc qua p trn c th c tnh ton nh sau. Khi din tch phc v ca
mi im cp nc vo'b l 3*4 m 2 (nhit > 20C) v vn tc dng chy ngc
trung bnh l 0,5+1 m/h, lu lng chy vo mi thng l 2+4 m 3/h. Bng cch s dng
cng thc thy lc i vi p hnh tam gic (c gc vung), tn tht p lc ln nht
tnh c l 58 mm (tng ng vi 4 m 3/h) v thp nht l 44 mm (2 m3/h), c ngha l
mc nc trong ging hoc mng phn phi chnh s cao hn ct ti thiu ca p tam
gic khong 44--58 mm. Nu dng chy ti a i khi vt qu su ln dng chy trung
bnh theo thit k (tc l gn hai ln dng chy trong ma ma), cn tnh ton d phng

150
vi tn tht p lc 119 (24 m 3/h) v 90 mm (12 m:7h). Cc gi tr ny nh cho
php xy dng cc thng phn phi nh vi hi ph khng ng k, nhng cng ln
c th kim sot vic phn phi dng chy vo mt cch hiu qu.
Trong cu trc c m t trn hnh 4.55, c b tr on ng thot kh. on ng ny
rt quan trng v n cho php cc bt kh b cun trong dng chy c th thot ra v nh
vy h thng phn phi s hot ng tt. ng thng kh ny cng rt hu ch trong
trng hp c s c tc dng xy ra. Nu phn nm ngang ca ng dn gia thng phn
phi v ng thng kh b tc, mc nc trong ng s h xung bng vi mc trong b
UASB. Nu hin tng tc xy ra pha ngoi l thng kh, mc nc trong ng s dng
ln bng vi mc trong thng v knh phn phi. Nh vy, khi c biu hin tc dng
trong h thng phn phi, bng quan st mc nc trong ng tho,t kh s xc nh c
v tr b tc.
V h thng phn phi nc vo c b tr cao hn mc nc trong b phn ng,
cc ng dn nc vo hoc c un theo vch nghing ca thit b tch pha hoc c
b tr xuyn qua b tch KLR n y b. Gii php cho ng i xuyn qua thnh b
thng gy phc tp trong thi cng v c trong qu trnh bo dng. Nhc im ca
ng un cong l vic thng tc s tin hnh kh hn so vi khi cc ng dn vo chy
xuyn qua cc l h trong thit b tch pha. Nu cc ng dn vo chy xuyn qua thit
b tch pha KLR ti mc thp hn mt phn gii lng - kh th vic c cc l thng trn
vch nghing ca thit b tch pha s khng nh hng ti kh nng hot ng ca thit
b tch pha, thm ch cn l mt u im v cc l thng ny s l li thot khn cp cho
cc bt kh trong trng hp ng thu kh b tc (xem hnh 4.56). Nu ng dn nc vo
chy qua thit b tch pha ti v tr cao hn mt phn gii lng - kh th cn b tr ng
lng dn xung thp hn mt phn gii nh m t trn hnh 4'.56 (bn phi), cn ch
lp t ng lng sao cho khng lm kh sinh hc thot ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, hin tng
han g ng ng thng xy ra, kh nng r r lm thot kh l kh trnh khi. V vy,
nn hn ch cho ng dn nc vo i xuyn qua thit b tch pha KLR ti v tr pha trn
mt phn gii lng-kh.
Nu mc nc trong cc thng phn phi v mc nc trong- b chnh lch khng
nhiu (v d, di 10 cm), hin tng tc nghn s xy ra thng xuyn hn v p lc
nc c hnh thnh khng m bo ln chng cc hin tng tc dng. Tuy
nhin, cc s c tc ng ny c th c x l mt cch d dng bng cch nng ng
dn nc vo ln v ngay lp tc th xung. Khi mc chnh lchja nc trong thng
phn phi (ming p trn) v trong b phn ng > 30cm, hin tng tc nghn s him
xy ra hn.
Nhng vt ln c trong nc thi (mu g, chai nha ...) cng c th lm tc ng dn
vo. Cc s c tc ng dng ny c th c x l bng cch dng gy y cc vt gy
tc dc theo ng dn. lm c iu ny, on ng ngang ni t thng phn phi ti
ng thng kh phi c b tr thng v ng thng kh phi c lp t ti v tr ngay

151
trn im dn nc vo nh trn hnh 4.55. Kh nng tc dng thng hay xy ra trn
on ng nm ngang ni t thng phn phi n ng thng kh. thng tc trn on
ng ny cn lp t ng kim tra nh m t trn hnh 4.55: cn b tr theo hnh ch
thp ti v tr giao nhau gia cc ng dn ngang, ng thng kh, ng dn vo b v ng
kim tra. u ng kim tra c np bt c th m c khi cn thit. Vi cu to nh m
t trn hnh 4.55 c thm u im na l d dng thay th bt k b phn no trong h
thng ng dn vo khi b hng do nh hng ca cc tc ng c hc hoc n mn.
chng mc no , cc bt kh c th b cun trong dng nc thi khi i qua p
trn. Mt phn xy s ho tan vo cht lng nhng iu ny khng gy nh hng ng
k i vi cc vsv trong h thng. Nu mt lng ln khng kh c a vo s lm
cho ngun kh sinh hc pht sinh t h thng c kh nng gy n cao. Khi cc bt kh
sinh hc c ng knh trn 2 mm dng ln vi tc 0,2-i-0,3 m/s trong nc, vn tc
ca cht lng trong phn ng dn c phng thng ng (hoc t nht l phn pha trn
ca ng) cn phi thp hn gi tr ny. Gi thit rng dng chy ti a qua ng l 3
m3/h, ng knh ti thiu cn thit ca ng D vi vn tc cht lng V = 0,2 m /s; lu
lng Q = 3/3600 = 8 X 104 m3/s c th c tnh nh sau:

A-LEL..Mm.o.Mrt. ( 4 .6 8 )
4 V 0,2
hoc D = 0,072 m = 72 mm
Trong : A = din tch mt ct ngang ca ng dn vo.
Phn gii

Hnh 4.56. Cc phng n lp t ng i qua thit b tch pha KLR.

Nh vy, trong nhng iu kin nu trn, b tr ng dn c ng knh bn trong

bng 75 mm l ngn chn khng cho bt kh c ng knh ln hn 2 mm lt vo
b UASB.

152
 Vic s dng ng dn c ng knh nh hn y b c th s c li hn v s lm
tng vn tc dng cht lng, dng chy ri cng ln hem v lm tng kh nng tip xc
gia bn v nc thi cp vo. t c iu ny, ng knh ca ng dn pha trn
thit b tch pha KLR cn phi ln hn phn di b. Nh vy, tc dng chy
chm pha trn to kh nng thot bt kh tt hn, v tc cao pha y b c th
lm tng dng chy ri nhm tng kh nng tip xc gia bn v nc chy vo.
tng cng kh nng tip xc gia bn v nc thi v lm gim tn sut tc
dng, cc u ng cp nc vo cn b tr cao hn y b 100h-200 mm. Vi dng chy
3 m3/h ti mi ng dn vo, ng knh bn trong ti khu vc y b l 40 mm, vn tc
dng thot ra s l :

(4.69)

4
Gi tr vn tc ny gp i vn tc theo thit k cho b lng ct, v vy s trnh c
hin tng tch t cc cht rn c th lng c gn dim cp nc vo, do cng
gim bt tn sut tc dng.
H thng thu gom nc thi sau x l
H thng thu gom nc sau x l c b tr ti cao trnh cao nht ca b UASB v
cn c cu to sao cho nc sau x l c thu gom cng u cng tt. Hu ht cc b
ASB u s dng h thng mng thu ngang ging nh h thng mng thu thng
c s dng trong cc b lng trng lc. Trn hnh 4.57 m t h thng mng thu
ngang, thnh mng c cu to gm cc ca thu hnh ch V cch u nhau. Vi cu trc
mng thu ny kt hp cng vch chn vng s hn ch ti a kh nng cun tri vng
bt v cc cht rn tri ni.

V V V V V V

ng x nc sau x l

Hnh 4.5 7. Mng ch V dng thu nc sau x l t inh b ASB.

Vn thng xy ra trong h thng thu gom nc sau x l l hin tng tc dng

cc b trong mng dn nc bi cc cht rn tri ni, thm ch ngay c khi c b tr

153
vch ngn bt vng. iu ny s lm nh hng n kh nng thu u nc ca h
thng. ngn nga hoc t nht l gim bt cc hin tng ny, ct p mc nc ti
p trn cn c iu chnh ph hp, c th l khng di 25 mm. Vi ct p mc
nc di 25 mm, kh c th iu khin cao trnh mng sao cho nc c thu gom
mt cch ng u. S dng cng thc thy lc i vi p trn hnh tam gic c gc
vung tnh vi ct p mc nc 25mm. Q25 = 1,3 4 X (0,025)5/2 = 0,44 m 3/h. Bng
cng thc ny c th tnh ton so snh: lun lng dng chy vi ct p mc nc
25mm cao hn 75% so vi trong trng hp c ct p mc nc 20 mm. Nh vy, ch
vi mt khc bit nh 5 mm ca ct mc nc trn mp p trn (iu ny rt c th
xy ra trong thc t, v d nh do s thot kh tch t trong bn xy ra t ngt), cng
c th dn n khc bit ln ti 75% lu lng nc x khi h thng. Vi ct p mc
nc nh hn s gy ra sai s ln khi cao trnh ca p khng c c nh chnh xc,
v cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh nh tc ti cc ming ch V ca mng thu do cht
rn tri ni gy nn s xy ra thng xuyn hn. Do vn tc dng cht lng chy ngc
trong b phn ng UASB thng dao ng trong khong 0,5+1 m/h, s lng ming
thu ch V cn c (0,5*1)70,5 hoc 1+2 ming trn mt mt vung.
a) ng iu b)
chnh mc Mc nc c nh Mc nc c nh
nc bi ng xi-phng bi p trn

Thnh Thnh
Mng thu be
b nc

ng xi-phng ng thot
Mng thu thot nc
nc

Hnh 4.58. Cc phng n thu gom nc sau x l.

a) Qun l mc nc cc b; b) Qun l mc nc h thng bng p trn

154
 Trn hnh 4.58 m t cc phng n thit k h thng thu nc n gin v c chi
ph thp. Trong trng hp ny khng cn dng mng ch V, nhng h thng thu nc
sau x l bao gm mt s ng nha PVC c kh nng thu nc ti cao trnh di b
mt nc ca b. Mc nc u ra c th t ring cho tng ng nh trn hnh 4.58a,
hoc c th chp nhn mt mc x duy nht cho tt c cc ng dn nh trn hnh 4.58b.
Phng n mt phc tp hn v phi iu chinh tng ng ring l, nhng c u im l
c th nhn thy vic x trong ng v pht hin ch tc mt cch d dng. Neu s dng
cng mt mc x cho tt c cc ng dn, tt c cc ng ny cng x ra mt knh x thi
c lp t p ngn nc. Ca p ngn nc ny quyt nh mc nc trong mng thu
v gin tip quyt nh mc nc trong b. Mng thu c th c nh k x sch bng
cch tho ca p t ngt: vic h thp mc nc trong mng tm thi gy ra dng
chy rt mnh qua tt c cc ng thu, nh vy tt c cc cht rn lng xung c th
c x sch, cn lu l lm gim mc nc t ngt trong mng thu th tip theo l
trong b c th to ra trng thi chn khng khng hon ton ti cc thit b tch pha.
iu ny c th dn n kh nng ph hy thit b tch pha KLR nu khng lp t van x
p sut chn khng. Cng nh ng dn u vo, chi ph cho ng dn u ra kh thp v chi
cn vi centimet ng (ng kinh bn trong 25 mm) tnh bnh qun cho mi ngi.
Cc thit b c bit
im ly mu bn cc su khc nhau:
Vic ly mu cc dung dch trong b phn ng c cc thng tin v s phn b
nng bn v hot tnh ca bn theo chiu su ca b c th c thc hin mt
cch d dng khi s dng cc ca ly mu b tr trn nh cc thit b tch pha KLR nh
m t trn hnh 4.59a. Thit b ly mu c a qua ca v cc mu c th c ht ra
t tt c cc mc su cn thit. Thng thng cn phi dng bm ly mu bn i
din trong trng hp ly mu ti v tr c mt bi cao. Hoc c th ly mu bng
phng php x di p lc thy tnh nh trong hnh 4.59b. Khng cn dng n bm
khi c p lc thy tnh > 1 m v khi ng knh ca ng ly mu > 25 mm. Thng
thng cc mu bn c ly nh gi s phn b nng bn theo chiu su, v
cc c tnh v vt l, ha hc hoc sinh hc ca bn.
Thit b x bn:
v nguyn l, cht lng nc sau x l s tt hn khi khi lng bn trong b tng.
Tuy nhin, c th thy r rng ngoi cao nht nh ca lp bn, kh nng lu gi ca
h thng i vi cht rn l lng s gim ng k. Tt c lng bn c to ra trong
b sau khi t cao ti a ny s b cun theo nc sau x l ra khi h thng. S xut
hin lng bn d ny s lm gim cht lng nc sau x l. V l do ny, bn cn
c tin hnh x nh k khi lp bn trong b vt qu mc ti a theo thit k. Vic
ny cn c thc hin nghim tc c bit l khi sau h thng x l k kh khng c
cc bc x l b sung nh h sinh hc hoc b lng.

155
 Trng thi bn trong b c th c tin hnh nh gi tt nht l bng thc nghim
v cc c tnh ca bn ph thuc vo thnh phn ca nc thi. Hn na, khi lng
bn ti a c th c x ra sau mi ln hot ng m khng gy nh hng ti cht
lng nc sau x l cng nh tn sut x bn c th c xc nh qua cc th
nghim. Nhn chung vic x bn cn c thc hin u theo chu k (v d, hng tun)
mt lng bn nht nh s c x i, bng vi lng bn c hnh thnh trong
khong thi gian . Tn sut x bn cng c th b nh hng bi cng sut x l ca
cc bi lm kh bn hoc cc thit b x l bn cn. V nguyn l, c hai phng php
x bn:
(1) x trc tip t cao trnh c nh (hnh 4.59b);
(2) bm bn t b qua cc ca ly mu trn cc thit b tch pha KLR (hnh 4.59a).
Lin quan ti v tr x bn, iu quan trng l phi b ph phn bn c hot tnh
thp nhm gi li phn bn tt nht trong b phn ng. i vi i tng x l l nc
thi sinh hot, nhn chung bn trong b thng c phn b vi lp y dy hn v
lp bn kt t pha trn mng hn. Bn d cn c x t phn trn ca lp bn. Neu
bn nng phn y b c hot tnh tr nn km hn do si sn v ct mn tch t, th
nn x bn t y b. Bin php x ny c th trnh c, hoc t nht l gim bt hin
tng tch ng ct y b.
Thit b thu gom kh sinh hc:
Thit b thu gom kh sinh hc cho php x kh tch t trong bung kh mt cch an
ton trong khi vn gi c mc n nh ti mt phn gii lng - kh. Mc d kh sinh
hc c pht sinh trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot thng thp (di 1OOL/m3
nc thi), ng knh ng dn kh cn ln trnh hin tng tc do vng bn
c y theo bt kh vo ng dn. iu quan trng l phi lp t thit b x kh b
sung cho php kh thot ra trong trng hp tc nghn, v trnh c p lc dn ln b
tch pha KLR.
Nu mt phn gii lng - kh thp hn mt nc trong b ASB, kh sinh hc c
thu qua thit b thy lc vi mt p sut kh nn c c nh bi chiu cao ct nc. Kinh

156
nghim vn hnh cho thy nc ngng t s tch li trong h thng thy lc nn cn c
bin php x nc ngng t nhm duy tr mc nc cn thit trong thit b thy lc.
Vic trnh kh nng to thnh trng thi chn khng khng hon ton trong thit b
tch pha l v cng quan trng v iu ny c th dn ti hin tng n bn trong. Hin
tng ny c th xy ra do vn hnh khng ng, v d nh khi lun lng x bn vt
qu lu lng nc thi cp vo h thng trong qu trnh x bn d. Trong trng hp
ny, mc nc trong b UASB s h thp xung v nh vy, p sut trong bung kh s
gim i. trnh gy h hng ti cc thit b tch pha K-LR, h thng nn c trang b
thit b x p sut chn khng. Cc ca ly mu v x bn cng c th c dng cho
mc ch ny, nh minh ha trn hnh 4.59a.

Vt liu xy dng

Vic la chn vt liu xy dng ng cch rt quan trng, c lin quan ti bn

ca b UASB. V qu trnh phn hy k kh to ra mi trng c tnh n mn cao, cn
hn ch s dng cc vt liu bng kim loi. Ngay c nhng kim loi qu nh ng v
thp khng g cng b n mn rt mnh trong cc b k kh v thm ch sn hoc lp m
cng chi bo v c mt phn.
Nhn chung b tng hoc gch b tng ct thp l vt liu xy dng ph hp nht
xy thnh b. Vi cc thit b c th m vic s dng b tng khng thc s ph hp, nn
s dng nhng vt liu khng han gi nh nha PVC cho ng dn u vo v u ra, tm g
cng hoc bro ximng cho mt s b phn ca h thng tch pha KLR hoc vch ngn
gi bt vng v compsit ct si thy tirh i vi cc thng phn phi u vo.

4.5.10. Kim tra kh nng vn hnh n nh ca b UASB

Sau khi hon thnh vic xy b UASB, nn kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc b
phn khc nhau trong h thng nh thit b u vo v u ra, c ngha l kim tra kh
nng phn phi u nc vo trn y b v thu u nc t pha trn nh b. Nu c
th nn tin hnh kim tra thy lc bng nc sch, khng dng nc thi.
Bc tip theo l kim tra cht lng ca thit b thu gom kh. Vic ny c th thc
hin bng cch nn khng kh vo bung kh bn trong thit b tch pha KLN. Nu
bung kh c b tr chm hon ton, c th d dng pht hin ra ch r r ti v tr c
bt kh ni ln. Vi cc thit b tch pha c b tr chm mt phn, vic pht hin ra
ch r ri s kh khn hon. Trong trng hp ny, nn tng p sut trong cc bung kh v
ch mt khong thi gian lu km tra xem p sut khng kh c b gim khng. Khi
p sut khng kh b gim, c th tm thy cc ch r ri bng dung dch x phng.
Vic kim tra kh nng vn hnh n nh ca h thng tch pha pht hin ch tc
trong thit b thu gom kh l rt quan trng. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch ng
ca thot kh ra v thi khng kh vo vng di thit b tch pha cho n khi t mc

157
thot kh khn cp. Vic xy dng h thng tch pha cn m bo cc b phn khng b
hng v c gn cht vo thnh b UASB.

4.5.11. Chi ph u t

Chi ph x l nc thi ph thuc vo:

Quy m ca h thng x l nc thi;
Chi ph lao ng v vt liu theo gi ti a phng;
phc tp ca qu trnh cn thit, quyt nh bi cht lng nc thi, tiu chun
x ti a phng, cc yu cu bo h lao ng v mc t ng ha;
Chi ph nng lng;
Chi ph t.
Trn bng 4.19 v bng 4.20 nu cc s liu so snh v chi ph ca ba h thng x l
nc thi.
Xt v kha cnh k thut n gin v dung tch yu cu nh, UASB l h thng c
chi ph thp.

Bng 4.19. So snh chi ph u t ca ba h thng x l nc thi

Bn hot tnh
Chi ph H hiu kh UASB+ h hiu kh
(bao gm x i bn)
Chi ph u t z, z2 z, z2 z, z2
Xy ng 369 276 950 766 1.026 951
K thut v c s vt cht 25 21 48 45 585 506
t 2.125 1.300 625 175 525 500
Tng 2.519 1.597 1.623 986 2.136 1.957
Chi ph u t USD/ngi 50 32 32 20 43 39
Bo dng hng nm 211,8 135,6 154,1 98,8 233,8 212,4
Vn hnh hng nm 74,8 67,6 82,3 74,1 220,0 203,8
Tng chi ph hng nm 286,6 203,1 236,4 172,8 453,8 416,2
USD/m3 0,098 0,070 0,081 0,059 0,155 0,143

Gi s:
Quy m thit k: 50000 dn.
Chun x thi: BODs(Zi) :20mg/L ; BODs(Z2) : 50mg/L
Gi t: $25/m2.
Gi in: $0,1/kWh.
Thi hn s dng: 20 nm.
Li sut: 8 %.

158
 Bng 4.20. So snh chi ph u t ca ba h thng x l nc thi c
tnh n nng lng pht sinh

Bn hot tnh
H hiu kh UASB+h hiu kh
Chi ph (bao gm x l bn)
z, z, z2 z, z2
Chi ph u t 211, 8 135,6 154,1 98,8 233,8 212,4
Chi ph xy dng 74,8 67,6 82,3 74,1 220,0 203,8
Nng lng pht sinh (tiu hao) 0 0 -11 -11 -27 -23
Tng chi ph hng nm 286,6 203,1 224,9 161,5 42,0 393,2
USD /m3 0,098 0,070 0,077 0,055 0,146 0,135

4.5.12. Nhn lc qun l

Ty thuc quy m, mc t ng ha v kh nng hot ng, h thng x l k
kh cn t 5-H0 nhn vin, bao gm mt cn b qun l c bng c nhn chu trch
nhim qun l v iu khin h thng x l nc thi. Hai n ba v tr dnh cho nhn
vin kim tra cht lng, nhng ngi ny thc hin kim tra v phn tch thng
xuyn cht lng nc thi nhm m bo hiu sut x l. Mt v tr dnh cho th in.
4.5.13. Tc ng m i trng
X l k kh c tc ng tch cc i vi mi trng: mc tiu th nng lng thp,
to ra nng lng (mtan), v t bn d hn.
Cn tin hnh x l b sung trc khi x; vi khun khng c x l trit v cn
tin hnh kh trng nc thi sau x l. X l k kh cng to ra NH 3 v H2S, gy tc
ng xu n mi trng lm vic.

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 x L N NH NC THI

5.1. X L N NH NC THI BNG THC VT

5.1.1. Khi nim

*

Hin nay, cc vn lin quan ti ngun nc v c bit l nc thi ang tr nn

ngy cng quan trng. Nhiu quc gia ang phi i mt vi nhng vn nghim
trng v nhim ngun nc bi nitrat v phtphat. Nhiu ni thng gp cc vn
thiu nc v c nhu cu v nc sch hn cho mc ch s dng ca con ngi (nc
ung) v cho mc ch nng nghip (ti tiu).
Cc nh ngha
X l n nh theo ting Php l Epuvalisation, t vit tt ca hai t: puration - lm
sch; v valorisation - lm n nh; qu trnh ny s dng thc vt lm sch nc
thi v c p dng thnh cng nhiu nc thuc vng a Trung Hi v Bi.
Qu trnh x l n nh (XL) nc thi c pht trin t sng ch u tin Qu
trnh x l cht thi hu c dng lng thc hin nm 1985 v sng ch th hai Qu
trnh x l lin tc cc cht thi c th chuyn ha thnh mtan c phi hp nghin
cu gia Vin Cng nghip Huy (ISI, B ) v Trung tm K thut Nng nghip Stre
(CTA, B).
XL c ngun gc t k thut trng cy trong nc. Tuy nhin, XL khc vi
k thut trng cy thng thng, cy c trng khng cn n t v c chm bn
bng dung dch cht dinh dng sn xut rau v/hoc cc loi cy trang tr, XL s
dng cc nhu cu v c im vt l ca cy loi b cc hp cht gy tc hi n
mi trng.
Nc thi chy qua cc knh trong c b tr trng cc loi cy r trn. H thng
ny c th c p dng theo cc s dng thng (nc chy theo mt chiu) hoc
dng tun hon. Cc knh c chiu rng 50 cm v chiu di ph thuc vo cht lng
nc thi. Cy hp th nitrat v phtpho cho qu trnh tng trng, v r cy c tc
dng lc cc cht l lng ng thi l ni lu gi cc vi khun c ch cho qu trnh lm
sch nc thi. V vy, h thng cng c th hot ng nh mt h thng lc
ngp nc.
H thng XL nc c trin khai p ng nhu cu x l nc thi cho nhng
khu dn c c quy m nh, tuy nhin mc ch c th thay i ty thuc iu kin s

169
dng. Ti cc nc thuc vng a Trung Hi, XL c p dng vi mc ch x
l v ti s dng nc thi ti trng trong nng nghip; ti cc khu vc c kh hu
nhit i kh, trng tm l tng nng sut cy trng; ti cc khu vc c kh hu n ha,
ch yu tp trung vo vic loi b nitrat v phtpho l nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng
ph dng trong ngun nc. Vi cu to n gin v c chi ph u t thp nn
phng php ny c tnh ng dng cao, ph hp vi cc quc gia c iu kin thiu
ngun cp nc v c cc vn v an ton v sinh do s dng nc thi th ba bi.

Nhng khi nim c bn v K thut s dng thc vt trong XLN T

Qua nhiu th k, kh nng lm sch ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh v m ly t

nhin c bit n thng qua vic lc, hp th cc hp cht ha hc nit v phtpho
cng nh kh nng lu gi cc cht gy nhim khc trong bn v bng t hp cc qu
trnh sinh hc din ra trong h thng cy-nc.
H thng lm sch bng thc vt thy sinh l mt trong nhng la chn thch hp
phc v cho mc ch khi phc v ti s dng nc thi. H thng ny lm n nh
cht'thi v x l cc cht dinh dng. C ch x l ch yu l thng qua cc qu trnh
lng c hc v hot ng trao i cht ca vi khun ging nh cc qu trnh din ra
trong cc h thng x l thng thng bng bn hot tnh hoc b lc sinh hc
[SEPA, 1991]. Bng c ch x l khc, trong s dng thc vt hp th cc cht
dinh dng v sau c thu hoch, cng l mt bin php loi b cc cht gy
nhim c hiu qu. Ngoi cc loi thc vt nh cy sy, c nn, v cc thc vt thy
sinh tng t khc thng c dng trong cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to, cn nhiu
loi thc vt khc cng c th c s dng cho mc ch x l nc thi. Nhng loi
cy ny c s dng khng ch cho mc ch lm sch nc m cn phc v cho cc
mc ch s dng khc ca con ngi. Sau y l mt s v d:
H thng x l nc thi s dng cy lan d hng nc (Eichhornia crassipes)
thng c ng dng ti cc khu vc nhit i. Cc h thng ny c kh nng hot
ng trong iu kin ti lng cht nhim cao v sn phm ca n c th c s
dng lm cht ph hoc phn hu c phc v cho nng nghip. Cung l kh ca cy
lan d hng nc c th c an dt thnh r r v cc sn phm thng mi khc
[Polprasert, 1996].
Cy sen, mt loi cy ri c r bm, l cy trng thu hoa li ph bin v quan
trng nhiu nc chu . Cy sen c nhiu tc dng: ng sen v c sen lm rau ti;
ht lm mn trng ming v l mt v thuc; hoa sen l loi cy trang tr c ngha tn
gio; mt s b phn lm vt liu th sn sut m phm [Yi, Lin y Diana, 2002].
Cy le (Hydrilla), mt loi thc vt sng chm di nc quanh nm, c s dng
lm lp ph, thc n gia sc, v trang tr b c [Polprasert, 1996]. Cy ny c kh nng
thch ng tt vi cc iu kin thay i khc nhau ca mi trng nc v c th pht

170
trin tt trong iu kin nh sng yu. Mt s nghin cu cho rng cy le v mt s cy
sng ngp nc khc c vai tr chnh trong vic hp th nit v phtpho [Vincent, 2001].

5.1.2. K thut x l n nh nc thi bng thc vt

X l
Bn thn k thut rt n gin, bao gm thc vt c trng trong cc knh khng
c t (r trn). Nc thi chy trong cc knh qua h thng r cy (Hnh 5.1 v 5.2).
Ban u, phng php ny s dng K thut Mng Dinh dng (KMD), nhng sau
c pht trin thnh Dng Dinh dng Vnh cu (DDV). Khc vi vic s dng
lp mng dinh dng hnh thnh trong iu kin mc nc nng, trong k thut DDV
lun c lng nc lin tc su hn v c th iu chnh c.

/ / y y q k y ____y \ _
.. s y

Hnh 5.1. K thut xl n nh nc bng thc vt.

Hnh 5.2. X n nh nc bng thCC vt vi dng tun hon.

Phng php DDV c ng dng ph bin hn v mt s l do:

Trong trng hp gp s c, chiu su mc nc trong cc knh m bo cho
cy khng b thiu nc;
i vi cc loi nc thi c nng nhim cao, k thut DDV c th to iu
kin tip xc tt hn v lu hn gia nc thi vi r cy ni m h vi khun phong ph
pht trin. H thng lc ngp nc ny hot ng nh mt lp vt liu c nh cc vi
khun sng v lun pht trin.
Nc sau x l n nh c s dng nh ngun dinh dng ring v h thng c
th hot ng theo cc s dng thng hoc dng tun hon. Trong s dng thng,
nc thi cn x l ch chy mt ln dc theo mt knh dn di; phng php ny
thng c dng x l bc ba i vi nc x ra t cc trm XLNT. di ca cc
knh giao ng ty thuc vo cht lng nc thi v mc x l cn thit (thng

171
trong khong 20 n 50 m). S dng tun hon ph hp vi nc thi c nng
cht nhim cao hn. Hnh thc dng tun hon s lm gim nng cc cht nhim,
do c pha long trc trc khi vo h thng nn c th gim c chiu di ca
knh t 10 n 15 m cng m bo hiu sut x l.
H thng X L nc thi bng thc vt hot ng theo ba phng thc chnh:
1. R cy c cng dng nh mt h thng lc c hc.
2. H thng r l ni pht trin ca cc vi khun. S pht trin v mt cc vi
khun dnh bm ln r cy hnh thnh lp vi khun sng ng vai tr ln trong qu trnh
phn hy cc cht nhim c trong nc thi. Tt c cc b mt ca knh v cc thit b
c tip xc vi cht lng cng c s dng nh vt liu dnh bm cc vi khun.
3. Cy hp th - cht dinh dng (cy hp th cc cht c khong ha bi vi
sinh vt- nitrat, phtphat) hay bt k hp cht no khc c coil cht gy nhim .
C ba im khc bit gia h thng XL bng thc vt v h n nh nc thi
[Henrard, 1994]:
1. Thi gian lu nc trong knh rt ngn, thng khng qu 1 2 gi trong khi thi
gian lu trong h sinh hc thng ko di hng tun;
2. Khng yu cu nhiu din tch s dng, c th b tr trong nh knh chng b
ng bng nh hi nng ca nh sng. Phng php ny c th c s dng quanh
nm trong vng kh hu lnh;
3. S tng trng ca r v s tch t cc cht l lng xung quanh r dn n hin
tng bn lng y knh v chy trn. Cy cn c thay sau ba n bn thng pht
trin, ty thuc vo lng cht lng cn x l.
Cc loi cy c la chn theo nhiu tiu ch c th:
Kh nng thch nghi v kh nng pht trin trong nc;
Cy phi thuc loi r chm khng c r ci;
Kh nng d nhn ging bng gieo ht, on ct, mc chi...nhm m bovic
thay th cy.
Cy c chn nhm m bo kh nng lm sch ti u cn c nui trng trong
iu kin c bit. Cy trng cn c c nh trong cc knh bng cc tm li hoc
cc loi gi th. H thng X L bng thc vt thng t hiu sut lm sch tt, tuy
nhin kh nng duy tr n nh hiu sut x l ph thuc vo mt s yu t:
S thay i v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi;
Tc dng chy trong knh;
Trng thi thc vt ca cy;
Kh hu (nhit , nh sng,
K thut X L bng thc vt c th c p dng trong cc cng on x l:

172
 Ha - L: x l nit v phtpho - nguyn nhn ca hin tng ph dng trong
ngun nc, cht rn l lng, COD, BOD5, kim loi nng;
Vi sinh vt: gim bt vi khun gy bnh (trc khun t, khun lin cu, trng giun sn);
Phm vi ng dng:
X l b sung nc thi th: Bng 30 m knh (gm 6 on, mi on 5 m) trung
bnh c th x l 500 lt nc thi trong mt ngy, tng ng vi 12 m3/ng tng
ng vi lng nc thi t 70 80 ngi (theo tiu chun Bc u); x l bc ba cho
nc thi sinh hot;
X l phn/bn;
X l nc r ri t bi chn lp rc;
N c thi cn g nghip du liu.
n nh
Bn cch kh nng lm sch, h thng cn c th to ra hai sn phm c gi tr:
1. Nuc: sau x l b sung c thnh phn n nh v c th ti s dng cho mc ch
ti tiu trong nng nghip.
2. Thc vt:
Sn xut cc loi thc vt c gi tr (trang tr. sinh khi,...);
Sn xut ht ging;
Sn xut thc n cho ngi v ng vt trong iu kin an ton v sinh lin quan
ti cc cht c hi nhu kim loi nng hay bt k cht g c nh hng xu ti chui
dinh dng.
Vt liu
Vt liu cn thit gm cc thit b lp t knh dn d vn chuyn, nhng thit b ny
thng nh, c kch thc ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn v lp t th cng. Loi
ph bin nht thng c lm t thp tm sn ph pxi c kh nng chng xm thc,
ch to theo hnh mng c chiu rng 50 cm, su 9 cm. Chiu di chun ca mi on
mng l 5 m. Khi lp ghp ni tip nhau, c th to ra cc knh c chiu di theo mong
mun. Nc thi cn c x l chy trong knh theo hnh thc t chy dc theo chiu
di knh c cha thc vt.
Lu : Thng thng, kh nng lm sch cao nht thng xy ra trong 20 m u ca
knh. Tng chiu di knh (ln khong 50m) s lm tng hiu sut x l nhim. Tuy
nhin, chiu di knh ln s lm tng nhu cu gia c nn t, v nn t cn phi xoi
dc trnh nng thit b ln qu cao. Knh qu di s gy tht thot nc do bc hi
c th nh hng ti kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng.
Trn hnh 5.3 v 5.4 minh ha cc c tnh n gin v chi ph thp ca h thng
XLD nc thi bng thc vt.

173
Hnh 5.3. H thng XL nc thi bng cy cnh. Hnh 5.4. H thng knh dn

Kh nng tng trng ca thc vt

Mc tng trng v pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng trong qu trnh hot
ng l mt ch s nh gi kh nng hp th cht dinh dng v hiu sut x l ca
h thng.
Trong iu kin kh hu n i, h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt chi c th
hot ng ngoi tri t gia thng nm n cui thng mi do c sng gi. H thg
c th hot ng quanh nm nu c b tr trong nh knh. Nhng loi thc vt cho
hiu sut x l cao gm: cn ty, c u, ci xoong v cy irit. Bn loi thc vt ny c
kh nng lm sch tt, nhng kh nng lu bn ca chng khc nhau: cy irit c th
pht trin tt v m bo hiu sut x l trong iu kin bn ph kn r; ci xoong pht
trin tt hon nhiu khi nc thi khng cha qu nhiu bn. Kh nng pht trin tt ca
ci xoong v cn ty c kim chng bng cc nghin cu thc hin ti B, Php v
B o Nha (xem bng 5.1).
Trn bng 5.2 nu kt qu quan trc kh nng pht trin ca mt s loi cy cnh
thc hin ti B. cn lu l nh gi ng hiu sut lm sch lin quan ti kh
nng pht trin ca cy cn tin hnh bng thc nghim, tuy nhin cy c tc pht
trin tt trong h thng c th c xem l c kh nng lm sch tt.
Cn c vo cc c im khc nhau ca cc loi thc vt, vic s dng ln lt cc
loi khc nhau tng hiu sut ton din s rt c ch. Nh vy, c th s dng mt
loi duy nht hoc mt chui cc loi khc nhau trong cng mt h thng.

Hiu sut lm sch v mt ha - l

Nhn chung hiu sut x l khi h thng c vn hnh theo s dng tun hon
tt hn so vi s dng thng. Do trong s tun hon, thi gian lu cht lng trong
cc knh thng lu hn. Thi gian tip xc gia cc cht thi vi r cy lu cho php
vi khun tin hnh qu trnh nitrat ha ton din hn v phn hy nhiu COD hn
[Xanthoulis, 1997].

174
 Bng 5.1. Kh nng pht trin v mc lm sch ca mt s loi thc vt.

Tng Kh nng
Loi thc vt Cc quan st
trng lm sch
Thuc l Km Cy pht trin tt, nhng kh to chm r pht
trien tt
C chua Trung bnh Trung bnh H thng r b thoi ha sau hai thng pht trin
Chui hoa Tt Trung bnh Cy pht trin qu nhanh do ny nhiu mm
Ci xoong Tt Trung bnh Pht trin tt nhng c xu hng tch t bn
C u Tt Tt Chm r rt dy v ny nhiu mm
Cn ty Tt Tt R rt dy nhng c xu hng thoi ha vo cui
chu k

Bng 5.2. Kh nng pht trin ca mt s' loi cy cnh

Kh nng Kh nng
Cy Cy
pht trin * pht trin *
Physalis perevianum 100 Lobelia cardinais 80
Iresine sp. 20 Myosotis palustris 100
Impatiens sp. 100 Acorus gramineus 10
Ageratum mexicanum 100 Juncus sp. 10
Mimulus luteus or guttatus 100 Polygonum sp. 20

* Kh nng pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng so vi trong iu kin pht trin thng
thng (trong t) tnh theo phn trm trng lng.
Mc x l cc cht nhim ha - l c th hin qua cc chi tiu ss, BOD5,
COD, NO3', N H /, P43'. Hiu sut x l ca h thng thng dao ng ty thuc cht
lng ca nc thi cn c x l v ty thuc ch ca dng chy trong h thng.
Cn cn nhc khi la chn s dng cc loi thc vt cng nh vic b tr b sung cc
khoang lng trung gian gia cc on knh dn hoc ti cui dng chy ca h thng.
S dng chy thng
Nc thi sinh hot: trn bng 5.3 nu cc s liu v hiu sut x l t cc h thng
XL nc thi sinh hot bng thc vt (x l cp ba - B v Xngan) v t h k
kh (x l bc hai - Marc).
Bng 5.3. Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot ca mt s h thng x l
c vn hnh trong thc t
Bi * Xngan Marc*
Thng s
% g/m.ng ** % %
ss >60
COD 48,2 10,31 2060 >40

175
 Bng 5.3 (tip theo)

B * Xngan Marc*
Thng s
% g/m.ng ** % %
bod5 55,0 30-63 >40
N IV 36,6 1,27 25-40 >60
no3 45,3 11,55 25-40 >60
P 0 43 30,9 1,71 50-85

* gi tr trung bnh
** kt qu tnh theo gam c x l trn mt knh trn ngy

Lu : Biu th kt qu theo s gam c x l trn mt knh v trn ngy (g/m.ng) l

rt hu ch cho cng tc thit k cc h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt tng t.
Cc kt qu thc nghim cng cho thy tc x l cc cht nhim din ra nhanh
trong 20 n 30 m u tin ca knh dn. Bng 5.4 nu cc s liu v hiu sut x l
t c trong 20 m u ca h thng knh c tng chiu di 40 m, tnh theo t l phn
trm ca hiu sut x l ton phn (sau 40 m).
B n g 5.4. H iu su t x l t c trong 20m u ca
h thng knh c tng ch iu d i 40m .

Chi tiu Knh DDV Knh KMD

COD 89% " 83 %

NH/ 79% 76 %

NO, 82% 78 %

PO41 72% 69%

DDV: Dng Dinh dng Vnh cu (chiu su cht lng: vi crn)

TMD: K thut Mng Dinh dng (chiu su cht lng: vi mm)
1*: 89% lng COD c x l t c sau 20 m trong knh di 40 m.
Nc r ri t bi chn lp rc: k thut ny c th nghim x l bc ba sau
x l bc hai bng bn hot tnh vi nc r t bi chn lp rc thi th, c cha
nhiu cht hu c v cht khong (xem bng 5.5).
B n g 5.5. T i lng c c ch t n him trong nc r t bi chn lp rc
c x l ng vi c c loi thc vt k h c n h au .

Thc vt N-NH4 g/m.ng * N-NO3 g/m.ng * P-P0 4 g/m.ng *

Cn ty 1,357 43,648 0,230
Sy 0,883 23,600 0,148
Ci 0,765 16,674 0,148

* kt qu tnh theo gam c x l trn mt knh trn ngy.

176
 Phn/bn x l b sung cc dng thi nh phn b ( B) v phn ln ( B o
Nha) c pha long v x l trc, thi gian lu nc cn thit dao ng trong
khong 1 n 7 ngy (xem Bng 5.6).
Kt qu cho thy hiu sut x l t c cao hn so vi trng hp p dng s
dng thng, tuy nhin, s d tun hon ch c th p dng c i vi cng sut nh
(ty thuc vo kch c ca h thng, t vi trm lt ti mc ti a l mt mt khi). Vic
vn hnh h thng theo s tun hon i hi s c mt ca cn b vn hnh theo
di thng xuyn hn do ch thi nc thng dao ng ln trong ngy (t 2-K3 n
7 ln/ngy, theo yu cu).

Bng 5.6. X l nc thi phn b (B) v phn li (B o Nha)

Thng s Bi (theo %) * B o Nha (theo %)

COD 64,8 35,9-95,3

N RT 74,3 33,7 - 98,7
N 03 88,7
Ning 33,9-92,1
P 0 43 66, 2

* gi tr trung bnh

Kim loi nng

Vic kim sot kim loi nng c vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh XL nc
thi bng thc vt v kim loi c th xm nhp vo chui dinh dng v gy tc hi vi
mi cp v nh hng gin tip ti sc khe con ngi. Hu ht cc loi cy c s
dng trong h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt u c kh nng hp th v lu tr
kim loi. Do mt phn li ch ca qu trnh XL nc thi bang thc vt l gi tr s
dng do thc vt mang li; trong mt s trng hp nht nh, cn hn ch vic s dng
cc loi cy pht trin trong cc h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt ny. Tuy
nhin, mc d vn v kim loi nng cn c kim sot cht ch, nhng phng
php XL nc thi bng thc vt c tnh ng dng cao v qu trnh ny c
chng minh l c kh nng loi cc cht c hi ra khi nc mt cch rt hiu qu.
Trn bng 5.7 nu cc kt qu nghin cu kh nng x l kim loi nng ca h thng
XL nc thi bng thc vt tin hnh ti Bi. Nghin cu c thc hin trn s
dng thng, chiu di knh 23 m, nc thi c cp t bn phn phi c cng dng kt
hp nh b lng t mt, nc sau x l c lng qua b lng t hai. Cc kt qu nu
trong bng 5.7 biu th t l phn trm kim loi nng c loi b khi nc. 35%
lng kim loi nng c lu gi li trong bn lng ti cc b phn phi v b lng t
hai. 58,6% c lu li trong lp bn bm trn h thng r ca thc vt. Chi c 6,5%
c thc vt hp th (3,8% trong r + 2,7% trong thn v l). Cc kt qu thc nghim

177
cho thy lng kim loi c loi b bng qu trnh hp th v lng ng trong bn
lng ln hn nhiu so vi lng c thc vt hp th. Hiu sut x l t cao nht i
vi caimi (Cd) v ch (Pb) l 99,8%.
Trong bng 5.8 nu cc kt qu nghin cu kh nng loi b Cd v Pb ca h thng
XL nc thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s tun hon. Nghin cu c thc
hin ti B o Nha, cc s liu biu th hiu sut loi b cc kim loi nng trong nc
thi. Cc th nghim ny cng cho thy hu ht cc kim loi nng c lu li trong bn
v lng kim loi c thc vt hp th khng vt qu 10 %.

B n g 5.7. H i u su t x i k im m loi nng ti c c cng on trong

h thng X L nc th i b n g thc v t c th c h in ti B .

Thc vt v knh Cng trnh b sung

Kim loi Lc qua r Hp th trong r Hp th trong B phn B lng
' (%) (%) thn cy (%) phi (%) t hai (%)
Zn 53 4 3 27 13
Cr 62 1,2 0,8 23 13
Ni 62,6 1,4 1 22 13
Cu 65,5 0,9 0,9 19 14
Cd 45 15 10 20 10
Pb 63,3 0,7 0,5 22,2 13,3
Tt c kim
58,6 3,8 2,7 2 2, 2 12,7
loi nng
Tng cng 65% 35%

B n g 5 .8. K t q u nghin c u k h n n g x l Cd v Pb c a
h t hng X L nc th i b n g th c vt vn h n h theo s tu n h o n , B o N h a.

Th 1|ghim
Kim loi
1 2 3 4
Cd 100,0 99,8 85,7 -

Pb 99,8 99,8 - 78,4

V sinh vt
Vi khun v cc mm bnh l yu t quan trng khi cn nhc kh nng ti s dng
nc thi sau x l phc v cho nng nghip hoc cho cc mc ch khc c tnh nhy
cm ti mi trng. Bng 5.9 nu cc kt qu kh vi khun ca h thng XL nc
thi bng thc vt vn hnh theo s dng thng (x l bc 3) v ca h sinh hc hiu
kh (x l bc 2). Hu nh cht lng nc sau x l xt v phng din vi trng xp x
mc tiu chun x vo cc ngun nc c mc ch phc v vui chi gii tr v p ng
c cc tiu chun i vi nc dng ti tiu, iu ny lm cho nhu cu v kh
trng nc thi sau x l bng clo tr nn khng cn thit.

178
 Bng 5.9. Hiu sut kh cc loi vi khun gy bnh ca
h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt

Thng s Bi* (%) Xngan (%) Marc (theo %)*

Paecal Coliforms 84,3 80- 100 > 90 %

oo oo
-- 1-
Tng Coliforms

o
79,3 > 90 %

o o

1
Faecal streptococci 88,8 > 90 %

o
* gi tr trung bnh

Lim : cc th nghim trn thc vt v tri cy sinh trng trong h thng X L nc thi
bng thc vt cho thy khng c hin tng nhim khun trong tri cy, trong cc phn thn v
l cy v khng c s tip xc gia nc thi v cc b phn ny ca cy.

5.1.3. Cc trng hp ng dng v loi hnh x l

X l bc ba: h thng XL nc thi bng thc vt c th x l trit cc cht

dinh dng nh nit v phtpho trong nc thi t cc trm XLNT th, m bo
ngn chn kh nng gy ph dng cc ngun nc. H thne XL nc thi bng
thc vt cng c th loi b kim loi nng cng nh vi sinh vt m bo duy tr cht
lng nc sau x l ph hp vi cc tiu chun phc v mc ch ti tiu, tm ra,
hay cp nc sinh hot.
X l bc hai: c th p dng x l nc thi sinh hot t cc khu dn c nh vi
iu kin nc thi c cung cp y v n nh cho mt knh ring l (4 n
10 m3/ng). Trong trng hp ny, cn tin hnh x l s b nc thi gm cc cng
on chn rc, lng ct, kh du, m, v s lm tng chi ph u t ca h thng.

5.1.4. Thit k

Hin nay cha c cng thc ton hc no c p dng trong tnh ton thit k v
xc nh kch thc ca h thng XL nc thi bng tlrc vt m bo tt c cc
thng s: ti lng thy lc v hu c, bc hi nc, bc x, hnh thc dng chy, loi
nc thi cn x l v.v... Thng thng cc knh c thit k v nh c ty thuc
vo din tch t sn c.
Tr s hng dn
Cc knh c chiu di 30 n 50 m (gm 6 n 10 on nh, mi on 5 m), chiu
rng 50 cm, v chiu su 9 cm (xem hnh 5.5). Mi knh c th x l 4 n 10m3 nc
thi long mi ngy, s lng knh ph thuc ch yu vo cht lng, thnh phn
nc thi thi v tc dng chy ca nc thi. H thng hot ng theo ch dng
t chy nn knh cn c thit k c dc ti thiu l 2 n 3%. Mt thc vt ph
thuc vo loi thc vt c s dng: 21 cy /m 2 i vi cy cn ty, 14 cy/m 2 i vi
cy c chua l ph hp.

179
 50cm 3cm

Hnh 5.5. Thit k in hnh mt on knh trong h thng XLO nc thi bng thc vt

5.1.5. Vn hnh v bo dng

iu chnh dng chy vo:

Tc dng chy vo trong knh c chn la ty thuc vo mc pht trin ca
cy. Do vy dng chy cn c iu chnh; chng hn cn gim tc khi cy cn non
c t vo trong knh m bo cy khng b cun theo dng chy; sau cn iu
chnh tc dng chy tng dn ln.
Quan trc v phn tch:
Cn tin hnh quan trc v phn tch thng xuyn cc ch tiu nh lu lng dng
chy, BOD, COD, cht rn l lng nit amn, nitrat, phtpho v colirms nhm theo
di kh nng hot ng ca h thng v kim sot cht lng nc theo cc tiu chun.
Dng chy cn c iu chnh theo s pht trin ca r v lng bn lng tch ly
xung quanh r. Tn sut phn tch kim sot dao ng ty thuc cc quc gia v cn
ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca a phng.
Thay th cy:
Thng thng, cy c thay th ba thng mt ln; tn sut thay th ty thuc loi
cy. Cn tin hnh thay th cy lun phin trong tng on knh 5 m mt trnh cho ton
b knh phi ngng hot ng trong thi gian thay th v bt u pht trin ca cy.

5.1.6. Kt lun v minh ha

K thut XL nc thi bng thc vt c ci tin sau nhiu nm qua vic c
kt cc kinh nghim t nhiu th nghim tin hnh theo cc s dng thng v dng
tun hon v chn la loi cy thch hp nhm m bo hiu sut x l. Ket qu thc
nghim cho thy r kh nng ng dng h thng trong x l bc ba, m bo x l trit
cc thnh phn ha-l v vi sinh trong nc thi. Vi k thut ny, nc thi sau x
l c th p ng c cc tiu chun cht lng cho nc ti tiu.
Tuy nhin, k thut x l v kch c ca h thng cn c iu chinh theo cht
lng nc thi v din tch s dng sn c. Ket qu th nghim trn s dng thng
cho php nh lng ha kh nng x l ca h thng theo lng cht nhim c th
x l tnh trn mi mt knh trn ngy; i vi s dng tun hon, thng s thit k

180
 c bn l thi gian lu cht lng cn thit trong knh nhm p ng yu cu v mc
cn x l. Cc kt qu ny c th c s dng thit k cc h thng XL nc
thi bng thc vt. Vic la chn s vn hnh h thng theo dng thng hay dng
tun hon ph thuc vo khong khng sn c v cht lng ca nc thi cn c x
l. Mc d s dng tun hon l la chn ph hp trong iu kin b hn ch v
. khong khng gian s dng, tuy nhin, phng php ny thng yu cu thi cng lp
t v vn hnh phc tp hn. Hn na, loi hnh hot ng ny ph hp hon i vi
cc i tng nc thi c thnh phn nhim cao v khi chi cn cng sut nh.
Nhc im chnh ca k thut XL nc thi bng thc vt l thng xuyn phi
thay th cy; nng lng cn thit cho bm (trong s tun hon) v chi ph xy dng
nh knh nu h thng c p dng trong vng kh hu n i.
Trong bi cnh hin nay, vic la chn cc k thut x l nhim mi trng c lin
quan n chi ph x l nc thi v lng nc sn c cc quc gia ang pht trin,
k thut XL nc thi bng thc vt l mt trong nhng gii php kh thi ph hp
vi cc khu dn c nh. Trn thc t, phng php ny rt d s dng, chi ph thp,
linh hot, v c hiu sut x l cao.

5.2. LC CT

i khi cht lng nc sau x l t cc trm XLNT khng m bo thng xuyn

t cc tiu chun x. Cc trm x l thng s dng h thng lc ct nhanh x l b
sung tng cng hiu sut x l cc cht hu c BOD, cn l lng v trng giun sn. V
d nh h thng x l bng h sinh hc thng c hiu sut x l cn khng cao.
Thng thng th nc sau x l t cc h thng h sinh hc thng cha nhiu to. Do
vic s dng h thng lc ct nhanh x l b sung tip sau s nng cao cht lng
ca dng thi x ra ngun [Critcs v Tchobanoglous, 1998]. Loi b to l mt vn
ln nng cao cht lng nc sau x l t h thng h sinh hc v n c th gy tc
cc h thng lc ct thng thng. Middelbrooks v cng s, (2005) cng xut
vic s dng cc bi lc ct tc chm vi ch vn hnh gin on c th nng cao
cht lng dng thi sau h sinh hc (xem mc 4.3: H thng lc ct gin on).

5.2.1. Cc loi h thng lc ct nhanh

C hai dng h thng lc ct nhanh (Hnh 5.6): dng chy xui (hng xung) v
dng chy ngc (hng ln).
Qu trnh lc trong h thng lc xui thc hin thng qua lp vt liu lc vi s phn
b c ht theo chiu su t ct mn ti ct ht th. Chiu su ca lp ct lc i vi loi
ny trong khong t 0,7 n 1m. H thng lc ct dng chy ngc c ng dng ln
u tin chu u. Nc cn x l c cp ngc t di ln trn qua cc tng ct
th ti ct mn bng my bm c p lc m bo thng c tn tht p lc qua lp ct

181
lc. trnh hin tng cun tri ct lc, cn b tr li chn pha trn b mt ca h
thng. Chiu su trung bnh ca lp ct lc trong h thng lc ngc l 1,8 m.

Nc cn x l

Li chn ct

I C t mn

C t mn |1,8m
0 ,7

n
1m

H thng .V"- i1
thu nc

Hnh 5.6. C c loi h thng lc ct nhanh,

a) Lc xui; b) Lc ngc.
5.2.2. Thit k

Kch thc vt tiu lc

i vi h thng lc ct nhanh, ng knh ht vt liu lc trong khong 0,6-^2 mm
(c th ti 3 mm). i vi h thng lc tc chm c th tham kho mc 4.3, h
thng lc ct gin on.
Ti lng thy lc
Ti lng thy lc (Hydraulic Loading Rate - HLR) c nh hng ln i vi ch
vn hnh ca h thng lc. Ti lng thy lc tng s lm gim hiu sut lc v d
gy tc dng trong lp vt liu lc. Neu bi lc c s dng x l b sung nc
thi t cc cng trnh x l sinh hc c hiu sut x l thp (c cc bng bn v hm
lng cn l lng ln) th hiu sut lc s khng m bo khi vn hnh vi ti lng
thy lc ln hn 12 m3/m2.h [EPA, 1975]. m bo hiu sut x l to th h thng
lc ct nhanh cn c thit k vi HLR di 5 m3/m2.h [Crites v Tchobanoglous,
2005]. H thng lc tc chm cn c vn hnh vi HLR di 0.03 m3/m2.h
trnh gy tc trong qu trnh hot ng [Middelbrooks v cs., 2005].
Din tch lc yu cu

Trong : A - din tch bi lc (m2);

Q - lu lng nc cn x l (m3/h);
HLR - ti lng thy lc (m 3/m 2.h).

182
 Thi gian lc
Khong thi gian vn hnh ca mt chu kv
lc ph thuc vo tc lc, hm lng cn l
lng ss, kch thc vt liu lc, tn tht p lc
v yu cu v cht lng nc sau lc [EPA.
1977]. Khi h thng lc c thit k v
a vo vn hnh th tc lc v tn tht p
lc s quyt nh khong thi gian ca chu k
lc. Thng th chu k lc s kt thc khi tn
tht p lc trong h thng tng ti mt gi tr
n nh trc (Hnh 5.7). i vi h thng lc
trng lc th tn tht p lc cn tnh ton trong
Ti lng thy lc (m /m .h)
khong t 1,8 n 3m. p lc trong h thng
lc cn m bo cao hn tn tht p lc. Neu Hnh 5 .7. Quan h gia thi gian lc
s dng vt liu lc ng nht l ct th, thi tn v tc lc m g vi cc gi tr tn
tht p lc c th s khng phi l yu t quyt tht p lc khc nhau.
nh. Hm lng cn l lng v s xut hin cc Ngun: theo EPA, 1973
ht c: trong nc sau lc l cc chi th bo hiu kt thc chu k lc [EPA, 1977]. Thng
thng, cn thc hin cc nghin cu trn m hnh thcnghim xcnh s thayi v
tn tht p lc theo thi gian ng vi cc tc lc khcnhau vi hmlng cn l lng
xc nh [EPA, 1975].
5.2.3. Ra lc
Do trong nc cn x l thng c cc thnh phn cn l lng v c v cc bng
bn hu c nn h thng lc s nhanh chng b tc. H thng lc nhanh cn c thc
hin ra lc bng dng nc chy ngc ra tri cn bn khi ct lc. Vic ra lc
c :in hnh gia cc chu k lc v c gi l qu trnh ra ngc. Nu lp ct lc
c cha lng cn qu ln v c rc bm cht th cn b sung cc bin php tng cng
hiu st ra lc. V d nh, tin hnh sc kh v nc tch cn bn trc khi thc
hin ria ngc, [EPA, 1977].
5.2.4. Kh nng hot ng
V: kch c vt liu lc trong khong 1 3 mm v HLR khong 2,5 8 m3/m2.h, h thng
lc c: c th t hiu sut x l s s t 50 75% (Bng 5.10). Theo M iddlebrooks v cc
cs. (2005), kh nng kh to trong nc sau x l t cc h sinh hc ca h thng lc ct
nhanh thng thp; c th nng hiu sut lc ca h thng bng bin php b sung ha cht
trc <hi lc hoc x l s b nc thi bng keo t v kt ta. Hiu sut kh to ca h
thng lc ct nhanh ph thuc nhiu yu t: mc x l ca cc cng trnh pha trc;
HLR; thi gian vn hnh trong nm; kch thc vt liu lc; kch thc ca cc loi to; liu
lng ha cht keo t. Hiu sut kh to thng thng c th dao ng ln t di 20 n hn
70% [Trites v Tchobanoglous,1998]. Nu khng s dng ha cht keo t, vi kch thc nh,
kh nng dnh bm ln cc phn t ct thp, to s d b cun tri theo nc sau lc.

183
 Bng 5.10. Cc thng s' vn hnh ca cc h thng lc ct x l
b sung nc thi sau x l sinh hc bc hai.
c tnh ca h thng Cht la lng
Hnh thc lc HLR
Loi nc thi cn x l Vt C ht Chiu su (m3/m2.h) Trc lc Sau lc Hiu sut
liu (mm) (m) (mg/L) (mg/L) (%)
p lc, dng
Bn hot tnh Ct 1 -2 1,5 8 17 7 60
ngc
Trng lc
Bn hot tnh Ct 0,5- 2,5 - 2,9+- 5,9 12 5 58
dng xui
Trng lc
dng xui
Lc sinh hc Ct 1,1 - 2,5-^ 7,3 20 5 75

Trng lc
dng xui Lc sinh hc Ct 1,5-3 - 3,9- 7,8 21 5 75

Lc sinh hc kt
Dng ngc Ct - - 7,3 40 21 48
hp keo t

Ngun: theo EPA, 1973

TI LIU THAM KHO

. CRITES, R., and TCHOBANOGLOUS, G., 1998. Small and Decentralized

Wastewater Management Systems. 4* edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. 1064 p.
EPA, 1991. Constructed Wetands and Aquaic Plant Systems fo r Municipal
Wastewater Treatment. U.S. Government Printing Office.
EPA, 1975. Process Design Manual For Suspended Solids Removal. EPA-625/1-
75-003a. Ohio, Cincinnati. U.S. EPA, Office o f Technology and Transfer.
EPA, 1977. Process Design Manual Wastewater treatment/acilities fo r sewered
small communities. EPA-625/1-77-009. Ohio, Cincirmati. U.S. EPA, Offce o f
Technology and Transfer.
HENRARD, G., 1994. Epuration par puvalisation. Ateliers de 1'Eau, Cebedoc
dition, 247-225.
. MIDDLEBROOKS, J., ADAMS, D BILBY, s and SHILTON, A., 2005.
Solids removal and other upgrading techniques. In: A. SHILTON (Ed.): 218-
249. Pond Treatment Technology. London : IWA Publishing POLPRASERT, c .,
1996. Organic Waste Recycling: Technology and Management. 2nd ed., John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
VINCENT, W.J., 2001. Nutrient paritioning in the upper Canning River,
Western Australia, and impications fo r the control o f cyanobacteria blooms
using salinity. J. Eco. Eng., 16: 359-371.
XANTHOULIS, D., 1997. Epuration et valorisaton des eaux uses par
puvalisaton. Rapport e synthse, pret STD3, DGXII.
YI, Y., LIN, C.K. and DIANA, J.s., 2002. Reccling pond mud nutrients in
integrated lotus-fish culture. J. Aquaculture, 212: 213-226.

184
 CC QU TRNH V CNG NGH x L
6 NC THI TI CH

6.1. GII THIU

Cc cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch thng l phng n c u tin la chn

khi lp cc d n thot nc.
Gn y, trn th gii hnh thnh mt phng thc tip cn mi trong v sinh mi
trng, m bo s cn bng v ph hp gia nhu cu v kh nng, da trn s pht huy ti
a vai tr ca ngi s dng dch v v sinh, bao gm c thot nc, x l nc thi. l
chin lc "V sinh mi trng vi gia nh l trung tm". Tip cn chin lc ny, da
trn l thuyt c bn l cn phi t con ngi v cht lng cuc sng ca h vo trng
tm ca bt k mt h thng v sinh mi trng no v da trn hai nguyn tc:
Gim ti thiu u vo ca ngun pht sinh cht thi (nc, cht ph thi,...) v
gim thiu cht thi u ra (nc thi, cht thi rn ...);
Gii quyt cc vn v sinh mi trng cng gn ngun thi cng tt.
Cc u im ca m hnh:
S cn bng gia nhu cu nhn lc v mi trng l bn vng hn bt k m hnh
hin hnh no.
Phng thc c th ng dng vi bt k h thng chnh tr no, nhng vi mc
ch th hin s ph hp vi c cu phn tn v tham d ca cng ng.
Khi nim v phng thc c bn ca m hnh c th p dng nhng nc cng
nghip pht trin cng nh nhng nc ang pht trin. Phng thc ny c th
dng mi ni, c lp vi iu kin kinh t, quy m dn s v c im mi
trng, cp vi m hay v m. Tt nhin iu ny khng c nghal nhng gii
php c th v dch v s nh nhau mi ni. Nhng iu kin khc nhau s dn
ti nhng gii php khc nhau c khi p dng nhng nguyn tc ging nhau.
Vic p dng m hnh "gia nh l trung tm" l kh thi, i hi cng ng suy
xt li nhng chnh sch v thc t ca h. c bit, v tr trung tm l h gia nh
ca m hnh yu cu mt cng ngh ph hp vi nhu cu mi ngi hn l vic
thay i thi ca h ph hp vi cng ngh.
Theo m hnh ny, cc phng n thot nc v x l nc thi c th thuc mt
trong ba nhm chnh sau hoc kt hp:
H thng x l ti ch: cht thi c x l ngay ti ni pht sinh;

185
 * H thng phn tn hay bn tp trung, nc thi c lm sch ti cc trm x I
nh, phn tn, t gn ni pht sinh nc thi, v sau nc thi, cht thi thu
c sau x l c s dng li hay x vo ngun nc mt hoc h thng thot
nc ma m khng i hi phi xy dng mt h thng thot nc ln, tn km;
* H thng x l tp trung, s dng h thng thot nc r tin v n gin.
Cch tip cn ny, xut pht t quan im pht trin bn vng, m bo s cn bng
gia nhu cu ca con ngi vi mi trng, vi nhng dch v v sinh khng tn km,
ph hp vi kh nng ca ngi tiu dng c thu nhp thp, c th c coi nh mt
cng c nh hng chin lc cho quy hoch, ci thin cc dch v v sinh mi trng.
Tuy nhin, mi nc, mi khu vc, li phi c nhng nghin cu c th, nhm a ra
c nhng gii php ph hp.
Hon th na, ngy nay nhiu quc gia ang y mnh v ph bin vic s dng cc
cng trnh v sinh sinh thi vi nhiu u im nhm hng ti gii quyt cc vn v
bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.

6.1.1. nh ngha
H thng x l/ thu gom nc thi ti ch l cng trnh x l nc thi cho mt h
gia nh ring l hoc mt nhm cc h gia nh cng s dng chung h thng v sinh
v thot nc thi. Cng trnh ny thng c bit n l h x t hoi. Mt h thng
thng thng bao gm mt b t hoi x l cc b v mt ng ng thot nc
thot nc thi. Tuy nhin, mi h thng cn c thit k da trn cc iu kin c
trng ca tng vng m bo c mt h thng x l ph hp. Vit Nam hoc
nhng nc ang pht trin, ngoi b t hoi, cn c nhiu dng cng trnh v sinh khc
cng thng c s dng nh h x o chm (pit latrine), h x o chm ci tin c
ng thng hi (ventilated improved pit, VIP), h x hai ngn phn (Double Vault
latrine) v h x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (Ventilated Improved Double Pit,
VIDP) (Bng 6.1).
i vi cng sut nc thi nh hn 15 m3 /ng, c th s dng cc cng trnh sau:
Ho lc v bi lc ngm;
B i l c n g p n c t n h i n v n h n t o ;

B lc;
H sinh hc hoc knh xy ha;
Lc sinh hc;
Ging thm i vi cc cng trinh c cng sut nh hn 1 m 3 nc thi/ngy.

6.1.2. Cc loai h x kh

H x o chm
T cui th k 19, cc khu th nhng nc ang pht trin s dng cc h x
o chm. Khi , nc c khai thc t cc ngun nc mt hoc nc ging mch

186
nng nn kh nng gy nhim ngun nc rt cao. Cc h x o chm l loi n
gin nht trong cc loi h x kh, trn mt bng c dng hnh trn hoc hnh vung.
Phn cha phn l h o chm t di t, vi ni t yu c th c k bng tre,
g. Phn ni c sn chc chn, t trn v che kn ming h, l i v sinh c np
y. Xung quanh c quy kn bng cc vt liu n gin (khng xy), c th khng
c mi che hoc c mi che. Tro, t bt l cht n c th xung ph ln phn sau
mi in i v sinh. Khi h y phi lp t k v phi lm h mi, c th chuyn ton
b phn ni c lp cho h o mi.
H x do chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP)
S thay i ng k u tin v van v sinh th cc nc ang pht trin din
ra vo u th k 20 vi s xut hin ca loi x thng. Vo thp k 60-70, vn
nhim nc v v sinh khng phi l mi quan tm chnh cc khu th. Sau , cc
loi h x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi, h x hai ngn v h x hai ngn phn
ci tin c ng thng hi mi c bit n.
Loi h x gii thiu trn hnh 6 .1 l loi h x o kh, chm song c ci tin bng
cch cu to thm ng thng hi cao c tc dng lm gim mi hi thi bn trong cng
trnh, gp phn lm thot nhanh hi nc trong b phn v ngn chn rui nhng.
Bng 6.1. Cc m hnh v sinh ti ch c la chn s dng Vit Nam

Loi T n gi P h m vi p d n g G h i ch

T h n g d n g k h u v c m i n ni, tr u n g K hng dng nhng

Ho x o chm
d u ni t r n g , h i m n c , v n g c m c ni b n g p lt h o c gn
v h x thng
n c n g m thp. n g u n n c.
H x o ci tin T h c h h p c h o c c h g ia n h m i n ni, C th d n g c h o tr n g
H c ng thng hi tr u n g d u h i m n c v th u n h p th p , b o h c nh v n g cao.
x (VP) m v sin h h n h x o.
kh D n g c h o cc h g ia n h c i u kin C th n g hi n h h x
H x mt ngn c h t h p , t , th i u n c . T h n g lm o ci tin.
v n g c m c n c n g m cao.
H x hai ngn S d n g c h o c c v n g d n c c n h u c u C th d n g c h o cc h
ci tin c ong d n g p h n b n ru n g . t p th.
thng hi (VIDP)
S d n g ni c t th m n c tt, th a C th d n g c h o trm
H x thm di d n c , t n g u y c a g y n h i m n c x, tr n g hc, v n g c
nc (Suab) n g m , m c s n g k h. K h n g d n g p h n n g u n n c di do.
b n ru n g .

H H xi bn t hoi S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o , C th d n g c h o c c h
x (khng ngn lc) m c s n g k h ( t h n g l th trn , th t). t p th. N c x ra c
t H xi t hoi (c S d n g ni c n g u n n c di d o, th t th m h oc chy
ngn lc hiu kh m c s n g k h, c d i n tch, c iu v o h th n g c n g n c
hoc k kh) k i n q u n l tt. chung.

S d n g ni d n c c m c s n g k h, c
H m kh b i g a
c h n nu i p h t trin.

187
 Li chn rui

Np y

ng thng hi

Np y

E2Z

H cha phn

Hnh 6.1. H x chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP).

H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi v tch ring nc tiu

H x VIP tch ring nc tiu l loi khng cho nc tiu chy vo ngn cha phn.
Nc tiu c thu tch ring v phn c khong 6 thng trc khi c s dng
bn rung (Hnh 6.2).

ng thng hi

ss s s

S khng gian ca h x VIP Mt bn9 b

Hnh 6.2. H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi v tch ring nc tiu.

188
 Thng cha nc tiu

p -n ^ n -

/S S 7
H xi VIDP dng b trn
H x VIDP dng b vung

Hnh 6.3. H x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (VIDP).

H x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (VIDP)

H x VIDP (Hnh 6.3) gn ging vi h x VIP nhng c hai ngn ring bit; mt
ngn s dng v mt ngn phn. cng trnh hot ng tt, phn cha phn phi
kh ro, sch s, khng c rui mui. y l loi h x kh c bit, va s dng va
phn tai ch. Loi cng trnh ny c s dng tng ngn mt. Khi ngn cha phn th
nht y, phn ngn th nht c k trong thi gian khong 6 thng sau c
a i bn rung.

6.1.3. Cc lo i h x t

H x thm di nc

y l loi h x s dng nc dng n gin nht, c s dng u tin n

v cn c gi l sulab (Hnh 6.4); thng di nc th cng, phn c cha trong
h chm, nc t h cha phn s t thm vo trong t. H cha phn c o chm
di t, xy xung quanh (hoc gia c bng tre hoc g), c np y kn v c ng
thng hi. Thnh v y h c cc l thm nc t thm vo t.
Phn ni ca cc loi h x thm di nc u c cu to nh nhau: b x v xiphng
(t trn sn btng) dn phn vo b cha. Phn ni c th t trn pha trn h cha
phn. Xiphng c tc dng ngn mi thot ra t h cha phn. Sa khi i v sinh s di
nc, phn c gi li trong h, phn nc trong b s thm dn xung t.

189
 Hnh 6.4. Cu to h xi thm di nc.
1. N h v sinh; 2, 3. Cc b c h a phn; 4. K h u vc d tr nc di.

H x bn t hoi hay b t hoi klng c ngn c

H x t hoi truyn thng
y l loi h x di nc. Phn trong b c x l nh tc dng ca vi sinh vt.
Bn cn c gi li v ln men trong b cha, phn nc theo cc ngn v chy ra
ngoi. Loi b ny c gi l bn t hoi v qu trnh x l cha trit , ch gi li,
ln men v phn hy phn bn cn khng tan d lng. B cha phn c o chm
di t, c th chia thnh hai n ba ngn thng nhau, xy kn xung quanh thnh b v
y, khng cho nc thm vo t. ng thng hi c a ln cao trn mi nh v
sinh. B cha phn c xy bng gch, hoc btng, c th dng vt liu do
composit khi dung tch b cha nh.
Sau khi i v sinh s di nc, phn cn c tch ly trong b, lng xung, ng
thi s din ra qu trnh ln men phn hy cn lng. Phn nc s chy dn qua
cc ngn lng v qua ging thm. Nu khng c ging thm sau b t hoi th nc x
ra s qua rnh thm hoc vo h thng cng thot nc chung (Hnh 6.5 b v c).

190
 Nh
v sinh ft B t hoi Ging thm

b)
Nh
v sinh B hoi Cng thot nc

c)
Hnh 6.5. B t hoi khng ngcm lc.
a) C ging thm; b) Nvcx ra qua rnh thm; c) Nic x ra h thng cng thot nc chung

Hnh 6.6. Be t hoi hai v (loi I).

a) Loi mt nguyn; b) Loi hai n nguyn
1- N gn lng; 2- C a th n g nc; 3- n g th bn nn/x bn; 4- n g kim tra;
5- O n g th ng hi; 6. N gn ln men; 7- Vch ngn; 8- ng dn nc lng trong;
9- n g dn nc thi vo b.

191
 B t h o i h a i v

B t hoi hai v hay cn gi l b mhoft (tn b c ly theo tn ca nh sng ch

ngi c), loi b ny c kh nng ngn khng cho bt kh tip xc vi nc lang,
do nng cao c cht lng nc sau x l. Trn hnh 6 .6 , 6.7, 6.8 th hin ba dng
b t hoi hai v.

3) b) a) b)

3 H

L2 . 13

....................= f r r 7 r6
L n t i 3 d
1F
4
1H .
1 ^

1*-.

Hnh 6.7. B t hoi hai v c Hnh 6.8. B t hoi hai v c y hnh chcp
y hnh nn (loi II). (loi III).
a) Mt n nguyn; b) Hai n nguyn; a) Mt n nguyn; b) Hai n nguyn.
I- N gn lng; 2- Ca thng nc ; I- Ngn lng; 2- C a thng nc ;
3- ng kim tra; 4- ng th bn nn/x bn; 3- ng kim tra; 4- n g th bn nn/x bn.
5- Ngn ln men; 6. Vch ngn; 5- Ngn ln men; 6. Vch ngn; 7- n g dn ncc
7- n g dn nc lng trong; lng trong; 8- n g dn nc thi vo b
8- ng dn nc thi vo b.

B t hoi vi ngn lc hiu kh v k kh

y l loi h x di nc ti u nht, l b t hoi (ngn cha, ngn lng v ngin

ln men phn hy cn) c cu to thm ngn lc. Vt liu trong ngn lc bao gn:
than, dm, gch v, si v cc vt liu xp..., ngn lc c th l lc hiu kh (Hhh
6.9) hay lc k kh (Hnh 6 .10). Nc, phn vo b t hoi, sau c lng xung i
qua lc v ch y ra n goi. Phi bo d n g v thay vt liu l c nh k l v i c lm ht SIC
kh khn. y l l do ti sao b t hoi khng ngn lc c s dng nhiu hn b t
hoi c ngn lc hiu kh. B t hoi vi ngn lc k kh c p dng t c yu
cu ct y ng x nc t b t hoi cao hn so vi ngoi ng ph (Hnh 6 .10).

192
 X . Vt liu ic

Hnh 6,9. De t hoi vi ngn lc hiu kh.

B -B

Xirt " 1 J tt

Hnh 6.11. B t hoi nhiu vch ngn vi ngcm lc k kh.

1. ng dn nc vo; 2. ng dn nc ra; 3. C a thu cn; 4. C a thng nc;
5. V t liu lc; 6. Ngn cha; 7, 8. Ngn lng; 9, 10. N gn lc 1,2;
11. Ca thng hi; 12. Sn B T C T vt liu lc

Trn hnh 6 .11 th hin b t hoi nhiu vch ngn vi ngn lc k kh (BASTAF).
S dng v vn hnh
H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi (VIP):
Ni chung, din tch mt cng trnh khong 0,8+1,0 m2, su 1,(H1,2 m, nh c m
t ti mc 6 .1.2. Sn btng ct thp b ngi v ng thng hi c a cao ln mi
nh v sinh. Neu c iu kin a cht tt, h nn t chm di t; nu khng, phi
t ni h trn mt t. Thnh h c xy bng gch, thnh pha sau h cha phn c

193
mt ca ht cn ln men. Nh cp trn, vo thp k 60, h x o chm ci
tin c ng thng hi tch ring nc tiu bt u c s dng.
H x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (VIDP):
Din tch ln hn h x VIP (1,2-5-1,4 m2), su bng h x VIP.
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi trong b t hoi
Trong b t hoi din ra cc qu trnh x l nc thi c bn nh lng cn, ln men
bn cn v n nh nc thi. Cc loi nc thi v cht thi a vo b ch yu c
ngun gc t cc hot ng sinh hot v c thu gom t cc nh v sinh, nh tm hoc
nh bp. Do thi gian nc lu li trong b ln v vn tc dng chy nh, phn ln cc
loi bn cn c gi li trong b. Hiu qu lng nc thi c th t ti 55-^60%. Sau
mt thi gian lu gi, cc cht hu c trong bn cn s ln men trong iu kin k kh.
Do b lm vic khng n nh v bn cn khng c xo trn, qu trnh ln men trong
b ch yu l ln men axit v hnh thnh lng kh khng ha tan nh CH4 hoc ha tan
t nh H2S. Cc kh ny ni ln ko theo cn l lng cng mt s cc thnh phn du
m c trong nc thi lm to thnh lp vng ni trn b mt nc. Lp vng ny ngy
cng dy v c th gy nhim bn tr li nc thi.

6.2. CC CH TIU V TIU CHUN t h i t k

6.2.1. Be t hoi

B t hoi truyn thng

B t hoi truyn thng dng x l nc thi sinh hot cho mt hoc nhiu h gia
nh. Nc sau khi qua b t hoi c th qua ngn lc hiu kh vi lp ct thm lc,
ging thm, h sinh hc,... B t hoi truyn thng c th tch 1,5+25 hoc thm ch n
50m3; ng knh ng vo b ti thiu l 100 mm vi dc ti thiu 0,03. ng
knh ng thng hi l 75-H00 mm. s ngn trong b t hoi truyn thng c th ly
nh sau:
Mt ngn khi lu lng nc thi sinh hot (Q) nh hom 1 m 3/n g ;

* Hai ngn khi lu lng nc thi sinh hot (Q) nh hn 10 m3/ng (ngn th nht
c dung tch bng 75% tng dung tch b, ngn th hai c dung tch bng 25%
tng dung tch b);

Ba ngn khi lu lng nc thi sinh hot (Q) nh hn 25 m3/ngy (ngn th nht
c dung tch bng 50% tng dung tch b, ngn th hai v ngn th ba c dung
tch mi ngn bng 25% tng dung tch b).
Trn bng 6.2 nu cc gi tr dung tch b t hoi truyn thng da trn s h
gia nh.

194
 Bng 6.2. Dung tch b t hoi truyn thng

S h g i a . n h D u n g t c h t i t h i u ( m 3)

1 hoc 2 3 ,0

5 hoc 6 5,5

N h i u h g ia n h 7,5 + 13

B t hoi thng c xy bng gch, btng ct thp, composit... c mt bng

dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh trn. B thng chia thnh hai hoc ba ngn. Ngn u
tin c chiu rng ti thiu 0,9 m, chiu di ti thiu 1,5 m. Chiu su ca b t 1,2 n
1,8 m. Be t hoi c thit k m bo cc yu cu nh: d ht cn, d kim tra thng
tc, c ca thng hi cho cc ngn v ng thng hi cho ton b.
Dung tch b t hoi c th xc nh nh sau:

Khi lu lng nc thi nh hn 5 m3/ngy th dung tch b w s l:

w= 1,5 Q (6.1)
Khi lu lng nc thi ln hn 5 m3/ngy th dung tch b w s l:
w = 0,75 Q + 4,25 (6.2)
Dung tch ngn cha cn ( wc) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
\a.T.(100-P ,).b.c.N }
= J. (6.3)
1 (1 0 0 -p2). 1000]

Trong :
a - lng cn trung b n h c a m t n g i thi ra m t n g y , c th ly:
a = 0,5 + 0,8 L/ng. ng;
b - h s k n s gim th tch cn khi ln men (gim 30%), b = 0,7;
c - h s k n vic cn lu li mt phn cn ln men khi ht cn nhm gi
li vi sinh vt gip cho qu trnh ln men cn c nhanh chng, d dng, (
li 2 0 %), c = 1 ,2 ;
T thi gian gia hai ln ht cn, T = 360 720 ngy;
P i , P j - m cn ti v cn ln men, tng ng l 95% v 90%;
N - S ngi s dng b.
Cc cng trnh x l nc thi tip theo ca b t hoi c th l ngn lc hiu kh, k
kh, ging thm, bi lc ngm, h sinh hc, knh oxy ha tun hon... Nc thi sau b
c lu lng n nh nn lu lng tnh ton ca cc cng trnh tip theo thng thng
l lu lng trung bnh. Trong iu kin kh hu Vit Nam, sau ba thng bn c
ln men. V vy t 3 n 6 thng nn ht bn cn khi b t hoi. Lng bn cn gi li
sau mi ln ht l 2 0 % tng th tch bn cn.

195
 Bng 6.3. Cc thng s k thut v kch thc ca b t hoi hai v (loi 1)

Lu lng D un g tch Dung tch ngn ln D ung tch lp T n g th tch Kch thc ghi trn hn
HRT S ngn
trung bnh m n g lng men bn cn m n g cht ni hu ch
(ng) (n K)
ng Q (m 3) w lini, ( m 3) W | n men ) W K, (m 3) w (m 3) L // h
B t hoi hai v loi mt om nguyn

0,75 1,5 0,375 0,563 2,81 3,75 ] 1,0 - -

4,5 9,0 2,10 3,2 16,40 3,64 3 5,6 2,8 1,4
B t hoi hai v loi hai n nguyn

6,0 12,0 2,76 4,12 21,64 3,62 3 3,7 1,7 1,0

-1
1 2 ,0 24,0 5,55 8,35 43,45 3,62 j 7,4 3,7 1,85

15,0 30,0 7,10 10,6 54,80 3,65 3 9,4 4,7 . 2,35

V acilenco A.I.

Bng 6.4. Cc thng s k thut v kch thc ca b t hoi hai v (lo 2)

u lng N T D u ng tch D u ng tch ngn ln D ung tch lp Kch th c ghi trn

T n g th tch hu HRT S ngn
tru ng bnh m n g lng m en bn cn m n g cht ni (m)
ch W, ( m 3) (ng) (ntT)
ng Q (m 3) W lJ ( m 3) W|n men (m ) W K, (m 3)
L U h
B t hoi hai v loi mt n nguyn

0,75 1,265 0,147 0,715 2,397 3,2 1,1 - -

*
4,5 7,65 2,42 4,30 14,37 3,2 3 6,6 3,3 1,6
B t hoi hai v loi hai n nguyn
6,0 12,0 2,76 3,64 18,40 3,07 3 5,2 2,6 1,
-
12,0 24,0 5,50 8,40 37,90 3,15 3 10,4 5,2 2,6
15,0 30,0 6,8 10,4 47,2 3,15 3 12,8 6,4 3,2

V acilenco A.I.
 Bng 6.5. Cc hng s k thut v kch thc ca b t hoi hai v (loi 3)

L u l n g D u n g tch D u n g tch n g n D u n g tch T n g th S ngn K c h th c ghi trn h

N T tru n g m n g lng ln m e n b n c n lp m n g tch h u HRT (ntT) (m )
binh n g Q W|cn men (m ) c h t ni W K, ch w (n g )
( m 3) ( n r 1) ( m 3) (m-1)
L // h
B e t hoi hai v loi m t n n g u y n

0,75 1,23 0,41 0,81 2,4 5 3,23 1 0,9 0,9 -

4,5 7,45 2,4 5 4,9 14,8 3,28 3 5,45 2,25 1,1

B e t ho i hai v loi hai n n g u y n

6 ,0 14,4 2 ,7 6 6,05 23,21 3,88 3 5,2 2,6 1,3

12,0 2 8 ,6 5,53 12,3 4 6 ,4 3 3 ,8 6 3 10,4 5,2 2,6

15,0 3 5 ,7 6,9 15,2 57,8 3,8 6 3 13,0 6,5 3,25

V acilenco A.I.

Bng 6 .6 . Dung tch ca b lc k kh v b BASTAF theo s ngi b phc v

T n g d u n g tch
L u l n g Dung Tng S Tng dung Du
L u l n g S Tng dung h u ch k c
n c thi t tch nn d u n g tch ngn tc h n g n b t
r u n g b n h n g n k tch h u ch d u n g tch cc
k h u v sinh l n e V n g n k lc k lc k kh mt
( L /n g ) kh wt ( m 3) vch ngn V
Q w c (L /n g ) (L) k h (L ) kh (L ) (m V
(m )
600 160 4 27 4 427 2 213 1,07 1,49 0

1500 400 1067 4 1067 2 533 2 ,6 7 3,73 0

3000 8 00 1600 4 213 3 2 1067 4 ,8 0 6 ,7 2

15000 4000 5333 3 8000 2 53 3 3 18,67 2 6 ,1 3 0

Anh N . v , N h u e T.H
 Be t
\ hoi
hai v
B t hoi hai v gm hai phn ring bit c ngn bi y nghing: phn trn ca
b l mng lng, phn di ca b l ngn cha v ln men bn cn. Bn cn trong
mng s lng xung y nghing v roi xung ngn cha v ln men bn. B c mt ng x
bn ng knh 150-200 mm. B tr y nghing trnh cho nc lng khi b nhim
bn bi cc sn phm thi ra ni ln (cn ni, bt kh) trong qu trnh ln men.
Be t hoi hai v c th thit k nh sau:
Dung tch hu ch ti thiu gp 2,5 -- 3 ln lu lng nc thi trong mt ngy.
Lng bn cn lng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy: 1,2 + 2 L/ngi. m
ca bn cn ti l 97,5%, ca bn cn ln men l 9(H92%.
H s tnh n lng cn gim do ln men: khong 50%. Th tch ngn bn t;nh
cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 0,1875 L.
Nhu cu dng nc cho mt ngi trong mt ngy: 150^-200 L/ng.
S ngi s d n g b : 5 -- 100 ngi.
Thi gian lu nc (HRT) trong mng lng: 1,5^2,5 ng.
Th tch tng cng ca ngn cha v ln men bn cn:
,/5 7 J x ^ x 3 j
_

------- m o --------(m > (64)

Chiu cao lp bn ln men:
w
(6 5)
F
Trong : F din tch mt bng ca b.
Th tch ca ngn lng c tnh ton khng nh hn hai ln lu lng nc thi
trong mt ngy.
Chiu cao hu ch ca b: 2,2+2,5 m
Chiu rng mt b: 1,5 m.
C ba loi b t hoi hai v:
< Loi I (Bng 6.3, hnh 6 .6 ) vi y b phng v y mng lng nghing 45 ( o
vi mt phng nm ngang) c s dng x l nc thi cha x phng.
Loi II (Bng 6.4, hnh 6.7) vi y b nghing v y mng nghing, c ;
dng x l nc thi c thnh phn x phng chim khong 50% tng lig
nc thi. Loi ny c th s dng ni c nn t kh v t.
-- Loi III {Bng 6.5, hnh 6 .8 ) vi y b nghing v y mng nghing 60 (so vyi
mt phng nm ngang), c s dng x l nc thi c thnh phn x phg
chim khong 50% tng lng nc thi. Loi ny c th s dng ni c nn
t kh v t. Loi III cng c th dng x l nc thi bnh vin.

198
 Khi lu lng nc thi nh hn 5 m3/ng, nn s dng loi b mt n nguyn chia
thnh 1, 2 hoc 3 ngn dc chiu dng chy. Khi lu lng nc thi t 5 n 15
m 3/ng, nn s dng loi b hai n nguyn. Kch thc ca b v cc s cng ngh
c gii hn vi bi s 10. e xy dng nhanh chng, nn sn xut hng lot cc b
bng btng ct thp c sn hoc bng vt liu composite. Chiu di ca b l thng s
c th thay i.

6.2.2. Be t hoi c ngn lc hiu kh

B t hoi c ngn lc hiu kh gm c ngn cha, lng, n men phn hy cn nh

gii thiu trong phn b t hoi truyn thng trn, v cu to thm ngn lc hiu
kh. Trong ngn lc hiu kh gm bn lp lc c chiu dy ti thiu 600 mm (mi lp
dy 150 mm). Cc lp vt liu lc l gch v, si, than hoc cht do. Kch thc
ca cc ht vt liu lc nh sau (lp 1 l lp di cng n lp 4 l lp trn cng): Lp
1 (50--30 mm), lp 2 (35^-25 mm), lp 3 (25-H5 mm) v lp 4 (15+10 mm).

6.2.3. B t hoi nhiu vch vi ngn lc k kh (BASTAF)

Lc k kh: cu to ca cc lp lc k kh tng t nh lp lc hiu kh. Ch khc

nhau ch ng x t cao hn b mt cc lp vt liu lc.
BASTAF: T l gia lng cht hu c trong nc thi trn n v sinh khi theo
ngy (F/M) = 0,24 -- 0,31 g COD/g v ss.n g v tilng cht hu c (OLR) = 0 ,3 5 --
0,92 gCOD/L.ng. Hiu sut x l trung bnh nh sau: BOD 5(64,39%), COD (64,71%),
v s s (78,84%).
Cc ch tiu thit k b BASTAF nh sau:
Vn tc dng hng ln trong cc n gn lc: V = 0,3 m/h;
HRT trong ngn lng: 12+24 h;
HRT trong cc khoang c vch ngn: 36^-48 h;
HRT trong ngn lc k kh: 12+24 h.
Trong bng 6.6 nu dung tch tnh ton ca b BASTAF ph thc vo s ngi s
dng b.
x l nc en t nh v sinh, kin ngh s dng s b BASTAF sau:
N g n ch a v , \ 3 n 4 ngn \ 2 n g n lc k k h d n g
7 7
ln g bn cn k kh x i th a n

6.2.4. Ging thm

Ging thm l cng trnh trong nc thi c x l bng phng php lc qua lp
ct, si v phn hy k kh cc cht hu c c hp ph trn lp ct si . Nc thi sau
khi x l c thm vo t. Do thi gian nc lu li trong t lu, cc loi vi khun gy
bnh b tiu dit hu ht. m bo cho ging hot ng bnh thng, nc thi phi

199
c x l bng phng php lng trong b t hoi hoc b lng hai v. Ging thm cng
ch c s dng khi mc nc ngm trong t su hn 1,5 m m bo c hiu qu
thm lc cng nh khng gy nhim nc di t. Cc loi t phi d thm nc, t 34
L/m2.ng n 208 L/m2.ng. Trn hnh 6.12 th hin s cu to ging thm dng hnh
trn trn mt bng, ng knh ti thiu 1,2 m, c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng ct
thp. Ging thm cng c th c lp t bng cc on ng b tng. Thnh ging b tng
c b dy ti thiu 100 mm, mng c b tng vng chc. Din tch ging thm c
xc nh da vo loi t v loi i tng thot nc.

Din tch thm tnh ton l tng din tch b mt thnh ging phn thm nc v
y ging. Bng 6.7 nu ti lng thy lc trn mi on v din tch thm. Ging thm
c lt si, dm... c nh dn t di ln. Lp trn cng c bng ct mn v
s dng tm chn chng xi nc. Xung quanh ging thm si tng kh nng
thm nc ca ging. Vic sc ra ging c thc hin qua ng thot nc hoc dng
ng thng hi ring.

Bng 6.7. Kh nng thm lc ca cc loi vt liu

Loi t K h n n g t h m l c ( L / m 2.n g )

Ct 80
C t p h a s t 40

6.2.5. Bi lc ngm

Nu mc nc ngm cao v khng th xy dng ging thm th c th xy dng bi

lc ngm. Nc thi cn c lng s b bng cc cng trnh x l c hc trc khi ti

200
bi lc ngm. Khi nc thi ti bi lc ngm, cc cht hu c s c hp th vo t
theo con ng thm lc, sau c xy ha sinh ha. Thng thng qu trnh xy
ha hiu kh cc cht hu c din ra trong lp t trn v qu trnh phn hy k kh
cc cht hu c din ra trong lp t pha di. Do lrp t kh mng (t 0,6 n 0,9 m)
nn r cy hp th mt lng ln nc thi v ch mt lng nh nc thi thm vo
t. Hot ng ca cc loi cy cng gp phn cung cp xy cho t.
Trong bng 6.8 nu cc thng s thit k ca bi lc ngm. Din tch hu ch ca bi
lc ngm ph thuc vo tng loi t.
B n g 6.8. C c thng s thit k' bi ! c ngm

G i tr
T h n g s th i t k
T i th i u Ti a

S tu y n n g p h n phi nc 1

C h i u di m i tu y n ong, (m ) - 30

C h i u r n g y ho, (m ) 0 ,4 6 0 ,9

K h o n g c c h g i a c c t u y n n g , (m ) 1,8 -

d y l p t p h tr n n g , ( m m ) 300 -

d c cc tu y n ho, (m m /m ) N gang bng 25

d y l p v t liu lc d i n g p h n phi n c , ( m m ) 300 -

d y l p v t liu lc tr n n g p h n phi n c , ( m m ) 50 -

KOTnr
Cng sut 20m /h

A -A
Mng
phn phi
Ar ng thng hi

B WM nnrx
t hoi
U - UL
Mng li
i phn phi
0 - 0 - 0
: o^o^o
oMgg.
Xiphng
I I ng thng hi

B
t hoai
ii [ Mang li
Si
phn phi
Mng phn phi

Hnh 6.13. S cu to bi lc ngm XLNT.

Trn hnh 6.13 m t cu to h thng bi lc ngm bao gm h thng phn phi

nc thi v h thng thu nc. Trn bi lc ngm c b tr ng thng hi. H thng
phn phi b tr trong ho v cao hn mc nc ngm ti thiu 1 m. Hnh 6.14 m t h
thng x l nc thi ti ch gm b t hoi v bi lc ngm.

201
 H ga phn Bi lc ngm

% y il lt'fT lS *
dc> 1%
^ B t hoai

Hnh -14. XLNT ti cho bng h thng b t hoi v bi lc ngm.

6.2.1. B bioga

Ti cc nc ang pht trin c nhiu chung tri chn nui gia sc. B kh sinh hc
c th x l nc thi t cc ehung tri ny (Hnh 6.15).

Chung tri
chn nui

ng dn kh H lc
'1 ti bp un

Van x
B bigia bng composite
L = 3000mm, D = 1000mm

MT BNG B BIOGA

+ 2.10
B bigia bng composite
L=3000 mm,D=1000 mm T

ng dn nc thi 2-2
t chung tri

ng dn kh
0.40 tid bp un H lc

Gch xy

B biCgia bng composite

L=3000 iim,D=1000 mm 'Van x

MT CT B BIOGA

Hnh 6.15. S cu to b kh sinh hc Biga.

202
6.3. V SINH SINH TH I

V sinh sinh thi da trn ba nguyn tc c bn l:

- Ngn nga nhim hn l thc hin x l nhim sau khi xy ra;
- Tch ring nc tiu v phn;
- S dng cc sn phm mt cch an ton phc v cho nng nghip, cy trng.
Nc tiu v phn c tch ring, cha v x l ring loi b nhng sinh vt gy
bnh, ri sau a i s dng. Cc cht dinh dng cha trong phn v nc tiu c
th x l hay ti ch v s dng trong nng nghip.
Mt b phn quan trng ca v sinh sinh thi l h x phn chia v lu gi ring
nc tiu v phn trc khi thu hi v ti s dng. Thng thng phn c cha cc tc
nhn gy bnh nhiu hn l nc tiu. V vy phn phi c x l bng cc phng
php lm kh v phn hy.
Vic kh nc hay lm kh phn s rt n gin nu n khng b trn ln vi nc
tiu v nc. Khi phn b phn hy hay n men k kh th cc tc nhn gy bnh trong
nh virus (siu vi khun), vi khun v trng giun s b tiu dit. Chi sau khi phn
hy th phn mi c th ti s dng.
Nc tiu tng i an ton, chi cn cha mt thi gian ngn th c th s dng
trong nng nghip. Nc tiu cha mt lng ng k nit, phtpho v kali l nhng
cht bn rt qu cho cy trng.
Khi nim v sinh sinh thi l mt chu trnh khp kn ca cc cht dinh dng cha
trong nc thi vi hot ng nng nghip. Ngoi vic cung cp cc gii php cng
ngh ph hp, v sinh sinh thi cn gp phn m bo an ton thc phm a phng,
mt vn rt quan trng trong nhiu nc ang pht trin.
Do , cch tip cn mi ny c gi l "v sinh sinh thi", vit tt l "Eco-San".
Nc tiu v phn c tch ring, lu gi v x l s b, sau , nu cn thit, li
tip tc c x l tp trung cho n khi khng cn cc vi khun gy bnh. Cc cht
dinh dng cn li trong phn bn c ti ch v s dng trong nng nghip.
c im ca v sinh sinh thi l tch ring v lu gi cc cht thi t ngi (nc
tiu v phn) trc khi x l v ti s dng chng. Phn ngi thng cha nhiu tc
nhn gy bnh hn so vi nc tiu. Do , cn x l phn bng cc phng php kh
nc v phn. H x o chm ci tin c ng thng hi v tch ring nc tiu
(Hnh 6.2) v h x hai ngn ci tin c ng thng hi (VIDP) c s dng Vit
Nam, sau l Trung Quc v nhiu quc gia ang pht trin khc l cc v d in
hnh v v sinh sinh thi.
cc quc gia pht trin, nh Thu in v cc quc gia vng Bc u, pht trin
nhiu loi x khc nhau c th tch ring nc tiu, phn v lu gi nc tiu. Nu
nhn thc v thc hin c v sinh sinh th i, th s em li nhiu tc ng tch cc i

203
vi mi trng, nng nghip, cc h gia nh v cc khu th. Trong mi h thng v
sinh sinh thi, cn thc hin vic tch ring v x l k kh hiu qu cc loi cht thi
ny. V vy, y khng ch l qu trnh sn xut nng lng dng kh sinh hc. m
cn m bo c qu trnh ti s dng cht dinh dng hp v sinh, v hn na l bo
v ti nguyn nc.
Phn bn c th phn hy c trong b phn hy v to ra kh sinh hc. Nc tiu
khng to ra bt k loi kh sinh hc no. V vy vic tch ring cc cht thi c th l
mt gii php c gi tr nng cp cc h thng v sinh.
Khng nh cc h thng v sinh truyn thng, cc h thng v sinh sinh thi khng
ch kim sot trc tip cc ri ro v mt v sinh i vi dn c m cn bo v c mi
trng thin nhin. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v
cc nguyn t vi lng di do cho nng nghip, bo qun c phn bn v bo n
c vn an ton thc phm lu di.
Trong thc t, chin lc v sinh sinh thi c p dng rng ri cho vic thu gom
v x l ring phn, nc tiu v nc xm lm gim thiu mc tiu th nc n
ung sinh hot v c th x l ring nc thi vi chi ph thp ti s dng trong vic
ci to t, lm phn bn, lm nc ti tiu hoc b cp ngun nc ngm.
Cc h thng v sinh sinh thi bn vng khi phc ng k s cn bng t nhin gia
lng cht dinh dng bi tit t mi ngi trong mt nm v nhu cu to ra lng thc
thc phm cho chnh h, v vy c th h tr ng k trong vic bo tn cc loi ti
nguyn c th cn kit. Trong iu kin l tng, cc h thng v sinh sinh thi bn
vng c th phc hi cc cht dinh dng, cc nguyn t vi lng v nng lng :
nc thi sinh hot v cht thi hu c ca cc h gia nh v ti s dng sn phm cua
chnh h trong nng nghip. Bng cch ny, c th h tr vic bo qun phn bn '
bo m v sinh an ton thc phm lu di.
Heinz-Peter Mang, ngi thc hin d n v sinh sinh thi Trung Quc, chia s
mt s kinh nghim b ch trong vic tch ring cc cht v a ra cc v d v CC
thnh phn v sinh sinh thi c th p dng c (Hnh 6.16).
V d v mt h thng v sinh sinh thi ph hp bng qu trnh ln men kl
[Heinz-Peter Mang]:
Cc h x khng di nc vi vic tch ring nc tiu c lp t trong cc h ga
nh v cc khu cng cng. Phn nn c rc vi tro v thu vo cc thng hoc ti (
kh nng phn hy sinh hc. Trong mi trm lu gi trung gian, cc cht thi sinh h;,
phn v cc cht c th phn hy sinh hc khc t cc khu dn c v cc khu vc ntg
nghip cng c lu gi y, qu trnh lu gi c kt hp vi qu trnh ln mtn
kh; qu trnh phn hy s b lm cho pH tng v din ra qu trnh lm kh. Ncc
tiu c thu tch ring trong cc thng cha v c lun gi li. Cc khu dn c ti
c rt t t vn v nhu cu phn bn khng nhiu, v vy vic kt hp vi cc traig
tri, cc vn trng hoa, hoc cc cng vin l kh ph hp tiu th phn bn. CiC

204
i tng ny c nhu cu v phn bn v do khng c vn g khi tn dng cc sn
phm x l sinh hc: cc cht hu c ci to t v cc cht dinh dng nhm
pht trin cy trng.

DNG

Ti ti
Lu gi k kh s dng, Lc X L, phn hy
X L hay phai trn sinh hc k kh
b sung
lm kh vi rc HC nc ngm

V V V
Ti ti C p nc,
Phn bn
Kh sinh hc, s dng, b sung
TI S DNG kh
ci ao t b sung nc ngm
hay t
nc ngm

Hnh 6.16. Tch cc dng vt cht v cc vi d v cc

thnh phn v sinh sinh thi c th p dng [Heinz-Peter Mang].

Trong vn hnh thc tin, phn c thu gom lm kh v phn hy mt phn

c trn vi rc hu c thch hp khc ln men kh (rc t vic ct c, l cy rng,
phn gia sc, rm, cht thi sinh hc, thc n tha). Cc cht h tr ln nhau v cht
lng; qua cc cht cng phn hy vi nhau v din ra qu trnh ln men ti u. Cc
ch tiu quan trng cho vic ln men kh nh: cht hu c kh, gi tr pH, t l C/N, th
xy ho kh, cc axit bo d bay hi, m, axit v kim, cu trc cc cht. Qu
trnh ln men kh, khi phn li ca h thng c phn hy, ng nht v to thnh
phn bn, c s dng bn rung v vn trong mt vng khp kn nh cho cc
cht dinh dng v cht hu c. Kh sinh hc c th s dng trc tip t (nu
nng, thp sng, t nng, lm ngui) hoc cng s dng trong cc nh my in v
sn phm nung. Nc tiu b sung c thu gom v lu gi trong 6 thng v c th lm
ngun phn bn b sung.

205
 Cc tc gi Trung Quc cng thc hin nghin cu "Kinh nghim trong vic ci
thin gi tr phn bng cch lm giu vi nc tiu" v dn n cc kt lun sau:
Vic lm giu phn t cht thi sinh hot hu c d phn hy sinh hc hoc t cht
thi ca ngi s ci thin thnh phn dinh dng ca phn . Cc cng ngh v kiri
nghim khng nh thc t ny. Cc kt qu tnh ton ca Trung Quc chng
minh gi tr kinh t ca nc tiu qua lu gi v x l dng lm phn bn. Tay
nhin, bn cnh tnh hp l ca vic kim sot v lu gi nc tiu qua x l, s ny
sinh cc vn v vn ho - x hi khi mi ngi bt u phn v s dng nc tiu
lm phn bn.

6.4. VN HNH V BO DNG

Vic vn hnh v bo dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi c trnh by trong

bng 6.9.
Bng 6.9. Vn hnh v bo dng cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch

T n c c c n g tr n h V n hnh v bo d ng

1. H x o c h m P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .

K h i h y , lp h k b n g t v o h k h c p h n .

K i m tr a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n - b n g i t r n h s p )
sn .

C h s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).

2. H x V I P : lo i P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
khng t c h rin g K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s[,
n c ti u sn .

K i m t r a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .

B o d n g , k i m tra , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h i
rui m ui.

K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .

C h s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).

3. H XI V I P : lo i P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
khng tch ring K i m t r a t h n g x u y n v n g c h c c a s n , b n g i t r n h s |,
n c ti u s n .

K i m tr a k n k h t g i a s n v h c h a p h n .

B o d n g , k i m tr a , l m v s in h n g t h n g h i v l i c h n rii
m u i.

K h i h y , l p h k b n g t v o h k h c .

C h s d n g p h n ch o b n ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).

206
 Bng 6.9 (tip theo)

T n c c c n g t r in h V n hnh v bo d n g

4. H V IP : Loi tch P h i q u t d n t h n g x u y n , i v s in h x o n g p h i y n p .
r i n g n c ti u x y K i m t r a k n k h t c a h c h a p h n , b t k n c c c h n t h n u c.
b ng gch
K h i h y , ly to n b p h n r a e m , p h i y k n c a l y p h n p h a
s a u n g n c h a ri m i t i p t c s d n g .

B o d n g , k i m tra , lm v s in h n g t h n g h i v li c h n ru i
m ui.

C h i s d n g phn cho bn ru n g khi k (t 6 th n g n 1 nm ).

5. V I D P P h i q u t d n th n g x u y n , c ra sn, p h i lun y np;

C c h t n ( tr o b p , m n c a , t b t...);

K h n g s d n g n g th i c h a i n g n ;

K h n g c h o n c ti u v o n g n c h a p h n ;

P h i b o m th i g ia n p h n l 6 th n g .

6. H x t h m d i P h i c h u n b n c d i,
nc C h m s c , q u t d n t h n g x u y n , b o m n p b lu n kn,

B o v x i p h n g th t tt: k h n g b t c , b t h n g ,

B e c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.

7. B t h o i t r u y n P h i c h u n b n c d i;
th n g C h m sc, q u t dn th n g xuyn;

B o v x i p h n g th t t t k h n g t c , k h n g h ;

P h i h t x c n n h k;

K h n g d n g g i y tu ti n g y t c xi p h n g ;

B c h a p h i lu n lu n kn.

8. B t h o i hai v N h tr n

9. B t h o i v i
N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
n g n lc h i u k h

10. B e t h o i n h i u
n g n v i lc k k h N h tr n v s c r a v t liu l c n h k
BASTAF

6.5. CHI PH U T

Trong bng 6.10 trnh by cc chi ph u t ca cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch.

207
 Bng 6.10. Sut u t ca cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch.

S u t u t T u i th c n g C h u k ht
T n c n g tr n h
( S D / m 3) tr n h ( n m ) x c n (nm )

H x o ch m 1 0 - 15 10-15 0 ,5

H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g
3 0 -6 0 20-30 0 ,5
n c ti u

H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u
3 2 -6 5 20 -3 0 0 ,5
xy b n g gch

V ID P 6 0 -9 0 20-30 0 ,5 -1

H x th m di nc 3 5 -6 0 1 5-20 1

B t hoi tru y n th n g 80 -1 2 0 3 0 v l u h n 0 ,5 -1

B t h o i ha i v 9 0 -1 3 0 3 0 v l u h n 0 ,5 -1

S c r a vt
B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h 1 0 0 - 150 30 v lu h n
li u lc

Sc r a vt
B t h o i v i n g n l c k k h 110-160 3 0 v l u h n
li u lc

C c c n g tr n h x l s in h h c k h c 9 0 -1 0 0 2 0 v l u h n

6.6. NHU CU NHN L c

Trong bng 6.11 trnh by mc nhu cu v nhn lc.
Bng 6.11. Nhu cu v nhn lc.

Y u cu v k nng
T n c n g trn h
chuyn m n

H x o ch im Thp

H V I P , lo i k h n g t c h r i n g n c ti u Thp

H V I P , lo i t c h r i n g n c ti u x y b n g g c h Thp

V ID P Thp

H x th m di n c S ulab Thp

B e t hoi truyn th n g Cao

B t hoi hai v Cao

B e t h o i v i n g n l c h i u k h Cao

B t h o i v i n g n lc k k h Cao

6.7. TC NG MI TRNG (TCH cc V TIU CC)

Trong bng 6.12 nu cc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ca cc cng trnh.

208
 Bng 6.12. Tc ng mi trng.

T n c n g trn h u i m N h c im

1. H x o C u t o rt n gin; Ch c c h c n n g c h a p h n ,
c h m D x y d n g , chi ph thp; c h a c c h c n n g x l;

N g i d n c th t x y d n g ; vn cn n g u y c g y b n h cao;
K h n g cn s d n g n c , d thu gom v n cn m i hi thi v rui
p h n , s c v t k h tip cn vi phn... nh n g ;
T h n g phi x y d n g xa n h ,
xa ngun c p n c ;
C nguy c g y n h i m n g u n
n c v mi tr n g t;
N u xy k h n g c n th n sn
sp, d g y tai nn c h o ngi
s dng;
Khi phn y h phi lp b
h o c ly p h n ra x l v xy
d rm c n g trnh mi.

2. H V IP , N g n n g a c s tip cn c a sc vt, Chi c c h c n n g c h a p h n ,

loi k h n g ru i n h n g , g i m c m i hi thi; c h a c c h c n n g x l;
t ch ri n g C u t o rt n gi n , d xy d n g ; v n cn n g u y c g y b nh cao;
n c tiu Chi p h th p , ng i d n c th t xy v n cn m i hi thi v rui
dng; nh n g ;
K h n g c n s d n g nc; T h n g phi xy d n g x a n h
D thu g o m p h n , sc vt k h tip cn vi v xa ng u n c p n c;
phn; C nguy c g y n h i m n g u n
Ti n h n g ni c iu kin ph hp, khi n c v mi tr n g t;
cn c th ci tin loi ny thnh ho x
thm di nc.

3. H V IP , Cu to n gin, chi ph thp, ngi dn C h i c ch c n n g c h a p hn ,

loi tch c th t xy d ng; ch a c c h c n n g x ;
r i n g n c K h n g tn din tch, h p vi v n g t cht vn cn n g u y c g y b nh cao;
tiu xy hp; -vn cn m i hi thi v rui
b n g gch
C hc chan, an ton cho s dng v nhng;
qun l; Khi h y phi x l/ phn;
K h n g g y n h im mi trne; t, nc Khi s d n g khng ng k
ngm ; thut, qun l k h n g tt, d c
K h n g phi lm m i khi n e n c h a y nguy c gy n h im m i
n n tui th c n g trnh k o di; trng.

N e u q u n l tt, t c mi hi thi;
N g n n g a c s tip cn c a sc vt,
rui n h n g
P h h p vi nhu c u s d n g p h n bn.

209
 Bng 6.12 (tip theo)

T n c n g trnh u i m N h c i m
4. V I D P xy C u t o n g i n , chi p h th p, n g i d n i hi phi x y d n g n g k
b n g gch c th t x y d n g ; thut (t ch n c tiu rin g );
K h n g tn d i n tch, h p vi v n g t P h i c c c ch t n (tro,
c h t hp; th an ...);
T h c h h p v an to n c h o v n g tr n g h a y P h i m bo q u y trnh s d n g
b n g ngp; v q un l n g k thut;
C h c ch n , a n to n c h o s d n g v q u n N e u s d n g v q u n l k h n g
l; n g k thut, n g u y c n h i m
K h ro, sch s, t mi, rui mui v m i t r n g cao.
k h n g gy n h i m m i tr n g kh, mi
tr n g t, c n g n h n gu n n c ngm ;
C th s d n g lin t c n n tui th c n g
trn h k o di;
N e u qun l tt, hiu q u x l phn cao;
P h h p vi n h u c u s d n g p h n bn.
5. H x K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi; C n c n c di v t c h
th m di Tin li, sch s c th xy bn trong nh; ri n g giy v sinh;
n c T n t n c khi s d n g ; C nguy c n h i m mi
t r n g nc, t;
C h c ch n , an to n c h o s d n g v q u n
l; V i c x y d n g n h v sin h i
h i p hi c c h u y n m n tay
T u i th c n g trnh di;
n g h cao;
N e u qun l tt, k h n g c m i hi thi;
K h n g tn d n g c n g u n
phn;
G i th n h t n g i ca o, q u n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
Khng p d n g c cc
v n g c nhu c u d n g phn
b n ru ng .
6. B t T i n li, v n m in h , s c h s c th x y bn C n c n c di v t c h ri n g
ho i tr o n g n h; g i y v sinh;
truy n N c thi c x l s b; V i c x y d n g n h v sinh i
th o n g hi phi c c h u y n m n tay n gh
K h n g c ru i m u i, m i hi thi;
cao;
t g y n h im n g u n n c.
G i th n h t n g i ca o , qu n
l, b o d n g p h c tp;
C n h t x cn n h k.
7. B e t hoi
N h trn N h trn
hai v
8. B t hoi
vi ngn N h trn N h trn
l c hiu kh

9. B t
hoi vi
N h trn N h trn
n g n lc
k kh

10. B kh
N h trn N h trn
sinh h c

210
TI LIU THAM KHO

Anh Nguyen Viet. Co-investigators: Tran Hieu Nhue, Tran Duc Ha, Do Hong
Anh, Roland Schertenleib, Udo Heinss. Decentrulized Wase\vater Treatment and
Reuse. Global Overview and New Concepts. CEETIA - EAWAG, 2001.
BACHMANN, A., BEARD, V.L., and McCARTY, P.L., 1985. Perfonnance
characteristics of the anaerobic baffled reactor. W a t. R e s . 1 9 (1 ), 9 9 - 106.

BARBER, w.p and STUCKEY, D.C., 2000a. Nitrogen Removal in CI Modiied

Anaerobic Bciffled Reactor (ABR). 1: Denilriication. Wat. Res. 34(9), 2413 - 2422.
. BARBER, w .p and STUCKEY, D.C., 2000b. Nitrogen Removal in a Modiied
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR). 2: Niification. Wat. Res. 34(9), 2423 - 2432.
. BARBER, w .p ., and STUCKEY, D.C., 1999. The use o f the anaerobic baffled
reactor (ABR) for wastewater treatment: A review. Wat. Res. 33(7), 1559-1578.
BLACKETT, I., 1994. Low-Cosi Urbcu Sunilaion in Lesotho DP number 10.
UNDP-World Bank Water and sanitation Program, March, 1994.
. CALVERT, p MORGAN, p. ROSEMARIN, A SAV/YER, R., XIAO, J., et al.,
2004. Ecological Sanitation-Revised and Enlarged Edition. Uno Winblad, Mayling
Simpson-Hebert. Stockholm Environment Institute.
El-GOHARY, F., 1998. DESAR treatment concepts for combined domestic wastewater
in arid Medierranean rural areas. National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
. FONTES LIMA, F., ALVES PEREIRA FILHO, F., HAANDEL, A and
ALMEIDA, s. A. s., 1996. High-Performancc Low-Cost Environmenta and
Sanitation Control Systems . Water Sc. & Tech. 33(3).
HAN, Q.Y., Fang, H.H.P., 2003. Acidogenesis o f gelalin-rich wasewaer in an
upflow anaerobic reactor : influence o f pH and temperature. Wat. Res. 37, 55-66.
. HOUSEHOLD-CENTERED ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, 1999. Report
of the Hilterfngen workshop on Environmental Scmitation in the 21s' Century.
Switzerlcmd. March, 1999.
. JONSSON, H., RCHERT, A STINTZING, VINNERAS, B and SALOMON,
E ., 2004. Guidelines on the use of Urine and /aeces in Crop Production.
EcoSanRes Publications Series- Report 2004-2.
. KVARNSTROM, E., and AF PETERSENS, E., 2004. Open Planning o f
Sanitation Systems. EcoSanRes Publications Series, Report 2004-3.
. LANGENHOFF, A.A.M., INTRACHANADRA, N and STUCKEY, D.C., 2000.
Treatment of dilute soluble and coloidal \vasiewater using an anaerobic baffled
reactor: influence o f hydraulic retention time. Pergamon, Wat. Res. 34(4), 1037-1317.

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MANG HEINZ-PETER, 2007. Energy Production and Nutrient Recovery from
Toilets. Chinese Academy o f Agricultural Engineering (CAAE). China
MARA, D.D., 2004-2005. Low-Cost Sanitation Technology. Lectures at CEETIA,
Hanoi, 2004 and 2005: on-site Sanitation 1, on-site sanitation 2, Septic tanks,
Sanitation Economics, etc.
MARA, D.D., 1976b. Sewage Treatment in Hot Climaes. John Wiley and Sons,
London, UK, 127-141.
MATTILO, H., 2003. Finland. Institutional and publc accepance (reluctance)
aspects o f DESAR. Tampere University o f Technology, 2003.
NHUE TRAN HIEU et a i, 2001. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. Science and
Technique Publisher.
OTTERPOHL, R., 1997. Design and first experiences with source control and
reuse in semi-centralised urban sanitation. Prof. Dr. Otterpohl, TUHH Technical
University Hamburg, Germany.
RIDDERSTOLP, p., 2004. Introduction to Greywater Management. EcoSanRes
Publications Series, Report 2004-4.
SASSE, L., 1998. DEWATS. Decentralised wastewater treatment in developmg
countries.
SCHONNING, c ., and STENSTROM, T.A., 2004. Guidelines on the use o flrm e
and /aeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems. EcoSanRes Publications Series-
Report 2004-1.
VACILENCO, A. I., 1974. Small sewage Treatment Faciities. Kiev, 1974.
WHITTINGTON, D., T.LAURIA, D M.WRIGHT, A CHOE, K., HUGHES, J
SWARNA, V. Household Demand fo r Improved Sanitation Service: A Case Study
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Proccedings from EURO Summer School, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Pof.
Wilderer, Dr, University o f Munchen, Germany, June 2000.
 7 K THUT X L BN CN
TRONG IU KIN T NHIN

7.1. GII THIU

Bn d to thnh t cc qu trnh x l ha hc v sinh hc nc thi cn c tip

tc x l trc khi chn lp hoc ti s dng trong nng nghip. Cc bin php x l
bn cn truyn thng thng c p dng nh kh nc lm gim khi lng bn cn,
tng thnh phn kh ca bn v do gim thiu chi ph qun l v vn chuyn. Cc
phng php ny u c kh nng x l bn tt, nhng cng i hi cao v yu cu vn
hnh cng nh mc phc tp v cng ngh, cc yu cu v c s h tng v kv nng
vn hnh.
Bng 7.1 nu cc phng php x l lm kh bn cn c ng dng nhiu trong
thc t. Ba h thng tch nc t bn nu u tin c kh nng to ra bn cn vi hm
lng cht kh tng t nhau. Ni chung, cc h thng ny u yu cu b sung thm
cc ha cht (v d: cht tr keo t v/hoc cht in ly cao phn t), ngun nng lng
cung cp v cn b vn hnh c chuyn mn. Hai h thng nu sau c xem l cc gii
php c n g n gh thp v tiu th t nng l n g v kh n in trong x y dng v vn
hnh. Cc bi lm kh v bi trng cy dng x l v t c h nc t bn cng c th
lm n nh, thm ch cn khong ha bn, v to ra sn phm c th chn lp hoc s
dng cho mc ch nng nghip mt cch hp v sinh. Hn na. nc c tch khi
bn, thm qua cc lp bn khong ha v thot ra t iy bi lc nn cc h thng
ny c kh nng x l vi hiu sut kh COD v BOD cao n 60%, nitrat ha n 80%
v gim cc khun ng rut t 2 n 3 ln [Heinss v Koottatep, 1998].

B n g 7.1. K h nng tch nc c a m t s h thng x l bn cn

Ph ng php L c p Bi lm B i t r n g c y t c h
M y ly t m L c p
t c h n c b n g ti kh bn nir c b n

% Cht kh 23 ( 1 5 - 2 0 a) 2 4 ( 1 5 - 2 0 b) 32 10h 3 0 -4 0

a Gi tr th ng thn
b Gi tr ph thuc vo thi gian x l
Ngun: trch dn t Nielsen, 2003

7.1.1. Cc loi bn v nh ngha

Bn cn l sn phm ph na ran c to thnh t qu trnh x l nc thi. Bn

cn cha cc hp cht c kh t nc thi v nhng hp cht c b sung trong qu

213
trnh x l. Bn cn pht sinh t cc cng on trong dy chuyn x l nc thi bao
gm bn s cp v bn th cp. Hai loi bn ny c cc c tnh khc nhau do s khc
nhau v bn cht ca cc thnh phn cht rn trong bn.
Bn s cp to ra t qu trnh x l s cp, v d nh t b lng c thit k oi
b cc ht v c (ct hoc vn) cng nh mt s cc ht keo v cht v c m c
c th kt ta t nc thi cha x l. Hm lng v thnh phn ca bn s cp ph
thuc vo cng sut b lng, ch thy lc v cht lng nc thi u vo.
Bn th cp to ra t qu trnh x l th cp (sinh hc) v do s chuyn ha ca cc
hp cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng vo sinh khi v cc vi sinh vt. Bn th cp
cng c th cha cht rn khng loi b c trong qu trnh x l s cp. Hm lng
v tnh cht ca bn thay i ph thuc qu trnh c s dng, hiu sut ca qu trnh
x l s cp v nng cc cht hu c trong nc cng nh cc iu kin kh hu a
phng. Ni chung, bn th cp c hm lng cht hu c cao, t trng kh thp do ;c
ht kt bng v hm lng cc cht rn v c thp. Vi cc c im nu trn bn :h
cp thng kh x l hn.
Bn kt hp to ra t h thng x l nc thi khng s dng qu trnh lng s :p
c c im kt hp ca bn s cp v bn th cp. Vic x l bn kt hp thng Lh
v tnh cht ca bn rt khc nhau, do khng c quy chun cho vic x l.
Bn ha hc l sn phm ca cc qu trnh x l ha hc nc thi, cha mui, cht
in ly a phn t v cc cht ha hc s dng tng cng kh nng loi b cht rr v
lng cc cht dinh dng. c im ca bn ha hc ph thuc thnh phn cc cht tr teo
dng trong qu trnh x l, cht lng nc x l v cc thng s vn hnh ca trm.

7.1.2. Tnh cht ca bn cn

Cc c tnh c bn ca bn c th c biu th theo cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc v

sinh hc.
Cc tnh cht vt l bao gm hm lng cht rn, cht rn d bay hi v phn b
kch thc ht. Hm lng cht rn l trng lng kh ca cc cht rn trn tng trcng
lng ca bn. Cht rn d bay hi (volatile solid - VS) biu th hm lng cht hu c
trong bn, c xc nh bng phng php phn tch trng lng, v s c xc nh
theo chnh lch gia trng lng kh ca mu bn vi trng lng ca mu sau chi
nung nhit 550c lm bay hi cc cht hu c. Phn b kch thc ht biu :h
kch thc ca cc thnh phn ht trong bn, thng s ny lin quan ti kh nng ti
nc ca bn.
Cc tnh cht ha hc ch yu ph thuc vo ngun gc nc thi; cc tnh cht ha
hc biu th s c mt ca cc hp cht ha hc trong bn v kh nng ti s dng bin
sau khi c n nh. Cc thng s chung c phn tch l mi, hm lng clt

214
hu c v kim loi. Nu bn c dng cho mc ch ti s dng th nn nh gi thm
cc thnh phn nit, pht pho, kim loi in hnh v cht c hi c th c m bo
cc sn phm cui cng ph hrp vi cc quy nh ca a phng.
Cc tnh cht sinh hc biu th s c mt cc vi khun, mm bnh trong bn. Qu
trnh xc nh ny rt tn km v kh thc hin v n lin quan n vic nhn dng
virut, vi khun, sinh vt on bo v giun sn c th gy bnh. Nu bn c dng cho
mc ch ti s dng th vic nh gi cc mm bnh cn phi thc hin.
Vic x l bn rt cn thit cho sc khe, mi trng v kinh t. Bn c th l mi
nguy hi nghim trng n sc khe v n cha rt nhiu mm mnh v cc cht nguy
hi c th nh hng n cng ng. Bn cha x l to ra mi kh chu v l ngun
gc ca cc sinh vt gy bnh. Do , cn phi khng ch cc mm bnh v kim sot
cc thnh phn nhim c trong bn. Lm gim th tch bn l bin php cn thit
nhm gim chi ph v gip cho vic ti s dng tr nn c hiu qu kinh t.
7.1.3. Cc dng
o h thong
o x i
V bn cn
trong
o iu kin
t nhin
Cc mc x l c th c biu th thng qua mc nng cht rn ca bn.
Vic c c bn ch yu c tin hnh ti ch, thng thng bng h thng k thut
loi b mt phn cht lng v tng nng cht rn ln khong 5%; bn vn gi
tnh cht ca cht lng ca n. Vic tch nc khi bn cn c thc hin nhm loi
b nc v tng nng cht rn ln ti thiu l 20%. Bn kh c hm lng nc rt
thp, ty theo phng php x l c chn v c im bn, c th kh c 100 %
nc. Qu trnh n nh bn cn chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht rn thnh cc sn phm
khng cha t bo sng. Cc h thng x l bn t nhin c th nng cao cht lng
ca sn phm, gim cc nhc im tim n ca bn v to ra mt thnh phm c th
ti s dng an ton. Cc h thng ny bao gm: bi lm kh; phn; x l bng t; bi
trng sy; h lm kh bn v n nh bng vi.
Bi lm kh bn
Cc bi lm kh bn c xy dng trn cc lp ct lc c ng dng trong vi
thp k; dng cng trnh ny c coi l d p dng, thit k n gin v c th to ra
sn phm bn kh n nh [WEF, 2003]. Cc bi lm kh bn c p dng cho nhng
c s nh v c th s dng trong hu ht cc iu kin kh hu. Mc d cn c din
tch ln v nhiu lao ng, nhng bi lm kh bn rt kinh t i vi nhng ni c iu
kin p ng v t ai v lao ng.
Bn ch yu c tch nc bng thm, thot nc v bay hi nc; nc c tch
khi bn bng trng lc, thm qua ct xung y h, c thu gom v thot ra khi bi
lm kh bng h thng ng ngm. Lng nc khng thm c s to thnh lp vng
ph trn b mt c th c bay hi. Bn s tch t ti lp trn cng ca bi lm kh vi
hm lng cht kh khong 10% [WEF, 2003], ty theo thi gian ca qu trnh lm kh
bn. Trn hnh 7.1 m t cu to in hnh ca bi lm kh bn.

215
 Hnh 7 .1. Bi lm kh bn.

Thnh bao quanh bi lm kh bn phi m bo c chiu cao d tr ln (0,5 0,9 m).

Lp y bao gm si th (ng knh 3 25 mm), c dy t 200 n 500 mm, ph trn
h thng ng thu nc. Pha trn lp si c ph mt lp vi a k thut nhm ngn chn
kh nng tri ct; tng trn cng l ct sch, cng, bn, dy t 200 n 500 mm, c ht t
0,3 0,8 mm vi h s ng nht nn ly bng khong 3,5 nhng khng ln hn 4.0. H
thng thot nc gm cc ng (khoan l) c ng knh nh nht l 110 mm bng vt
liu tr (snh, PVC, v.v.) v c t ngang qua h vi dc ti thiu l 1% d
dng thu v tho nc nhanh chng. Bn c bm hoc vn chuyn n h lm kh
phi c phn phi ng u trn b mt v lm y bi. Mt h thng bi lm kh
bn in hnh thng c thit k thnh cc n nguyn. Bn c cp theo trnh t
k tip vo cc n nguyn to khong thi gian m bo cho vic tho nc v lm
kh bn c hiu qu. s lng v kch thc bi ph thuc vo cng sut ca h thng x
l nc thi, c tnh l ha ca bn v iu kin kh hu vng.
Trong qu trnh tch nc, khi bn c ri ln b mt bi v khi nc dc tho
cn, m trong bn gim lm cht cc mm bnh trong bn. Ket qu kim chng tin
hnh ti bi lm kh bn Ouarzazate, Morocco [Xanthoulis, 1996] vi dy lp bn
nn l 400 mm cho thy trng cc loi sinh vt k sinh hon ton bin mt khi bn sau
8 thng (Hnh 7.2).

Sn xut phn bn
Vic x l bn thnh phn bn l mt qu trnh hiu kh m cc cht rn hu c b
phn hy sinh hc thnh cacbon ixit v nc [IWA, 2006] v kt qu l to ra mt
nguyn liu n nh (phn bn) c th c dng lm cht b sung cho dt trng phc
v nng nghip. Phn ng xy ra trong qu trinh x l bn thnh phn bn sinh ra nhit
tng i cao. cn duy tri nhit ny trong sut qu trnh nhm m bo cht lng
tt cho sn phm phn bn. Sn xut phn bn l mt hinh thc x l n nh bn ng
thi to ra nguyn liu hu dng v gim mm bnh. Sn xut phn bn i hi mt s
cng on chun b v nhiu nhn cng. V bn c m cao, nn trc khi qu trnh x

216
l thnh phn bn c thc hin cn tin hnh tch nc khi bn v bo qun bng
cch thm cc ph gia (phoi g, rm, cht thi hu c rn, v.v...) tng t l cht rn
ca bn ln t nht 35% [B mi trng v nng lng, an Mch 1996].

Quan h gia s lng trng giun a v m

Hnh 7.2. Quan h v s thay i gia m v s lng trimg giun a trong bn.

Phng php phn bn ph bin nht l hiu kh theo lung c nh, o lung
v h thng khp kn. Cc lung hiu kh c nh l nhng ng bn c chiu cao 2,0 m
v vic lm thong c tin hnh bng cp kh qua cc ng t di y dc theo
lung. Vic phn bn yu cu cc bc x l s b bn, cng trnh v cc thit b.
duy tr xp tt v lm khng kh lu thng d dng, cn ph mt lp phoi bo xp
gia h thng thng gi v bn. Khng kh c thoi vo theo tng t trnh lm
gim nhit bn, nh hng n hiu qu phn bn. Tng t, o lung l hnh
thc bn thnh cc lung c chiu cao t 1,0 n 2,0 m c bo qun, nhng vic
lm thong c thc hin bng cch o trn bn trong lung [Crites v cs, 006]. Cc
phng php ny thng to ra mi kh chu. H thng khp kn l nhng khoang
khp kn, c s dng khc phc cc iu kin kh hu khng thun li v ti u
ha vic kim sot cc thng s vn hnh qu trnh phn bn.
Ty theo iu kin kh hu cng nh cc c tnh ca bn v phng php c p
dng, qu trnh ny thng ko di t 4 n 8 tun. Sau khi bn c n nh, cnc
thi gian lu tr thm bn chn v kh. Thi gian lu tr c lin quan n vn
kinh t v cng tc vn hnh; thi gian lu tr cng lu i hi din tch t s dng
cho vic phn bn cng ln.
X l bng
X l bng t c thc hin bng cch ph bn (lng, tch nc hoc kh) trn
b m t t h o c ch n s d n g tron g n n g n g h ip v cho mc ch trng h o c khi

217
phc rng. Vic ph bn b mt thng c tin hnh bng cch phun bn lng dcri
p lc tri ln b mt t v thot nc vo rnh. Bn tch nc c th c chn
hoc cy lp trong t. Bn kh c th ng trong ti hoc cht thnh ng v tri ln
b mt bng my hoc bng th cng.
S dng bn bn t trong nng nghip c th gim lng phn bn v nng cao
cht lng t trng. Cc a phng thng a ra cc iu lut quy nh v vic s
dng bn cho t nng nghip; nhn chung, cc iu lut ny thng gii hn nng
cho php ca cc kim loi trong bn v cc mm bnh cng nh nng cht hu C '
nhm bo v ngun nc ngm. i vi vic s dng bn bn t, v nng cht dini
dng trong bn tch nc v bn kh thp hn nn nu c php, bn lng c th
c s dng nhiu hn.
Tch nc v khong ha bn bng bi trng sy
Cc bi lm kh c trng cy c th c p dng nh mt cng ngh tch bn -
nc, gp phn nng cao hiu qu tch nc trong bn ng thi to ra sn phm
khong ha c th dng b sung cho t v l ngun dinh dng tim nng cho nng
nghip. T kt qu nghin cu mt s quc gia, mt s gii php cng ngh cho h
thng tch nc bng cch trng cy c xut. c im chung ca cc cng
ngh ny l s dng kt hp cy v cc vt liu ct si tch nc v n nh bn.
Thng thng, loi cy c chn cho h thng ny l cy sy (Phragmites australis),
cc thc vt m ly khc cng c th c s dng. Cc kinh nghim thu c ti c
cho thy vic s dng cc bi trng c c gi l bi mn cng t c hiu qu tch
nc v n nh bn cao [Pabsch, 2004].
Bi trng sy tch nc v khong ha bn thng c thit k bao gm cc n
nguyn ri si, trng thc vt, bn c tri u trn b mt. Thc vt, t, nng lng
mt tri v trng lc tch cc cht rn v cht lng khi bn. T l cht rn ca bn gi
nguyn trn b mt bi trong khi nc c thot i v thm xung qua lp si. Sau
mi ln ri bn l giai on tch nc c thc hin trc khi mt lp bn mi c
ph tip trn lp bn tch nc. Cc qu trnh ny tip tc c thc hin ti khi lp
y bi bng bn tch nc v c lm sch bi (sau khong 10 nm). Nc thot
t bn thm qua ct v si; iu kin hiu kh trong lp lc khng bo ha v kh nng
lc ca cc vt liu lm gim nng cht nhim v nc c quay vng x l ti
trm XLNT.
Qu trnh tch nc xy ra khi nc thot khi bn bng trng lc. Qu trnh tch
nc tip theo lin quan n vic thot nc qua cc mch dn. Kt qu l khi lng
bn gim do mt nc (thot nc v s thot-bc hi nc) v khong ha ca cc
cht hu c trong bn lm bn tr thnh nguyn liu ng nht v an ton. Qu trnh
tch nc ca bn c thc hin tt hn khi c trng thc vt. S pht trin lin tc

218
 ca cy sy v tc ng c hc tng th ca gi trn thn cy to cc ng dn thot
nc mi, lm tng kh nng thot nc v hn ch cc hin tng bt kn (Hnh 7.3).
Thit k v bin php vn hnh h thng ph thuc mt s yu t bao gm cc c
im v c tnh l, ha, sinh hc ca bn. Cc yu t khc bao gm iu kin kh hu
trong vng, khi lng bn cn x l, yu cu x nc, mc ch s dng cui cng ca
bn v cc quy nh trong vng v nhng loi h thng ny.

Hnh 7.3. Tc dng ca thc vt trn b mt bi trng sy v khong ha bn.

Trn hnh 7.4 m t cu to h thng in hnh. Bi c thit k c lt y chng

thm, thc vt v cc lp si, ct v t, h thng phn phi, h thng thot nc v
mt h thng thng gi nhm duy tr lung kh di y nn v cc lp vt liu. Cc h
thng cn c thit k thnh cc n nguyn (t nht l tm) c th thc hin ti bn
lun phin v c thi gian gia cc ln ti nhm m bo cho cc qu trnh l ha v
- sinh hc c th din ra, trnh bt kn. Mi n nguyn cn thc hin gii phng sau mt
thi gian hot ng khong 10 nm, sau c th c ti li [Nielsen, 2003].

ng phnphi bn

Hnh 7 .4 . C u t o h t h n g b i t r n g s y k h o n g h a b n .

219
 C ba giai on vn hnh h thng trng sy. Trong giai on khi ng (khong hai
nm), bn nn c ti t hn so vi thit k. Sau giai on khi ng, thc vt pht
trin y v c th ti theo cng sut thit k. Giai on th ba (sau khong tm nm
hot ng), bn tch nc c ly i khi bi. Cc n nguyn cn c ly bun
(c th l hai nm cui trong s tm nm) s dng ti bn trong giai on kh ca mua
h nhm tng ti a hm lng cht kh ca bn. Sau bn c ly ln lt t cac
n nguyn; ty theo nhu cu v s lng cc n nguyn, giai on ny c th ko di
khong bn nm. Khi bi c dn sch bn th tip tc thc hin giai on khcri
ng mi (Hnh 7.5). Vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc bi trng sy khng tn km
v khng i hi nhn lc c trnh cao; bi trng sy c th x l c cc loi bun
vi cc c tnh khc nhau.

Hnh 7.5. Ti bn vo bi sy trong giai on khi ng.

P h a s a u l m t n n g u y n t r n g v c c n n g u y n c c y t r n g p h t tr i n h o n to n

Nhng h thng trng sy ny c s dng rng ri v thnh cng ti cc khu vrc

c kh hu n ha.Tuy nhin, cc ng dng trong vng nhit i v cn nhit i khtg
ph bin nh vy, do c rt t thng tin. Nhng h thng ny c kh nng t hiu
qu cao hn trong thi tit m, do nhit n nh v n ha c th kch thch qu trih
sinh hc v trnh nhng thay i nh hng n nhng qu trnh ny.
H lm kh bn
Trong h lm kh bn, bn t qu trnh x l nc thi c lu tr ng thi, tch
nc v lm kh (Hnh 7.6). Bng lng trng lc, tch nc chy trn, cc thnh phin
cht rn trong bn c lu v nn trong h. Qu trnh yu cu thi gian lu tr bin
kh lu. Cc thnh phn cht rn ng li y h, phn nc trn b mt h c thoit

220
ra lin tc hoc theo tng t. Nc thot ra c a tr li TXLNT x l. Khi
chiu cao lp bn lng ng t cao nht nh th h c thot, nc v cht rn
c lm kh [Peavy v cc cs. 1986]. Bn kh c ly khi h ti s dng hoc
thi b.
Bn cn x l

Tch nc b mt

Hnh 7.6. Mt ct dc h lm kh bn.

H lm kh bn cn c thit k chng thm (nc thm c th lm nhim ngun

nc ngm), c th lu tr lng bn ln v c cc iu kin thy lc m bo bn
lng c d dng. V trong qu trnh vn hnh cn c giai on dng ti bn lm
kh bn lng nn h lm kh bn cn c c thit k theo nhiu n nguyn, s
lng v kch thc cc n nguyn c xc nh tu theo c im, khi lng bn
v iu kin kh hu ti khu vc xy dng.
n nh bn bng vi
S dng vi n nh bn s kim sot c mi v loi b vi khun. Hn na, n
nh ha hc s lm tng kh nng tch nc v x l bn hiu qu hn. Cc cht kim
(nh vi) c b sung tng pH nhm v hiu ha kh nng hot ng ca cc vi
sinh vt do hn ch to mi v ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt truyn bnh.
Ngoi ra, vi c th ng vai tr nh mt tc nhn keo t lm tng cng kh nng tch
nc ca bn.
Mt s lu v thit k bao gm c im v khi lng bn, thi gian tip xc,
pH, nhit , loi cht kim dng cho qu trnh n nh, phng php pha trn. Vi c
th c b sung vo di dng cht lng hoc dng vi kh dng vin, bt. Liu
lng cht ho hc ph thuc vo h thng np liu, khi lng v c im ca vi v
cht lng vi theo yu cu. cn thc hin cng tc kim tra lin tc xc nh v
iu chinh liu lng vi v ti u ho cht lng bn.

7.1.4. Cc lu v iu kin kh hu v yu cu vn hnh

Do h thng c vn hnh theo nguyn tc x l bn bng qu trnh ko di, kch

thc b mt yu cu cho x l ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu ca khu vc thc hin
nn cn c cc bin php vn hnh ph hp vi iu kin kh hu ti u ho cht
lng ca bn sau x l.

221
7.2. CC LU V THIT K H THNG
7.2.1. C ht lng v c tnh ca bn

Thu gom v x l bn l mt trong nhng cng tc tn km nht trong x l nc

thi. Hn na, vic thu gom v ti s dng bn trong cc hot ng nng nghip ang
ngy cng b hn ch bi cc quy nh v kim sot v loi b v ti s dng nguyn
liu sinh hc. Do , cn phi x l v bo qun bn thch hp khi thit k v vn hnh
h thng x l nc thi.
Bn cn pht sinh t cc cng on x l nc thi bao gm cht rn l lng v cc
cht khc c trong nc thi, cc thnh phn c trong bn ph thuc ngun gc nc
thi. Ngoi cc vi sinh vt c s dng trong qu trnh x l sinh hc (bn hot tnh),
trong bn cn c cc cht ho hc c b sung trong cc cng on x l nc thi.
Vic tnh ton lng bn pht sinh t TXLNT cn c thc hin theo nguyn tc cn
bng khi lng cht rn trong tt c cc cng on vn hnh ca TXLNT. Cn bng
khi lng phi bao gm cc bin i trong qu trnh nh hng n tng lng cht
rn. Cc tham s cn tnh ton bao gm BOD 5, tng lng cht rn l lng, lu lng,
cc dng tun hon, cn bng nit v phtpho, cc cht ho hc b sung trong qu trnh
x l. Rt kh tnh ton cn bng khi lng bn trong giai on thit k v cn phi c
iu chnh khi nh my bt u hot ng. Theo Spinosa L. v Vesilind p. A. (2002), lng
bn pht sinh t nc thi sinh hot c c tnh khong 0,25 kg/m3 nc thi x l.
C th tham kho thm chi tit cc thnh phn trong ti liu [Metcalf v Eddy, 2002].
c im ca bn thay i theo tng a im. Lng bn ph thuc v tr pht sinh
trong dy chuyn XLNT (s cp hoc th cp, xem bng 7.2), cng ngh s dng cho
vic x l v quy trnh vn hnh, loi nc thi (phn trm nc thi cng nghip), cht
to kt ta v cht lm keo t dng trong qu trnh x l, cc iu kin kh hu vng v
ch vn hnh thu lc.

Bng 7.2. Cc c tnh ca bn s cp v th cp

Bn s cp Bn th cp
Cc chi tiu Tnh theo nng Tnh theo nng
cht kh cht kh
Tng cht rn (TS), % 2,0 - 8,0 0 ,4 - 1,2
Tng cht rn bay hi, % 6 0 -8 0 6 0 -8 5
00
I-

Du m, % 5-12
0

Pht pho, % 0,8 - 2,8 1,5 ^ 3,0

Cht m, % 2 0 -3 0 3 2 -4 0
Xenluloza, % 8 -1 5
Nit, % 1 ,5 -4 ,0 2,4 H- 7,0
pH 5,0 - 8,0 6,5 - 8,0
N g u n : t WEF, 2003

222
 Khi lng pht sinh v c tnh ca bn ph thuc c bn vo loi v hiu sut ca
qu trnh x l nc thi.
C th c tnh lng cht rn da trn khi lng kh i vi bn s cp theo cng
thc sau:
M sc = X TSS X Q (7 .1 )

Trong : Msc - tng khi lng cht kh trong bn s cp (kg/ng);

- hiu sut ca qu trnh x l s cp;
TSS - tng lng cht l lng trong nc thi (kg/m3);
Q - lu lng (m 3/ng).
Lng sinh khi pht sinh t cng on x l bc hai c th c c tnh theo cng thc:
M l c= y * B O D xQ (7.2)

Trong :
M lc - tng khi lng cht kh trong bn th cp (kg/ng);
y - h k ti lng BOD 5 c chuyn ha thnh sinh khi (kg/kg);
BOD - lng BOD 5 c loi b trong qu trnh x l bc hai (kg/m3);
- lu lng (m 3/ng).

7.2.2. La chn mc x l

H thng x l cn m bo kh nng vn hnh linh hot p ng vi khi lng

bn pht sinh, m bo x l c lng bn cao nht c th pht sinh v khng thng
xuyn s dng ton b cng sut. H thng cn duy tri uc hiu sut x l bn sau
khi n nh c gi tr s d n g v v i c thi bn khng g y nn cc vn li n quan ti
kinh t v mi trng. Pht sinh mi l mt trong nhng vn thng gp, v vy, cn
c cc bin php kim sot hoc cch ly trm x l. Cng ngh x l bn cn c la
chn theo mc x l cn thit.

7.2.3. La chn a im

Cc h thng x l bn v l do mi trng v kinh t thng nm trong hoc gn h

thng x l nc thi. Mt s h thng x l bn c thit k x l bn to ra t
nhiu nh my x l nc thi v v tr ca chng nh hng ln n chi ph vn
chuyn bn.

7.2.4. Ti s dng bn

Khng c thi bn cha x l ra mi trng v chng c nguy c truyn bnh t

cc mm bnh c trong bn. Ngay c khi bn c x l v n nh sinh hc cng

223
cn tin hih x l b sung trc khi bn c ti s dng hoc thi b. Nu c cc
thnh phn kim loi v hp cht c hi th bn khng thch hp ti s dng, cng
khng c chuyn n cc bi thi (v d: bi chn lp, l t rc). Vic x l trit
bn ph thuc vo cc yu cu v quy nh v x l cht thi, ng dng ph bin nht
nhm ti s dng bn l lm t san lp mt bng (thi b vo t) v s dng bn
x l sn xut phn bn (xem mc 7.1.3).
S dng bn bn t phc v nng nghip l vic thi bn vi t l c li cho cy
trng. T l bn bn ph thuc vo nhu cu dinh dng ca thc vt (trng c cho sc
vt hoc trng rng), t ai v tc ng c th xy ra i vi h sinh thi khu vc.
Phn bn sn xut t bn c ng dng thnh cng trong nng nghip, trng
vn v qun l rng. Phn bn cung cp dng cht cho t; do c thnh phn cc bon
hu c cao nn phn bn tt cho cu trc t nh tng s thng kh cho t, tng cng
thm nc v pht trin r cy. Trc khi s dng, phn bn c sn xut t bn cn
c phn tch kim tra mm bnh c th gy hi cho nng dn khi tip xc vi bn;
tuy nhin phn bn c coi l loi tr c nguy hi ny. vn cn quan tm khi
s dng bn c x l thnh phn bn l s c mt ca kim loi v hp cht c hi.
Cc mc ch ti s dng khc l s dng bn ci thin mi trng (v d: hm
m, xy dng ng cao tc v lp ph bi chn lp).
Nu nng kim loi hoc hp cht c hi hn ch vic ti s dng bn th bn cn
c chn lp hoc c thiu hy. Bn thi bi chn lp c th c nng kim lci
cao v cn lu kh nng gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Thiu hy bn yu cu nng
lng nn gy tn km; nu kim loi v hp cht c hi c th c bay hi thi kh ;
l-t phi c x l [Hammer M,J, 1995].

7.2.5. X l nc tch t bn

Hm lng nc trong bn thay i ch yu ph thuc vo loi bn v quy trnh ;

l. Mi quy trnh x l bn u to ra nc d tha. Ngun gc v c im ca bun
quyt nh cht lng nc. Nc tch t bn c th cha nng cht nhim CIO
cn c thu gom v x l. Nu h thng x l bn t trong TXLN, gii php l tg
c th l thu v bm nc d tha tr li im khi u ca dy truyn XLNT v trn
nc d tha vi nc thi cha x l. Nu h thng x l bn khng tp trung th cn
xy trm x l x l lng nc thot ra.

7.2.6. Kim sot mi

Bn pht sinh t nc thi c mi c trng ty theo loi bn, mc x l bn '

iu kin kh hu trong vng. Cc sinh vt k kh hu ht u pht sinh mi; trih
mi kh chu, bn cn c duy tr trong iu kin hiu kh, iu c ngha l vic )

224
l b n k h n g c q u t i. P h n g p h p t h n g k h c g i m t h i u t c n g n
c n g n g l b t r v n g c c h ly c t r n g c y x a n h .

7.3. V TR V THIT LP

7.3.1. Kch thc v s h thng

D i n t c h b m t c n t h i t , k c h t h c v s h t h n g p h t h u c q u y t r n h x lv
b n c c h n , l n g v l o i b n c x l v c c i u k i n k h h u t r o n g v n g .

7.3.2. Tc ng mi trTig

G i n g n h m i d n k h c , v i c x y d n g c s x l b n y u c u p h i n g h i n c u
t c n g v m i tr n g . c tn h c a q u y tr n h c th g y ra s p h n i c a c n g n g ,
d o , c n g n g n n t h a m g ia v o v i c n h g i t c n g m i tr n g .

7.4. CHI PH

Theo Peavey v cc cng s (1986), vic xy dng c s bi thi c th chim t 40

n 6 0 % c h i p h x y d n g c a h t h n g x l n c t h i . C n g v i c h i p h u t , c c
c h i p h v n h n h v q u n l b n c t h c h i m 5 0 % t n g c h i p h v n h n h T X L N T d o .
ch i p h n y p h i c tn h v o t n g ch i p h v n h n h .

7.4.1. Chi ph u t

C h i p h u t b a o g m ch i p h th i t k h th n g v chi ph n g u y n v t liu s d n g
x y d n g h th n g . V chi ph th a y i t y th e o t n g a i m n n v i c tn h to n phi

s d n g n g i a p h n g v p h n tch th n g k ch t i t c u a t t c a p h ph p h t sin h
c h o to n b q u y trn h ; k h n g n n p d n g m c chi ph v p h ph c a c n g trn h t n g
t c x y d n g t i a i m k h c l p d tr .

7.4.2. Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng (O&M)

C hi ph O & M c n g p h t h u c v o i u k i n k i n h t a p h a n g . H u h t c h i p h
O & M c h o q u n l b n l c h i p h n h n l c l i n q u a n v p h t h u c v o c h i p h n h n c n g
t i a p h n g . V i c v n h n h b a o g m q u a n t r c c h t l n g v k i m s o t l u l n g .
V i c b o d n g b a o g m b o d n g c c u t h y l c v b m , h n c h c d i , k i m s o t
s u b , m b o tn h th m m , b n g h i u v ro ch an .

TI LIU THAM KHO

. CRITES, R., MIDDLEBROOKS, E.J and REED, s 2006. Natural was(ewater

treatment svstems. Taylor and Francis, 552 p., Nevv York, USA.

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 HAMMER, M. J., 1995. Water and waste technology. Prentice Hall 3rd ed., 547 p.,
New Jersey, USA.
. HEINSS, u ., and KOPOTTATEP, T., 1998. se o f reed beds fo r faecal sludge
dewatering: A synopsis o f reviewed literature and interim results o f pilot
investigations xvith septage treatment in Bangkok, Thailand. (EAWAG), (SANDEC)
and (AIT).
. INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION, 2006. Municipal wastewater
management in developing countries: principals and engineering ed. ang z . &
Hense M., IWA publishing, 334 p., London,UK
METCALF and EDDY, 2002, Wastewater engineering, trecitment and rense, ed.
Tchobanoglous G, Burton F., and Stensel D., 4thed. McGraw-Hill, 1848 p., London, UK.
. MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, 1996. Catalogue o f alternaive
fo r the removal methods o f wastewater sludge (in Danish Katalog over alternative
bortskaffelsesmetoder fo r spildevandsslam..). The Ministry of Environment,
Denmark (0kologisk Bymyelse og Spildevandsrensning) No. 3.
NIELSEN s, 2003. Sludge treatment in wetland systems in proceedings o f l st
international seminar on the use o f aquatic macrophytes fo r wastewater trehtment
in consructed wetlands, Lisboa 8 -10 May 2003. Ed. Dias, V. & Vymazal J., 151-
193 pp, Lisbon, Portugal.
. PEAVY, H.S., ROWE, D.R., and TCHOBANOGLOUS, G 1986. Environmenal
engineering. McGraw-Hill, 699 pp, Singapore.
PABSCH H, 2004. Batch Humiication o f Sewage Sludge in Grass Beds DBU
Gttingen, Technical University o f Hamburg, Hamburg. (Doktor-Ingenieur dissertation).
SPINOSA, L., and VESILIND, P.A., 2002. Sludge into solids Processing, disposal
and utilization. IWA publishing, 334 p., London, UK.
WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION, 2003. Wastewater treatment plant
design, ecl.
XANTHOULIS D. 1996. - Rapport de synthse: Rutilisaion des eaux uses des
fin s agricoes, Ouarzazate, Maroc. PNUD, FAO, MARA - Maroc,

226
 TI S DNG NC THI

8.1. TNG QUAN

Vic thu hi v ti s dng nc thi cho mc ch nng nghip (v d nh ti

tiu), cng nghip (lm ngui), sinh hot (x x, tiu) hoc cho th (nh vic ti cy
trong cng vin) l cch tt nht cho vic bo tn v pht trin ngun cp nc, hnh
thc s dng nc ny ngy cng c ng dng ph bin trn th gii (xem bng 8 . 1).
Mc ch chnh ca vic ti s dng nc thi l cung cp thm lng nc cp bng
cch ko di vng tun hon t nhin ca nc m bo s bn vng ca chu trnh nc
trong t nhin v bo v mi trng.
Bng 8.1. Cc ng dng ca vic ti s dng nc thi sau x i.

P h m vi ti s d n g V d ng dng

K h n g g i i h n p h m T i c y t r o n g c n g v i n , s n c h i th th a o , s n
vi s d n g tr n g , sn g n , n g h a tra n g , k h u d n c , cc
v n h a i x a n h , l m t a n tu y t .
th
Hn ch T i c h o c c k h u v c v i t n s u t n h v k h u
v c c k i m sot.
M c c h k h c P hng chy cha chy, x y d n g .
C h o cy n n g n g h ip T i ti u c h o c y l n g t h c v c y n q u .
C h o cy c n g n g h ip T i c y l n g t h c c h o g ia s c , c y l y s i, h o a,
N n g n g h ip
v c y l n g th c g ie o m m , c c h o g i a s c , v n m c y g i n g ,
c h o g i a s c n g c.
K h n g g i i h n p h m K h n g g i i h n i v i n h n g m c c h c h o vui
C h o m c c h vi n g d n g c h i gii tr d i n c : a o h p h c v m c c h
g i i tr b i ii v l t v n .
H n ch C u c , b i t h u y n v c c h o t n g g i i tr
k h n g ti p x c k h c .
C i th i n m i C c b i l c n h n t o , c i t h i n c c bi lc t
tr n g n h i n , t o th n h c c d n g c h y .
B sung ngun B s u n g n g u n n c n g m c p n c c h o sin h
nc ngm h o t, h n c h s x m n h p c a n c m n , k i m
so t h in t n g su y g i m m c n c ngm .
C ho cng C u n g c p n c c h o h th n g lm n g u i, n c cp
n g h ip c h o n i h i, c h o n h v s in h , c h o d c h v g i t l,
c h o h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h.
C h o khu dn c P h c v c h o v i c c r a , g i t l, n h v s in h v
h t h n g i u h a k h n g k h .
Ti s dng H a tr n v i n c c p c h o s i n h h o t.
lm n c c p

N g u n : Asano v Levine, 1998

227
8.2. CC HNH THC TI s DNG

8.2.1. Ti s dng cho nng nghip

Hnh thc ti s dng ch yu ca nc thi l phc v ti tiu cho nng nghip.
Nc thi sau khi x l c kh nng s dng nh phn bn do c cha cc cht nh
nit, phtpho, kali, cht hu c v mt s cc vi cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy
trng. V vy, vic ti s dng nc thi cho mc ch ti tiu trong nng nthip s
cho ma v thu hoch tt v dem li li nhun cho ngi canh tc [Xanthoulis, 1996].
Cc thng s v cht lng nc thi
Cc chi liu anh hng ti sc khe
C hai mi nguy him gin tip v trc tip nh hng ti sc khe ca con ngi
khi s dng nc thi:
1. Sc khe v an ton ca ngi canh tc lm vic trn nhng cnh ng hoc ca
ngi dn sng quanh khu vc cnh ng tip nhn nc thi x l.
2. Nguy c t nhng sn phm b nhim bnh do c trng trn khu vc tip nhn
nc thi ti s dng sau c th lm cho con ngi hoc vt nui b nhim
bnh qua vic s dng hoc tip xc vi cc sn phm ; hoc gy bnh cho con
ngi mt cch gin tip thng qua vic s dng thc phm t vt nui c nui
trn khu t tip nhn nc thi ti s dng [WHO, 1989].
Hai dng nhim bn e da ti sc khe:
1. Kh nng tch t cc cht c (hu c v v c) ca nc thi (v d nh: kim loi
nng, thuc tr su, hp cht nitrat v mt s cc cht c hi khc) trong cy
trng v kh nng b nhim cc cht c d thng qua thc phm c ti nc
thi c cha cc cht c [FAO,1992].
2. Cc loi vi rt gy bnh, vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh v giun sn trong nc
thi c kh nng tn ti trong mi trng vi thi gian lu s gy nh hng ti
sc khe ca cng ng (xem bng 8.2). Chi tiu c bn nht xc nh s tn
ti ca cc loi vi sinh vt trn trong nc thi ti s dng l cc ch tiu v
coliforms (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsieila, V.V..) v c c lo i t r n g g i u n
sng trong rut (Ascaris, Trichuris v giun mc).
Cc ch tiu c ngha trong nng nghip
e m bo cht lng ca cy trng v ma v, cc c tnh ha l ca nc thi
sau x l c ti s dng phi p ng cc yu cu ca FAO [FAO, 2000]. i vi
nc thi ti s d n g trong n n g n g h ip th ch c m t vi ch tiu cn c xem xt:
dn in (EC)
EC c tnh bng mmSiemen/cm hoc deciSiemen/m nhit 25c, chi tiu
dn in biu th tng lng cht ran v nh tnh c mc nhim mn ca t.
Hm lng cc loi mui ln qu s lm gim sn lng ca cy trng. S tch ly-cc
loi mui khong trong t ph thuc vo cht lng ca nc ti. C hai loi dn
in: ECn l dn in ca nc ti v EC l dn in ca t bo ha.

228
 Ty l hp th natri (SAR)
Hm lng natri ln s c th lm thay i cu trc vt l ca t v nh hng ti
t l nc thm qua t (gim kh nng thm thu). S nh hng ca natri cn lin
quan ti hm lng canxi v magi. Khi natri trong t tn ti di dng c th trao
i ion c th n s thay th cc cation canxi, magi v lm phn tn cc phn t st
trong t. S c mt ca natri di dng c th trao i ion c trong t l cn thit
nhm duy trcht lng ca t. T l SAR biu th tng quan hmlng natri v
lng natri ctr trao i c c trong nc ti, v cxc nh nh sau:

SAR = , Na= = (8.1)

{ Ca + M g )

Trong : hm lng Na, Ca, v Mg c tnh bng miligam ng lng trn lit (mgl/L).
SAR cho bit hm lng ion Na+ trong nc ti v c lin quan ti ESP (t l phn
trm ca natri c kh nng trao i c) t d cho bit hm lng ion Na+ c trong t:

7> * ' '" * ! . (8 .2 )

> cations

Trong : Na - hm lng ion Na+ (mgl/lOOg);

c a tio n s - tng nng cc cation kim loi (mgl/lOOg).
Bng 8.2. Kh nng tn ti ca cc mm bnh nht 20 -- 30c
T h i g ia n t n ti ( t n h b n g n g y ) *
T rong phn, T ro n g nc
T rn cy
Loi m m bnh t r o n g t b n , v cp v m ng T ro n g t
tr n g
tr o n g b n c n li t h o t n c

V iru t

V iru t n g rut < 100 (< 2 0 ) < 120 ( < 5 0 ) < 100 ( < 2 0 ) < 6 0 ( < 15)

Vi khun

C o li p h n < 9 0 (< 5 0 ) < 6 0 (< 30) < 7 0 (< 2 0 ) < 3 0 ( < 15)

T h n g h n < 6 0 (< 3 0 ) < 6 0 (< 30) < 7 0 (< 2 0 ) < 3 0 (< 15)

L < 3 0 (< 10) < 3 0 (< 10) - < 10 ( < 5)

T < 3 0 ( < 5) < 3 0 (< 10) < 2 0 ( < 10) < 5 (< 2)

n g vt n g u y n sinh

E n ta m o e b a histo ly tica cy sts < 3 0 (<1 5) < 3 0 ( < 15) < 2 0 (<10) < 10 (< 2 )

G i u n s n

A sc a ris lu m b rico id es eg g s 1 N h i u th n g N h iu thng N h i u th n g < 6 0 (<30)

* s liu c h u n g v k h n n g t n ti c a m m b n h ; s liu t r o n g n g o c n l k h o n g th i
g ia n t n ti t h n g t h n g c a m m b n h ;

N g u n : Feachem v cs., 1983

229
 Nit (NO -N)
Cc hp cht ca nit vi nng cao c th gy tc ng lm gim sn lng ca
cy trng. Hu ht sn lng ca v ma khng b nh hng khi hm lng cc hp
cht cha nit trong t nh hn 30 mg/L, tuy nhin mt s loi cy trng chi c th
pht trin c trong iu kin nng ca cc hp cht nit nh hn 5 mg/L.
Cc ion c i vi thc vt
Cc cht c i vi thc vt thng c trong nc thi sau x l l cc ion Bo (B ),
clorua (CO, v natri (Na+). Ion Bo (B ) s c tnh c khi n tn ti trong t vi hm
lng qu cao. Mt s loi cy trng nh cy chanh hoc cy mm xi rt nhy cm
vi cht Bo v khng th pht trin c vi hm lng vt qu 0,5 mg/L. Ion Clorua
(C1) c cy trng hp thu v tch t li trong l, nu hm lng ion ny qu cao s
lm cho l cy b kh hoc b chy.
pH
pH trung bnh trong nc ti phi nm trong khong t 6,5 n 8,5. Neu nc
ti c pH nm ngoi khong ny th khng t tiu chun.
Cc nguvn t vi lng v cc kim loi nng
Cc nguyn t vi lng l cc cht ha hc m hm lng ca chng trong nc ti
thng thng chi khong vi mg/L [FAO, 1992]. Cc kim loi nng thng l cc thnh
phn vi lng. Cc kim loi nng c t trng cao gp bn ln so vi nc. C th sng
i hi mt lng nh cc kim loi nng nhng vi hm lng cao qu mc cho php
c th gy hi v l nguyn nhn gy bnh cho c th. Do cn phi quan tm nhiu
ti y u t kim loi nng v y l cht c kh nng tch t trong thc n v qua tch
t trong c th con ngi.
H thng ti
H thng ti cho cy trng c th c t chc theo nm loi khc nhau da trn
phng php ti nh th no v ti u:
Ti ngp: l phng php ti n gin v ph bin nht. Nc ti c phn
b trn ton b phm vi cnh ng, dng nc ti s chy dc theo ton b lp dt
trng trt v thm vo t (Hnh 8.1).

Ti theo rnh: Cc rnh c b tr di dng cc knh c t song song vi

nhau gia cc lung t v vn chuyn nc ti vo cnh ng (Hnh 8.2). Nc ti
c a vo cc rnh v s tip xc vi r cy nh tnh cht mao dn ca t.

230
 R n h ti Lung t
\

Hnh 8.2. Ti theo rnh.

7V<7/ /}<7A
7# v/ phun: Vi ti l vi phun f |g j p Ay,Wt

p lc phun nc di dng tia trong khng

kh sau cc ht nc s ri xung cnh
ng nh cc ht ma (Hnh 8.3). Lng
nc ti c tnh ton sao cho cnh ng
c th tip nhn m khng gy ngp. H
thng ti bng vi phun c th bao gm mt
hoc nhiu vi phun c ni vi mt ng
dn nc chnh. Ti bng vi phun c th
p dng rng ri, tuy nhin vic ti theo Hnh 8.3. Ti bng vi phun.
cch ny c th c lng nc tht thot do bay hi.
Ti ngm: nc ti c a vo pha di ca vng r cy v dng ln mt cch
t nhin bi tnh cht mao dn ca t (Hnh 8.4). H thng ti ngm c th c lp
t bng cch chn cc ng ti trong t pha di vng r cy.
N c ti

' ft ,
! jtft
Vng r H
1111
t r ( H

MSi p trn
H ga thot nc ng phn phi nc
c nh mc nc

Hnh 8.4. H ihng ti ngm

Ti li cho: nc ti c chuyn ti v tr ca cy v chi lm m vng r cy.
trnh cho qu v l cy tip xc trc tip vi nc ti (Hnh 8.5). Phng php ti
ny cho php gim ti a lng nc tht thot do thm, chy ra v tr khc v bay hi.
La chn loi cy trng
Kim soi mn ca t
S tch ly mui trong t lm gim sn lng ca ma v v c th dn ti tnh
trng khng th canh tc c trn vng t nu khng c kim sot. C th kim

231
 ng t

ng ti ch

Hnh 8.5. H thng ti nh git (uii hrtig v p lc ti c th iu chinh c).

sot c lng mui khong trong vng r cy bng h thng ng ti thch hp cng
vi vic ra tri. H thng ti s c thit k ph thuc vo kh nng loi b lng
nc ti d tha. H thng ti khng hp l cng vi iu kin kh hu nng s lm
cho t b nhim mn. Khi mc nc ngm nng th nc ngm c th dng ln vng r
cy bng tnh mao dn v a lng mui khong ln vng t b mt. Cc cnh ng
khi s d n g n g u n n c v khi n c b ay h i s lm c h o l n g m u i k h o n g trong
t ngy cng tng. Mt h thng ti thch hp c th gii quyt vn nhim mn
bng kim sot mc nc ngm. Vic ra tri l qu trnh loi b mui khi vng r
cy v c a vo lp t pha di. i khi, cn^hi ti cho khong t canh tc
mt lng nc ln hn lng nc cn thit. Lng nc ny s ngp trn vng r c) v
loi b bt lng mui tch t li. i vi mi loi cy trng nht nh, vic nghin ;iu
kh nng chu ng ca cy i vi mn trong t trng v lng mui khong c trong
nc ti l rt cn thit xc nh cc yu cu v ra tri [FAO, 1992].
nhy cm i vi hm lng mui v phm vi chu ng ca cc loi cy trng
thng khc nhau. Cc loi cy trng c chia thnh bn nhm khc nhau ty theo d
nhy cm v kh nng chu ng i vi mn:
1. Loi nhy cm (u, c rt, hnh,...);
2. Loi nhy cm va phi (cy la, ma, bp ci, khoai ty, c chua..
3. C th chu ng mc va phi (cy u tng, atis, la m);
4. C th chu ng (cy mng ty, la mch, c ci ng, ...).
Maas (1984) a ra mi quan h gia sn lng ma v v dn in ca phn
t bo ha i vi cc mc nhy cm khc nhau ca cy trng (Hnh 8 .6 ). dn in
ECd c tnh bng 1,5 ln dn in ECn v l mi quan h chun ca cc loi it
i vi mt h thng ti thch hp vi quy trnh ti ph hp.
Nc ti vi dn in ECn thp hn 0,7 ds/m l thch hp vi s pht trin cia
cy trng v lin quan mt thit ti sn lng thu hoch. Nc ti c hm lrg
khong va phi (0,7 + 3 ds/m) vn c th cho 100% sn lng bng cch ra tri ui
ch theo yu cu. Phng php ra tri cho php gi mn ca t nm trong gii hn

2 32
 0 5 10 15 20 EC.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5 10 15 20

Hnh 8.6. Mc chu mn ca cc loi cy nng nghip.

Ngun: Mcias, 1984

chu ng ca cy trng. Nu mn mc cao (>3,0 ds/m) th vic ra tri cn phi

c thc hin trn din tch ln mi c th cung cp lng nc cn thit ra
tri theo yu cu [FAO, 1992]. Nu nc ti c hm lng mui cao th nn c s
dng i vi cy trng c kh nng chu mn v trng chng ti nhng ni t c tnh
thm cao. Lng nc cn thit t c ra tri theo yu cu s gim khi kh
nng thm ca t ln.
Kim sot cc cht c hi
Cc cht c hi v mui l nguyn nhn lm gim sn lng v gy hi cho cy
trng nhng li tc ng theo hai hng khc nhau. Mui hn ch kh nng hp th
nc ca cy trng trong khi cc cht c hi li c hp thu v tch t trong l cy.
Cng nh i vi mui, khng phi tt c cc loi cv u c nhy cm nh nhau
i vi cc ion c. Cc cht c hi ch yu y l Bo, Clo, v kim loi kim.
H thng ti dng vi phun sng c th l nguyn nhn lm tng kh nng nhim
c bi cc nguyn t kim loi kim v Clo c th c hp th trc tip bi l cy v
l vn nghim trng. Cc nguyn t vi lng ni chung khng th l nguyn nhn
gy nn bt c vn c bit no v hm lng ca chng trong nc thi qu thp.
T u y n h in c c kim loi nn g, c b it tron g nc thi th c th tn ti v i m t l n g
nht nh gy hi cho cy trng v l nguyn nhn lm gim sn lng thu hoch. V
vy, hm lng kim loi nng cn c gii hn mc sao cho khng tch t trong

233
t hoc trong cc t bo ca cy trng. Khi lp k hoch ti s dng nc thi cho mc
ch ti trng cn nghin cu k cc tc ng bi cc cht c hi ti t canh tc v
cy trng [TAO, 1992].
Tc ng ti sc khe con ngi
Vic s dng nc ti l nc thi x l c th dn ti mt s nhng nguv c v
sc khe i vi ngi s dng sn phm nng nghip cng nh i vi nhng ngi
canh tc v cng ng. Cc mi nguy hi v sc khe ph thuc vo i tng tip cn
vi cc nng phm v cch s dng chng (n trc tip hay qua ch bin). WHO
(1989) phn loi cc cy trng theo cc nhm v phng thc tiu th nh sau:
Nhm A:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: ngi s dng, nng dn, v cng ng dn c xung quanh.
Cc loi cy trng c s dng trc tip khng qua ch bin, cc khu t dnh
cho mc ch th thao, cng vin.
Nhm B:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: chi c ngi canh tc.
Cc loi cy ng cc, cy cng nghip, cy lng thc cho vt nui, bi c v cy
ly g.
Cc cy trng khng th s dng trc tip m phi qua qu trnh ch bin trc khi
s dng.
Cc loi cy pht trin trn mt t v khng b nhim bn bi h thng vi ti phun.

Nhm C:
Nhm tc ng trc tip: khng c.
Cc loi cy trng c ch r trong nhm B nu khng c nhng tc ng xu
ti ngi canh tc v cng ng dn c xung quanh (khu vc c bo v).
i vi nhng loi cy trng thuc nhm A nc ti phi c x l t cht
l n g tt v vi trng c bit l i v i n h n g loi rau c s d n g trc tip khng
qua ch bin. Nc ti c cht lng thp hon c th c s dng ti cho cac
cy trng m sn phm ca n chi c s dng sau khi ch bin. e bo v ngi tiu
dng, ngi canh tc v cng ng dn c xung quanh, t chc y t th gi [WHO,
1989] thit lp cc hng dn c th i vi tng nhm cy trng (xem: Cc quy
nh v hng dn v ti s dng nc thi).
La chn phng php ti
Vic la chn h thng ti da trn cht lng ca nc thi ti s dng, loi cy
trng c canh tc, cch ti truyn thng, k nng, v sc khe ca ngi canh tc v
cng ng ni chung. Bng 8.3 nu nhng nh gi chung v phng php ti ph
thuc vo cch s dng nc thi sau x l.

234
 Bng 8.3. nh gi cc phng php ti theo cch s dng nc thi

C c ti u ch T i th eo T i ni vi
Ti xung quanh T i n h g i t
n h g i lu n g phun sng

1 Lm m l, Khng l m c u n g l c th M t s nl n g Khng lm tn
cc nguy c t n t h n g l b t c ng tuy tc ng xu t h n g l
l c y s d n khi cy c khng qu nguy ti l c y c
n s n l n g tr n g tr n him nhng cng th xut h i n
th p nhng lu n g l m g i m s n l n g dn en g i m
t sn l n g th u
hoch

2 S tc h t M u i tc h t M ui vn chuyn M ui vn M ui t a tr n
m ui trong tro n g lu n g x u n g p h a d i v chuyn xung xung quanh,
vng r cy t c th hu nh khng pha d i v chuyn ng
vi qu trin h gy hi cho c t c h t tr o n g hu n h k h n g d c th eo h n g
c lp i lp c y tr n g v n g r cy c tch t chuyn ng
li tro n g v n g r c a nc. G i a
cy cc i m t i
hnh thnh lp
m ui ng

3 K h nng duy C y tr n g c C y t r n g c th b K hng c kh C kh nng

tr l n g n c th b t h i u th iu nc tr o n g nng duy tr duy tr l n g
t r o n g t nc tro n g khong th i g ia n l ng nc nc tro n g t
khong th i g i a c c ln t i cao tr o n g t trong sut th i
g ian g i a cc tro ng sut q u k s in h tr ng
l n t i trinh s in h v l m g i m ti
tr n g a c c t c n g
ca m ui

4 Kh nng C th m c C th m c v a K h c th m c t t n
th c h ng va phi p h i . Q u t r i n h t i iu c h in h . r t tt. H u ht
i u c h n h bng v i c n c v ti u n c Hu ht l c y cc cy trng c
mn ca nc qun l t t c t h c h i n tt b m c b n h v th p h t tri n v
thi m k h n g v ti u n c , c th l m c h o sn sn l n g th u t g y g i m s n
l m g i m sn y l cch l n g th u h o c h hoch th p l n g th u h o c h
l n g th u c th chp mc c th chp
hoch nhn c nhn c

Ngun: K andiah, 1990

H thng ti bng vi phun, vi phun siu nh. nh git v h thng ti di lp

b mt c th b tc ng. Trong h thng ti bng vi phun, cc vi khun, cc vi sinh
vt d pht trin v cc cht cn khong tch t li trong vi phun, trong ng ng v
trong ! phun, vn tc dng thng hay xy ra i vi h thng ti nc nh git,
mc d h thng ny c xem nh h thng ti an ton, v sinh v t gy nhim bn
n cy trng. Vic s dng h thng ti nh git s gp kh khn nu nc ti c
hm lng cn l lng ln.

235
 Nu cht lng nc thi sau x l khng m bo tiu chun theo hng dn c a
WHO (1989), cc bin php an ton sau y cn c thc hin [Xanthoulis, 1996]:
" H thng ti bng vi phun (vi phun thng thng, vi phun siu nh, V.V.. ) nn
p dng i vi cc loi cy trng nh lng thc cho gia sc, cy ly si v c )
ly ht;
H thng ti cho bi c hoc nhng khu vc c ng vo hn ch c th tin
hnh vo ban m.
* H thng ti bng vi phun c kin ngh khng nn s dng trong iu kin
thi tit c gi nhiu. Gi c th mang sng m (thm ch c mm bnh) t h
thng ti gy nguy him v sc khe cho ngi canh tc v dn c ln cn.
Phng php ti bao quanh (cn gi l ti ngp ti ch) v ti ngm c thc
hin bng cch lm ngp khu t canh tc bi nc thi v s nhim bn ca cy trng
s pht trin ti khu vc b mt hoc trong lng t. Vi phng php ti ny, ngi
canh tc s tip xc trc tip vi dng nc ti. Cch ti ny cng ch nn p dng
vi cy lng thc cho gia sc, cy ng cc, hoc cy ly qu (nhm B) v ngi canh
tc cn trnh khng tip xc trc tip vi nc thi trong qu trnh ti.
Phng php ti theo rnh khng lm m phn b mt t, t c th lm gim
kh nng gy nhim i vi cy trng bi v cy c mc trn lung t tuy nhin v
an ton v sinh ni chung khng c m bo.
Bn cnh nhng nguy c v an ton v sinh do cn lng, th vic ti b mt cng
em li nhng nguy him i vi t trng v nhim ngun nc ngm.
Phng php ti bng vi phun ch ph hp vi nc thi c khong thp sau
khi c x l bc hai. e phng nga c th b sung cc b phn hoc iu chnh
ng knh vi phun thch hp. Cch ti theo kiu vi phun c nguy c tc t hn cch
ti nh git song vn c nguy c gy nhim cho cy trng do gi c th lm phn tn
nc ti. Phng php ti ny ch c th c s dng i vi cc loi cy cng
nghip v cc cy m sn phm ca n khng s dng trc tip.
Phng php ti ti ch l ph n g php thch h p nht d o t c n gu y c nh h n g
ti sc khe; phng php ny yu cu nc thi phi c lc tt v thit b phi c
bo dng thng xuyn trnh tc.
h thng ti hot ng tt v c qun l hiu qu th nc thi s dng phi
qua x l vi cht lng c duy tr tt. H thng ti cn c trang b mng lc, lc
ct v van kha v.v... iu quan trng l cc b phn ca h thng ti phi c kim
tra v xc nhn tnh trng hot ng tt. cn thc hin bo co thng xuyn v tnh
trng thit b ngn nga v gim thiu cc s c hoc hng hc.
Tc ng ti sn lng thu hoch
Cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi
Nc thi sau x l thng cha mt vi lng cc cht gy hi v mm bnh tuy
nhin n cng cha cc cht dinh dng c li (cc nguyn t dinh dng quan trng:

236
N, p. K, Ca, Mg,... cc nguyn t dinh dng vi krng: Fe, Zn, Cu, M n,...) tc ng
trc tip ti cy trng. Vic ti cy bng nc thi c xem nh l bn phn cng
vi nc cho t, y l phng php rt kinh t do gim c chi ph v phn bn.
Hm lng ln cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi c th dn ti s mt cn bng dinh
dng trong t, cc nguyn t khong cht (N, p, K) trong nc thi thng thng cao
hn so vi yu cu ca cy trng. iu dn n mt s kt qu bt thng nh cy
trng pht trin qu mc v lm cho cht lng ca nng phm b thay i. V th vic
kim sot thng xuyn cc yu t trong dng nc ti l rt cn thit gii hn
lng cc cht dinh dng v trnh xy ra nhng kt qu bt thng.
Hp cht ni
Hp cht ni t trong nc thi bao gm ba dng: nit hu c, amonia v nitrat. T l
ca cc hp cht trong nc thi ph thuc ngun thi v phng php x l.
Amonia (NH4) thng chim a s v c hm lng nm trong khong t 5 n 40
mg/L. Nit hu c bao gm cc dng ha tan v khng ha tan ch chim mt phn nh.
Tt c cc dng nit hu c u c th b xy ha thnh amonia nh cc vi sinh vt trong
nc thi v trong dt. Hm lng nitrat c th thay i t 0 ti 30 mg/L. Nu nc thi
cha amonia c a vo t thng xuyn th cc vi khun nitrat ha s gia tng.
Lng nit d tha s lm cho cy trng pht trin qu mc, mc trng thnh b
chm v cht lng ca ma v b gim st. Tt nhin lng nit cn bn cho t canh
tc phi cao hn lng m cy trng tiu th, ngn chn s tch t v thm su vo t
trng. Neu nc ti cha qu t nit th cn b sung thm nit t c sn lng
ma v tt nht. V d, bng 8.4 nu r tng lng hp cht nit t nc thi ca thnh
ph Ouarzazate (Marc) cn bn cho v ma trng cy c chua cao hn so vi yu cu.
Bng 8.4. Lng NPK (kg/ha) t nc ti c chua tnh ton t lu lng ti 6500nr'/ha
N c thi N c th i
C c n g u y n t k h o n g c h t Y u c u th e o 'l th u y t
q u a x l k h n g q u a x l

N 22 5 334 175
p 99 145 75

K 155 111 175

Ngun: Xanthoulis, 1996

Hp cht phtpo
Cng ging nh nit, phtpho l nguyn t cn thit i vi cy trng. Hm lng
phtpho trong dng nc thi qua x l bc hai nm trong khong t 6 n 15mg/L
(15 n 35 mg P2O 5/L). Nc thi c nng ny c th khng m bo cho cy trng
ti thi im bt u pht trin nhm mang li mt sn lng thu hoch tt. Cc phn
ng ca cc hp cht phtpho trong t rt phc tp. Kh nng hp ph phtpho vo t
ph thuc vo hm lng sn c ca n, nc ti cha mt lng phtpho cao hon
mc cho php cng khng gy ra bt c hu qu no.

237
 Hp cht cha Kali
Lng kali trong nc thi ti s dng c th khng gy ra bt c mt tc ng c
hi no i vi cy trng. Yu t dinh dng vi lng c tc ng trc tip ti
mu m ca t, sn lng v cht lng ma v. Hm lng hp cht cha kali trong
nc thi sau x l bc hai thay i trong khong t 10 n 30mg/L (tng ng vi
t 12 n 36 mg K2O/L). Vic xc nh lng phn bn cho ma v cn phi tnh ton
sao cho t c thng s ny.
mn v sn lng ca ma v
Cy trng c th chu ng c mn trong mt khong gii hn nht nh m
khng tc ng ti sn lng ma v. Trn y l gi tr ti hn v nng mui i
vi mi loi cy trng, sn lng s gim khi gi tr ny tng ln [FAO, 1985]. Gi tr
ti hn c gi l im ngng. Mass v Hoffman (1977) a ra cng thc xc
nh mc gim sn lng thu hoch khi lng mui tng:
Y= lOO-b.(EC-a) (8.3)
Trong : Y - sn lng [%];
EC - nng mui khong ca t bo ha nc [dS/m];
a - ngng gi tr nng mui [dS/m];
b - p hn trm sn l n g b g i m trn m t n v c a h m l n g m u i
c tng [%m/dS].
Phn trm sn lng b gim trn mt om v ca hm lng mui uc tng (b) t l
vi s gim sn lng thu hoch, c tnh theo cng thc sau:

b- - 00-______ (8.4)
EC0% ECioo%
Trong : EC 0%- nng mui trong t bo ha 0% sn lng [dS/m];
ECd 100%- nng mui trong t bo ha 100% sn lng [dS/m].
EC 100%tng ng vi ngng gi tr nng mui (a).
V d, sn lng c th c ca cy la (EC0%= 11 ds/m v a = ECm% ~ 3 dS/m)
pht trin trn cnh ng c ti bng nc thi (ECn = 4 dS/m) s l:
Vi khong t 15+20% phn t c lc, lng mui trong nc ti (ECn) c th
c s dng tnh ton mn ca t (EC) bng cng thc chung:
EC = ],5 x EC. EC
c th c c tnh bng 6 dS/m (1,5 X 4 dS/m).
Phn trm sn lng b gim trn mt n v ca hm lng mui c tng (b) s
bng b = 122 = 12,5%.
11-3
Theo cch , Y = 100 - 12,5. (6 - 3) = 62,5%.

238
 Nh vy, sn lng thu hoch ca cnh ng trng la s vo khong 62,5%.
Yu cu quan trc
Ba mc ch ca vic quan trc:
1. Ph chun v xc nhn h thng ti p ng c nhng yu cu v thit k;
2. Quan trc qu trnh hot ng hoc xc nhn h thng lm vic theo ng yu cu
thit k;
3. Thm tra hoc chng minh rng sn phm cui cng t yu cu cht lng v
m c ti u v s c k h e.

Ba dng quan trc ny s c tin hnh cc cng on khc nhau. Vic xem xt s
c tin hnh ngay t u khi m h thng va c lp t xong h thng c th
hon thin p ng nhng yu cu t ra. Vic quan trc qu trnh hot ng ca h
thng s c th hin thng qua cc bin php quan trc thng thng v phn tch
nh gi cc cng trnh trong h thng. Vic xem xt mt cch nh k trn sn phm
cui cng nhm hon thin h thng t c yu cu thit k. Vic quan rc c tin
hnh vi tn sut ln nhanh chng lm sng t cc vn pht sinh trong khi cc
s liu quan trc thu c trong thi gian di v ch r hiu sut ton b v phng
hng ca h thng [WHO, 2006].
Chng trnh quan trc phi c xc nh r v phi p ng c cc yu cu ti
thiu sau:
Xc nh cc thng s quan trc;
Xc nh r v tr quan trc;
* Tn sut quan trc.

8.2.2. Khi phc ngun nc ngm

Tng nc ngm c v tr rt quan trng do l ngun cung cp nc sch cho cc

ging khoan. S phc hi ngun nc ngm vi vic ti s dng nc hoc nc thi
sau x l c th dn n:
Trnh cho nc mn xm nhp vo tng nc ngm ti vng ven bin;
To ra qu trnh x l tng cng cho vic ti s dng;
Cung cp lng nc phc hi cho vic ti s dng trong tng lai;
Gia tng tr lng cho cc tng nc ngm c hoc khng s dng cho mc ch
cp nc sinh hot;
Kim sot v chng li hin tng gim mc nc ngm.
X l nc bng cc lp t (SA T)
Cc lp t c th coi nh l cng trnh x l t nhin lm sch b sung nc thi
x l. Trong lu vc thm thu, nc thi sau x l s c lc qua lp t trc khi
i vo ngun nc ngm. Tng t khng bo ha ng vai tr nh b phn lc t

239
nhin v c th loi b tip BOD, s s , Nit, Phtpho, vi khun, virt, cc nguyn t vi
lng V mt s cht khc. H thng x l SAT v c bn bao gm cc lp t lc m
lp trn cng l lp cha y nc thi x l. Sau , nc thi ny s thm thu
vo trong t i qua cc tng khng bo ha, thm vo ngun nc ngm v lu vc
tip nhn. Cui cng nc c phc hi t h thng ti, t ging (Hnh 8.7). H
thng x l SAT c din ra vi s lun chuyn gia giai on m v kh, thng
thng chu k ca mt giai on bao gm 8 gi lm kh, 16 gi lm ngp v 2 tun lm
kh 2 tun lm ngp [FAO, 1992]. Giai on lm kh l rt quan trng trnh vt tc
cc lp t v m bo thi gian th o n g kh di p h c v ch o qu trnh nitrat ha am onia
trong t. H thng x l SAT thng c xy dng ti nhng vng t c kh nng
thm ln v t xy ra s b a y hi. Cc lp t khng cn c t h m qu ln v phi c
kh nng lc tt to ra hiu qu x l cn thit.

N c sau
x l
Nc thi Nc thi

Hnh 8.7. X l bng cc tng t v thu hi nc t ging khoan

Cc phng php phc hi lng nc

Vic s dng cc lu vc thm nc l bin php ch yu phc hi li ngin
nc ngm. C hai phng php a nc vo tng bo ha v tng khng bo ta
nc (xem hnh 8 .8 ).
Bin php s dng cc lu vc, h thm nc c gi thnh thp song i hi dn
tch ln. a nc trc tip xung cc tng t ch c th b sung cho mt s tng d a
nc nhng li i hi yu cu qu trnh tin x l vi cng ngh cao. a nc 'o
tng khng bo ha l mt bin php bao gm nhng li th ca vic a nc vo v
lc qua cc tng t [NEP, 1999]. Tuy nhin, vic a nc trc tip c gi thnh cao
hn cc cng ngh n gin khc (xem bng 8.5).

240
 Ging khoan
thm nc H thrn nc

TTTTTT
Tng khng cha nc
(vng khng bo ha)

Tng t cha nc
(vng bo ha)

Hnh 8.8. Cc phng php thng dng b sung nc ngm bng nc thi qua x.

Bng 8.5. Cc c im chnh ca cc phng php phc hi ngun nc ngm.

C c g in g kh o an C c g in g khoan a
c im C c l u v c t h m lc
t n g k h n g bo ha n c t r c t i p

Loi t n g c h a K hng hoc c cha

K hng cha nc K hng cha nc
nc nc

C c y u cu v
C n g n g h thp L o i b c c c h t r n C ng ngh cao
m c t i n x l

H th n g p h n phi v 2 5 . 0 0 0 - 7 5 .0 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 - 1 .5 0 0 .0 0 0
T n g chi ph
d i n t c h t U S D /g in g U S D /g in g

1 0 0 0 -2 0 .0 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 3000 2000 - 6000

C n g sut
m 3/ h a . n g r n V g i n g .n g m 3/ g i n g . n g

C c y u cu v L m sch v i
Lm kh v no vt L m k h v l m s c h
bo d ng ch iu d n g ch y

T u i th c a c n g
> 100 nm 5 20 nm 25 50 nm
tr n h

C c a t n g c
T ng khng cha nc T ng khng cha nc
k h n n g x l T ng cha nc
v t n g c h a n c v tng cha nc
nc

Ngun: U N EP, 1999

i vi cc lun vc thm lc, cc thng s cn thit bao gm tc thm, din tch

t cn thit v h thng vn chuyn nc thi qua x l vo lu vc thm lc.
xc nh c tc phn phi nc th cn phi xc nh c tc lc trung binh
da trn s hot ng theo chu k ca h thng bao gm c giai on ngp v giai on
lm kh. Tc lc thng thng nm trong khong t 15 ti 100 m/nm ty thuc vo
loi t, iu kin kh hu v cht lng ca nc thi (hm lng cn l lng) v chu
k lm sch ca lu vc thm nc [FAO, 1992].

241
 Vd nh i vi d n b cp ngun nc ngm bng nc thi qua x l vi
cng sut 10.000m3/ng v tc thm lc l 50 m/nm i hi din tcht thm lc
l 7,3 ha.
r _ 10.000*365 _ nnn
F = -----------------------------------------------;-= 73.000 m 2 = 7,3 ha
50
Nu gi t khong 20.000 USD/ha th tng gi thnh cho din tch cn thit ny l
150.000 USD. Gi thnh ny c th tng ln nhiu khi tnh ti gi thnh ca h thng
vn chuyn phn phi nc thi vo. Chnh v th lu vc t thm lc nn c b tr
gn vi ngun cp nc vo.

8.2.3. Ti s dng cho cng nghip

Cc c s sn xut cng nghip thng s dng nc cho vic lm ngui, git ra,
vn chuyn cng nh l dung mi v nc c th tn ti trong sn phm cui cng. Hai
loi hnh tiu th nhiu nc l cc nh my nng lng nguyn t v nng lng nhit
do cn mt lng nc ln cho qu trnh lm ngui. Cc ngnh cng nghip c lin
quan ti ch bin kim loi, cng nghip ha cht, cc nh my tinh ch v cc ngnh
cng nghip khc c th thu c li nhun t vic ti s dng nc cho vic lm ngui
v cho cc cng on cng ngh khc nhau. Thm vo l cc li ch v mi trng
c cp cc phn trc, vic ti s dng nc trong cng nghip s mang li
nhng li ch sau:
Kh nng gim c chi ph sn xut t vic thu hi nguyn liu sn xut trong
n c thi v g i m c l n g n c cn s dn g;

Thu hi c nhit nng;

Kh nng gim c chi ph x l nc thi v x nc thi.
Vic ti s dng nc trong cng nghip v phm vi ti ch t cc cng on lau ra
nh thng thng ti cc qu trnh cng ngh tin tin c trnh by trong bng 8 .6 .
Bng 8 .6 . Cc loi hnh v cc v d v ti s dng nc trong cng nghip.
L o i h n h ti s d n g n c C c v d v t i s d n g n c

N c c h o th p l m n g u i.
T i s d n g n c th i s in h h o t L m n g u i m t ln .
p d n g tro n g c n g ngh.

N c c h o t h p l m n g u i .
L m n g u i m t ln v ti s d n g .
T i c h n g a y ti n i p h t sin h v s T i s d n g n c t r o n g g i t l ( n c , l m n n g ,
d n g t h a y th c h o n c c n g n g h v t h u h i c h t t y ) .
T i s d n g n c g i t ra.
C r a c n g t r n h .

C c d n g th i khng s d n g tro n g L m n n g n c c a b b i v c c t h m m v i n ,
c n g n g h ip n g d n g tro n g n n g nghip.
%
Ngun: Asano v Levine, 1998

242
 Nc lm mt
C hai loi h thng lm mt bng nc:
1. H thng lm mt mt ln: nc i qua b phn trao i nhit mt ln sau quay
tr li ngun cha ban u. Khng c s bay hi v do khng c nc ng
trong h thng.
2. H thng c kh nng lm bc hi nc, lm mt tun hon: y l loi h thng
lm mt ph bin. Thp lm mt c s dng hp th nhit t l phn ng ht
nhn bng hi nc. Nc lm mt tun hon tr li h thng v nc trong h
thng c b sung thm vo thay th lng nc bc hi. Khi nc lm
mt b bay hi th hm lng cht rn ha tan lin tc tng v c th dn n cc
vn v n mn. Do nc lm mt phi c thng xuyn loi ra khi h
thng trnh cho hm lng cc cht rn ha tan trong nc tng qu mc
Nc cp cho ni hi
Nc thu hi c th c s dng cho ni hi to hi nc. Cht lng nc yu
cu tng ln cng vi p lc ca ni hi. Ni hi to p lc cao i hi nc c tinh
khit cao v cn c x l cao hn v d nh l qu trnh x l thm thu ngc hoc
trao i ion. cng ca nc cp cho ni hi phi gn bng khng trnh lng
ng, ng cn hoc n mn thit b. Yu cu nghim ngt v cng ngh x l nc v
mt lng nh nc sau x l cn phi c ti s dng c ra ni hi v lng
nc ny khng thch hp cho vic ti s dng nc thi.
Nc cng mgt trong cng nghip
Vic s ng nc thu hi nh l mt loi nc cng ngh ty thuc vo nhng yu
cu c th ca cng ngh v yu cu cng nh mc ch ca tng loi hnh sn xut.
Vic ti s dng nc cn m bo khng gy nh hng i vi cht lng sn phm.
Cc nguy c tim tng
Cc vn nu trong bng 8.7 c th nh hng ti hiu sut v cht lng ca sn
phm nn cn c kim sot vic ti s dng nc c th c bn vng.
B n g 8 .7 . T i s d n g nc trong cng nghip:
C c v n d lin q u a n , nguyn n hn v bin php x l .

C c v n N g u y n nhn B i n p h p x l
C c h p c h t v c, m u i a v o n c c c c ht c c h n g
S n g c n c n , h p th c a c b o n , trao i ion, lc,
ki m sot tc c h i t
C c c h t tan v c h t r n k h n g tan, m t a v o cc c h t c c h n m n ,
S n m n
cn bng pH th m thu n g c
S p h t trin T n d c a c c c h t h u c, a m o n ia, B i x y t, cc c h t p h n t n , lc
c a vi s in h v t p h tpho
S p h t tri n c a vi sin h v t, cc m u i K i m sot s n g c n, n m n , s
S tc n g h n p h t p h t, c c c h t ta n v cht rn p h t trin c a vi sinh vt, lc h a
k h n g ta n c h t v p h n t n v t l

N g u n : Asano v Levine, 1998.

243
8.3. CC VN K THUT TRONG VIC LP K HOCH TI s DNG NC

lp k hoch cho h thng ti s dng nc th bc u cn kho st s b bng

cch xc nh cc kh nng c th s dng nc tun hon v kt thc bng vic nh
gi mt cch chi tit.

8.3.1. Kho st s b

Vic kim tra kh nng ti s dng nng lng ti mi cng on ca d n cn thc

hin nhm trnh c nhng gii php khng thch hp. Cc vn cn phi c gii
quyt trong sut qu trnh kho st s b, bao gm vic tr li cc cu hi sau:
u l ngun nc thi ?
u l ni c kh nng s dng nc qua x l ?
Nhng iu cn xem xt i vi sc khe cng ng c lin quan ti vic ti s
dng nc thi v lm th no kim sot c chng ?
Kh nng tc ng ti mi trng ?
Vic ti s dng nc thi s c kt hp vi vic s dng cc ngun nc cp
khc n h th n o ?

Gi thnh hin ti ca nc sch trong khu vc ?

Cc tiu chun hin ti v vic ti s dng nc ?
C quan ph chun hp l v tin hnh nhng cng vic tip theo ca d n ?
Trch nhim gii trnh hp l ca nh cung cp v ngi s dng nc ti ch ?
Vn u t sn c cho d n ?
Ngi s dng nc ti ch cn quan tm ti cht lng nc thi quax l, d
tin cy trong qu trnh s dng. H cn phi nhn thc r v cc tiuchun tis dig
nc thi ca quc gia hoc ca a phng v cc chi ph cho vic x l pht sinh :
th tc ng ti kh nng s dng nc thi ti s dng. Thng thng chi ph x l
nc thi ch lin quan ti chnh quyn a phng. Ngi canh tc thng c yu
cu u t mng li ti tiu bt u t ngun x ca trm XLNT cho ti cnh ig
ca h.

8.3.1. Nhn bit

Cc mc ch chnh ca giai on nhn bit ny l xc nh nhng i tng c ki

nng ti s dng nc thi v so snh gia chi ph khi s dng nc sch v nc thi
ti s dng. Gi tr v li ch ca vic s dng nc thi qua x l ph thuc vo:
Cht lng nc cn thit i vi ngi canh tc;
Tr lng nc;
Cc tiu chun ca quc gia v ca a phng;
Gi thnh hin ti hoc tng lai ca nc.

2 44
 Cc nghin cu ton din cn c tin hnh lm r v gii quyt nhng cu hi trn.

8.3.1. nh gi
Trong qu trnh nh gi cn tr li cc cu hi sau:
Cc yu cu cn thit v cht lng nc nhm tha mn cho tng i tng s
dng, khong c th chp nhn c v gii hn v cht lng ?
* Nhng ri ro c lin quan ti cht lng nc v lm th no hn ch ?
Ngoi nc th cc yu t no khc c th b nc thi mang n ?
Bin php an ton no cn c tin hnh trnh nhng ri ro v nhim ?
Mt h thng cha nc c cn thit hay khng ?
S dng b cha hay bm l cch tt nht p ng c s thay ibt thng
v lng nc cn s dng ?
Trng hp cn x l b sung th ai s chi tr ?
Liu vic s dng nc thi qua x l c buc ngi canh tcphi thay i
cch ti thng thng ca h khng ?
Vic ti s dng nc thi c th cung cp mt s kt qu nng hc th v thc s.
Cc m hnh ti s dng nc thi c nh hnh mt cch ng n c th c tc
ng tt ti mi trng v v sinh ng thi lm tng sn lng ma v. Tuy nhin,
v i c ti s d n g nc thi tron g n n g n g h i p c th c tc n g xu t i m i trng v
sc khe cng ng. iu l gii ti sao cc hng dn c th v cc tiu chun cn
phi c ch mt cch nghim tc.

8.3.1. Cc tc ng ti mi trug

Cc thun li i vi mi trng
Nc thi c s dng hp l v ng cch cho vic ti ticu trong nng nghip c
th ci thin cht lng mi trng nh sau:
Trnh c vic x cht thi vo ngun nc mt, ngn chn c tnh trng lm
mt cnh quan, cc iu kin ym kh trong bt c ngun nc no v trnh c
tnh trng ph dng ca nc h v cc h cha.
Bo tn c ngun nc ngm trong nhng khu vc b khai thc qu mc cho nng
nghip nhm trnh s mt nc v trnh nc mn xm nhp vo tng cha nc.
C kh nng bo tn cht lng t v trnh c s ra tri ca t (s bo mn).
Cc bt li tim tng i vi mi trng
Vic ti s dng nc thi trong ti tiu cng c th c tc ng xu ti mi trng
v ti sc khe con ngi, v d nh:
Vic a vo mt s cc nguyn t ha hc i khi c hm lng cao, h sinh thi
b thay i (ch yu l trong t, nc v cy trng).
Gy nhim v lm lan truyn cc vi sinh vt gy bnh.

245
 Cc tc ng ti t trng
Cc tc ng ti t trng thng rt quan trng i vi ngi canh tc bi v chng
c th lm gim nng sut, gim mu m ca t v gim sn lng cy trng do:
S nhim mn;
S kim ha v lm gim thm thu ca t;
S tch ly khng cn thit cc nguyn t c hi;
S tch t ca cc cht dinh dng.
Cc tc ng ti nc ngm
Trong mt s trng hp th cc tc ng ti ngun nc ngm cn quan trng han
c c tc n g ti t trn g do c c thnh phn tron g n c thi c th g y n h im n g u n
nc ngm. gim thiu hoc gii quyt vn ny, cn xem xt cc bin php
[Xanthoulis, 1996]:
S dng lng nc ti da vo lng nc yu cu ca cy trng vi kh nng
ngm nc ti thiu;
Thit lp mt chng trnh qun l h thng ti tiu da trn nhng yu cu ca
cy trng, kh nng tr nc ca t v s lng nc thi;
Cc loi cy trng la chn c th hp th cc yu t c hi trong nc thi;
Trong trng hp nc b nhim mn, cy trng c la chn c th hp thu mui;
Hn ch lng nc thi ti a chnh xc lng nit cn thit vo trong t
v gim nguy c nhim nitrat. Neu lng nit vt qu lng cn thit i vi
cy trng th phi:
- La chn loi cy trng i hi lng nit ln;
- La chn h thng ti c th phn phi nc ti u;
- Trn ln nc thi v nc sch;
- Duy tr h thng ti mc c th chp nhn c.
Cc yu cu trn c khuyn co thit lp s cn bng nit nhm ngn chn vic
ngun nc ngm b nhim nitrat. S cn bng v nit cho php gi cho hm lng
nitrat trong nc di 50mg/L hoc gi bng nng nit hin c nu hm lng thc
t ny cao hn 50mg/L.
Cc tc ng ti nc mt
Vi hm lng Nit v Phtpho cao trong nc thi c th dn ti hin tng gy
ph dng ngun nc. Nit l yu t hn ch i vi s pht trin ca to bin,
nhng Nit v Phtpho l cc yu t hn ch trong h, trong lu vc nc mn v trong
cc p nc ni m nc thi c lu gi trc khi ti.
Cc tc ng ti cy trng
Bn cnh tc ng ton din ca mt s thnh phn trong nc thi nh nng
mui trong nc ti th nc thi c th l yu t c hi tim tng do s c mt ca

246
 mt s nguyn t ha hc nh Bo v mt vi kim loi nng vi hm lng cao. S cht
hoi xut hin trn l ca cy trng nhy cm l du hiu ca s nhim c Bo.

8.4. CC QUY NH V HNG DN v i c t i s d n g n c t h i

8.4.1. Cc hng dn v cht lng vi sinh vt

m bo sc khe cng ng, cn gim thiu nhng nguy c v mt v sinh bng

a cch thit lp cc hng dn v vi sinh vt v cc tiu chun chuyn ngnh cho tng
loi hnh ti s dng. WHO (1989) thit lp cc hng dn v cht lng vi sinh vt
i vi nc thi sau x l s dng cho mc ch ti tiu (xem bng 8 .8 ) trong Cc
hng dn v sc khe i vi vic s dng nc thi trong nng nghip v nui [rng
thy sn".
Bng 8 .8 . Hng dn v cht lng nc thi sau x l s dng cho mc ch ti tiu

N h m c G iu n s n g B i n p h p X L N T
i u k i n ti C o li p h n b
N hm nguy c tr o n g r u ta n h m t c c c y u
s dng (s C oli/100 m L )
t c n g ( s tr n g /L ) c u v vi sinh hc

A Ti cho loi H th n g c c h n
C ng nhn,
cy tr n g c n h c thit k
ng i s
s dng khng qua < 1 < 1000 t c c h t l ng
dng, cng
c h b i n , k h u th vi sinh h o c c n g trnh
ng
th a o , c n g v i n c x l t n g n g

B Ti cho cy T h i g i a n l u n c
ng cc, c y cng h n nh k h o n g
K hng c
n g h ip , cy cho Cng nhn < 1 t 8 n 10 n g y
ti u c h u n
g ia s c , n g c lo i b t r n g g iu n
v c y n q u d v C o li p h n

c B i n p h p t i ti T i n x ly t h e o y u
ch i vi cc cy K h n g th K h n g th c u v c n g n g h ti
Khng
tr n g nu trong p dng p d n g nhng ti th i u c n
m c B tin h n h l n g s c p

a / Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura v giun mc.

b / T ro n g sut giai on ti.
c/ H n g dn ng him ngt hn (< 200 Coli phn/ 100 mL) s thch hp cho cc bi c cng cng nh
bi c trong khch sn m con ngi c th tip xc trc tip,
d / T ro n g trng h p i vi cy n qu, vic ti tiu cn ngng trc khi qu c thu hoch 2 tun
v k hng c lm nh ng qu ri xung t. H thng ti bng vi phun k h n g c s dng.

Ngun: W H O , 1989.

Mt vi tiu chun nghim ngt hn quy nh v ti s dng nc thi c th c

p dng trong khu vc hoc quc gia, v d nh Bang Caliornia c quy nh l vic ti
s dng nc thi khng th ung c trong Mc 22 ca B lut hnh chnh ca
bang Calimia ra i nm 1978. nhng nc m cc tiu chun hin hnh c bit
kht khe, th cn thit phi x l nc thi ti bc hai v bc ba.

247
 Cc hng dn ca WHO khuyn ngh i vi vic ti tiu ti cc khu vc khng
hn ch:
Hon ton loi b (hoc gn nh loi b) lng trng giun vi gi tr trung bnh
1 trng/L;
Loi b lng vi sinh vt gy bnh vi gi tr trung bnh nh hon 1000
UFC/100mL.
nhng nc cha c cc hng dn cht ch hn th nc thi sau x l phi tun
theo cc hng dn ca WHO i vi vic ti tiu khng hn ch (Nhm A) c th
c s dng cho bt k loi cy trng no m khng cn b sung cc bin php bo
v sc khe [WHO,1989].

8.4 . . Cc quy nh v hm lng cc cht trong nc ti

Bng 8.9 a ra cc quy nh chung v c im ha hc v vt l (tng lng mui

ha tan, hm lng cc hp cht cha natri v cc ion c hi) ca nc ti.
Cc loi m ui
Thng thng, nc cp cho sinh hot lun lun c cht lng tt v thng cha t
mui. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh nc cung cp b thiu th hm lng cc mui khong
trong nc c th tng v iu c th hn ch vic s dng nc thi s dng cho
nng nghip. Vic s dng nc trong sinh hot gia nh v th c th lm tng
lng mui trong nc thi mt lng khng ng k ch khong mt vi mg/L. Mt s
vn c th xy ra i vi vic ti nc thi l do tng hm lng mui trong nc
ti, loi mui khong hoc hm lng qu ln ca mt hay vi loi nguyn t ha hc
khc trong nc thi [FAO, 1985].
Bng 8.9. Cc quy nh v cht lng nc ti1

M c h n c h k h i s d n g

N h n g v n c t h x y r a n v
Y u t i
K h n g M n h
v a p h i

M u i (cc tc ng ti nc ti)2
E C n ds/m < 0 , 7 0 , 7 - 3 , 0 > 3 , 0 .

( h o c )

T D S m g / l < 4 5 0 4 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 > 2 0 0 0

S t h m t h u (tc ng ca t l nc ti vo t nh gi c ECn . v SAR

0 - 3 E C = > 0 , 7 0 , 7 - 0 , 2 < 0 , 2

SAR = 3-^6 > 1 , 2 1 , 2 - 0 , 3 < 0 , 3

6 - 1 2 > 1 , 9 1 , 9 - 0 , 5 < 0 , 5

1 2 - 2 0 > 2 , 9 2 , 9 + 1 , 3 < 1 , 3

2 0 - 4 0 > 5 , 0 5 , 0 - 2 , 9 < 2 , 9

248
 Bng 8.9 (tip theo)
M c h n c h k h s d n g

N h n g v n c t h x y r a n v
Y u t i
K h n g M n h
v a p h i

c t n h c h i c a i o n r i n g b i t (tc ng ti cy trng nhy cm)

N a t r i ( N a ) 4

T i b m t S A R < 3 3 - 9 > 9

T i b n g v i p h u n m e /1 < 3 > 3

C l o ( C l ) 4

T i b m t m e / 1 < 4 4 - 1 0 > 1 0

T i b n g v i p h u n m e / 1 < 3 > 3

B o ( B ) mg/1 < 0 , 7 0 , 7 + 3 , 0 > 3 , 0

C c t c n g h n h p (cc tc ng m cy trng d b mc phi)

H p c h t n i t ( N 0 3 - N ) 5 m g / 1 < 5 5 - 3 0 >30
B i c a c b o n a t ( H C 0 3)

m e / 1 < 1 , 5 1 , 5 - 8 , 5 > 8 , 5

p H K h o n g t h n g t h n g 6 , 5 - - 8 , 4

1 T h e o t v n c a t r n g i h c C n g n g C a l i m a 1 9 7 4 c t r c h d n b i F A O , 1 9 8 5 .

2 E C l d n i n , x c n h b n g l n g m u i k h o n g t r o n g n c , c o b n g d s / m 2 5 c h o c

b n g n v m m h o / c m . H a i n v n y t n g n g n h a u . T D S l t n g h m l n g c h t h a t a n

c o b n g m g / L .

3 S A R l t l h p p h n a t r i. S A T i k h i c t h n g u y n l R N a . T i gi t r S A R a r a t h t l t h m

thu tng khi lng mui trong nc tng. nh gi nhng vn c th xy ra i vi qu trnh

t h m t h u b n g S A R k h i n b t h a y i b i E C . T h e o R h o a d e & 1 9 7 7 , O s lc r v S c h r o e r 1 9 7 9 c

t r c h d n b i F A O , 1 9 8 5 .

4 i vi vic t i b mt, th hu ht cc cy y qu v ly g n h y cm i vi natri v clo; vi cc

g i t r v h m l n g c n u t r n . H u h t c c c y t r n g m t n m u k h n g n h y c m v i c c

n g u y n t n y . V i h t h n g t i d n g v i p h u n v m t h p ( d i 3 0 % ) t h n a t r i v c lo c t h

c h p t h u t h n g q u a l c a c c lo i c y t r n g n h y c m .

5 N O 3 - N l h m l n g n it - n it r a t c a r a d i d n g n it c b n ( N H 4 - N v c h t h u c c h a N

c n c t n h n k h i n c t h i a n g c t h n g h i m ) .

Bng 8.10. Hm lng cc nguyn t v lng (mg/L) trong nc thi trc v sau x l

N g u y n t N c t h i t r c x l N c t h i s a u x l

A I 2 , 3 0 , 4 8

A s 0 , 0 0 0 2 K h n g t m t h y

C d 0 , 0 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 1

C o 0 , 2 2 0 , 0 7 7

249
 Bng 8.9 (tip theo)

N g u y n t N c t h i t r c x l N c t h i s a u x l

C r 0 , 0 1 2 0 , 0 0 2 5

F e 1 0 , 3 7 2 , 7 0

M n 1 , 4 5 0 , 3 3

N i 0 , 1 3 5 0 , 0 4 4

P b 0 , 0 0 9 0 0 , 0 0 1

Z n 2 , 2 6 0 , 9 6

S e 0 , 0 0 2 5 0 , 0 0 1

B 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 1

C u 1 , 2 8 0 , 2 4

Ngun: X a n t h o u l i s , 1 9 9 6 .

Bng 8.11. Cc quy nh i vi cc thnh phn vi lng trong

nc thi sau x l s dng cho mc ch ti tiu.

H m l n g t r o n g n c
H m l n g t r o n g n c t h i k h i s d n g t r o n g t h i
T h n h p h n t h i k h i s d n g l u d i a
g i a n n g n b ( m g / L )
( m g / L )

N h m 5 , 0 2 0 , 0

A r s e n 0 , 1 0 2 , 0

B e r y l l i u m 0 , 1 0 0 , 5

B o 0 , 7 5 2 , 0

C a d m i 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 5

C r o m 0 , 1 1 , 0

C o b a n 0 , 0 5 5 , 0

C u p p e r 0 , 2 5 , 0

F l o 1 , 0 1 5 , 0

S t 5 , 0 2 0 , 0

C h 5 , 0 1 0 , 0

L i t h i 2 , 5 2 , 5

M a n g a n 0 , 2 1 0 , 0

M o l y b d e n 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 5

N i c k e n 0 , 2 2 , 0

S e l e n 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 2

V a n a d i 0 , 1 1 , 0

K m 2 , 0 1 0 , 0

3 N c t h i c t i l i n t c t r n c c l o i t .

b N c t h i c t i v i t h i g i a n t i a l 2 0 n m t r n t t r u n g t n h h o c t k i m .

Ngun: c t r c h t H c v i n x y d n g q u c g i a ( 1 9 7 3 )

250
 C c kim lo i n n g v c c n g u yn t vi l n g
Nc thi th i khi c th cha mt s cht hu c c hi (c bit l cc kim
loi nng) thm ch ngay c khi khng c dng thi c n g nghip. Nc thi cng nghip
p h i c x l th ch hp trc k h i vo h thng t h o t nc. K h i v i c kim sot
nc thi cng nghip khng c quan tm thch n g th cc kim loi nng v cc
nguyn t vi lng cn c lu tm.
Trong nc thi c s dng lm nc ti c cha nhiu bn cn c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh XLNT. Bng 8.10 nu cc v d v thnh phn ca nc thi trc v
sau khi x l bn cn. Khi nc thi c ngun gc t th th vic x l bn cn c
th p ng c cc quy nh i vi cht lng nc ti (xem bng 8.11).

8.5. CC V D V TI S DNG NC THI TRN TH GII

H thng t i nc thi sau x l ti Tunisia [FAO, 1992]

Vic s dng nc thi cho nng nghip c thc hin Tunisia khong vi
chc nm v gi y iu tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong chin lc d tr
ngun nc ca quc gia. Nm 1988, ch c 26 trm x l nc thi ch yu nm
vng duyn hi ngn chn nhim bin n nm 1996 c ti 54 trm x l nc
thi. Trong s c 16 trm x l bng phng php sinh hc vi bn hot tnh, 2 trm
x l vi b lc sinh hc, 5 h n nh v 3 trm s dng knh xy ha.
Vic s dng nc thi sau x l ti tiu c s dng theo tng ma (ma
xun v ma h), nc thi thng c ha trn vi nc ngm trc khi ti cho cy
cam qut v cy liu, cy cho gia sc, cy bng, sn gn, v bi c. Vic ti nc thi
cho cc loi rau hoc cc loi cy trng s dng trc tip b cm bi Lut nc quc
gia. Vn phng pht trin nng nghip a phng qun l ton b h thng phn phi
nc ti v yu cu tun theo b lut v nc. Hin nay, mt din tch khong 1.750
h a t c t i b n g n c t h i q u a x l . N h i u d n m i a n g c t h c h i n

hoc ang chun b tin hnh tng din tch t ti bng nc thi sau x l ln ti
6.700 ha, do c khong 95% nc thi c s dng cho nng nghip. Ti khu vc
pht trin quan trng nht Tunisia ni c ti 60% nc thi ca quc gia c ti s
dng phc v 68% din tch t nng nghip ti nc ny.
K u w ait[F A O , 1992]
Nc thi khng qua x l c s dng ti cho nhng d n trng rng
nhng khu vc xa khu dn c ca Kuvvait trong nhiu nm qua. Sau khi c nhng
nghin cu ca y ban v sc khe v khoa hc cng vi cc chuyn gia t vn v t
chc quc t (WHO v FAO), chnh ph Kuwait bt u chng trnh x l nc thi
v s dng dng thi ny. Nm 1987, c 4 trm x l nc thi: Trm x l Ardiyah
cng sut 150.000 m3/ng x l nc thi bc hai bt u hot ng nm 1971; trm x
l cho cc ngi lng khu vc duyn hi cng sut 65.000 m3/ng; trm x l Jahra

251
cng sut 65.000 m3/ng i vo hot ng nm 1984 v trm x l vi h n nh vi
cng sut 10.000 m3/ng cng c xy dng o Failaka.
Nc thi sau trm x l Ardiyah, trm x l cho cc ngi lng vng duyn hi v
trm x l Jahra s dng bn hot tnh x l nc thi c nng cp trong nhng
nm 80 vi x l bc ba cng vi kh trng, lc ct nhanh trng lc v cui cng l kh
trng bng clo. Ban u nc thi sau x l bc hai t trm x l Ardiyah c s dng
ti cho cnh ng th nghim ca Phng nng nghip ti Omariyah. Vic th
nghim ny c tin hnh trong nhng nm u ca thp k 70 so snh sn lng
thu hoch t vic ti cy bng nc sch, nc l v nc thi sau x l. Nm 1975,
Lin minh cng ty sn xut nng nghip thit lp mt cnh ng vi din tch 850 ha
di s cho php ca Chnh ph s dng nc thi sau x l ti cho cy trng. Cc
gim c ca cng ty c phn ny l i din cho cc t chc t nhn c lin h vi
nng nghip Kuwait, c bit l vi ni ch bin cc sn phm sa, gia cm v gia sc.
Nm 1975 ch mt phn din tch t c trng trt; cy trng chnh l cy cho gia sc
(c linh lng) cho cng nghip sn xut v ch bin sa, s dng h thng ti vi phun
dng quay trn. Tuy nhin, cc loi cy c, hnh, cy ht tiu v cc loi cy trng khc
mc trn khu vc th nghim s dng h thng ti dng phun c th di chuyn 7c
(bng tay) cng vi cch ti ngp v ti theo rnh.

8.6. TI S DNG NC THI SAU x L TRONG NUI TRNG THY SN

8.6.1. Tng quan

N ui trng thy sn v cc loi ngun nc

Khi nim v nui trng thy sn
Nui trng thy sn l cng tc nui dng, pht trin v nhn ging cc loi ig
thc vt thy sinh c gi tr kinh t. Nui trng thy sn bao gm pht trin cc lci
thc vt thy sinh, to, chn nui cc loi ng vt nc, ch bin cc sn phm thiy
sinh v qun l mi trng nc.
Sinh vt thy sinh
Sinh vt thy sinh l cc c th sng trong nc gm thc vt, ng vt v tc0 .
ng vt thy sinh gm cc loi ng vt sng trong nc nh c, tm, cua, trai, s /
cc ng vt lng c. Cc loi thc vt thy sinh c th c phn loi ty theo hih
thc pht trin v cht lng mi trng nc bao gm cc loi thc vt sng chm
trong nc, tri ni v ni trn mt nc.
Tm quan trng ca nc trong nui trng thy sn
Nc cn thit cho s sng ca mi sinh vt tn ti trn hnh tinh. Thnh phn nrc
trong cc loi thc vt chim 6(H80% v chim t l cao hcm nhiu trong c th cc l(i
ng vt; v d, thnh phn nc chim 80+92% trong c th cc loi ng vt thin

252
mm, c: 80+85%, chim: 70+75%. Nc cn l dung mi ca cc phn ng sinh ha.
Vi kh nng ha tan cc vt cht, nc c th thy phn v ion ha nhiu hp cht v
chuyn ha chng thnh cc dng d hp th bi cc sinh vt nc. Hn na, nc ng
vai tr quan trng trong qua trnh quang hp. Ngoi ra nc cn l yu t thit yu i vi
cc l o i t h c v t n c d o c k h n n g chuyn quang; h a t a n x y , cc cht d i n h d n g ...

to ra v duy tr mi trng sng v trng thi sinh l thch hp cho cc c th sng.

Gii hn ngun nc i vi nui trong thy sn
Vic pht trin nui trng thy sn a phng thng c quyt nh bi cc iu
kin v ngun nc ti khu vc. i khi, cc sn phm thy sn a phng b gii hn
bi ngun nc do thiu v tr lng, s phn b khng u theo khng gian v thi
gian hoc b nhim.
N c thi sau x l - ngun nc khc
Ngun nc thi sau x l
L lng nc c s dng trong cc th v khu cng nghip v c thi ra
mi trng sau khi c x l. Bng 8.12 nu nhu cu s dng nc ngy cng tng
trn ton th gii
Bng 8.12. Nhu cu s dng nc hng nm trn th gii (km3).

Hnh thc s dng 1900 1940 1950 1960 1970 1985 2000
Sinh hot 20 40 60 80 120 350 . 440

Cng nghip 30 120 190 310 510 1.100 1.900

Nng nghip 350 660 860 1.500 1.900 2.400 3.400

Tng 400 820 1.110 1.890 2.530 3.850 5.740

Ngun: S tay ti s dng nc thi th (Trung Quc) bin tp bi Zhaofeng JIN v

Jincheng x u , nh xut bn Ha Cng nghip (thng mt, 2004).

Nu c x l t tiu chun, nc thi sau x l s l ngun nc c th s dng

cho cc mc ch sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v to cnh quan.
Cc yu cu v nc trong nui trng thy sn
Trong nui trng thy sn, tr lng nc, s chnh lch gia lng nc b sung
v mt i cn c duy tr mc cn bng v n nh v cht lng nc. Nu lng
nc b sung t hn so vi lng mt i th ngun nc b hao dn, khng m bo duy
tr mi trng sng cho cc sinh vt thy sinh; lm gim kh nng trao i cht trong
nc, thiu xy ha tan, lm gim cht lng nc, km hm s pht trin ca cc loi
sinh vt thy sinh. Khi lng nc b sung ln hn so vi lng nc mt i, s xy ra
hin tng cun tri nh hng ti nng sut nui trng thy sn. V vy, cn duy tr s
cn bng gia lng nc b sung v tht thot (xem hnh 8.9).

253
 N c m l

N c th i sa u x l

Hnh 8.9. Cn bng nc trong nui trng thy sn.

Ti s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng ihy sn

Cc tiu chun v x l nc thi thng khc nhau ty theo tng a phng
Trung Quc, cc ch dn chnh v x l nc thi khng nghim ngt nh cc tiu c h u n

i vi cht lng nc s dng ong nui trng thy sn. S dng cc loi thc v t t h y

sinh c th lm sch nc, p ng c cc yu cu phc v nui trng thy sn.

Ni chung, s dng nc thi sau x l nui trng thc vt thy sinh c th bi
b c cc cht nhim trong nc thi, nui trng c cc loi thc vt c gi tr v
ci thin cht lng nc thi sau x l, c kh nng p dng nui c v cc bi
n g v t t h y s i n h c g i t r .

8.6.2. n g dng v hiu qu

Ti s dng nc thi sau x l phc v cc mc ch sn xut cng nghip, ncng
n g h i p , t o c n h q u a n s g i p n g n n g a n h i m , h n c h k h a i t h c t i n g u y n n r c ,

duy tr cht lng v tr lng ca ngun nc ng thi to ra cc sn phm c gi tr

kinh t.
Cht lng nc thi sau x l
Trn th gii, cc tiu chun ban hnh v cht lng nc phc v nui trng thy
sn quy nh rt nghim ngt v gii hn i vi cc cht c hi, kim loi nng, vi
khun, nit v phtpho (Bng 8.13).
Nc thi sau x l khng p ng cc tiu chun c th lm gim hiu sut mi
trng thy sn, lm suy thoi mi trng nc, thm ch ph hy ton b h thig.
Nc c s dng trong nui trng thy sn cn cha cc sinh vt c ch, p ng cc
tiu chun v sinh, v m bo cc yu cu cht lng ca cc sn phm c. Ch thi
nc t cc tiu chun thch hp v pH, nhit , nng xy ha tan, nng (c
cht ha hc c hi v vi khun rt thp mi c th s dng cho mc ch nui trng
thy sn. s dng cho mc ch nui trng thy sn, nc cn c cc c tnh sau:

254
 Bng 8.13. Tiu chun cht ing nc phc v nui trng thy sn (WHO, 2006)
C c c h i t i u v i k h u n i v i c h t t h i s d n g c h o m c c h n u i t r n g t h y s n

T r n g g iu n
T r n g s n ( g m t r n g s n m n g ) E . c o li
( s k h u n / o m L
M i t r n g ( s k h u n / 1 0 0 m L h o c ( s k h u n / 1 0 0 m L h o c / g

/ g t n g c h t r n a) t n g c h t r n * )
c h t r n )

N g i t i u t h s n p h m

N c h K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 4 < 1

N c t h i K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 5 < 1

P h n b n
K h n g t m t h y < 1 0 6 <
s a u x ]

T h t c v t h n S i u u t r n g l y n h i m ( c h o c Theo q u y nh c a U y

c y ( t h c k h n g c / c h o c t h c v t ) ban an ton thc phm

Khng t m t h y
phm) k h n g t m t h y h o c k h n g l y v d in h d n g e

n h i m

N g i n u i t r n g t h y s n v c n g n g l n c n

o
VI
N c h Khng t m t h y f < 1

N c t h i K h n g t m thy f < 1 0 4 < 1

Phn bn sau K h n g tm thy ( < 105 <1
x l
C c t i u c h u n q u y n h n n g c c c h t i u h a h c t r o n g c v t h c v t

T i u c h u n i v i
N g u n t r c h T i u c h u n i v i
C h i t i u c v c c s n p h m N g u n t r c h d n
dn thc vt mg/kg
c m g / k g

K i m lo i n n g

A s e n N S 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )

C a d i m i 0 , 0 5 - 1 , 0 E C ( 2 0 0 1 ) 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )

C h 0 , 2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 ) 0 ,2 C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 )
L/1
I-

T h y n g n C o d e x ( 2 0 0 3 ) N S
o

C c h p c h t h u c

D i x y n h 0 , 0 0 0 0 0 4 E C ( 2 0 0 1 ) N S

D D T , D D E 5 , 0 S F D A ( 1 9 9 8 ) N S

P C B s 2 .0 S F D A ( 1 9 9 8 ) N S

3 P h n b n c tn h b n g g a m t n g c h t r n ( tr n g l n g k h ) ; OOmL n c th i/p h n b n c h a k h o n g 1+4 g

t n g c h t rn.
b S k h n c n c p h n tc h tro n g s u t v t i. V d : g i tr th c < 104 E. coi . tr n 0 0 m L c n p h n tc h c
t i th i u tr o n g 9 0 % i n g m u .
c C th p n g c k h i c s p h t tri n c a c c lo i th c v t n g u y h im v k h i ti p x c n h i u v i n c th i,
p h n b n , n c b n h i m h o c t b n h i m .
d S k h u n c n c j ) h n tc h tro n g s u t v t i. V d : g i tr th c <1 tr n g tr n \L c n p h n tc h c t i th i u
tr o n g 9 0 % l n g m u .
c y b a n a n to n th c p h m k h n g b a n h n h c th q u y n h v c c c h i ti u vi k h u n tr o n g th t c v th c v t so n g
c a ra c c c h i d a n v c c p h n g p h p p h n tc h c c h p n h n i v i p h n tc h c c c h t c v cc
n g n g c hi c bn i vi n g i s dng.
f T r n g s n m n g c th p h t h i n c .
g T i u c h u n c h u n g i v i c c loi th c v t l, n g o i tr c y c n h .
h B a o g m i x y n v c c h p c h t C lo , c c h p c h t th m v c c c h t t n g t.
N S (n o S ta n d a rd ): K h n g ti u c h u n

Ngun: W H O , 2006. Hng dn s dng an ton nc thi, phn bn v nc xm . S dng nc

thi trong nui trng thy sn, tp 3, W H O , Geneva, trang 41-43.

2 55
 * pH: kh nng pht trin ca cc sinh vt thy sinh lin quan cht ch ti pH
ca nc. Trong khong gi tr pH thch hp, cc sinh vt s pht trin tt trong
iu kin pH tng v s gim dn sau khi pH t ti ngng thch hp. Khong pH
thch hp thay i ty theo loi v tui ca thc vt. Nhn chung, khong gi tr pH
thch hp ca nc s dng trong nui trng thy sn trong khong t 6,5 n 9,0. i
vi c, trong khong t 7,2 ti 8,5. pH thp khng thch hp vi s pht trin ca c,
trng c. C hi nhy cm vi pH hn so vi cc loi c trng thnh. S pht trin
ca c b nh hng trong iu kin pH 5,5-H),5. pH cao cng khng thch hp vi c,
pH 1CH-10,5 c nh hng xu ti s pht trin ca c v c c th cht khi pH tng
qu 11. Khong gi tr pH thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh l
6,5^-10. Vic iu chnh pH bng ha cht thng yu cu chi ph cao, v vy cn
quan trc thng xuyn pH ca nc thi sau x l nhm hn ch cc chi ph ngoi
mong mun khi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn.
Nhit : c nh hng trc tip ti cc qu trnh trao i cht v kim sot s sinh
trng, pht trin, phn b v s lng cc sinh vt thy sinh. Nhit cn nh
hng ti s phong ph ca cc ngun dinh dng v cc yu t vt l v ha hc
ca ngun nc, v vy nh hng gin tip n kh nng sng v tn ti ca cc
vi sinh vt thy sinh. Kh nng sng v hot ng ca cc sinh vt c lin quan
mt thit ti nhit . S thay i nhit nc nh hng ti cc qu trnh trao
i cht v qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c ca cc ng vt thy sinh v vy
nh hng ti s sinh trng v pht trin ca c. Cc yu cu v nhit thng
thay i theo loi; v d, mt s loi c bt u tng trng trong iu kin nhit
trn 10c, t phn ln trng lng trn 15c v tng trng lng nhanh nht
trong khong 20-K30C. Tuy nhin, i vi c hi m en li khng thch hp
trong iu kin 15c. Cc loi thc vt ch c th pht trin v ny n trong ng
iu kin nhit thch hrp.
xy ha tan l y u t q u a n t r n g n h t b i u t h c h t l n g nc. H u h t c c s i n h

vt thy sinh, ngoi tr mt s loi k kh, u ph thuc vo xy ha tan. C hai

ngun cp xy trong nc: xm nhp t khng kh v qu trnh quang hp ca cc
thc vt thy sinh v to. Ngoi ng vt v thc vt thy sinh, cc cht l lr.g,
cht hu c ha tan, v bn y cng tiu th xy. V vy lng xy ha tan trong
nc thi sau x l c nh hng trc tip ti cht lng ca cc sn phm c.
Kh nng ha tan xy trong nc sch tnh theo l thuyt l 8,32 mg/L; hu ht cic
loi c u yu cu 5-^12 mg/L xy ha tan. V vy kh nng lm thong c bit ca l
thc vt thy sinh l ngun cp xy quan trng.
Cc thnh phn ha hc: c c cht l l n g , d u , s u l p h a t , x i a n u a , p h n n , k i m l c i

nng, v cc cht bn vng gy nh hng ti h sinh l, lm ngng tr kh nig

h hp v c th tiu dit c. Mt s cc cht ny gy tn hi ti vng tun hom
mu v tiu dit cc sinh vt thy sinh. Cc thnh phn ha hc cn c qun l
cht ch theo cc tiu chun c nu trong bng 8.13.

256
 L n g n c th i sa u x l
Khng nn chi s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn. cn pha nc
h v i l n g l n h n s o v i l n g n c b s u n g l n c t h i s a u x l n h m m b o

t t c h t l n g n g u n n c c h o n h u c u n u i t r n g t h y s n . T r o n g t r n g h p c h c

n g u n n c t h i s a u x l v t r l n g n c c h c t n h t o n t r n c s l n g n c

sau x l th h thng nui trng thy sn cn c b sung thm nc sch.

iu kin t nhin ti khu vc
e m b o k h n n g p d n g n c t h i s a u x l t r o n g n u i t r n g t h y s n , c c y u

t mi trng t nhin nh lng ma hng nm, lng bc hi, nhit , a hnh, cht
l n g t v n c n g m ... t i k h u v c c n c q u a n t m k h o s t c n t h n .

Lng ma: T i c c k h u v c c l n g m a h n g n m l n , m a c t h c u n g c p n c

cho nui trng thy sn v lm gim nng ca mt s cht nhim. Ti cc khu vc

c l n g m a t , t r o n g t r n g h p n g u n n c c k h n n g t l m s c h s i n h h c t h p ,

cc cht nhim c th lun ng v cht lng nc s suy gim nhanh chng.

Lng bc hoi: K h i l n g b c h i l n h o n l n g m a , n n g c c c h t n h i m v

c c c h t d i n h d n g s t n g n u h t h n g k h n g c b s u n g t h m n c v s g y h i n

tng ph dng trong ngun nc lm suy gim cht lng nc. Khi lng bc hi t
hn so vi lng ma, cn tin hnh quan trc cht lng nc thng xuyn v cn b
sung thm nc sch t nhin nhm iu chnh v lng v cht lng ca nc.
Nhit khng kh: n h h n g t r c t i p v g i n t i p t i k h n n g s i n h t r n g c a c c

sinh vt thy sinh v cc vi sinh vt trong nc. Nhit cao lm bc hi nc, gim
nng xy ha tan v lm thay i cc hot tnh sinh hc ca cc cht ha tan.
t: l v t l i u c b n x y d n g c c h n u i c . C c i u k i n v t h n h n g b a o

g m d i n t c h t s d n g , c u t r c t n h i n c a t . M t t r o n g n h n g y u t l i n q u a n

chnh l kh nng khng thm nc ca t ti khu vc xy dng h. t st c tnh kt

dnh cao, chng thm tt, dn n tt; ngc li, t ct c kh nng kt dnh km, thm
tt, dn n km. Cc yu t nh cao trnh ca h, ca x nc thi cng nh hng ti
chi ph vn chuyn nc v nhu cu in nng.
Nc ngm: c c k h u v c c m c n c n g m c a o t h n g d b n h i m h n s o v i

cc khu vc c mc nc ngm thp, h nn c xy dng ti cc khu vc c mc

nc ngm thp nhm gim thiu nguy c gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Neu mc
nc ngm cao cn thc hin cc bin php chng thm nhm hn ch kh nng gy
nhim nc ngm.
Sinh vt thy sinh
Vic la chn h sinh vt thy sinh c lin quan ti mt s vn nh mi trng
thch ng, nng sut, an ton mi trng v.v...
Kh nng thch ng vi mi trng ca cc loi sinh vt thy sinh: ph thuc ba
yu t:

257
 iu kin sinh thi: la chn cc loi sn c ti a phng nhm gim thiu cc
ri ro v k thut v chi ph sn xut;
- Cht lng nc sau x l: la chn cc loi c kh nng khng cao vi cc
cht nhim v hp th dinh dng cao;
- T h t r n g t i u t h : l a c h n c c l o i s i n h v t t h y s i n h c n h u c u t i u t h c a o v

n nh.
Nng sut ca cc sinh vt thy sinh: p h t h u c v o g i n g , c h c n n g s i n h l . k h

nng sinh sn, v mi trng sng. Cc sinh vt c nng sut cao c kh nng sinh san
v i t c s i n h t r n g c a o , t n g t r n g n h a n h v s l n g , s l m g i m c h i p h s n x u t

v tng li nhun ca nui trng thy sn.

An ton mi Irng: c u t r c n i b c a c c l o i v h t h n g c h c n n g c a c h r . g

ph thuc vo s cnh tranh trong mi trng sng, cc hnh vi gy hi ln nhau gia

cc loi sinh vt v quan h i khng, n tht ln nhau ca cc sinh vt. S xm chim
c a c c l o i s i n h v t l c t h p h h y c u t r c l o i c n g c h u i t h c n v c t h x a o

trn cc thnh phn sinh thi, thm ch c th ph v h sinh thi. Do cn lu iu

ny khi la chn cc loi khng thch hp hoc khi b sung cc loi sinh vt l.
La chn cc sinh vt thy sinh: cn l a c h n c c l o i s i n h v t t h c h h p t h e o k h

nng thch ng vi mi trng, c nng sut cao v an ton nhm tng cng kh nrg
thay i cc h thy sinh thnh ti nguyn mi trng, to kh nng ti s dng hp
nc thi sau x l v p ng cc nhu cu cn thit v sn phm sinh hc.
Cc yu t x hi
Cc yu t x hi nh hng ti vic ng dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trr
thy sn bao gm thc h, kin thc khoa hc v k thut trong x l nc thi, luit
v c c q u y n h , h t n g c s , c c y u t t h t r n g v . v . . .

thc h: t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x i a n g n g y c n g c p h b i n t r n

gii. Con ngi thng c th chp nhn vic s dng nc thi sau x l vi iu kin
khng tip xc trc tip vi c th, tuy nhin h c li khi s dng nc thi sau x
trong nui trng thy sn. Ti mt s khu vc, vic ti s dng nc thi sau x l c
th cn lin quan ti vn tn gio. V vy cn thc hin cc cng tc tuyn truyi
n h a m t h u y t p h c n g i d n c h p n h n s d n g c c s n p h m c c n u i t r n g b n g

nc thi sau x l.
Khoa hc v k thut: c h t l n g n c s a u x l h o n t o n c c i t h i n . T r o r y

nhng n m g n y , d o c c k t h u t t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x l n g y c n g c C i

tin, phn ln nc sau x l c ti s dng trong nng nghip, to cnh quan, si

x u t c n g n g h i p v c c n h u c u s d n g k h c t r o n g s i n h h o t . T i T r u n g Q u c , n c

thi sau x l cn cha tht s p ng cc tiu chun cht lng nn nc thi sau xr
l cn cha c ng dng nhiu trong nui trng thy sn so vi vic ng dng tron'
cc lnh vc khc.

258
 Lut v cc quy nh: c n x y d n g v b a n h n h c c c h n h s c h , i u l u t v q u y

n h n h m k h u y n k h c h v i c t i s d n g n c t h i s a u x l t r o n g n u i t r n g t h y s n .

H tng c s: t i p h n l n c c k h u v c , c c h t h n g n u i t r n g t h y s n k h n g t h

tip nhn trc tip nc thi sau x l t cc trm XL.NT th do cc vn v b tr

h t h n g c n g t h o t v d n n c .

Cc vn t th trng: y u t q u y t n h v i c t i s d n g n c t h i t r o n g n u i t r n g

thy sn l nhu cu ca th trng tiu th sn phm.

8.6.3. Cc tiu chun thit k v vt liu

Cc nguyn tc thit k
Lp d n d a t r n c s l a c h n v t r , d i n t c h t v c h t l n g t p h h p . V

tr v t thch hp s gip cho vic thi cng c thc hin n gin, thun li trong
quy hoch cc ng ng v h thng ti, gim chi ph u t v thun tin trong qun
l. D n c thc hin ti cc vng t cao thng c chi ph u t t, tuy nhin
i vi cc vng t thp thng hay gp cc vn v ! lt. Vic la chn c v tr
v a hnh thch hp thun li trong b tr h thng ng dn v ti hp l l rt cn
thit. V tr c th dn nc ti t chy s lm gim chi ph u t v nhu cu s dng
nng lng. Khu vc la chn cng cn p ng c kh nng tip cn d dng v
thun li cho cc cng tc vn chuyn. Cc vn v t nn v chng thm cng cn
q u a n t m t r i t . e m b o a n t o n c h o c n g t r n h , t h i t k v v t l i u x y d n g c n

c tnh ton v la chn theo cc tiu chun xy dng c k n cc h s an ton.

An ton vn hnh: c n t r a n g b c c h t h n g a n t o n k t h u t v t h i t b b o h l a o

ng. Cn c h thng chiu sng, h thng cp nc v cp xy. cn trang b phng

th nghim, cc thit b thc nghim v s dng cn h vn hnh c kin thc, c nng
lc chuyn mn. Cc nguy c khc cn phng chnu bao gm ha hon, hn hn, lt,
nhim c, cc vn v sinh v nhim bnh.
C c c n b v n h n h c n t h n h t h o c c n g u y n t c v n h n h h t h n g , c c b i n p h p

k h c p h c s c , v c n c o t o c c k i n t h c v a n t o n l a o n g , c c h s d n g

v lip cn cc thit b in, ha cht, kh nng cp cu ngi b nn khi b ng xung

nc, ng c bi kh c v khi c ha hon.
Sn phm an ton: c n m b o a n t o n i v i c c p h n g t i n l u t r v v n

chuyn sn phm, cn lu rng cc sn phm thy sn s c s dng lm thc n

cho ngi hoc gia sc nn cn bo qun v m bo cc sn phm khng cha cc cht
c hi nh kim loi nng v cc cht c hi khc.
Mi trng un ton: d n c n m b o k h n g g y c c t c n g c h i t i k h u v c

xung quanh. Cc nh hng c th bao gm lt ti h lu sng do v p, v h, xm

h i s i n h h c t i c c h s i n h t h i k h u v c b i c c s i n h v t t h y s i n h d o c c v n k

t h u t , v c c s c m i t r n g d o s d n g c c c h t k h n g p h h p .

259
 Cn bng nc
H thng kn
Trong h thng kn, ch c cc ngun nc gm nc thi sau x l v nc ma
(xem hnh 8.10). Nc x khi h thng b hn ch v khng c ti lm sch. Cc h
thng ny thng thy ti cc khu vc kh.

o
'5 '5

5
c
<03-
>
c

II
'5
y
<
5 -5 ( 2

Nc x khi
h thng
Nc phc v nui
Nc thi sau x l trng thy sn

Hnh 8.10. Cn bng nc trong h thng kn.

Cn bng nc trong h thng kn c th c biu th bng phng trnh sau:

Qsxl + Qm = Qbh Q th + Qx
+ ( 8 . 5 )

Trong :
Q sxl - lung nc thi sau x l;
Qm - l n g n c m a ;

Qbh - l n g n c b c h i ;

Q t/i - l n g n c t h o t h i t t h c v t ;

Qx - l n g n c x k h i h t h n g .

Thng thng, khng thc hin x nc khi h thng khi nc thi sau x l c
s dng l ngun nc chnh. Tng lng nc thi sau x l v nc ma bng hoc
nh hn tng lng bc hi v thot hi nc qua thc vt:
Qsxl + Qm ^Qtii + Q th + Qx ( 8 . )

Nu lng nc trong h thng khng thay i hoc gim i, cc cht ha tan trong
nc s tch t trong h thng v lm suy gim cht lng nc. V vy, khi thc hin
thit k cn c cc bin php hn ch kh nng bc hi v thot hi nc hoc b sung
nc sch cho h thng.
H thng h: l h t h n g t i p n h n n c t c c n g u n k h n g c h g i i h n b i n c

thi v nc ma (hnh 8.11). i vi h thng ny, lng nc x khi h thng vi

kh nng trao i nc trong h thng ln. Loi h thng ny c s dng ti cc khi
vc c tr lng nc di do.

260
 c

*<5

C
sC

N c x k h i

N c m t
N ir c p h c v n u i h t h n g

t r n g t h y s n

c
)
c

p
<03

c

/ / ? / / & / 7 . Cn bng nc trong h thng h.

Cn bng nc trong h thng h c biu th bng phng trnh sau:

Qsxl + Qm + Qt + Qnm - Qbii + Qm + Q t + Qx (8.7)
Trong : Q nm- lng nc mt vo h thng;
cc k hiu khc vn c ngha nh gii thch trn.
Trong h thng h, tng lng nc vo h thng (nc thi sau x l, nc ma,
nc mt, nc ngm thm vo) thng ln hn tng lng nc ra khi h thng
(nc bc hi, thot hi, nc ngm thm ra v nc x):
Q sxl + Q m + Q nm + Q tv > Q bh + Qrn + Q tr + Qx ( 8 . 8 )

Trong : Qrr; Q tr - lng nc ngm thm vo/ra khi h thng;

Cc k hiu khc vn c ngha nh gii thch trn.
Do nc c cp vo v thot ra khi h thng lin tc nn nc trong h thng
c trao i thng xuyn v hn ch c s tch t cc cht nhim, v vy nc
trong h thng c duy tr vi cht lng tt. Trong trng hp nc mt c cp
vo h thng bng bin php nhn to, cn tnh ton thit k vi thi gian lu nc m
bo kh nng duy tr cht lng tt ca nc trong h thng.
Qun l cht lng nc
Qun l lng cht nhim vo h thong
Cc cht nhim trong h thng nui trng thy sn c ngun gc t nc thi sau
x l, cc cht b sung trong qu trnh nui trng v t cc qu trnh chuyn ha t
nhin trong h thng. Nc ma cng c th cun theo cc cht nhim (nh bi);
lng ma ln c th lm cht thc vt v si mn t. V vy, cn thit k cc h thng
mng dn c kh nng gim thiu cc cht nhim vo h thng. Bin php qun l
nhim hiu qu nht l tng cng trao i v lm thong nc trong h thng.

261
 Qun l nhim sau h thng
Lng nhim trong nc vo v cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong h thng c th
lm tch t cc cht nhim hoc pht sinh cc dng cht nhim mi. Vic x cc ch,t
nhim ny ra mi trng t nhin s gy nhim cc thy vc. C nhiu k thut v
cng ngh c th ng dng hn ch nhim t cc h thng nui trng thy sn, tuy
nhin chi ph x l nhim thng cao. Phng php x l hiu qu nht l s dng
cc ng vt, thc vt v vi khun trong nc loi b cc cht nhim u vo v
gim thiu cc cht nhim pht sinh trong qu trnh nui trng.
Kh nng t lm sch
Bt k thy vc no cng c kh nng t lm sch bi cc qu trnh vt l hc, ha
hc v sinh hc. Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc ph thuc vo dng v lng
cc cht nhim. Kh nng t lm sch ca h thng kn thng thp do khng c s
trao i nc, cc cht nhim tch ng trong h thng v khng c dng x. Trong h
thng h, cc cht nhim t b tch t.Tuy nhin, i vi bt k mt h thng no,
lng cht nhim cn c qun l cht ch m bo khng vt qu kh nng t
lm sch ca h thng.
N hu cu nng ng
H thng dng ngc
Khi cao trnh ca x ca trm XLNT thp hn so vi ca vo ca h thng nui
trng thy sn, vic cp nc thi sau x l cho h thng cn thc hin bng my bm.
Nu vic b sung nc sch cho h thng yu cu phi dng bm, nhu cu nng lng
tiu th s ph thuc chnh lch cao trnh. Qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng (cung
cp xy, chiu sng) cng tiu th nng lng.
H thng t chy
Khi cao trnh ca x ca trm XLNT cao hn so vi cao trnh ca vo ca h thng
nui trng thy sn, nc thi sau x l c dn vo h thng bng dng t chy v h
thng khng cn s dng nng lng. Trong trng hp ny, nng lng tiu th ch
cn thit cho cng tc vn hnh.
Vt liu
Xy dng
Cc vt liu cn thit cho cng tc xy dng h bao gm xi mng, thp, ng nha,
nha tm chng thm, gch, ct, g, thy tinh, v ngun cp nng lng.
Vn hnh v qun l
Cc vt liu s dng cho cng tc vn hnh v bo dng gm ha cht dng trong
cng tc quan trc, nc, thuc tr su s dng trong qu trnh nui trng.

262
 8.6.4. Vn h n h v bo dig

D ng vo
Vn hnh v bo dng bao gm iu chnh lu lng v cht lng nc trong
dng vo h thng. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc trong dng vo, yu cu v cht
lng nc trong qu trnh nui trng, kh nng t lm sch v yu cu v cht lng
n c x , n c t c c n g u n v i c h t l n g k h c n h a u c h a t r n v c p v o h

thng. Nu cc sinh vt thy sinh yu cu cht lng nc cao, yu cu cht lng

nc ra khi h thng cao v h thng c kh nng t lm sch thp, th t l nc thi
sau x l cp vo h thng cn iu chinh thp. Trong trng hp ngc li, t l nc
t h i s a u x l c t h t n g .

D ng ra
Nu nc trong dng vo t yu cu v cht lng v h thng c vn hnh ng
quy cch v khng gp s c th nc trong dng ra cng s p ng c cc yu cu
x. Nu h thng gp s c, cng tc vn hnh khng c thc hin theo ng quy
cch, nc dng ra cn c x l b sung trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. Nu h
thng c kh nng t lm sch tt, c th thc hin tun hon mt phn nc x. Trong
trng hp ngc li, cn b tr h thng x l nhm m bo kh nng lm sch nc.
Qun l nhim v cht lng nc ngun
Cng tc quan trc cht lng nc l rt cn thit nhm m bo duy tr cht lng
nc trong h thng nui trng thy sn. quan trc cc ch tiu cht lng nc nh
COD, BOD, s s , TP, TN, N H /-N , v DO, cn la chn cc im quan trc hp l ti
cc khu vc ca nc vo v ra khi h thng, v mi khu vc cn ly mu theo cc
tng nc khc nhau. Cng tc qun l nhim ch yu c thc hin l trao i v
ti lm sch nc.
Qun l qu trnh sn xut
Qun l ma v
Mi loi thc vt u c kh nng thch nghi ring vi mi trng sng, quy lut
s i n h t r n g v p h t t r i n , v c c g i a i o n p h t t r i n t h c h n g . C c l o i t h c v t t h y

sinh c kh nng pht trin trong cc giai on khc nhau cn c la chn cy trng
xen k c th thc hin lun canh quanh nm. Ty theo cc ma trong nm, cc loi
sinh vt thy sinh c cc c tnh sinh l, v kh nng khng khc nhau i vi cc
y u t m i t r n g c h i . V d , t r o n g g i a i o n p h t t r i n c h i , c n m b o d u y t r

tt cht lng nc, cung cp t thc n, cn gim t l nc thi sau x l trong nc

u vo. Kh nng lm sch ca thc vt cng thay i theo cc giai on pht trin,
t h n g t h p t r o n g g i a i o n p h t t r i n b a n u v t h i u q u c a o h o n k h i t r n g

thnh, v vy t l nc thi sau x l cp vo h thng cn iu chnh hp l vi t l

thp trong thi gian pht trin ban u ca cy, sau tng v gim vo cui v nhm
m bo cht lng nc x ra khi h thng.

263
 Vo ma h, nhit , v m trong khng kh thng cao, nng xy ha tan
thp, trong khi mc hot ng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh tng, v vy cn c bin
php b sung xy. Trong cc ma c nhit v m cao, cng tc qun l s pht
trin ca su, mm bnh cng cn c ch trng. Lng nc thi sau x l c th
c tng vo ma ma do c pha long bi nc ma. T l nc sch cn c
iu chnh tng vo ma kh.
Ngn nga su b
Su b thng pht trin mnh vo thi k sinh trng ca cc loi ng thc vt
thy sinh v c th nh hng ti cht lng v s lng sn phm nui trng. Ngn
nga su b bng cc k thut sinh hc v qun l mi trng l cc bin php ti u
nht. Khi cn s dng thuc tr su, cn la chn loi thuc c c tnh v kh nng tn
d thp, thn thin vi mi trng nhm m bo an ton cho sn phm nui trng.
Thu hoch
Ma thu hoch thay i theo cc chu k pht trin v mc ch sn phm ca cc
dng ng thc vt thy sinh khc nhau. Vic thu hoch mt loi sn phm cn c
thc hin sao cho khng gy nh hng ti kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca
loi khc.

8.6.5. nh gi chi ph

Cc chi ph bao gm chi ph t, xy dng v vn hnh.

t: chi ph t ph thuc vo din tch t s dng v gi thnh t, c lin quan ti

v t r v c c h s d n g t .

X y dng: gi thnh xy dng ph thuc vo mc s dng trang thit b, xy

dng v k thut. Gi thnh xy dng bao gm nhn cng lao ng, vt liu, my mc
v q u n l .

Vn h nh : chi ph vn hnh bao gm hao mn thit b, sa cha, thay th thit b,

lng cn b vn hnh, o to v tip th.

8.6.6. Nhn s

Nhn chung, nhn s qun l h thng gm gim c, cn b vn hnh, cn b an

ton mi trng, v cc cng nhn vn hnh.

8.6.7. Tc ng m i trng

Tc ng c ch
Gim thiu mc khai thc ti nguyn nc, ti s dng nc thi sau x l s

gim nhu cu s dng nc sch ng thi bo tn ngun nc t nhin.

264
 Tc ng c hi
V snh: cc vi khun, mm bnh, trng giun c ngun gc t nc thi c kh nng
gy nn cc dch bnh, cn c cc bin php an ton v sinh tt, phng chng v ngn
c h n k h n n g b n g p h t d c h b n h n h m b o v s c k h e c o n n g i .

Lu ng nhim trong cc thy vc: c c c h t n h i m c t h l n g n g t i l p b n

y c bit l trong h thng kn.

Tch t cc cht nhim trong sn phm nui ng cc cht nhim c th tch t
trong cc sn phm v vt qu tiu chun.
An ton nc ngm: n c x t h t h n g n u i t r n g t h y s n c t h t h m v g y

nhim ngun nc ngm.

An ton nc mt: cc hin tng trn nc, lt li c th gy nhim cc ngun
nc mt.

TI LIU THAM KHO

ASANO, T., and LEVINE, A., 1998. Wastewater Recamation, Recycling and
Reuse: Inroduction. In: Asano, T. (ed.), Wastewater Recamation and Reuse,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 1-55.
FAO, 1985. Wcier quality fo r agriculture. R.s. Ayers and D .w . Westcot.,
Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1., FAO, Rome., 174 p.
F A O , 1 9 9 2 . Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. M . B . P e s c o d . I r r i g a t i o n

and Drainage Paper 47, FAO, Rome, 125 p.

FAO, 2000. Users manual fo r irrigation with treatecl wastewater. Regional Office
for the Near East, Cairo, Egypt. 83 p.
. FEACHEM, R.G., BRADLEY, D.J., GARELICK, H. and MARA, D.D., 1983.
Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects o f Excreta and Wastewater Management.
John Wiley, Chichester.
Hanclbook o f City Waste Water Recycling Usage (Cn) edite by Zhaofeng JIN and
Jincheng x u and published by Chemical Industry Press (January 2004).
KANDIAH A, 1990 Criteria and classiication o f saline water. Water, Soil and
Crop Management Practises Relating to the se o f Saline Water. A. Kandiah
(Ed), FAO, Rome, 34-51.
M AAS, E.V., 1984. Salt tolerance o f plants. In: The Handbook o f Plant Science in
Agriculture, B.R. Christies (ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
MAAS, E.V., and HOFFMAN, G.J., 1977. Crop salt tolerance - Curren assessmen.
J. Irrigation and Drainage Division. Proceeding Paper 12993. 115-134.

265
RICHARDS, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement o f saline and alkali soils.
USDA Agricultural Handbook N o.60, us Department o f Agriculture, Washington
DC, 160 p.
UNEP-IECT, 1999. nternationa Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban
Areas - Innovative Ways o f Finding Water f o r Cities. WHO Kobe Centre
Conference Room, Kobe, Japan.
WHO, 1989. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and
aquaculture. Technical Report No. 778, WHO, Geneva, 74 p.
WHO, 2006. Guidelines fo r safe use wastewater, excreta and grey water.
Wastewater use in agriculture vol.2, WHO, Geneva, 196 p.
W H O , 2 0 0 6 . Guidelines for safe use wastewater, excreta and grey wciter.
Wastewater use in aquaculture vol.3, WHO, Geneva, 41-43 p.
XANTHOULIS, D., 1996. Rapport de synthse: Rutilisation des eaitx uses cles
fins agricoles, Ouarzazate, Maroc. PND, FAO, M ARA - Maroc.
 T I S D N G B N T R O N G N N G N G H I P

9.1. GII THIU

Bn pht sinh t cc trm XLNT cha lng ln cc cht dinh dng c th s dng
t r o n g n n g n g h i p . N h i u q u c g i a t r n t h g i i s d n g b n t h i b n t p h c v

mc ch nng nghip; iu ny thun li cho ngi vn hnh trm XLNT v l bin

p h p t h u g o m v x l b n n g i n , k h n g t n k m . N n g d n c n g c l i k h i s d n g

b n v i c t h g i m c h i p h u t b n g c c h t h a y t h c c l o i p h n b n t r n t h t r n g

b n g b n v i g i t h p . H m l n g d i n h d n g t r o n g b n c u n g c p n i t , p h t p h o v c c

n g u y n t v i l n g c h o s p h t t r i n c a c y t r n g . H n n a , t h n h p h n h u c t r o n g

b n l m t n g h m l n g h u c t r o n g t . T u y n h i n , s d n g b m t r o n g n n g n g h i p

cng c mt hn ch, v d nh u t vo c s lu tr bn, chi ph qun l, kim tra

v kim sot quy trnh.

T i n h n g n i c p h p t i s d n g b n c h o m c c h n n g n g h i p , v i c t i s

d n g b n c k i m s o t v t u n t h t h e o c c q u y n h c a c c c a q u a n q u n l m i

t r n g a p h n g . T r o n g h u h t c c t r n g h p , n h n g y u t h n c h v i c t i s

d n g b n t r o n g n n g n g h i p l n n g k i m l o i n n g , m m b n h , k h n n g t h u h t c c

s i n h v t g y b n h v h m l n g h p c h t h u c c h i t r o n g b n . P h p l u t c n g c

th hn ch cc thnh phn c th khc, v mt l thuyt, c th s dng mi loi bn

cho mc ch nng nghip nhng trong thc t, dni bo mc ch pht trin bn
v n g , c n g i m t h i u v i c s d n g c c l o i b n c h a c n n h h o v i t h i g i a n l u

tr lu di hoc b sung vi. Vic n nh ho bn nhm am bo bn c t hoc khng

c mm bnh v n nh v phng din ho hc.

9.2. C IM CA BN V s DNG BN TRONG NNG NGHIP

Bn l sn phm ph, na rn ca qu trnh XLNT, cha tt c hp cht c tch t

n c t h i v c c h p c h t b s u n g t r o n g q u t r i n h x l , C c c t n h c a b n c h u n h

h n g t r c t i p b i c n g n g h x l n c t h i v c t h p i h n l o i t h e o a i m p h t

sinh trong dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT (xem chi tit Churomg 7 v x l bn).

C c t h n h p h n t r o n g b n p h t h u c c h y u v o c i im c a n c t h i v q u t r n h

x l . N u n c t h i c x l l n c t h i s i n h h o t t h b n t o r a s c h m l n g

kim loi nng v hp cht hu c c hi rt thp nn khi mrag s dng loi bn ny

267
trong nng nghip s cao. Kh nng ti s dng bn c nh gi trn c s nng
cc thnh phn trong bn nh tng lng cht rn, hm lng cht rn d bay hi,
pH, cht hu c, mm bnh, kim loi v cht hu c c hi.
Cc ch s v lng bn cung cp thng tin v tng khi lng bn c th s dng.
Tng lng cht rn ca bn cho bit nhu cu lu tr, vn chuyn v phng php x
l c th p dng. Lng cht rn bay hi biu th hm lng hu c trong bn v c
th gip d on cc vn tim n v mi. pH nh tnh axit ca bn biu th kh
nng thay i pH ca t v cc tc ng lin quan trong nng nghip. Cc mm
bnh biu th kh nng gy bnh ca bn khi c s dng trong nng nghip; tuy
nhin trc khi s dng trong nng nghip, bn thng c n nh ha nn c lng
mm bnh rt thp. Neu bn t nc thi sinh hot khng c n nh, kh nng s
lng mm bnh cao hn nhiu v vic s dng bn c th nguy him. Cht dinh dng
trong bn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh s dng bn lm phn bn cho mc
ch nng nghip. Cht dinh dng bao gm nit (i vi tt c cc loi bn), phtpho,
kali v mt s nguyn t vi lng; nng thc ca cc cht dinh dng ny ph thuc
vo c tnh ca nc thi v qu trnh x l. Kim loi cn c c bit quan tm v
hu ht cc tiu chun gii hn v cht lng bn u lin quan n hm lng kim loi
nng. Cc cht ho hc hu c c trong hu ht cc loi nc thi, do cng c trong
bn. Cc cht nhim hu c nguy hi c th gy hi cho con ngi v t nhin bng
tnh c v cc phn ng lin quan.

9.3. YU CU CHUNG V TI s DNG BN TRONG NNG NGHIP

Vic ti s dng bn trong nng nghip c kim sot bi lut php s ti, do
cc quy nh v ti s dng bn ti mi quc gia c s khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vic ti s
dng v mc ng dng da trn nng cht dinh dng, kim loi nng v cht
nhim hu c. Ti mt s quc gia, cc quy nh v s dng bn trong nng nghip
c thit lp cht ch ti mc vic ti s dng bn thi t qu trnh XLNT hu nh
khng thc hin c. Ti M, iu lut Nc Sch (40 CFR phn 503) quy nh vic
ti s dng bn [EPA 1994]. Chu u, ch th 86/278/EEC quy nh vic ti s dng
bn; ch th ny l yu cu ti thiu v cc bang thnh vin s c cc quy nh chi ch
hn, tu theo nhu cu ca h hoc mc ch v mi trng.
Cc yu cu c bn nht v ti s dng bn lin quan n mc x l bn (tch
nc, n nh ha hoc x l ring bit), cc gii hn v hm lng kim loi nng, cht
rn kh v cht dinh dng, cc gii hn v pH trong t, loi ma v c th tip
nhn bn v hnh thc tip cn ca con ngi n cnh ng v cc bc tip theo.

9.3. . Cc c tnh vt l,' ho hc v sinh hc ca bn

V

c tnh ca bn thay i tu theo ngun gc bn v cng ngh XLNT. Trc khi

ph duyt mi quyn s dng bn cho nng nghip, cn thc hin nh gi k cc c

268
t n h c a b n . V i c m t c t n h b n c u n g c p t h n g t i n h u c h c h o c c n h q u n l

nh gi tnh ph hp ca bn. c tnh vt lv m t bn theo mc x l v s dng

bn [EEA, 1998]. Cc thng s ho hc cho bit s c mt ca nhng cht hu ch nh cht
d i n h d n g h o c h p c h t c h i v n g u y h i m k h i n b n k h n g t i s d n g c . V i c

m t c i m s i n h h c c u n g c p t h n g t i n v c c v i s i n h v t v c h t h u c t r o n g b n .

Quy nh ca M v s dng bn cho nng nghip cp n bn nh mt dng

cht rn sinh hc c n nh ha; quy nh.ny thit lp bn nhm gii hn cho
kim loi: nng trn, nng cht nhim, mc ti cht nhim tch ly v mc ti
c h t n h i m h n g n m . Gii hn nng trn ( t n h b n g m g / L ) l n n g t i a c h o

php ca mt cht nhim trong bn dng cho vic san lp t. Gii hn nng cht
nhim cho php (tnh bng mg/L) l nng gii hn cc cht nhim, thng thy
trong bn ng gi bn trn th trng. Mc ti cht nhim tch ly (tnh bng kg/ha)
l lung cht nhim ti a c th c p dng cho mt a im hoc mt cnh ng.
Mc li cht nhim hng nm ( t n h b n g k g / h a t r n 3 6 5 n g y ) l l n g c h t n h i m

t i a c t h c p d n g c h o m t a i m h o c c n h n g t r o n g v n g 1 2 t h n g ( B n g

9.1). Ch th ca EU gii hn nng kim loi trong bn v hn ch s dng bn cho

mc ch nng nghip ty theo nng kim loi nng trong t tip nhn (Bng 9.2).
Gi tr gii hn ca an Mch cho mt s kim loi thm ch cn cht ch hn so vi
ch th ca EU (Bng 9.3). Lut ca anh Mch cn gii hn hm lng ca mt s kim
loi lin quan ti hm lng cht dinh dng (phtpho) trong bn.
Nhng khuyn ngh v sinh hc lin quan ch yu ti vic gim mm bnh v thu
h t s i n h v t t r u y n b n h g i m t h i u r i r o v s c k h o t i a i m s d n g . T h e o

J i m n e z v W a n g ( 2 0 0 6 ) , r i r o c a o n h t g y r a t k h u n samonella v g i u n s n .

B ng 9.1. T i u chun ca M v gii hn cc cht nhim trong bn ti s dng.

G i i h n n n g t r n G i i h n n m ; G i i h n t i l n g
T i l n g s i n h
i v i c c d n g s i n h c h t n h i m c h o c h t n h i m
C h t n h i m k h i t h e o n m
k h i s d n g c h o t p h p t r o n g s in h t r o n g s i n h k h i
( k g / h a / 3 6 5 n g y )
( m g / k g ) a k h i ( m g / k g ) a ( k g / h a )

A s e n 7 5 4 1 4 1 2 , 0

C a d m i 8 5 3 9 3 9 1 , 9

C r m 3 . 0 0 0 1 . 2 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 1 5 0

n g 4 . 3 0 0 1 . 5 0 0 1 . 5 0 0 7 5

C h i 8 4 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 5

T h u n g n 5 7 1 7 1 7 0 , 8 5

N i k e n 4 2 0 4 2 0 4 2 0 2 1

S e l e n 1 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 5 , 0

K m 7 . 5 0 0 2 . 8 0 0 2 . 8 0 0 1 4 0

a T r n g l n g k h

Ngun: T r c h d n t p h n 5 0 3 , E P A 1 9 9 4 .

269
 Bng 9.2. Tiu chun Chu u v gii hn cc cht nhim trong bn ti s dng.
G i t r g i i h n n n g G i t r g i i h n G i t r g i i h n c t h c

C h t k i m l o i n n g t r o n g b n n n g k i m l o i s d n g c h o t t r n CO' s

n h i m s d n g t r o n g t n n g n n g t r o n g t t r u n g b n h 1 0 n m

n g h i p ( m g / k g ) a ( m g / k g ) a ( k g / h a / 3 6 5 n g y )

C a d m i 2 0 - 4 0 1 - 3 0 , 1 5

o
-1-
n g 1 . 0 0 0 - 1 . 7 5 0 1 2

N i k e n 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 3 0 - 7 5 3

C h 7 5 0 - 1 . 2 0 0 5 0 - 3 0 0 1 5

K m 2 . 5 0 0 - 4 . 0 0 0 1 5 0 - 3 0 0 3 0

T h u n g n 1 6 - 2 5 1 - 1 ,5 0 , 1

C r m - - -

3 T r n g l n g k h

Ngun: T r c h d n t 8 6 / 2 7 8 / E E C , 1 9 8 6 .

B n g 9 . 3 . T i u c h u n a n M c h v g i i h n c h t n h i m t r o n g b n t i s d n g .

C h t n h i m G i t r g i i h n c h o n n g ( m g / k g ) a m g / k g t n g l n g p h t p h c

C a d m i 0 , 8 1 0 0

n g 1 . 0 0 0

N i k e n 3 0 2 . 5 0 0

C h 1 2 0 1 0 . 0 0 0

K m 4 . 0 0 0

T h u n g n 0 , 8 2 0 0

C r m 1 0 0 -

T r n g l n g k h

Ngun: T r c h d n t B M i t r n g v N n g l n g a n M c h , 2 0 0 3 .

9.3.2. Ly mu v phn tch

Ch th ca EU 86/278/EEC khuyn ngh: bn cn c phn tch t nht su thing

mt ln nu cht lng v vic sn xu bn n nh. Neu c nhng thay i trong
hnh h thng x l nc thi v sn xut bn, th cn thc hin ly mu v phn tch
thng xuyn hon. Cc chi tiu phn tch bao gm cc thng s sau:
C h t k h ;

C h t h u c ;

p H ;

N i t v p h t p h o ;

C a d m i , n g , niken, c h , k m , t h u n g n , c r m v a s e n .

270
 V cc tiu chun gii hn cng p dng cho t tip nhn nn t cng phi c
phn tch nhng ch phn tch v pH v kim loi. M cng yu cu c nhng phn
tch tng t [EPA, phn 503, 1994].
C quan mi trng an Mch yu cu mc ly mu ti thiu theo khi lng bn
kh c nh to ra mi nm (2000 m3 mi nm). an Mch cng yu cu phn tch cc
cht c hi vi mi trng khc l alkvlbenzene sulbnates (LAS), polycyclic
hydrocarbons ( I PAH), nonylphenols (NPE), v phthalates (DEHP) [B Mi trng v
Nng lng, 2003].

Bng 9.4. Tiu chun an Mch v gii hn cc cht c hi ti mi trng.

C h t n h i m m g / k g t h e o t r n g l n g k h

A l k y l b e n z e n e s u l n a t e s ( L A S ) 1 . 3 0 0

P o l y c y c i i c h y d r o c a r b o n s ( E P A H ) 3

N o n y l p h e n o l s ( N P E ) 1 0

P h t h a la t e s ( D E H P ) 5 0

Ngun: B Mi trng v Nng lng, an Mch. 2003.

9.3.3. nh gi cc ri ro

Vic nh gi ri ro phi tnh n c im ca bn, iu kin a im s dng, c

im v tiu chun mi trng a phng, kh nni tip xc ca con ngi v ng
v t v i b n .

9.4. CC YU T TC NG N TI s DNG BN

9.4.1. Yu t a l

K h h u a p h n g v n h n g c n g t c n n g n g h i p c t h n h h n g n k h n n g

t i s d n g b n t r o n g n n g n g h i p . N h u c u d i n h d n g c a c c v m a p h t h u c v o

k h h u v l o i c y t r n g . M c s d n g b n p h i p n g n h u c u m a v , i u n y n h

h n g n k h n n g t i s d n g b n . T i a n M c h , m c s d n g b n t i a c h o p h p

l 1 7 0 k g N i t / h a . n m v 3 0 k g P h t p h o / h a . n m .

C h i p h v n c h u y n p h t h u c v o k h o n g c c h g i a a i m s n x u t b n v n i

ng dng. Thng thng, nng dn phi chi tr chi ph ny; vic s dng bn cho nng
nghip ph thuc vo li ch kinh t tim nng cho nng dn.

9.4.2. Yu t kinh t x hi

M c d s d n g b n l m n g u n d i n h d n g c h o c y t r n g l m t p h n g t h c t

n h i n v t h n t h i n v i m i t r n g , n h n g d n c c t h k h n g n g v h c o i b n l

h i m h a . i v i n n g d n , b n l m t t i n g u v n , d o k h n n g l m p h n b n c a n

271
v cc li ch lin quan ca cc cht hu c. Php lut a phng cn kim sot s cn
i gia nhn thc v li ch, thuyt phc cng ng bng cch gim thiu cc nguy hi
ti sc kho v mi trng. Khi thc thi lut v kim sot ng cch, nng dn s quyt
nh s dng bn trong nng nghip tu theo li ch mong i. S dng bn cho nru
nghip yu cu mt s khon u t v chi ph vn hnh vn chuyn bn t a in
sn xut ti cc trang tri (chi ph thay i theo loi bn), lu tr, ri bn v cv br.,
ly mu, phn tch bn v t, chi ph hnh chnh, qun l.

Hnh 9.1. Bn tch nc sn sng vn chuyn.

9.4.3. Yu t mi trng

Php lut a phng gii quyt nhng vn mi trng lin quan n s dng )n
trong nng nghip. Gii hn chung nht cho vic s dng bn trong nng nghip v
mc x l s b ca bn, nng kim loi nng trong bn v t tip nhn, mc s
dng theo nng kim loi v hm lng cht nhim hu c c hi. Cc gii hr b
sung c th bao gm lng cht dinh dng c p dng, khong cch ti ngun mc,
loi ma v v tnh tip cn hn ch ca nng dn ni s dng bn. Cc nhn t ni
trng khc c th c xem xt bao gm kh thi (mi), iu kin nc ngm v nc b
mt, n, an ton (ri ro tip xc vi mm bnh) v nhu cu nng lng.

9.5. BO QUN V S DNG BN

Bn s dng trong nng nghip thng c lu tr ti ni sn xut hay trong nt

s trng hp th a im s dng (Hnh 9.2). iu ny ph thuc trng thi bn c
hai trng hp u cn c c s lu tr. Khi s dng bn lng, c th lu tr bn tnng
b phn hu, bnh cha hoc h. Nu bn c tch nc, cch lun tr ph bin iht
l ti a im s dng. Trong mi trng hp, phi trnh tc ng ca thi tit n )n
cng nh nguy c tim tng do mi v thu ht sinh vt truyn bnh. Thit k c s lu

272
tr phi tnh n cc yu t nh nng cht rn, tnh n nh ca cht dinh ng
trong bn, cht hu c v mc tp trung mm bnh.

Hnh 9.2. B n nh ha li c s Uai tr

Ngun: vww.cambi.no. 2006.

9.6. CNG TC QUN L

S dng bn cho nng nghip yu cu cng tc qun l phi c tnh kh thi v kinh
t v an ton vi mi trng. Quy trnh s dng ph thuc vo kh hu, tnh cht ca
t, ma trng trt v yu cu ca cy trng. Khng c s dng bn khi t b ng
bng, b tuyt bao ph hoc ng lt. Khng c s dng bn trong khi ma ln v c
th ra tri b mt. Trong thi tit rt nng, s dng bn c th lm cht dinh dng
bc hi. S dng bn phi p ng nhu cu ca nh my v ph hp vi t l nng hc
(ty theo ma v, t trng v kh hu). S dng bn cho t khng c lm nh
hng n cht lng nc b mt hoc e da ng thc vt t nhin.

Hnh 9.3: R bm trn cnh ng

Ngun: www.cambi.no. 2006.

273
 Khi s dng bn ni trng thc n cho sc vt v cc ma v cho con ngi tiu
th, mt s gii hn p dng ph thuc vo ma v v kh nng tip xc vi bn. Ch
th ca E nghim cm vic s dng bn cho ng c hoc v trng thc n cho sc vt
trc khi kt thc thi gian ti thiu (khuyn ngh t nht 10 thng, nhng cho php cc
bang thnh vin t do rt ngn thi gian). Ch th ny cng nghim cm s dng bn
c h o n h n g m a v n h h o a q u v r a u , h n c h t h i g i a n s d n g b n k h i t r n g r a u v

hoa qu [86/278/EEC, 1986].

M gii hn thi gian thu hoch ma v trn t c bn bng bn [EPA, 1994].
i vi nhng ma v trng trn b mt t, vic thu hoch ch c bt u sau 14
thng s dng bn. i vi ma v trng di t, giai on gii hn thu hoch ko di
thm n 20 thng. Cc gii hn thi gian thu hoch cng p dng cho nhng ma v
t r n g t h c n c h o s c v t , n g c v i v i s d n g b n n h n g n i d n c c t h

tip cn (cng vin, cnh ng v rng).

9.7. NH HNG XU N MA v V T

S dng bn c th nh hng n ma v ty theo a im trng trt v kh nng

tip xc vi bn. Do , c th chia ma v thnh ba nhm:
1. K h n g tip x c v i t (ca m , to, ng, V.V.);
2. Tip xc vi t (c chua, da chut, rau dip, V.V.);
3 . D i l n g t ( k h o a i t y , h n h , c c i , V . V . ) .

T r o n g t t c c c t r n g h p , c c c h t h v b n c a a p h n g g i i h n t h i g i a n s

dng bn trc thu hoch, tiu th hoc khi tip xc.

TI LIU THAM KHO

EEA, 1998. Sludge treatment and disposal management approaches rnd

experiences. European Environment Agency Copenhagen DK.

EPA, 1994. A plain English guide to the EPA, part 503, biosolids rule.
EPA/832/R-93/003, Washington DC (USA).

EPA, 1995. Process design manua land application o f sew age sludge al
domestic septage. EPA/625/R-95/001, Cincinnati (USA).

EUROPEAN CONCIL, 1986. Directive 86/278/EEC Council Directive

86/278/EEC o f 12 June 1986 on the protection o f the environment, and in particuar
of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agricuure. E u r o p e a n c o m m i s s i o n

INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION, 2006. M unicipa wastewciier

management in developing countries: principals and engineering. E d . U j a n g z . &

Hense M., IWA publishing, 334 p., London, UK.

274
 JIMENEZ, B., and WANG, L, 2006. Sludge treatment and management n
municipal wastewater management in developing cuntries: principes and
engineering. Ed. Ujang and Henze, IWA publishing, London, UK.

. MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, 2003. Act 623 o f 30/062003 on

the use of wastefor agricultural use (sluclge) ( i n Danish), MST Copenhagen DK

WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION, 2 0 0 3 . Wastewater treatment plant

design. Ed. Vesilind A. & Rooke R.L., W E F , A l e x a n d r i a , VA.

www.cambi.no/References/sludge/default.htm

275
 C C V N V K I N H T V T I C H N H

1 0

10.1. NHNG KHI NIM KINH T c BN NH GI H THNG x L

NC THI (XLNT)

Chng ny s cung cp cho cc k s cc nguyn l v thc tin c bn v mt kinh

t- k thut so snh, nh gi cc h thng XLNT khc nhau v nh gi hiu qu
kinh t ca gii php XLNT 'chi ph thp' c cp ti trong cc chng trc,
c bit l khi so snh h thng ny vi cc h thng thng thng khc. Chng ny
cng gii thch cch thc hin c c mt phn tch kinh t k thut c bn cho h
thng XLNT nhm i n mt quyt nh c hiu qu.

10.1.1. Chi ph u t

Chi ph u t hay cn gi l vn u t l tng chi ph u t cho vic xy dng c

s h tng hay trang thit b mi. Trn hnh 10.1 l biu thi gian chun cho vic
thc hin mt d n u t. Biu ny c lp vi gi thit l cc phn vic c
tin hnh nh nhau trong sut thi gian thc hin.
Chi ph u t
hng nm

Tnh trng mc tiu/ch

T ------------ 1 I I------------ 1------------ r

Nm khi cng Nm mc tiu

(Nm bt u)

Hnh 10.1. Biu thi g ia n ca mt k hoch u t.

i vi h thng XLNT t nhin chi ph thp, chi ph u t s c dao ng ln u

thuc a im xy dng v c im ca trm c xy dng. Ni chung, cc hng
mc u t c bn bao gm:
Chi ph t ai.
Kho st v tr.
Gii phng mt bng.

276
 o . s a n l p t .

X y b i l c k h i c n .

L p t n g d n k h i c n .

X y b , l m t h o i d c .

R i s i n i c n t h i t .

i t / l m m n g k h i c i u k i n .

X y d n g h t h n g c p , t h o t n c .

X y d n g h t h n g c p i n .

X y d n g t r m b m n i c n t h i t .

T o l p l t ( n u t c t h m c a o . c n x e m x t p h c h i c h o v i c t o l p l t l n g

b cha).
L p h n g r o .

L p t n g d n p h .

C h i p h v m t k t h u t , l u t p h p ( c p p h p ) , s c . c h i p h t h n g i v l i

nhun ca nh thu.
Cc chi ph khc c lin quan n u t bao gm xv nh. lm ng, ti nh c
c h o d n v m u a q u y n s d n g n c , x n c r a n g u n .

T r o n g t r n g h p c n t h i t , c h i p h c h o v i c r i s i v t o l p l t t h n g l c a o n h t .

V d nh mt lp lt bng nha c th chim t'i 40% tng chi ph xy dng. Tuy

n h i n , t r o n g n h i u t r n g h p c t n h t t i k h u v c x y d n i c n g c h t n g n

chn vic lm nhim bn/gy nhim nc ngm.

M rng dch v, nng cp v ti u t

Vic m rng dch v, nng cp v ti u t cng cn cc khon chi ph ngang bng

vi chi ph u t ban u vi mt biu thi gian tng t.

Hnh 0.2. Mi quan h gia m rng dch v, nn cp, /i u lir f

v gi tr ti san cua h llin

277
 Hnh 1-2 cho thy mi quan h gia chi ph bo dng, nng cp, u t mi v gi
tr ti sn ca kt cu h tng bin i theo thi gian.
Chi ph ti u t c c t n h l s k h u h a o t h n g n i n c a k t c u h t n g v

chi ph ny c xem l tng trong sut tui i ca ti sn. Trong nm u khng c

k h o n t i u t n o n h n g s a u c h i p h n y s t n g u t r o n g q u t r n h s d n g h

thng. Trn hnh 10.3 ng chm gch nm ngang th hin mc ti u t thc hng
nm khng i / c nh trong sut ti th 25 nm ca h thng c u t; ng
nm nghing cho thy mc tng thc tuyn tnh ca chi ph ti u t trong sut tui i
ca h thng. C hai ng k to thnh biu ti u t hon chnh sau 25 nm
9 ,0 %

8 ,0 %

7 ,0 %

' I 6 ,0 %

5,0%

I 4 ,0 %
'< 0

3 ,0 %

2 ,0 %

1 ,0 %

0 ,0 %

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0

T u i th t i s n

Hnh 10.3. Biu ti u t in hnh.

Chi ph nng cp l u t s lm tng gi tr ca h k nhm t mt phn

h o n t h n g

hoc hon ton mc gi tr theo thit k ban u, trong khi ti u t chi gi cho gi tr
ti sn khng i. Gia ti u t v u t nng cp / phc hi c mi lin quan cht
ch. Neu khng c khon ti u t no trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th s c
chi ph nng cp ngang bng vi gi tr ti u t dn li nhm khi phc gi tr ca h
thng. Gi tr ti u t tch lu khng c thc hin c gi l "s ng chi ph
bo dng". y l chi s then cht ca gi tr ti sn v hiu qu hot ng ca n. Chi
ph vn hnh s tng nu nh khng c cc khon ti u t cn thit; thm ch phi
ngng hot ng sau mt khong thi gian .
M rng dch v l vic m rng hoc nng cp h thng. Cc khon u t vo chi
ph m rng dch v s lm tng s mt gi thng nin ca h thng v do vy tng
chi ph ti u t hng nm.

10.1.2. Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng

Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng h thng XLNT t nhin thng l rt thp so vi

cc h thng x l thng thng, do vy "chi ph thp" chnh l c im in hnh ca
h thng x l ny.

278
 Chi ph vn hnh bao gm cc khon chi cho hot ng v bo dng hng ngy ca
h thng hay ca thit b. y l nhng khon chi nh k trong sut tui i ca h
thng. Cc khon chi ny dao ng cc mc khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k v
phng php s dng ca h thng XLNT. i vi cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp v
ty theo th loi h thng, chi ph ny c th bao gm:
Kim sot thy lc v su ca nc.
Tra du van v bm.
Lm sch h thng cp, thot.
Ct c b.
Qun l hoa mu.
Ngn chn mui v cn trng (nu cn).
Kim tra nh k.
Do hu ht cc h thng XLNT t nhin hot ng theo ch dng t chy (c
ngha l khng cn n my bm v cc thit b in khc) nn khng cn phi bo
dng nhiu v chi ph cho in nng cng mc ti thiu. Nhn chung, h thng
XLNT t nhin i hi t sc lao ng hn cc h thng thng thng, v thu hoch
hoa mu th i hi nhiu sc lao ng hon do hoa mu trng theo h thng XLNT t
nhin yu cu phi c thu hoch thng k. Trong cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to,
thc vt ch hp th mt lng nh cc cht gy nhim, do vy vic thu hoch v ct
b t h n g k k h n g c n g h a l n i v i k h n n g c a h t h n g x l . V i c d n s c h

rc l rt cn thit trnh hin tng lm tc dng chy. Ni chung hin tng tc

dng ch xy ra khi h thng mng cp, thot nc nh hoc khi mng kh c.
Vic qun l hoa mu cng bao gm c vic qun l ng vt hoang d, tu thuc
loi hoa mu c chn trng trong khu vc. ng vt nhu chut, cy hng thng
n hoa mu nm l trn b mt cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to.
Cc h thng c s dng thit b phun ti nc cn c lch kim tra v c ra
thng xuyn, bao gm c vic x sch nc trong cc ng ng, cng dn khi hot
n g t h e o m a n h m t r n h h i n t n g h a n g . M y b m , v a n v c c c h i t i t c k h k h c

cn c bo dng v tra du thng xuyn.

su ca nc cc h thng XLNT t nhin cn c iu chnh theo ma hoc
theo mc tng ca cn rc tch t trong cc mng dn nc. Mui cng cn c kim
sot, ph thuc vo iu kin v yu cu ca tng a phng. Lng mui trong khu
v c b i l c n g p n c p h c v n h u c u X L N T k h n g c n h i u h n l n g m u i c c

m ly t nhin ln cn. mt s h thng, vic ti s dng nc thi s cho t l np

ti thu lc cao hn v do vy din tch, quy m ca h thng cng nh hn. Cc bi lc
nhn nc thng xuyn t cc ao, h c cha rong ru s nhanh b tc, kt. i vi
mt s loi t, ngi vn hnh cn thng xuyn duy tr thm nc ca bi lc theo

279
thit k ban u. Ngi vn hnh cn kim tra tnh trng bi lc hng ngy v ghi li
thi gian x nc kim tra mc thm nc.
Vic kim tra thng k l rt quan trng. Tin hnh mt s phn tch m bo h
thng XLNT t nhin ang hot ng tt l cn thit, tuy nhin khng cn phi thc
hin mt chng trnh ly mu v kim tra tng th. cn kim tra cht lng nc
thng xuyn i vi cc h thong XLNT c giy php x nc ra. Cc yu cu v vic
kim tra, tn sut kim tra c nu r trong giy php.
Vic lv mu e kim tra thng ch cn thc hin i vi nc thi trc v sau x
l. i vi h thng XLNT t nhin, do mt s cng on tin x l c tin hnh
t trc nn vic kim tra nh k khng bao gm cht lng nc ca dng vo. Tuy
nhin, vic quan trac nh k cht lng nc trc v sau x l cng cn c tin
hnh vi tt c cc h nhm gip ngi vn hnh hiu bit v hot ng ca h thng v
c c s iu chnh nu cn thit.
Vn hnh v bo dng t ng b phn
Vn hnh v bo dng h thng XLNT ti ch bao gm vic kim tra thng xuyn
lp bn cn v lp vng trong cc khoang ca b t hoi. Be t hoi cn c bm ht
khi dy ca lp cn v lp vng vt qu 1/3 chiu cao ca b. Khng bm ht b t
hoi s dn n vic cc cht rn chy vo bi lc, bt kn cc l rng trong t v lm
bi khng hot ng c. Chi ph cho vic bm ht b t hoi thng xuyn thng
thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph khi phc bi lc.
Vic kim tra nh k cc iu kin hot ng ca bi lc cng rt cn thit, bao gm
vic kim tra nc ng trn mt t, theo di s thng kh. v nhng khu vc cy
tng trng tt. Cy tng trng mnh c th l biu hin ca: 1) s r r (nu cy chi
tng trng mnh mt khu vc nh trn bi lc); 2) s dn ng bn di mt t C1C
cht x t b t hoi do bi b tc hoc b rc lt vo (nu cy tng trng mnh trn
khp bi hoc khu vc trng nht).
Clti p h bo dng
Vic bo dng cn c tin hnh duy tr hoc thay th c s h tng nhm m
bo tui th ca h thng. i vi nhiu h thng XLNT t nhin, vic bo dng bao
gm kim tra hin tng nt, v b hay cc du hiu b b xi mn. Trong mt ;
trng hp b ngn c lm bng t, cn kim tra phng cc loi vt gm nhn
lm h hi. B, ca cc ao, h cng cn c kim tra pht hin ng vt o bVi
hay hin tng xung cp ca cng trnh v vt liu lt.
i vi mt s loi t, cn khi phc b mt thm khi kh nng thm b suy gin.
Cc cht hu c tch t cn c dn sch hng nm; b mt thm cn c lm sci.
to rnh hay xi nh khi phc kh nng thm. C th no b vi cm t b mt.
l phn t sch. Vic sa cha b , hng ro, li i cng nn c tin hnh vi tin
sut 10 nm 1 ln.

280
 Thay th thit b
T r o n g h t h n g X L N T c h i p h t h p , v i c t h a y t h t h i t b t h n g l m t p h n c a b o

d n t n u s t h a y t h g i p k o d i t u i t h c a h t h n g . V i c b o d n g c n t h i t

c h o h o t n g c a h t h n g , n h n g k h n g g i p t n g t u i t h c a h t h n g t h e o n g

n g h a , t h c t n h v o p h n c h i p h v n h n h .

T u y n h i n , t r n t h c t k h c t h t c h n h r m t h a y t h n h r a k h i q u t r n h v n

h n h . C h i p h v n h n h h t h n g h a y t h i t b h i n c t h n g c n c t r n c h i p h v n

h n h c a t h i t b m i . K h i s d n g m t h p h n t c h c h i t i u c h u n c h o c c h n g m c

n h n n g l n g , h o c h t , l a o n g v c h s l i c p d n g m c g i a p h n g c h o

m i m c , t h g i a p h n g s c i u c h i n h . H s t l c n g p h i c a v o

t n h n c c i u k i n c t h t i a p h n g n u k h n g y u t / i u k i n n y s k h n g

c x t n .

H i n h 1 0 . 4 c h o t h y b i u c h i p h v n h n h v b o d n g t h e o t h i g i a n , s l i u

u v o c a t n h t r n g h i n c x c n h m c c h i t r o n g t h i g i a n u , t r o n g k h i s l i u

t i n h t r n g m c t i u x c n h m c c h i g i a n o n c u i . G i a h a i t h i i m n y v i c u

t h o c t h a y i p h n g t h c h o t n g n h m t m c t i u s c t i n h n h . B i u

c h o t h y m c t i u b a o h m c v i c m r n g h t h n g , v i c n y s d n n m t k h o n

t n g u t r o n g c h i p h h o t n g h n g n m n h k h i x y d n g c s h t n g m i .

Chi ph hng nm

Nm khi cng Nm mc tiu Nm

(Nm bt u)

Hnh 10.4. Biu ch ph vn hnh v bao dg

10.1.3. Chi ph c nh v chi ph bin ng

C h i p h c n h v c h i p h b i n n g l i n quan d n c c k h o n k h c n h a u c a c h i p h

v n h n h v b o d n g .

Ch phi c nh: K h o n c h i n y k h n g t h a y i t h e o m c h o t n g c a h t h n g ,

b a o g m t i n t h u t , c h i p h g i m s t , k i m t r a . q u n l v h o a m u , b i n c h c n b q u n

l , b o h i m , g i y p h p v . v . . .

Chi ph bin ng: K h o n c h i n y t h a y i t u t h e o m c h o t n g c a h t h n g

X L N T , b a o g m c h i p h c h o v t t t r c t i p , v t l i u tiu d n g , i n , d u n h n , l a o n g

t r c t i p t h e o m a v l a o n g b n t h i g i a n .

281
 10.1.4. Lm pht

Lm pht l s gia tng theo mc chung ca gi c so vi mt mc no ca sc

mua. Trong bn phn tch d n, ngi ta thng dng gi c nh tc l gi c
i u c h n h t h e o l m p h t n g a y t u n h n g s a u l i c c n h v o m t n m g c .

T u y n h i n t r o n g b n p h n t c h l u t h n g t i c h n h , s d n g g i h i n h n h c t h l i p h

hp hn; y chnh l gi danh nh cho thy rt r nm ny qua nm khc. Lm pht,

hay s tng chung v ch s gi tiu dng, hay s dao ng v gi tng i c th c
nh hng n vic tnh ton doanh thu ti chnh ca vic u t. Do , gi hin hnh
thng c sut s dng.
C c c o n s d a n h n h n h l n g d a n h n h , l i s u t - ...... - ______ ________________ ___ I ........ I ................................................................

d a n h n h h a y g i t r u t d a n h n h c h n h l s t i n C H I P H D A N H N H V

p h i c h i t r h a y t h u v t r o n g n g y . M t c h n g t c h i C H I P H T H
C

t r t i n l Chi ph danh nh (hin thi)

n g v m t h p n g v a y n c a m t n h I

m y X L N l chi ph cho bt k
T k th
th g c
s t h h i n l i s u t d a n h n h . I

quyra
Cc con s thc t nh tin lng thc t, li quy rathnh
thnhtin
tintrong
trongngy
ngymm
s u t t h c c tnh
c tnhn
n nh
h nhhng
a hngca
y ca lm
lm t n g s n p h m n i a t h c c i u

pht. Chi
chnh theo nh hng ca lm pht. Nhng con s Ipht. Chi phphi thc
thc (c
(c nh)
nh)
n y t h h khngtnh
khng tnhn
i nlm
lm
n pht.
pht. g i t r v m t s c m u a c a t i n l n g ,

li sut hoc sn lng; c ngha l tnh n vic -

mt khon tin lng, li sut hay thu nhp c th mua c bao nhiu hng ho v
dch v.
Mi quan h gia t l thc v t l danh nh vi mt t l lm pht c th c th
hin qua cng thc:
R = ( + Rr)( + Ri) -1 =Rr + Ri + RrR, ( 1 0 . 1 )

Trong :
Rn - t l d a n h n h ;

Rr - t l thc;
R - t l l m p h t .

V d, t l thc Rr l 8 % vi t l lm pht Ri l 4% s cho t l danh nh Rn = 12,32%.

10.1.5. T l chit khu

so snh cc u t theo thi gian, ngi a ra quyt nh cn s dng mt t l

chit khu gim dng li nhun v chi ph n gi tr hin ti. ngha c bn ca
vic ny l gi tr v mt thi gian ca ng tin. Bng 10.1 cho thy mt v d in
gin da trn t l chit khu 10%. Thay v tiu dng 100 Euro, s tin ny c th c
u t t l 10% /nm trong vng 4 nm. Nh vy, hin ti, gi tr c chit khu
l i c a 1 4 6 E u r o v o n m t h 4 s l 1 0 0 E u r o .

282
 Bng 10.1. Gi tr thi gian ca tin
T h i g ia m / t i u : t h

L a c h n

H i n t i N m 1 N iii 2 N m 3 N m 4

T i u d n g h m n a y 1 0 0 E u r o 0 0 0 0

u t 1 0 0 E u r o 0 0 0 1 4 6 E u r o

Ba khi nim sau y s gip hiu r vic la chn t 1- chit khu:

1 . u t i n v t h i g i a n c a x h i .

2. Chi ph v ngn qu.

3. Chi ph v c hi thc hin.
* T sut u tin v thi gian ca x hi h a y l t s u t c h i t k h u x h i s k h n g

phi chu ri ro, bt chc; t l ny rt ph hp trong mt nn kinh t vi cc iu kin

kinh t v gi c bnh n, gi tr hng ho v dch v khng phi chu nhng thay i
bt thng. T l chit khu x hi ph hp nht l t l tirng ng vi li sut ca
tri phiu chnh ph di hn mnh gi nh bn trc tip cho ngi mua.
* Chi ph v ngn qu h a y l i s u t t h t r n g p h n n h s b t b n h n g i , n h n g r i

ro, bt chc theo thi gian m th trng gy ra i vi mt d n, bao gm c nguy c

lm pht. T l chit khu trong trng hp ny thng bng vi li sut tri phiu chnh
ph di hn cho mt d n chnh ph / nh nc, v thng cao hn t l chit khu x hi.
* Ch ph v c hi ca tin vn l t l m tin vn c th sn sinh nu c u t
vo mt d n li nhun cao nht hin c. T l chit khu trong trng hp ny
thng l t l cao nht. Vic p dng t l chit khu ny c ngha l d n x l nc
thi cng c gi tr ngang bng vi bt k d n no m cc t chc cng cng c th
u t.

10.1.6. Gi tr hin ti: chit khu

Chnh khi nim u tin v mt thi gian dn n vic tnh gi tr hin ti bng
cch khu tr li t tng lai v hin ti. Cng thc chit khu c bn l l/(l+ r )' trong
r l t l chit khu v t l s nm u t. Gi tr hin ti ca lu lng tin mt phn
nh gi tr vo thi im hin ti trong khi gi tr ca lun lng tin mt trong tng lai
c iu chnh theo chi ph vn.
Cng thc tnh:
t=n

t^=o(
7 l7+7r )7 ( 1 0 ' 2 )

{l + r)
Trong : B - lu lng tin mt thc (doanh thu tr chi ph) ca d n mi nm;
r - t l chit khu;
t - s nm.

283
 Bi tp: Hy tnh gi tr hin ti ca chi ph hot ng hng nm cho mt d n x l
nc thi (750 m3/ng) c chi ph thc v chi ph danh nh khong thi eian 25 nm;
bit rng chi ph hot ng hin nay l 0,1 Euro/m3 v tng 3%/ nm.vi t l lm pht
4%, chp nhn t l chit khu thc 6%.

C h i p h N m 0 N m 1 N m 2 N m 1 5 N m 2 5

C h i p h t h c ( T n g h n g n m 3 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 8 . 1 9 6 2 9 . 0 4 2 4 2 . 6 4 9 5 7 . 3 1 7

C h i p h d a n h n h ( l m p h t 4 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 9 . 3 2 4 3 1 . 4 1 2 7 6 . 8 0 9 1 5 2 . 7 9 8

C h i p h t h c k h u t r ( t l c h i t

k h u t h c 6 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5

C h i p h d a n h n h k h u t r ( t l

c h i t k h u d a n h n h 1 0 , 2 4 % ) 2 7 . 3 7 5 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5

Gi tr hin ti ca chi ph khi s dng gi tr tht hay gi tr danh nh l khng i

(481.359 Euro). Gi tr hin thi c tnh ton khng xt n chi ph cho nm 0 vi
trong nm ny d n ang c xy dng nn cha phi chu chi ph vn hnh.

10.1.7. Gi tr hin ti thc

Gi tr hin ti thc l tng gi tr ti thi im hin nay ca li nhun c chit

khu v chi ph tng lai tr i chi ph vn cho d n. Tiu ch quyt nh cho mt u t
l ch u t khi gi tr hin ti thc l s dng. Bng 10.2 cho thy vic tnh ton gi tr
hin ti ca hai d n, mt c mc u t ban u i 100 USD trong khi d n cn li c
mc u t ban u l 200 USD. Nhiu chng trnh, bng biu tiu chun vi cc cl c
nng ti chnh bao gm c chc nng xc nh gi tr hin ti v chc nng xc nh gi tr
hin ti thc cho php tnh ton mt cch d dng gi tr hin ti v gi tr hin ti thc (a
hng lot cc khon doanh thu v chi ph vi mt t l chit khu cho trc.
Bng 10.2. V d v chit khu cc d n c quy m khc nhau

B B- OC
V n L i n h u n

( / + , ) " K
K ( n m 1 )

v i m c 3 %
g i t r h i n t i 3 %

D n 1 1 0 0 U S D 1 1 0 U S D 1 0 7 1 , 0 7

D n 1 2 0 0 U S D 2 1 8 U S D 2 1 1 1 , 0 6

o c - c h i p h v n h n h ( b n g 0 ) . I

Vi mc 3%:
D n 1 g i t r h i n t i = 1 1 0 / 1 , 0 3 = 1 0 7 U S D ti th c
g i tr th c h in = 7 U S D .

D n 2 g i t r h i n t i = 2 1 8 / 1 , 0 3 = 2 1 1 U S D gi tr thc hin ti thc = 1 1 U S D .

B i t p : T n h g i t r h i n t i t h c c h o d n X L N T t r o n g b i t p t r c v i g i t h i i t :

tin u t 470.000 Euro, xy dng nm 0, ngi hng li t d n tr ph dch .

284
theo gi 0,12 Euro/m3 nc thi, tng 2% mi nm. v vic bn nc thi qua x l
s dng trong nng nghip s cho mt doanh thu thc c nh mc 0,14 Euro /m3.
Tnh ton theo con s thc.
Doanh thu v chi ph hot ng trong nm 0 khng c tnh n v trong nm ny
d n XLNT ang c xy dng; trong nm 0 cng cha c gi nc (v cha c dch
v cho ngi s dng), mi ch c chi ph u t. Gi tr hin ti thc l s dng, iu
ny c ngha l d n c tnh kh thi v mt ti chnh.

G i t r

K h o n N m 0 N m 1 N m 2 N m 1 5 N m 2 5

h i n t i

C h i p h u t - 4 7 0 . 0 0 0 - 4 7 0 . 0 0 0

C h i p h v n h n h v b o

d n g c h i t k h u ( t l - 1 3 . 3 5 5
- 4 8 1 . 3 5 9 - ( 2 7 . 3 7 5 ) - 2 6 . 6 0 0 - 2 5 . 8 4 7 - 1 7 . 7 9 6

c h i t k h u t h c l 6 % )

D o a n h t h u t p h s d n g

d c h v ( v i m c t n g 2 % 3 3 . 5 0 7 3 4 . 1 7 7 4 4 . 2 1 2 5 3 . 8 9 4
( 3 2 . 8 5 0 )

h n g n m )

D o a n h t h u c h i t k h u t

p h S d n g d c h v ( t l ( 3 2 . 8 5 0 )
+ 5 1 7 . 4 6 6 3 1 . 6 1 0 3 0 . 4 1 8 1 8 . 4 4 8 1 2 . 5 5 7

c h i t k h u t h c l 6 % )

D o a n h t h u t v i c b n

n c ( 3 8 . 3 2 5 ) 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5 3 8 . 3 2 5

D o a n h t h u c h i t k h u t

v i c b n n c ( t l c h i t ( 3 8 . 3 2 5 )
+ 4 8 9 . 9 2 2 3 6 . 1 5 6 3 4 . 1 0 9 1 5 . 9 9 2 8 . 9 3 0

k h u t h c l 6 % )

T n g c n g + 5 6 . 0 2 9

10.1.8. Sut thu li ni ti

Sut thu li ni ti l t l chit khu lm gim lu lng tin mt ca mt d n ti

gi tr hin ti thc bng khng. Sut thu li ni ti th hin li nhun mong mun trong
sut qung i ca d n - hay chnh ! li nhun trung bnh hng nm ca vic u t.
Tiu ch quyt nh u t l ch u t nu sut thu li ni ti ln hn chi ph v c hi
ca tin vn.
Sut thu li ni ti chnh l t l chit khu r vi:
=n f>
y 1 =0 (10.3)
( / + r ) '

Tuy nhin, khng c phng php no d dng tnh r chnh xc ngoi tr phng
php th ng dn. Nhiu chng trnh, biu bng chun c chc nng ti chnh bao

285
gm c chc nng xc nh sut thu li ni ti. Chc nng ny gip thc hin php tnh
lp d dng xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca hng lot cc dng chi ph v doanh thu.
Bi tp: Hy xc nh sut thu li ni ti ca d n XLNT trong bi tp trc, gi
nguyn cc gi thit v vn v doanh thu. Phng php th ng dn cho bit sut thu
li ni ti nm trong khong gia 7 v 7,274%; kt qu l 7,27%.

T l c h i t k h u t h c ( % ) G i t r h i n t i t h c

6 , 0 0 % + 5 6 , 0 2 9

8 , 0 0 % - 2 7 , 7 3 7

7 , 0 0 % + 1 1 , 2 2 4

7 , 2 7 4 % + 1 0

10.1.9. Tiu ch th hin

tnh kh thi v ti chnh ca d n

Hai tiu ch ph hp nht quyt nh vic thc hin mt d n XLNT chnh l gi

tr thc hin ti thc v sut thu li ni ti:
1. Neu gi tr hin ti thc ca dng li nhun v chi ph l ln hn khng th d n
c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t;
2. Nu sut thu li ni ti ca d n cao hn chi ph vn dng cp tin cho d n
th d n c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t;
Khi nh gi mt d n, chi ph v li nhun r rng l c tch ly trong nhiu
nm; do vy, cn phi tnh gi tr hin ti ca d n, chnh l tng lu lng tin mt
chit khu ca d n trong sut khong thi gian.

10.2. SO SNH PHNG PHP K THUT V LA CHN GII PHP x L

Vic quyt nh la chn h thng XLNT tp trung hay phn tn l mt qu trrh

phc tp, thng vt qu tm hiu bit ca cng ng c hng li, c bit l
cc lng v th trn nh ni m h thng XLNT t nhin l gii php mong mun c
chn nht. Hin c rt nhiu phng php cng ngh v gii php khc nhau c th p
dng ph hp trong thc hin XLNT tp trung v phn tn. Phn ny trnh by s lc
tng quan v cc phng php v cng c phn tch nhm nh gi tc ng ca cc
gii php XLNT c th chn la trong qu trnh a ra quyt nh. Balkema v C.
(1998) kho cu 15 n phm v xc nhn c 35 thng s v cc tiu ch vn ho-
x hi, k thut, kinh t v mi trng nhm nh gi tnh ph hp ca cc h thrg
XLNT. Bng 10.3 trnh by tng quan cc thng s v cho thy s phc tp ca cc vn
c a ra xem xt. Bng ny cng nu cc cu hi t ra nhm gip hiu c trh
bn vng ca tng cng ngh; c ti 21 thng s nh gi ring tnh bn vng \
mi trng.
cng ng nh hn v s la chn l gia h thng x l nc thi t nhin v t
thng thng thng, ngi ta c th p dng cc phng php nh gi n gin hn:

286
 Bng 10.3. Tng quan cc thng s s dng so snh h thng XLNT.

E
A a A z B e * B u D E F I J L * N 0 s *
m *

k in h t:
2 c s p E c

mi tru n g :
p T

s in h h c / p h n h i u c a t p 1 0 0 s p p

can C n

xut khu
v k h n g g ia n v t h i g ia n ) T s p

K h a i t h c p

H o n h p v o c h u k t n h i n s p

t c n t h i t / k h o n g k h n g 2 I

n g n / c n t r n g / c n h q u a n 0 ,5

t i u n g u n t i n g u y n /

g : p s s p St s p p

Nc 2 s 1 0 0 0 s p S t V Cn
Cht dinh dng 2 V s s p St C n

N n g l n g 2 V 1 0 0 V s p V Cn V

V t li u t h V 1 0 V s p V Cn V

g u n g y b n h / sc k h o 1 s 1000 s p V

n n h i m s 10 s p p p

t th i:
B O D / CO D V 1000 V s V V
Dng cht 1 V 100 s V V
K i m lo i n n g 1 1000 V s V V
C c c h t k h c 1 V V s V V
 Bng 10.3 (tip theo)

A a A z B e * B u D
m
E

*
E F J L * N o s *

n b n / r c V 1 0 0 0 V s V V

n g h o c h t V 1 0 s

h k t h u t

n s s
y d n g / k t h u t t h p 1 p

t i t r n g v a p / n h h n g t h e o 1

C n

h o c t h t h c h n g s s

d n g 2 C n

in c y / a n t o n 1 s p

m n h / t i c h / g i i p h p c c b s T e V p

v n h o - x h i :

b i t / t h a m g ia s s
g l c / n h u c u t h n g t in 1 s p

h c h p n h n v m t v n h o s

c u v t c h c / t h c h s p

t r i n a p h n g s
h n h i m p

C c c o n s t r o n g b n g b i u t h t r n g s c s d n g ; c h v i t t t t h h i n c c t h u t n g c s d n g t r o n g c c t i li u :

c - c h i p h ( c o s t s ) ; C n - m i li n q u a n ( c o n c e m s ) ;

E - h i u q u m i t r n g ( e n v ir o n m e n t e f f ic i e n c y ) ; p - n g u y n t c b n v n g ( p r i n c i p l e s o f s u s t a in a b iiit y ) ;

s - n h n t b n v n g ( s u s t a i n a b il it y f a c t o r s ) ; S t - t h a m b i n h n g d n ( s t e e r in g v a r ib l e s ) ;

T - m c t i u ( t a r g e t ) ; T e - m h n h k t h u t ( t e c h n i c a p a r a d ig m ) ;

V - b i n s t r o n g b n g L C A u v o - u r a ; * - n g h i n c u n h g i v n g i L C A .

Ngun: Balkem a v cs. (1998)

 - n h g i v n g i ( V ) .

- n h g i t c n g m i t r n g ( T M ) .

- Quy hoch nc thi m (QNTM).

nh gi vng i (V) l c tnh tc ng mi trng ca mt sn phm, mt
dch v hay mt qu trnh trong sut vng i ca n k t khi khai thc nguyn liu
cho n khi thi b hoc ti s dng sn phm cui cng. nh gi tc ng mi trng
(TM) (xem Chng 11) c thc hin nhm xc nh, d on, nh gi v gim bt
c c h o t n g v t l c n g n h n h h n g x h i , s i n h l v c c n h h n g k h c c a d

n hay k hoch c sut. Quy hoch nc thi m (QNTM) l cch tip cn vi

cc vn v nc thi gip m rng hn ranh gii ca s la chn v tng thm tiu
ch nh gi nhm bao hm c tc ng mi trng gin tip.
C hai cch nh gi vng i v tc ng mi trng u l phng php lun
nh gi tc ng ca cc hoi ng ca con ngi i vi mi trng. S dng QNTM
l c c h k h o s t r n g h n n h g i c c g i i p h p x l n c t h i . S k h c b i t c h

yu gia V v TM l V to ra mt phng php c tnh h thng nh gi

tc ng mi trng trong khi TM li cung cp mt qu trinh mang tnh gii thch.
Thng qua vic thu thp v phn tch mt cch tng th, V xc nh vic thay i
hoc chuyn di cc vn mi trng v mt khng gian v thi gian. Vic TM km
chun xc v mt nh lng cc tc ng v thay vo TM hng cc phn tch
vo tnh c th ca a im v qu trnh. QNTM c xu hng khng chnh thc v c
th c iu chnh v mc phn tch V hoc cch gii thch TM.
Phn sau y s m t c th ba phng php ny.

10.2.1. nh gi vng i (V)

nh gi v mt mi trng trong sut vng i, thng c gi l nh gi hoc

p h n t c h v n g i ( V ) , l t n h t o n t c n g m i t r n g c a m t s n p h m , m t

ch v hay mt qu trnh trong sut qung i ca n. Theo nh ngha rng nht,

V s tnh n tt c cc vn v mi trng c th xy ra t u n cui i ca
mt sn phm hay dch v.
K h a i t h c n g u y n l i u t h ;

V n c h u y n ;

Sn xut;
H o t n g ;

B o d n g ;

T i s d n g ;

T h i b .

289
 Cc tc ng ti mi trng thng bao gm t vic s dng t, nng lng, nc
v nhng vt liu khc n vic thi b cc cht (c li hoc c hi) ra khng kh, nc
v t. i vi h thng XLNT chi ph thp, kha cnh quan trng cn c cn nhc l
kh nng loi b cc ngun gy bnh ca d n.
T i n t r n h n h g i v n g i i n h n h d i n r a n h s a u :

1 . Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi: b a o g m m c c h c a d n , r a n h g i i c a h

thng, n v chc nng cng nh vic lp biu nng lng v vt liu cn s dng.
2. Lp danh mc kim k vng i', lit k tt c cc thng tin v vic pht thi cng
nh tiu th nguyn liu ca cc hot ng vo danh mc.
3 . nh gi tc ng ca vng i: n h g i h u q u v m t m i t r n g c a v i c

n h m c p h t t h i v t i u t h v t t t r o n g d a n h m c l i t k ; t r i n k h a i c c p h n t c h v

mc nhy cm.
4. Din gii kt qu: Bc th t v cng l bc c nhiu tranh lun ny i khi
c lng ghp vo mt s phng php V chnh l bc din gii kt qu, bao gm
vic chun ho, nh mc v tp hp b sung.
Hnh 10.5 biu th ranh gii V in hnh cho mt nh my x l nc thi.
Khi nim v nh gi vng i xut hin ln u tin vo cui thp nin 60, nhng
cho n tn gia thp nin 80 mi c quan tm n (Ecobilan). Vo nm 1989, T
chc Cht c v Ha hc Mi trng (SETAC) tr thnh t chc quc t u tin
nhn ra tnh ITU vit ca V. Nm 1994, T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) bt u
trin khai xy dng chun cho V v xem y nh l mt phn trong cc tiu chun
14000 v qun l mi trng. Cc tiu chun cp n c chi tit k thut v khi
nim cho V.
ISO 1 4 0 4 0 - Tiu c h u n v nguyn tc v k h u n kh;
ISO 14041 - Tiu chun v vic xc nh mc ch v phm vi phn tch danh mc
kim k;
ISO 14042 - Tiu chun v nh gi tc ng ca vng i sn phm;
ISO 14043 - Tiu chun din gii vng i.
Mt s cc phng php c xem nh phng php V tun theo khun kh ca
V xc nh trong ISO 14040, c danh mc lit k tng t nh danh mc trong ISO
14041, v tiu chun nh gi tc ng gn ging nh c m t trong ISO 14042.
Trong khi mt s t cc phng php li theo hng chun ho v nh mc cng
c quy nh trong ISO 14042. Tuy nhin cc phng php da trn chun ISO c th
khc nhau rt nhiu do cc tiu chun ISO cho php linh hot iu chnh cc yu t c
trng v yu t chun cng nh phng php nh mc cho ph hp vi gi tr v iu
kin ca tng vng hay khu vc c th.

290
 Nc th

Nc qua x l

Hnh 10.5. Tin trnh D V D ca mt nh my X LN T.

10.2.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)

TM l qu trnh xc nh, d on, nh gi v gim bt cc hot ng vt l cng

nh nh hng x hi, sinh l v cc nh hng khc ca d n hay k hoch c
sut trc khi a ra cc quyt nh v cam kt quan trng. TM l mt khi nim v
th tc c gii thiu chu u sau Ngh nh TM (Ngh nh 85/337/ EEC sa i

291
theo 97/11/EC v 2003/35/EC). Ngh nh ny quy nh tt c cc t chc c d n cn
phi gn cc li ch v mi trng vo qu trnh lp k hoch v a ra quyt nh i
vi tt c cc d n, chng trnh v hot ng. Quy trnh chung ca TM bao gm cc
bc sau:
1 . Xc nh phm vi: x c n h c c v n t h e n c h t v c c v n l i n q u a n .

2 . Sng lc: x c n h x e m m t q u t r i n h T M c t h c s c n t h i t ( v d , t c n g

mi trng c ngha khng?)

3 . Xc nh cc gii php thay th: l i t k g i i p h p t h a y t h , v t r , k t h u t v m t

khu vc mi trng b nh hng.

4. nh gi tc ng: nh gi tc ng v mt x hi v mi trng ca mi gii php.
5 . Bin php gim nh: t r i n k h a i c c b i n p h p g i m n h n h m n g n c h n h o c

gim bt cc tc ng tim n.
6 . a ra bo co v mi trng : a r a b o c o k h n g m a n g t n h k t h u t v k t

qu ca TM.
Cc bc 2, 5 v 6 l c th ca TM so vi V. Bc 3 tng t vi bc lp
danh mc kim k vng i ca V, nhng trn thc t li khng ton din bng.

10.2.3. Quy hoch nc thi m (QNTM)

Quy hoch nc thi m l phng php mi hn, km ph bin hn v km chnh

thc hn so vi V v TM. Phng php ny c bit dnh cho cc gii php x l
nc thi. (QNTM) c bt u bng vic xc nh mc tiu ca qu trnh x l nuirc
thi. Ngi quyt nh thng c bn th ba (v d nh mt nh t vn v/hcc
ngi iu khin cp a phng hay cp quc gia) hng dn xc nh mc tiu,
nhng ngi ra quyt nh nht thit phi nm quyn s hu mc tiu. Khi mc tiu i
c xc nh, bn th ba s a ra cc gii php khc nhau nhm p ng c hiu
ht hoc tt c cc mc tiu v trnh by cc gii php ny mt cch n gin, mc i
ca mt nghin cu v tnh kh thi. Mc nh hng ca cc gii php i vi rrc
tiu ra ban u s c m t ngn gn, v ngi ra quyt nh s s dng ti liu ny ni
mt cng c tr gip trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. (QNTM) c s dng ti Thy ii
mc hn ch, v mt ti liu vit bng ting Anh m t qu trnh ny c pht hih
nhm qung b (QNTM) nh mt m hnh mu ti vng bin Ban-tch.

10.2.4. So snh cc phong php

Trong phn ny s so snh mt cch ngn gn ba phng php trnh by phin

trc. TM l chng trnh khung tin hnh nh gi [Krrman, 2000]. Trn thc ,
V li lin quan n nhng phng php phn tch c th. Vi TM, s khng ;
phm tr chun hay phm tr quy nh hoc cc phng php phn tch cho nhig
phm tr .

292
 TM thng tp trung vo nhng tc ng mang tnh a phng ho v thng p
dng c nhng phng php ph hp vi c th ca khu vc v ph hp vi nhng
tc ng ln. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, tnh linh hot ny, cng vi s quan tm t hn ti
ranh gii ca h thng, li cho php b qua mt s tc ng tch ly v gin tip, c
bit l nhng tc ng gy nh hng n khu vc khc hay nhng tc ng c tm c
khu vc hoc ton th.
Mt khc, phng php V chun li hu nh khng th chi tit ho hu ht cc
tc ng mang tnh a phng. Nhng khc bit r rt ny gip cho vic la chn mt
trong hai phng php tr nn d dng; tuy nhin, vic x l tc ng mi trng ca
nc thi li xy ra trn c quy m a phng v ton th; hn na tnh bn vng mi
trng cng i hi xem xt c hai phng php.
QNTM c th mang c tnh ca c V v TM nhng thng giong TM hom.
QNTM c th c ranh gii h thng m rng, mang c tnh tc ng trn phm vi khu
vc hay ton th cua V; nhng ra quyt nh th tnh linh hot ca h thng ny
thch nghi vi hi cnh v nhu cu ging nh khun kh ca TM. Nt c o ca
K.XM l n c trng cho vic x l nc thi v thit thc vi nhng cng ng nh,
c bit l nhng cng ng c ngun nhn lc v ti chnh thp. Tuy nhin, QNTM
thng c mt yu l cho php ngi ra quyt nh b qua nhng yu t bn ngoi.

10.3. NH GI TI CHNH V KINH T CA H THNG x L NC THI

Cc nguyn l, khi nim v quy trnh ch yu c s dng trong phn tch ti

chnh v kinh t ca h thng XLNT s cung cp khung phng php lun chung
gip hiu c phng php lun v cc khi nim c bn. Phn tch kinh t thng
hng ti vic nng cao s phn vinh ca x hi v mt thu nhp v tiu th thng qua
vic khuyn khch s dng cc ngun ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu. Tnh kh thi v ti
chnh v cc ri ro ca d n cng c nh gi nhm kim tra bn vng ti chnh
ca vic cung cp dch v v cc li nhun kinh t. Nhng phn tch ny c thc hin
ng thi vi nhng phn tch v mi trng, t chc, k thut v x hi trc khi thm
nh mt d n v khi cn thit phi thc hin trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n.

10.3.1. Phn tch mc chi ph thp nht

Sau khi xc nh c mc tiu ca d n v d on c nhu cu qun l

nc thi, bc tip theo l xc nh gii php c chi ph thp nht t c mc tiu
ca d n. Nhng chi ph knh t s c s dng kho st v quy m, a im, k
thut v thi gian d kin cho d n la chn. Mc ch ca vic phn tch ny nhm
la chn gii php c chi ph thp nht cho vic thu gom v x l nc thi, p ng
c cc mc tiu ra. Nu li ch l nh nhau th vic phn tch chi ph thp nht l
so snh chi ph kinh t ca nhng d n kh thi v k thut v mang tnh loi tr ln

293
nhau, v sau xc nh d n c gi tr hin ti thp nht. Neu nh li ch kinh t ca
cc d n khc nhau, th cn tin hnh phn tch gi tr hin ti thc.
Neu nh gii php c chi ph thp nht cho vic x l nc thi gia tng m c
thc hin thng qua vic qun l v nng cp h thng hin c mt cch hiu qu hn
ch khng phi tng cng sut, th gii php ny nn l phn c u tin ca d n.
Vic tng cng sut s l bc tip theo v nn c xem xt ngay trong qu trnh lp
k hoch d n, nu nh c xc nh r rng qua vic d on nhu cu.
Chi ph tng thm trung bnh (CPTTB) theo khi lng nc thi i vi mi d n
(hoc k hoch m rng di hn) l bng chng r rng tnh chi ph ton phn ca
vic cung cp dch v. N phn nh chi ph ti chnh ngi vn hnh h thng c th
khi phc mt n v ti nguyn mi trng qua tiu th v gip ngun vn u t
ban u t c s hi phc chi ph y . CPTTB l vng quay tin mt c
chit khu ca mt d n trong khong thi gian nh trc chia cho phn ti nguyn
mi trng c tiu th hoc x l trong chnh khong thi gian , c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
^(TCP Vn + TCPHBn)
I (l + r)
CPTTB = ( 1 0 . 4 )

[ M T T T N n]

Trong :
CPTTB - c h i p h p h t s i n h t r u n g b n h t n h t h e o t i n t r n m t n v t i n g u y n

c tiu th;
TCPVn - t n g c h i p h v n c a d n t r o n g n m n ;

MTTTNn - mc tiu th ti n g u y n d kin t r o n g nm n;

TCPHBn - t n g c h i p h h o t n g v b o d n g t r o n g n m n ;

r- t l c h i t k h u ;

t - thi gian [tnh theo nm].

CPTTB l cng c hu ch tnh gi tin phi tr cho mt dch v theo yu ci.
Trong vic tnh ton CPTTB, tin ti tr thng c tnh l doanh thu b sung, do vy
s gim bt CPTTB v gi tin dch v cng cn c cn nhc.
Bi tp: Hy tnh CPTTB ca h thng x l nc thi c m t trong mc 10.1
G i t r
K h o n N m 0 N m 1 N m 2 N m 1 5 N m 2 5
h i n t i

C h i p h u t ( E U R O ) 4 7 0 . 0 0 0 4 7 0 . 0 0 0

C h i p h v n h n h v

b o d n g c h i t 4 8 1 . 3 5 9 ( 2 7 . 3 7 5 ) 2 6 . 6 0 0 2 5 . 8 4 7 1 7 . 7 9 6 1 3 . 3 5 5

k h u ( E U R O )

L n g n c t h i c 6 . 7 5 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 0 . 0 0 0

x l ( m 3 )

C P T T B ( E U R O / m 3 ) 0 , 1 4

294
 10.3.2. Phn tch ti chnh v kinh t

P h n t c h t i c h n h v k i n h t s c u n g c p m t s d i u m a n g t n h b s u n g n h n g l i

c b i t d n h c h o v i c t n h l i n h u n t h c c a m t d n . C h a i u d a v o s k h c

bit ca tnh trng khi c d n v khi khng c d n. Tuy nhin, li ch ti chnh thc
l i k h c v i l i n h u n k i n h t t h c . T r o n g k h i p h n t c h t i c h n h n h g i t c n g t i

c h n h c a m t d n i v i k h u v c h o t n g d n t h p h n t c h k i n h t l i n h g i

tc ng kinh t i vi nn kinh t ca mt vng. Nhng nh gi ny mang tnh b

s u n g c h o n h a u b i v m t d n n h t t h i t p h i b n v n g v m t t i c h n h n h m m a n g

l i l i c h v k i n h t . N u m t d n k h n g n n h v t i c h n h t h s k h n g c n g n

q u v n h n h , b o t r v t h a y t h t h i t b m t c c h h p l ; c h t l n g d c h v x l

n c s k m i ; v c u i c n g s n h h n g t i n h u c u v v i c t h c h i n d o a n h t h u t i

chnh cng nh li nhun kinh t.

e c h n g m i n h t n h b n v n g v t n h k h t h i v t i c h n h c a m t d n , v i c p h n

t c h t i c h n h c n c t h c h i n c p d c h v n c v c p d n . P h n t c h t i

c h n h c p d n s n h g i t n h t i t k i m c a p h m v i s d n g m t h a y n h i u k h u

vc x l. Mt nh my x l ln ring bit s r hn nhiu nh my nh, nhng vic

vn chuyn nc thi n mt nh my ln li c th lm gim i li th gi c ca nh
my ny. nh gi ny rt cn c th i vi tng d n, khu vc v iu kin a l.
Phn tch ti chnh cp dch v nc s ko theo vic chun b bng cn i thu-
c h i , b o c o l i t c , b o c o v n g u n q u v v i c s d n g q u , t t c u m c g i

n g t h i . V i c p h n t c h c n b a o g m c k h a c n h v k h n n g t h a n h t o n b n g t i n

m t c a d n c h a i c p .

nh gi tnh bn vng ti chnh bao gm c nh gi vai tr ca kh nng hon vn

t h n g q u a v i c n h g i d c h v x l n c t h i ; n h g i n h h n g t r c t i p i v i

p h n t i c h n h c n g t r o n g d n g t i n m t c a d n v n h g i k h n n g t i t r c a c n g

ng. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch tnh CPTTB ca nc c x l, v em so

s n h v i m c g i n g t h i t r u n g b n h p h i t r c h o v i c x l n c t h i v k t n i v i

h thng.
Phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch ca mt d n lin quan n vic nh gi ti chnh
v sut thu li ni ti theo gi c nh. Nh cp phn trn, sut thu li ni ti l
l i s u t m m c g i t r h i n t h i c a d n g t i n m t t n g t h m t h e o g i t i c h n h l

b n g k h n g . N u s u t t h u l i n i t i b n g h o c l n h n c h i p h c h i t i c h n h c a t i n

v n t h d n k h t h i v m t t i c h n h . D o v y v i c p h n t c h t i c h n h c h i p h - l i c h

b a o h m c k h a c n h l i n h u n c a d n c p d c h v .

Khc bit c bn gia phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch v phn tch knh t chi ph-
li ch l: phn tch ti chnh so snh chi ph v li ch dch v gi ti chnh c nh
t r o n g k h i p h n t c h k i n h t s o s n h c h i p h v l i c h i v i c n n k i n h t c x c

n h t h e o g i k i n h t c n h . G i t i c h n h l g i t h t r n g c a h n g h a h a y d c h v

295
bao gm c nhng nh hng do can thip ca chnh ph v bin ng trong cu trc th
trng. Gi kinh t phn nh chi ph v gi tr kinh t thc s ca hng ha hay s;n
phm sau khi iu chnh theo nh hng do can thip ca chnh ph v bin ng
trong cu trc th trng thng qua vic xc nh gi bng ca gi ti chnh. Do vy,
phn tch ti chnh v kinh t khng bao gm chi ph khu hao, chi ph chm, v nhng
thay i mong i trong mc gi chung. Khng nn xt n khu hao l do vic u t
tnh r trong dng tin mt; gi chm l chi ph cho ti sn c nh c trc khi
quyt nh u t; v trong cc phn tch ny chi ph v li nhun c nh gi gi
c nh (ca nm nh gi). Tuy nhin, nhng thay i mong mun trong gi tng i
(khc vi thay i trong mc gi chung) nn c kt hp vo vic phn tch.
Phn tch ti chnh chi ph-li ch v phn tch knh t chi ph-li ch cng khc nhau
v cc nh hng bn ngoi (chi ph v li ch) ca mt d n. C rt nhiu v d ca
cc yu t bn ngoi m giao ch th trng khng gii thch c, v do vy khng
c phn nh trc tip trong dng tin mt ti chnh ca mt d n. Tc ng mi
trng l v d in hnh ca yu t nh vy. Cc v d khc i vi cc d n qun l
nc thi l ngun nc cn kit, c bit l trong cc d n s dng nc ngm; v s
cnh tranh gia nhng ngi s dng nc th trong nhng d n cp nc s dng
ngun nc th khan him. Phn tch kinh t c gng nh gi nhng yu t bn ngoi
v ng ha chng vo chi ph v li ch ca d n nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng
ngun ti nguyn hn hp v gp phn nng cao tnh bn vng mi trng.
Mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng ca cc d n qun l nc thi l ci thin
sc kho bng cch gim bt v cui cng l loi b hon ton cc bnh sinh ra t
nc. Mc d cc chuyn gia kinh t mi trng v sc kho rt ng h mt s k thut
to ra ngun tin t li ch sc kho thng qua vic s dng nc sch. Song vic thm
nh cc d n qun l nc thi cn gp nhiu kh khn. V d, li nhun ti chnh thu
c t ngi s dng h thng XLNT c th xc nh c li ch v tin ca mt d
n; tuy nhin, li nhun ti chnh li khng th hin c nhng tc ng bn ngoi i
vi sc kho cng ng c ci thin tt hon nh c mi trng sch hn v ngun
cung cp nc an ton. Khi li ch y t cng cng tr nn c ngha v bn vng th
chng c th c xc nh thng qua cc chi ph y t cng cng v t nhn khng phi
chi tr; thng qua mc tng thu nhp v nng sut lao ng do t bnh tt hn v chi ph
t hn cho vic lc, un si nc cng vi chin dch nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
Phn tch ti chnh

Dng tin chi nn tnh n gi mua ca u t v nhng chi ph cn thit cho vn

hnh v bo dng. Dng tin thu thng c t thu hay ph thu t ngi s dng dch
v x l nc thi. Dng tin thu cng nn tnh n gi bn bt k dch v ph thm
no m ngi qun l c th bn cho ngi s dng (v d, dch v bn nc qua x
l hay dch v bo dng cc thit b ti gia nh).

296
 D o c s h t n g x l n c c c i m l t u i t h h u c h c a o , n n v i c p h n

tch ti chnh cn nh gi gi tr thng d ca u t. Nn tnh theo trc honh vi thi

gian 30 nm.
Phn tch kinh t
Nhng li ch x hi ch yu c cp n trong phn tch kinh t cn c xc
nh da trn nhng nh gi v nhu cu s dng ngun nc m trm XLNT c th
p n g . C s c l n g g i n c c h n h l s t h o t h u n c a n g i s d n g t r t i n

cho dch v v c tnh bng cch p dng gi th trng ca cc dch v khc (h

thng x l nc thi nh ti h gia nh, x l ti ch cc ngun nc tip nhn nc
t h i v .v ...).
i v i n h n g d n k i m s o t n h i m n c , l i c h c n g c t h c n h g i t r c

tip bng cch c tnh s trng hp t vong v bnh tt trnh c nh h thng

x l nc thi c hiu qu. nh gi kinh t, nn c tnh tng chi ph nm vin
h o c c h i p h i u t r n g o i t r v m c g i m t r o n g t h u n h p d o p h i n g h l m ; g i t r c u c

s n g c a c o n n g i d a t r n t h u n h p b i n h q u n v t u i t h t r u n g b n h c n l i .

Vic nh gi li nhun ca trm XLNT cng c th bao gm nhng kha cnh sau:
T n h i c t h t r n h c i v i t , b t n g s n v c c c n g t r n h x y d n g

khc do l lt hay lng nc ma khng kim sot c, da trn chi ph phc

h i v b o d n g .

Gi tr ti nguyn nc nhng ngun nc tip nhn nc thi khng b

nhim.
Trong bt k trng hp no, nu nh khng c phng php nh gi kinh t
chun, c th s dng mt d n tng t c trin khai trong hon cnh cng gn
vi d n trong khu vc chu nh hng cng tt. Nn c gng xc nh s lng cc
yu t bn ngoi mi trng nh:
G i t r c t h c a k h u v c c p h c v , c h n g h n c t n h b n g c h i p h g i b t

ng sn v xy dng hay gi ca khu vc nng nghip.

T h u n h p g i a t n g n h c c h o t n g p h t h m ( d u l c h , n h b t c , n n g n g h i p

v e n b v . v . . . ) m h t h n g X L N T c t h g i p n n h v d u y t r .

T c n g t i m n i v i m i t r n g ( p h h n g c n h q u a n , t c n g n t h i n

nhin) v i vi c s h tng khc (VD: ng b v/hoc ng st).

T c n g t i u c c t r o n g q u t r n h x y d n g ( m t t n h c n g , d i s n v n h o - l c h

s, nh hng i vi nng nghip v c s h tng ln cn v.v...).

10.3.3. Tham gia ca khu vc t nhn

Vai tr ca khu vc t nhn i vi vic pht trin cc li ch cng cng v mi

t r n g t h n g b h i u s a i . K h u v c t n h n t h n g c x e m l n g u n t i c h n h c u i

297
cng c khai thc lp y khong cch ti chnh khi tt c cc ngun khc cn
kit. iu ny hon ton sai lch. Khu vc t nhn s kh thc hin gp von cho nhng
d n c tnh kh thi ti chnh khng c m bo v nhng d n khng to thm
li nhun ti chnh.
Vic tham gia ca khu vc t nhn s to ra li nhun c hiu qu trong nng sut v
qun l chi ph, c th sinh ra khon tit kim lm y khong cch ti chnh. R rng
l v i c t h a m g i a c a k h u v c t n h n c n g c c h i p h b s u n g b n g v i l i n h u n t i c h n h

ca tin vn m khu vc t nhn ng gp di dng c phn hoc cho vay.

Li ch t khu vc t nhn bao gm:
Ci thin cht lng dch v;
To ra s minh bch trong chi ph;
Tng thm hiu qu chi ph;
K h u y n k h c h i n g c n b n h i t t n h v c o t o t t ;

T n g c n g d n g v o k t h u t v b q u y t s n x u t ;

Pht trin nng lc cnh tranh;

Khuyn khch kh nng u thu.
Nu c th chng minh rng khu vc t nhn c kh nng to ra khon tit kim
lp y khong trng ti chnh v cung cp y li nhun cho phn vn t nhn
ng gp th khu vc t nhn cng nn l chn la kh thi cp vn cho d n. Huy
ng khu vc t nhn u t vo d n mi trng cng cng thng phi ku gi.
Qun l nc thi mang yu t c quyn t nhin rt cao, kh c th iu ha vic
cung cp cnh tranh. Hn na, nc l mt phn trong dch v hng ho cng cng m
v i c c u n g c p d c h v n y , n u c c h o p h p t h c h i n d i s q u n l t n h n , t h s

to ra hm chnh tr to ln ngn cn kh nng s hu hon ton ca t nhn hoc nc

ngoi. c qun l v iu chnh mt cch hiu qu, cc dch v v nc cn c
k h u n k h p h p l v l u t l v n g v n g , m i n h b c h v c t n h t r c h n h i m x h i , c

kh nng cn bng nhng cng thng gia li ch t nhn v li ch cng cng.

T l hon vn u t, thc o chun cho kh nng sinh li ca mt doanh nghip,
bng vi thu nhp thc chia cho c phn cng vi n di hn do khu vc t nhn ng
gp, c th chng minh tnh kh thi ti chnh ca vic thu ht khu vc t nhn. V khu
vc t nhn ch ng gp mt phn vn, nn ch tnh n s phn trm thu nhp lin
quan n u t t khu vc t nhn (t l phn trm ca tng u t).

10.3.4. Tnh ton thit lp biu gi

C ch phc hi chi ph cho php thu li t nhng c s x nc thi mt phn hay

ton b chi ph cho vic thu gom, x l, thi b v cc chi ph ti chnh, mi trng, x
hi lin quan n c s x nc thi. Nhng h thng da hon ton hoc phn ln vo

298
l p h t h u c t n g i s d n g d c h v p n g c c c h i p h ( c h o ) d c h v l n h n g

h t h n g c k h n n g n h t h o t n g b n v n g t r o n g i s n g k i n h t c a d n . C

c h p h c h i c h i p h c t h t o r a k h n n g b n v n g l u d a i c h n h l n h n g c c h d a

t r n k h n n g p n g c c m c t i u v k i n h t , t i c h n h , x h i v q u n l s a u y :

B e n v n g t i c h n h v p h c h i c h i p h h o n t o n ;

H i u s u t k i n h t v c h i p h c n b i n ;

Cng bng v gi v nguyn tc v ph nhim;

Q u n l h n h c h n h c h i u q u v c h i o t t ;

K h n n g c h i t r c a k h c h h n g .

Nhng mc tiu ny s c tho lun ngn gn trong phn sau. Lu rng nu nh

c h i p h c h o n c t h i c t n h t h m v o c n g c h i p h n c s c h , k h c h h n g s k h n g

p h n b i t c h a i k h o n c h i n y . D o v y , c n p h i x e m x t m c t i u i v i c h i p h k t

hp ca nc v nc thi.
Kh nng bn vng ti chnh v hi phc vn hon ton
Bn vng ti chnh l mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng nht trong vic thit lp
b i u g i . B e n v n g t i c h n h c t h k h c i v i m t d c h v t l p b i u g i c b i t c h o

mnh so vi nhng dch v tun theo hng dn di hn ca nh nc. N cng khc

i vi mt thnh ph cha tng pht trin h thng v mong mun gy qu t ngi s
dng dch v/ngi gy nhim.
Nu tt c cc khon u t tng lai (cho vic m rng v phc hi) u c chi
bng cc khon vay n th dch v phi tnh n lu lng tin mt v bt k yu cu
n o , c h n g h n n h t s u t n n g l c t r n . D c h v n n d o n n h u c u l u n l n g t i n

m t c a m n h t h e o k h n t r u n g b n h c t h l p k h o c h c h o b i u g i v m c t n g

cn thit mt cch n nh.

Chnh ph c th yu cu hon tr mt phn c phn trong qu kh ca chnh ph
(tr cp u t) qua c tc (mt t l phn trm ca c phn u t). iu cng
khng nht thit. Nu chinh ph khng yu cu phi tr c tc th khon c th cung
cp cho dch v mt dng tin thng d. Cc quc gia nm gi v tr khc nhau trong
v n n y . T r u n g q u c c h n h p h c h o r n g d n n n g y q u v g i l i t i n . C c

quc gia khc nh Innxia cho rng vic yu cu hon tr ngay mt phn tin u
t s g y r a s t n g g i q u n h a n h , v d o v y h c h i i h i t i n t h u p h d c h v c a o

c h i t r n h n g k h o n v a y c h o u t t n g l a i .

H iu su t kinh t v ch i p h cn bin
H i u s u t k i n h t s n n g c a o h i u q u s d n g c c n g u n t i n g u y n q u c g i a .

m c c b n n h t , h i u q u k i n h t s d i n r a k h i k h n g c t h a y i n o t r o n g b i u g i

dch v mang li li ch cho ngi ny m khng gy nh hng cho ngi khc. Trn
c s c n b n g c a h c t h u y t k i n h t , h i u s u t k i n h t x y r a k h i p h t h u c n b i n b n g

299
vi chi ph cn bin ca doanh nghip. Khi , phc li x hi tng n mc ti a nu
nh c p dng vi ton nn kinh t, vn c li nhun nu nh c p dng rng ri
trong cng nghip. Khi c cng sut d, chi ph trung bnh s gim trong khi mc tiu
th tng. Tuy nhin, khi khng c cng sut d phng d, h thng nh gi nn hn
ch bt nhu cu cho ph hp vi cng sut v c ch nh gi thng xuyn l cch hu
hiu nht hn ch.
Thay i trong biu gi nhm thc y tiu th n mc nh sn hn ch mc
tiu th dng nh hm rng khng phi lc no cng p dng c quy tc chi ph
gi cn bin. Tuy nhin, iu khng ng bi v chi ph cn bin khng ging nh
chi ph bin i. e hiu c iu ny cn xc nh r phm vi y ca chi ph bin
i. Trong k hn ngn, nng sut tng s ch tng chi phi cho nhng th c th tiu th
c nh nng lng, ho cht. Trong k hn trung bnh, nng sut tng s i hi phi
c thm nhn cng... Trong k hn lu di, tt c mi th u c th bin i. Chi ph
cn bin l mc tng trong chi ph pht sinh t vic tng nng sut. Do vy khi c cng
sut d ng k, chi ph bin s bng vi bin ph ngn hn. Khi dch v dn t mc
cng sut th chi ph bin tin v mc bin ph trung hn. Khi t c cng sut v
hon vn u t, chi ph bin s bng vi bin ph di hn bao gm c cc thnh
phn vn. Trn thc t, chi ph thnh phn chnh bng vi chi ph tng thm trung bnh
(CPTTB) c tho lun phn trc.
Gi ph s dng (dch v) khng bao gi c thp hn bin ph ngn hn. Ngi s
dng cn phi tr cc chi ph v cng l trnh lng ph.
Cng bng v gi
Cng bng v gi da trn biu gi ph s dng dch v c tnh theo cc tiu ch
"cng bng"; vic ny c thc hin tt nht khi ph s dng da trn nhng chi ph
truy nguyn t mi khch. Tuy nhin, cc biu gi nn c tnh mt cch ring bit khi
c th. Mt khc, dao ng duy nht trong dch v cung cp nc s nm trong chi ph
lp t ng ng, v c th c tr bng l ph lp t c th v ring bit.
C th c mu thun gia hiu sut kinh t v gi c phn nu nh hiu sut kinh t
hm yu cu mt khon ph c nh tch khi ph s dng. chi ph c nh khng
nh hng n nhu cu, cn phi da trn nhng tiu ch khch quan hn l tiu ch v
mc bn hng. D c l tiu ch g th chng cng khng trng khp mt cch tuyt i
vi cc khon chi ph. Nh vy, trong khi cn phi c s khng mt cng bng gia cc
nhm khch hng th s lun lun c s bt cng bng v gi trong ngay mi nhm
khch bi v mi khch hng c cch s dng khc nhau nhng li phi chu cng mt
mc ph c nh.
S bt cng bng v gi c th c gim thiu bng cch p dng cho mt vi hoc
nhiu nhm khch hng, mi nhm bao gm nhng khch hng c cng mc tiu th;
tuy nhin, mc khng bao gi l bng khng.

300
 N guyn tc v p h nhim
Nguyn tc v ph nhim l s m rng cng bng v gi. Nh T chc Pht trin
v Hp tc kinh t ch ra vo nm 1972: "Ngi gy nhim s phi chu nhng chi
ph cho vic tin hnh nhng bin php qun l v ngn chn nhim, do cc cp chnh
quyn quyt nh, nhm m bo cho mi trng trong trng thi c th chp nhn
c". y l cch th hin n gin nguyn tc cng bng v gi, c ngha l phi tr
cc chi ph cho nh my x l nc thi.
Cng thc Mogen, c p dng bi cng ty cung cp thit b nc Thames Water
Anh, nh ngha: Gi ph dch v l tng ca chi ph cho dng chy u v chi ph x l,
c dao ng da vo mc nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD) v cht rn l lng (SS) tng
ng vi c tnh ca nc thi sinh hot v nc sau x l:
Phi dch v = V + B. Or + s. Sr (10.5)
Trong :
V - tin ph cho vic thu gom v b phn phc v dng chy (VN/m3);
B - chi ph x l (V N D /m 3);
s - chi ph x l v thi b cn du nu c (VND/m 3);
O r - t l gia nng COD trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot;
Sr - t l gia nng s s trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot.
Cng thc ny c th va tng va gim gi ph trn m3 nc thi. Trc nht l c
th pht nhng c s gy nhim cha lp t h thng x l ti ch; th hai l tng
thng cho doanh nghip x l trc hoc c nc thi nng thp.

Qun l hnh chnh c hiu qu v ch i o tt

Biu gi c th gip tng cng kh nng qun l tt nhiu klia cnh. Gi ph t

cc biu gi phi r rng, d hiu i vi khch hng h c th nm bt c nhm
c t h i u c h n h v i c s d n g d c h v c a c h n h m n h . B i u g i c n g p h i d d n g t n h

t o n d c h v c t h t n h t n g s v n c n h o n l i v g i p h p d n g c h o m i k h c h

h n g . B i u g i c n g c n t r n h c n h n g n h i u c a c c n h n v i n d c h v - n h n g

n g i c t h s d n g b i u g i n h i l v n h n g c h n h t r g i a - n h n g n g i c t h

s d n g b i u g i d n h p h i u b u . i u n y c n g h a l t t c c c n h m , c c t n g l p

v / h o c c c k h i c s d n g i u c h n h b i u g i u p h i d o n c v k h n g

d dng b thao tng. Biu gi khng nn hy hoi nhng quyt nh ring t c tnh
hp l, c bit l nhng quyt nh u t hoc nhng quyt nh khc c h qu lu
di. Quyt nh ca khch hng da trn biu gi hin hnh khng nn b ph nh khi
m b i u g i c t h a y i ; i u n y s d n n n h n g t h a y i n h t h a y v n h n g t h a y i

ln khi biu gi mi c p dng. Neu c th, biu gi nn c lp c s tham kho

kin ca qun chng.

301
 K h n n g c h i tr ch o dch v x l n c th i
Khi khng xt n nhng cn nhc v kh nng chi tr th mc chi tr chung c
sut cho vic s dng nc sch v x l nc thi s l 5% thu nhp hng thng ca
gia nh i vi c nhng h gia nh c thu nhp thp p ng nhu cu c bn ca
h cng nh nhng h c mc thu nhp trung bnh p ng nhu cu va phi ca h.
Nhn chung, hu ht cc nghin cu kinh t x hi u nh gi kh nng ca nhng h
gia nh "trung bnh" v h "ngho" tr tin nc cho c nhu cu sinh hot ti thiu v
nhu cu ca ngi ngho tnh theo lt trn bnh qun u ngi trn ngy (//ngi/ngy)
s dng nhng tiu ch sau y:
Khch hng trung bnh (120-^180 //ngi/ngy) c th tr 3-^-5% thu nhp gia nh
cho nc my cht lng tt v dch v qun l nc thi trong khu vc th.
C c h g i a n h n g h o t h n h t h 4 ( H 9 0 / / n g i / n g y ) c t h t r 4 - ^ 5 % t h u n h p g i a

nh cho ph cung cp nc sch v x l nc thi.

i v i n h n g k h c h h n g k h n g p h i h g i a n h , c b i t k h c h h n g c n g

nghip, biu ph nc thi nn thp hn ph x l ti ch t c mc x thi

tng ng.
Vit Nam, Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/6 nm 2003, quy nh ph x l
nc thi sinh hot bng 10% ph cung cp nc sch. Mc d t l ny l qu nh
c th chi tr cho chi ph thc ca x l nc thi, nhng n thc s l bc quy nh
u t i n c n t h i t p d n g n g u y n t c n g i g y n h i m p h i t r t i n v i i t n g

d n c c k h n n g c h i t r h n c h . T l p h n t r m t i n y c t h s c i u c h n h

kp thi t mc cao hn, ph hp vi chi ph thc ca h thng qun l nc thi

trn khp t nc.
Phn tch ri ro v nhy cm
Cc nhn t c bn c nh hng ti thnh cng ca h thng XLNT t nhin bao gm:
S c khng mong i trong qu trnh xy dng nh my c th thay i ng k
chi ph u t ang tin hnh.
D bo v bin ng trong nhu cu.
T l thay i l ph hay cc ph, ch yu ph thuc vo quyt nh ca c quan
qun l.
Thiu kh nng i ph vi nhng t bin trong u t (ci thng i hi vt
qu kh nng trong giai on mi i vo hot ng).
H i u q u t r o n g c n g t c q u n l .

v m t n y , v i c p h n t c h r i r o v n h y c m c n c n n h c t i t h i u l c c y u t s a u y :

Chi ph u t;
T l tng trng dn s (cho mc ch dn s) v cc d on v dng nhp c;
T l pht trin hoa mu v nhng bin ng trong gi bn cc sn phm nng
nghip trn phm vi quc gia hay quc t (cho mc ch ti tiu, nu ph hp);

302
 1

B i n i t r o n g c c p h h o c l p h q u a m t k : h o n g t h i g i a n n h t n h ;

B i n n g t r o n g n h u c u v g i c a n c c t lh t i s d n g ( k h i c n t h i t ) ;

C h i p h h o t n g ( b o d n g , q u n l . . . } V ' n h n g b i n i t h e o t h i g i a n c a

c h i p h n y , n g a y c n h n g c h i p h c l i n q u i a n n s n h g i p h h p c

n h g i c a h t h n g q u n l .

P h n t c h r i r o c a m t d n t h n g n g h i n (C U k h n n g d n c t h t c

m c h o t n g t h a m n ( v c s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c ) , c n g n h

n h n g b i n i t r o n g k t q u s o v i c l n g t t n h t c t h c h i n t r c . Q u y

t r n h n h g i r i r o c x u t d a t r n h a i b c : :

1 . P h n t c h n h y c m , c n g h a l t c n g c a n h n g t h a y i c g i n h t r o n g

n h n g b i n s q u y t n h g i c v l i I i h u n l n c c c h s k i n h t v t i c h n h

c t n h t o n ( t h n g l c h s s u t t h u l i n i t i h o c g i t r h i n t i t h c ) .

2 . N g h i n c u v p h n b x c s u t c a c c b i n s c h n v v i c t n h t o n g i t r

m o n g m u n c a c c c h s h o t n g c a d n .

P h n t c h n h y c m s l a c h n n h n g b i n s v t h a m s " t i h n " c a m h n h ,

n g h a l n h n g s m b i n i c a c h n g , c t h l t c h c c h a y t i u c c , s o v i g i t r

c s d n g n h l c l n g t t n h t t r o n g t r n i g h p c b n , c n h h n g l n n h t

n s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c ; n h n g b i n s v t h a m s t i h n n y s

g y r a n h n g t h a y i c n g h a n h t t r o n g c c t h a m s . V i c c h n l a b i n s t i h n

t h n g p h t h u c v o d n c t h . N h n c h u n g , n n c h n n h n g t h a m s c b i n i

( t c h c c h a y t i u c c ) 1 % s c h o b i n i t n g n g 1 % ( i m m t p h n t r m ) t r o n g

s u t t h u l i n i t i h o c 5 % t r o n g g i t r c b n c a g i t r h i n t i t h c .

Q u y t r n h p h n t c h n h y c m n h s a u :

1 . N h n d n g t t c n h n g b i n s s d n g t - n h u r a v u v o c a p h n t c h

k i n h t v t i c h n h , n h m c h n g l i t h n h cc l o i n g n h t .

2 . N h n d n g n h n g b i n s p h t h u c c t h g y r a s a i l c h t r o n g k t q u v t n h

t o n t r n g l p . C c b i n s c x e m x t c n p h i c n g x a v i b i n s c l p

c n g t t .

3 . T i n h n h c c p h n t c h n h t n h t c n g c a c c b i n s c h n r a c c b i n s

c t h o c k h n g c c o g i n b i n . C c p h . n t c h n h l n g t i p t h e o s c

h n c h t h m t r a n h n g b i n s , c n g h a l n n h t , n u n h c n g h i n g .

4 . C h n n h n g b i n s c n g h a v n h g i c o g i n c a c h n g b n g c c h t n h

s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r h i n t i t h c . M i l n t n h , l y m t g i t r m i ( c a o

h n h o c t h p h n ) c h o m i b i n s v t n h t o n l i s u t t h u l i n i t i v g i t r

h i n t i t h c , d o c t h g h i l i n h n g c h n h l c h ( t u y t i v p h n t r m ) s o

v i t r n g h p c b n .

30 3
 Vai tr ca phn tch nhy l nhn dng nhng bin s ti hn cn tm thm thng
tin. Phn tch ri ro nhm to ra gi tr mong mun ca cc hot ng kinh t v ti
chnh (v d nh sut thu li ni ti v gi tr hin ti thc). Mt d n ri ro s khng
c kh nng vt qua mt ngng nht nh ca sut thu li ni ti; khng phi l d
n m phn b xc sut sut thu li ni ti c sai s chun ln.

10.4. TI LIU THAM KHO

BALKEMA, A., WEIJERS, S-, and LAMBERT, F., 1998. On M ethodologies fo r

Comparison o f W astewater Treatment Systems with Respect to Sustainability.
WIMEK Conference, Options for Closed Water Systems. March 11-13, 1998,
Wageningen, Netherlands.
. DANISH MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: DANCEE ref. no. 124/000-0184;
The FEASD3LE Model, Version 2; User Manual and Documentation, May 2003
ECOBILAN. ndated. Life-Cycle Assessment History. October 6, 2004.
http://www.ecobilan.com/uk_lca02.php
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1998. Guide to costs beneits analysis o f
invesment prects (Structural Fund-ERDF, Cohesion Fund and ISPA) -
Evaluation Unit DG Regional Policy.
. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2001. Guidance on EIA; EIS Review.
. EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (EEA), 2005. Effectiveness o f
urban wastewater treatment policies in selectec countries: an EEA pilot stndy.
KRRMAN, E., 2000.Environmental System Analysis o f Wastewater
Management. Doctoral Dissertation, Department o f Water Environment
Transport, Chalmers University o f Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
M/J INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS, 2003. M unicipal Wastewater Treatment Plant;
Energy Baseline Study.
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT DANCEE, May 2003. The FEASIBLE
M odel, Version 2 - User Manual and Documentation.
. MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AGENCY, July 2002.
NPDES/SDS Permits; Perm tting Process f o r Surface-water Dischargers.
. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, FORESTRY AND NATRAL RESOURCES, 2003.
Are Constructed Wetlands a Viable Option f o r Your Waste Management System?
RIDDERSTOLPE, p., 1999. Waste\vater Treatment in a Smal Viage: Options
f o r Upgrading. Water Revival Systems Ekoteknik AB. Uppsala, Sweden.
. TILLMAN, A-M ., SVINGBY, M and LUNDSTROM, H., 1998. Life-Cycle
Assessment o f M uncipal W astewater Systems. International Joumal o f Life-Cycle
Assessment. 3(3), 145-157.

304
 UNEP, 2002. Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Welands; Design Manual.
USEPA, 1993. Consructed Wetands f o r W astewater Treatment and Wildlife
Habia\ 17 Case Studies. September 1993.
USEPA, 1999. Guiding Princples f o r Constructed Treament Wetlcmcls:
Providing Water Quality and Wildlife Hcibiat - Workgroups Final Draft 6/8/99.
USEPA, 1999. Manual - Constructed Wetlands Treatment o f Municipal
Wastewciters. S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 9 .

USEPA, 2000. Wastewater Technology Fact Shee; Wetlands: Subsurface Flow.

September 2000.
SEPA, 2000. Wcistewater Technology Fact Sheet; Free Water Surface Wetands.
September 2000.
USEPA, 2002. Waste\vater Technology Fact Sheet; Anaerobic Lagoons.
September 2002.
USEPA, 2002. W astewater Technology Fact Sheet; Facultatve Lagoons.
September 2002.
USEPA, 2002. W astewater Technology Fact Sheet; Slow Rate Land Treatment.
September 2002.
USEPA, 2003. Wcistewater Technology Fact Sheet; Rapid Infiltration Lanc
Treatment. J u n e 2 0 0 3 .

305
 N H G I T C N G M I T R N G

Chng ny gii thiu khi nim nh gi Tc ng Mi trng (TM) v trnh

by quy trnh tin hnh mt TM. Ni dung bao gm bn phn chnh:
1 . G i i t h i u

2. Khun kh php lut v th ch

3 . Q u t r n h T M

4. Nghin cu trng hp c th

11.1. NH NGHA TM

TM nh gi hu qu tim tng c th xy ra i vi mi trng (ngun nc; cht

l n g k h n g k h ; m i t r n g s n g ; n g , t h c v t ; s c k h o ; t i n g n ; c n h q u a n . . . V v )

ca mt k hoch hay d n v xut cc bin php nhm ngn chn hay gim bt
nhng tc ng xu. TM xem xt tt c cc gii php cho mt d n; kt hp cc kha
cnh v mi trng mang tnh xuyn bin gii v ton cu v tnh n nhng bin di
trong d n, iu kin quc gia, chnh sch, lut php, hng dn v.v... Qu trnh gian
bt v qun l cc tc ng tiu cc i vi m i trng cn c tin hnh trong Slot
qu trnh thc hin d n.

11.2. KHUN KH PHP LUT V TH CH

Tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt d n l yu cu do cc quy nh /

lut php quc gia hay nh ti tr d n t ra. Phn ny s trnh by mt s khun ki
php lut v th ch thch hp c lin quan, bao gm:
1. Php lut ca U ban Chu u
2. Php lut B
3 . P h p l u t a n M c h

4 . P h p l u t T r u n g Q u c

5. Php lut Vit Nam

6. Quy nh ca Ngn hng Th gii
7. Quy nh ca Ngn hng Pht trin Chu .

306
 11.2.1. Php lut ca U ban C hu u

Cc Ch th ca U ban Chu u l cc vn bn php lut c bn v

ch ny. Cc quc gia Chu u thnh vin cn chuyn ti nhng
vn bn ny vo php lut ca nc mnh, c th b sung nhng quy
nh mi khi vn dng nhng t nht cng phi bao gm cc quy nh
do U ban Chu u ra trong chi th.

Nm 1985, U ban Chu u'ban hnh Ngh nh 85/337/CEE v nh gi tc ng

ca cc d n t nhn hay cng cng i vi mi trng. Sau Ngh nh ny c
sa i b sung thnh Ngh nh 9 7 /1 1/CE v Ngh nh 2003/35/CE.
Ngh nh TM c p dng nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n t
nhn hay cng cng c kh nng gy nh hng ng k i vi mi trng do bn
cht, quy m v v tr ca chng. Cc d n ny c lin quan n vic tin hnh cc cng
trnh xy dng, lp t hav cc can thip khc i vi mi trng v cnh quan, xung quanh,
bao gm c nhng d n lin quan n khai thc ngun khong sn. Cc hot ng d n
in hnh cn c nh gi tc ng mi trng nu trong bng 11.1.
Bng 11.1. Loi d n cn nh gi tc ng mi trng

L o i d n c n h g i t r n c s t n g

L o i d n b t b u c p h i c T M

t r n g h p h o c t h e o t i u c h h o c n g n g c t h

N h m y t in h l u y n , h a k h , h a N n g n g h i p ( c i c c h r u n g t , q u n l

l n g . n c , C O ' s c h n n u i g i a s c t p t r u n g . . . ) .

S n x u t n n g l n g h t n h n v n h i t L m n g h i p ( t r n g r n g v p h r n g ) , n u i

n n g . t r n g t h u s n ( n u i c t p t r u n g ) , c n g

n g h i p k h a i t h c .
K h a i t h c k h o n g s n ; k h a i t h c m r c

n g m . C n g n g h i p n n g l n g .

S n x u t h a c h t ; s n x u t i n n n g . S n x u t v c h b i n k i m lo i.

X y d n g n g r a y x e l a ; s n b a y , C n g n g h i p k h a i t h c k h o n g s n .

n g c a o t c , n g q u c l .
C n g n g h i p h a c h t .

t h o c x l r c t h i b n g h a c h t .
C n g n g h i p t h c p h m .

C n g t r n h v n c h u y n n c .
C n g n g h i p d t m a y , d a , g v g i y .

X l n c t h i.
C n g n h i p c a o s u .

K h a i t h c d u l a ; d t r d u l a .
D n v c s h t n g .

V n c h u y n k h g a , d u h o c h a c h t
C c d n k h c [ b i t h i b r c h o c n h

( n g n g l n ) .
m y x l n c t h i, ( k h n g c t r o n g P h l c

N n g n g h i p ( c h n n u i t p t r u n g g i a
I ) - ] .

c m h o c l n ) .
D u l c h v g i i t r .

S n x u t g i y .

V.V....

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 TM xc nh, m t, nh gi (theo quy cch thch hp p dng vi tng trng
hp c th) nhng nh hng gin tip v trc tip ca mt d n i vi con ngi,
ng, thc vt, t, nc, khng kh, kh hu v phong cnh, ti sn vt cht, di sn vn
ha v c nh hng ca d n i vi s tng tc gia cc yu t ny.
Ngi thc hin nh gi cn cung cp cc thng tin ti thiu:
M t d n (thng tin v v tr, thit k v quy m ca d n);
M t c c b i n p h p d k i n c s d n g t r n h , g i m t h i u , v k h c p h c

nhng nh hng xu nu c th;

S l i u c n t h i t d x c n h v n h g i n h n g n h h n g c h n h m d n c t h

gy ra i vi mi trng;
T r n h b y s l c c c g i i p h p c h n h d o n g i t h c h i n n h g i n g h i n c u

v l do cho vic chn la gii php k c hiu qu v tc ng mi trng;

Tm tt khng mang tnh k thut cha ng tt c cc thng tin cp trong
bn iu trn.
Tt c cc thng tin hay ngh c chp thun vic trin khai cn c cng
khai trc cng chng trong mt khong thi gian ph hp cng chng c c hi
ng gp kin cho d n. Cc quc gia thnh vin cn sp xp mt cch chi tit cc
thng tin v vic tham kho kin (cng chng c mi quan tm, ni tham kho thng
tin, cch thc truyn thng tin n cng chng, phng php tham kho kin ca cng
chng, gii hn v thi gian). Cng chng s c thng bo bt k quyt nh no v
vic chp thun hay bc b mt tho thun trin khai ca c quan c thm quyn.
Cc quc gia lng ging c quan tm n d n cng c th c cung cp thng tin
v c c hi ng gp kin tham gia vo qu trnh TM.

11.2.2. Php lut nc B

nc Bi, trch nhim i vi mi trng thuc v ba khu vc ca quc gia ny:

(1) Wallonia, (2) Flander, v (3) Brussels. Ba khu vc ny phi vn dng tt c cc ch
th ca Chu u vo lut php ca mnh. Cc hot ng tip theo (cng nghip, nng
nghip v cc hot ng loi 1 khc) cn phi xin giy php v mi trng t c quan
c t h m q u y n x y d n g v t h c h i n ; T M c n g c n x i n c p p h p . C c h o t n g

c n t h c h i n T M c l i t k t r o n g q u y p h m p h p l u t c a C h n h q u y n v n g

Walloon ngy 4 thng 7 nm 2002 (MB 21/09/02) v c iu chinh ngy 22 thng 1

nm 2004 (MB/ 25/03/04).
Wallonia
Vng Wallonia vn dng Ch th 85/337/CEE cng vi ngh nh ngy
27/05/2004 ghi trong Cun sch u tin v Lut Mi trng (cc iu D62 n D77)
v quy phm ca chnh quyn Wallonia ngy 17/03/2005 ghi trong cun sch u tin
v Lut Mi trng (cc iu R52-R86 v ph lc VII). Ngh nh ny c bit quy

308
nh cc nh trin khai nh gi phi s dng chuyn gia t vn do chnh ph cho php
m nhim TM. Ngh nh ny cng yu cu thc hin hai cuc kho st kin
cng chng: trc khi tin hnh TM v trc khi cp php mi trng.
Lut a phng ca chnh quyn Wallonia ngy 17/3/2005 lp danh sch cc d n
cn c TM cng nh ni dung v hnh thc ca TM. Cc vn bn cng m t cc
tiu ch v quy trnh ch nh cc nh t vn, iu kin kho st v ly thng tin t
cng chng cng nh cch thc tin hnh gi thng bo n cc quc gia v khu vc
lng ging. Cc c quan c thm quyn cn thng bo n cc Bang v cc tiu khu (ty
theo cch phn khu c th ca Quc gia) c quan tm n d n.
Bruxen
Vng Bruxen vn dng ch th ca U ban Chu u trong php lnh ngy 24 /6/2004
(c bit l cc iu 21 -29) v trong Lut ca Bruxen v xc lp lnh th, COBAT
ngy 9/4/2004 ban hnh ngy 26/5/2004 (c bit l mc 1 v 2 phn 2 Chng III
mc / tiu 4).
Cc quy nh v th tc php l Bruxen cng tng t nh quy nh v th tc
vng Wallonia. Nt khc bit l vic thnh lp mt U ban gm cc chuyn gia t cc
cp chnh quyn a phng v khu vc c lin quan. U ban ny theo st tt c cc
bc ca nghin cu. Sau cuc kho st kin cng chng u tin, U ban s cho
kin v bn nh gi phc tho v la chn ca nh t vn; U ban cng quyt nh thi
im nh t vn nn tin hnh nh gi. Khi c bo co v TM, U ban s xem xt
bn bo co hon chnh cha v xc nh i tng cng chng cn c tham
kho kin trong t kho st th hai, trc khi c quan thm quyn cp "giy php".

Flanders
Ti Flanders, php lut TM c nu trong Ngh nh ngy 5/4/1995 v chnh sch
mi trng, c th l trong mc IV "Tc ng mi trng v bo co an ton".
i vi "Bo co tc ng mi trng ca cc d n", cn tham kho phn III. Cng ging
nh Wallonia, TM c ch dn theo bt k yu cu no ca giy php v mi trng.
Da vo cc tiu ch trong Ph lc II ca ngh nh ny, chnh quyn vng FLander
xc nh r ioi d n cn c bo co tc ng mi trng. Cc nc v khu vc
lng ging cng nh b phn cng chng c quan tm cn c cung cp y thng
tin v c quyn c tham gia kin vo thi im c th. Ngi khi xng mt d
n TM l ngi phi chu trch nhim v phi chi tr cc khon chi ph. Do vy, nh
khi xng cn s dng cc chuyn gia c chnh thc cng nhn di s gim st
ca c quan iu phi TM chnh thc. Ngh nh m t ni dung ti thiu ca mt
nghin cu TM v nhng th tc cn thit m nhn.

11.2.3. Php lut an Mch

TM c vai tr ngy cng ni bt trong h thng quy hoch cng nh trong cc quy
nh v lut l v mi trng ca an Mch. Cc yu cu v TM c trong cc o lut

309
v quy hoch (S 551 ngy 28/6/1999 p hn 3) v trong Ch th T ng hp s 4 2 8
ngy 2/6/1999 v iu lut b sung chiu theo L ut Q uy hoch.
Trong giai on u, ngi trin khai nh gi np b n k h o ch ln cp c th m
quyn (ht / tnh) v cp ny s quyt nh c thc s cn n T M khng. P h lc 2 v
3 trong Lut Q uy hoch gn nh ging ht vi P h lc II v III c a C h th. Ph lc 1
lit k tt c cc d n cn thc hin TM ; P h lc 2 lit k tt c cc d n cn th c
hin TM nu nh d n c cho l c k h nng gy tc n g ng k n m i
trng. Cc d n ny c xem xt theo t n g tr n g h p c th. c n tham kho c n g
chng v cn nhc kin ca h trong qu trn h ln k h o ch cho d n.
Cc quy nh v ni dung nh gi cn c gi ng u y n n h tr c khi sa i b
sung C h th vo nm 1997 m c d c n h n g sa i tro n g cc q u y nh v vic cn
nhc cc gii php v cng c m t s iu chnh nh khc. B n cnh nhng gii
php do bn thn nh trin khai d n n g h in cu, cc gii p h p do cng chng
xut cng cn c xem xt k.
Khi qu trnh lp TM hon tt v cc a ph n g th n g qua, cn c s ban
hnh cc hng dn cn thit v quy hoch i vi d n, giy p hp v T M hay m t
trong nhng giy php hoc giy chng nhn. G iy ph p v T M s n u cc iu kin
ph thuc vo vic nh gi c th cho m i tr n g hp. Sau cc a phng s gim
st theo ng giy php v TM . G iy php v T M cn c c n g b.
M t im c bit ca vic vn dng C h th n y ti an m ch l n u n h d n
c chp thun bi m t giy php / giy ch n g n hn / hay giy m in php no th
cc giy t ny s thay th cho giy php v TM .

11.2.4. Php lut Trung Quc

cp Q uc gia, t nm 2002, qu trnh T M T rung Q uc c a vo Lut

nh gi Tc ng M i trng (28-10-2002). M t s quy n h v lut khc ca quc
gia ny v vn qun l vic bo v m i tr n g c a cc d n xy dng cng to
nn tng php l cho TM . Cc quy nh v k thut ca TM bao gm cc tiu chun
cht lng m i trng, tiu chun y t c bn, tiu chun an ton cng cng, tiu chun v
kim sot cc cht phng x v cht c hi, v tiu chun v pht thi cht gy nhim.
Lp TM i vi cc d n ln thng c thc hin c n g vi C quan Bo v
M i trng Q uc gia, v c quan ny s g i vai tr ch o. C c d n nh v d n a
phng vi vn u t di 30 triu R M B (n h n dn t) th n g c xem xt v ph
chun bi cc c quan m i trng a p h ng (C c B o v M i tr n g ).
N gi xng/ch d n s u nhim cho m t ch u y n g ia hoc c quan TM c
C hng ch nh gi ca C quan Bo v M i tr n g Q uc g ia hay c qu an thm quyn
cp tinh. C huyn gia/c quan ny s xy d n g cc iu k h o n th am ch iu cn c C
quan M i trng (C quan B o v M i tr n g Q uc gia, C c B o v M i tr ng) ph

310
chun. C quan m i tr ng s quy nh m u chun bo co TM . C c B o v M i
trng s xem xt d n thuc nhm no trong ba nhm sau:
1. D n c tc ng ln cn c TM y ;
2. D n c tc n g m c h n ch v c th gim thiu, ch cn nh gi s b;
3. D n khng c hoc c t tc ng, ch cn c bng TM.
C h u t d n cn k hp ng vi chuyn gia / c quan T M l ngi s chun
thc hin bo co T M . B o co T M cn c phc tho da theo cc tiu chun ca
a ph ng v cht l ng m i tr ng v pht thi cht gy nhim . Sau khi hon
thnh, bo co s c cc t chc th n g mi v cng nghip c thm quyn xem xt
trc khi chuyn n C quan Mi trng (C quan Bo v Mi trng Quc gia, Cc
B o v M i tr ng). N u nh d n c tc ng m i trng ln hoc lin quan n
nhng vn m i trng phc tp, chuyn gia/c quan TM cn phi chng m inh trc
ban hi thm gm cc chuyn gia do c quan mi trng t chc. C quan mi trng s
l c quan c thm quyn cui cng chp nhn hay bc b m t bn bo co TM .
C quan m i tr n g s m bo rng vic thit k, x y dng v hon thin d n s
tun theo cc quy nh c nu c th tro n g bo co TM :
1. Thit k: ch d n s chun b v np ln c quan mi trng bn k hoch v
m i tr ng ca d n tro n g cn nu r cc bin php bo v m i tr ng v d kin
ngn sch u t.
2. X y dng: N h th u cn th ng xuyn bo co v nhng vn c th ny sinh
trong qu trnh x y d n g d n; v d n h kh khn trong vic tun theo quy nh v
p ht thi.
3. H on thin: C h d n nn n p on xin hot ng th ln C c B o v M i trng
v cc cp chnh quyn c lin quan.

11.2.5. L ut php V it Nam

Lut B o v M i tr ng (B V M T ) c Quc hi N c C H X H C N V it N am thng

qua ngy 27/1 2/1993 v c chnh sa b sung nm 2005. Sau khi L ut B V M T c
b an hnh, cng tc bo v m i trng ni chung, nh gi tc ng m i trng ( TM )
ni ring c trin khai thc hin trn a bn c nc.
N m 2006, C hnh P h V it N am ban hnh N gh nh 80/2006/N -C P, quy nh chi
tit v h n g dn thi h nh m t s iu c a Lut B V M T v tiu chun m i trng; nh
gi tc n g m i tr ng v cam kt bo v mi trng.
120 h ng m c d n bt buc phi lp bo co nh g i tc ng m i trng c
quy nh ti P h lc I k m theo N gh nh 80/2006/N -C P. Cc d n lin ngnh, lin
tnh, theo danh mc lit k ti Ph lc II, Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP, thuc trch nhim
thm nh v ph duyt bo co T M ca B Ti nguyn v M i trng.

311
 V ic thc hin bo co TM c trin khai bi c quan/t chc t vn c nng, lc
chuyn m n, ph ng tin, c s vt cht k thut ph h p vi tn h c a d n v c s
y q u y n ca ch d n.
H s ngh thm nh bo co T M v h s ng k cam kt B V M T c gi
cho c quan c thm quyn quy nh ti cc iu 17; 21 v 26 ca L ut BV M T.
N i d u n g b o c o T M b a o g m :.

M t s lc v d n.
Hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n.
D bo, nh gi cc tc ng ca d n n m i tr n g kh u vc.
xut cc bin php khc phc, gim thiu cc tc n g tiu cc.
C h ng trnh -qun l v quan trc, gim st m i trng.
K t lun v k i n ngh.

Trch nhim ca ch d n sau khi bo co TM c ph duyt:

C vn bn bo co y ban nhn d n cp huyn ni th c hin d n v ni dung
q uyt nh ph duyt bo co T M km theo b n sao q u y t n h ph duyt;
N im yt cng khai ti a im th c hin d n bn t m t t bo co TM c
p h duyt, trong ch r: chng loi, khi l ng cc loi cht thi; cng ngh,
th it b x l cht thi; m c x l theo cc th n g s c tr n g ca cht thi so
v i tiu chun quy nh; cc bin p h p khc v bo v m i tr ng;
Thit k, xy lp cc cng trnh x l mi trng;
Bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng d n;
V n hnh th nghim cc cng trn h x l m i trng.
Sau khi kt thc vic vn hnh th n g h im , ch d n phi c vn b n bo co v
ngh xc nhn kt qu vn hnh th ng h im cc cng trn h x l m i trng gi c
quan ph duyt bo co TM xc nhn.
Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc sau khi ph duyt bo co TM :
B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph gi bn chnh ca quyt nh ph
duyt bo co TM cho y ban nhn dn cp tn h ni th c hin d n.
y ban nhn dn cp tnh gi bn sao quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM ca mnh
v ca B, c quan ngang b, c q u an thuc C h n h p h cho y b a n nhn dn cp
huyn ni thc hin d n.
C quan nh nc c thm quyn sau khi ph d u y t bo co T M c trch nhim
sau y:
- X em xt v i chiu h s th it k, xy lp cc cng trnh x l m i trng vi
bo co TM c ph duyt;
- T ip nhn v x l cc kin xut, kin ngh ca ch d n, cc t chc v c
nhn lin quan n vic thc hin cc ni dung, bin php bo v m i tr ng trong q u
trnh thi cng, xy dng d n;

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 - B tr k h o ch v tin hnh gim st, kim tra vic thc hin cc ni d u n g v bin
php bo v m i tr ng; x l theo thm quyn hoc kin ngh x l n h n g vi phm
x y r a ;

- T chc k im tr, gim st vic vn hnh th nghim cc cng trn h x l m i

trng ca ch d n sau khi nhn c k hoch vn hnh th nghim ca ch d n;
- X em xt v xc nhn k t q u vn hnh th nghim cc cng trnh x l m i trng;
- L u gi v q un l ton b h s, v n bn v hot ng sau thm n h do ch d
n, cc c quan v c nhn c lin quan gi n.

11.2.6. Quy nh ca Ngn hng Th gii

Chnh sch v quy nh ca N gn hng v nh gi Mi trng c quy nh trong

C hnh sch H ot n g / Q uy nh ca ngn hng - O P /B P 4.01. Cc th n g tin b sung
cho cc ti liu ny c cp trong Cun Sch ngun nh gi M i trng
[Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991] v cc ti liu cp nht tip theo.
O P 4.01 cung cp cc nh n g ha khi qut v cc quy n h chung; ti liu ny cho
bit N g n hng yu cu phi c nh gi m i trng cho cc d n c xut N gn
hng cp vn nhm m bo rng cc d n ny bn vng v ph hp v m i trng v
gip a ra quyt nh ng n. Ngn hng s tin hnh kim tra mi d n c
xut a ra quyt nh v quy m v loi hnh nh gi m i trng ph hp. Ngn
hng s xp cc d n vo mt trong bn nhm, tu thuc vo loi hnh, v tr, tnh nhy
cm, quy m ca d n cng nh bn cht v mc tc ng m i trng tim n trong
d n :
A. D n c k h n ng gy tc ng xu m c ng k i vi m i tr ng;
B . T c n g t i m n x u n m i t r n g , x u i v i c n g n g d n c h o c c c k h u

vc quan trng v mt m i trng ca d n c mc nh hng thp hn m c ca cc

d n Loi A;
c . D n c k h nng gy tc ng nh hoc khng gy tc ng xu n m i
trng. N goi vic r sot ca N gn hng, khng cn phi tin hnh thm vic nh gi
mi trng i vi d n Loi C;
FI. D n cn u t t ngun v n ca N g n hng thng q u a m t trung gian ti chnh
(FI), dng tiu d n m c th gy ra tc ng xu v mi trng.
i vi nhng "d n thng thng" thuc Loi A, ngi vay vn c th s dng
cc chuyn gia nh gi mi trng c lp khng l thnh vin ca d n tin hnh
nh gi mi trng. i vi cc d n c nguy c cao thuc Loi A hoc d n lin
quan n nhng vn m i trng nghim trng v phc tp, bn vay vn thng phi
thu ban c vn gm nhng chuyn gia v mi trng c uy tn c cng nhn trn th
gii c vn v tt c cc kha cnh ca d n c lin quan n nh gi m i trng.
Trong qu trnh nh gi m i trng, ngi vay cn tham kho kin ca cng
chng v cc t chc phi chnh ph a phng cng sm cng tt. i vi d n Loi

313
A ngui vay cn ly kin ca cc nhm ny t nht hai ln: (a) ngay sau khi r sot
v mt mi trng v trc khi cc iu khon tham chiu cho nh gi mi trng
c thng nht; v (b) khi d tho bo co nh gi mi trng c chun b.
BP4.01 nu r trch nhim v ngha v tng ng ca mi bn tham gia. Trong BP
4.01 cng nu r on thm nh ca mi d n v cc quy nh ca h. V ic nh gi
mi trng ca mt hot ng c xut Ngn hng cp vn thuc v trch nhim
ca bn vay. Bn vay s c i Thi hnh N him v gip thng qua vic kim
tra li d n, ghi li nhng thng tin cn thit, m bo rng tt c cc ti liu hon
thin, tm lc nhng yu t c bn cn cung cp (phn loi d n, quy trnh chun b
bo co, cc gii php c xem xt, tc ng c d on ca d n v cc gii php,
v.v...). Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, i thi hnh nhim v s gim st tt c cc
kha cnh v mi trng. Cui cng, ngn hng yu cu mt bn Bo co hon thnh
vic thc hin c nh gi tc ng mi trng, nu r nhng tc ng c tin
on trong nh gi mi trng cha v hiu qu ca mi bin php gim thiu c
p dng.
Sch ngun cp trong phn trn chnh l cm nang tham kho v cc thng tin cn
thit qun l qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng theo cc quy nh ca OP v BP
4.01. Tt c nhng ngi chu trch nhim cho d n c Ngn hng cp vn v c
kh nng gy tc ng mi trng ln nn tham kho cun sch ngun ny.
Cun sch ngun tm lc cc quy nh v nh gi mi trng ca Ngn hng v
phc tho qu trnh kim tra mi trng ca Ngn hng, t vic r sot trong giai on
xc lp d n n vic nh gi sau khi hon thin. Cc chng cui cung cp hng
dn nh gi mi trng theo khu vc; m t ngn gn tng loi d n; tm lc cc
tc ng tim n; v lu cc vn c bit. Cc chng ny cng nu cc gii php
c th v b sung cc thng tin tham kho v qun l, nhu cu o to v cc quy nh
v gim st. M i phn kim tra a ra kt lun qua mt bng nu r cc tc ng tim
n v cc bin php nhm gim thiu c th p dng c. M i chng c mt phn
nu cc iu khon tham chiu mu cho cc loi d n khc nhau.

11.2.7. Quy nh ca Ngn hng Pht trin Chu (ADB)

S tay Hng dn Hot ng (OM F l) mi t cc yu t c bn trong chnh sch mi

trng v cc quy trnh hot ng ca A D B c th kt hp cht ch cc mi quan
tm v mi trng vo qu trnh hot ng kinh doanh ca A D B . Phn th nht ca li
liu ny cp n Chnh sch ca Ngn hng (BP) v phn th hai trnh by cc quy
trnh hot ng (OP).
Cng nh Ngn hng Th gii, bn vay phi chu trch nhim v nh gi rri
trng ca mnh. V ic phn loi d n cng tng t nh ca N gn hng th gii v tu
thuc vo mc tc ng mi trng, c bit l mc tc ng ca phn d an

314
nhy cm v mt mi trng nht, bao gm c tc ng trc tip v tc ng gin tip.
Nhn chung, cc quy nh nu r mc phn tch cn thit cho vic nh gi, yu cu
v bo co, tham kho kin cng chng v cng khai thng tin. A D B yu cu phi c
nh gi Tc ng Mi trng (TM ) i vi d n Loi A v Kho st S b Mi
trng (KSM ) i vi d n Loi B.
N h d kin, A D B yu cu phi tham kho kin cng chng trong qu trnh
TM. V ic tham kho ny cn tin hnh cng sm cng tt c th xem xt kin
ca nhng nhm ngi b nh hng trong qu trnh thit k d n v nhng bin php
nhm gim bt tc ng ca d n. i vi d n Loi A, N gn hng m bo rng bn
vay (hay nh ti tr thuc khu vc t nhn) phi tin hnh ly kin cng chng t nht
l hai ln.
S tay Hng dn nh gi Mi trng ca A D B gii thch r cch thc hin cc
quy nh nu trong phn Chnh sch M i trng ca A D B trong OM F l. Tt c cc
loi d n u c cung cp thng tin v chnh sch v quy nh ca A D B v vic tin
hnh v lp bo co nh gi mi trng, s tay ny cng m t phng php tt nht
tham kho kin cng chng v cng khai thng tin.
N i dung v hnh thc ca TM v KSM c nu trong s tay Hng dn (xem
bng 11.2.).
Bng 11.2. Nt chnh ca bo co tc ng mi trng

T M ( D n L o i A ) K S M ( D n L o i B )

A . G i i t h i u A . G i i t h i u

B. M t D n B . M t D n

c . M t M i t r n g c . M t M i t r n g

D . G i i p h p D . K i m t r a t c n g M i t r n g t i m n v

B i n p h p G i m n h

E . T c n g M i t r n g c d o n v B i n E . Q u y n h v t h c h v K h o c h G i m

p h p G i m n h s t M i t r n g

F . n h g i K i n h t F . T h a m k h o k i n v C n g k h a i t h n g t in

t r c C n g c h n g

G . K h o c h Q u n l M i t r n g G . K t q u v x u t

H . T h a m k h o k i n v C n g k h a i t h n g t in H . K t lu n

t r c C n g c h n g

I . K t l u n

V d n Loi B c cho l s gy t tc ng xu i vi mi trng hn, nn

trong kho st s b mi trng ch cn m t bin php gim nh m khng cn phi
xut cc gii php hay nh gi kinh t.

315
 TM phi xut cc gii php thay th v xt n tt c nhng tc ng xu m
cc gii php ny c th gy ra vi mi trng. Cc bin php gim nh c a
vo k hoch cng cn c m t. Trong TM nn bao gm c phn nh gi kinh t
trong phn tch kinh t tng th ca d n; chi ch v li ch ca tc ng mi trng;
chi ph, li ch v hiu qu kinh t ca cc bin php gim nh; tho lun v cc tc
ng cha c th hin bng gi tr tin mt, dng nh lng nu c th.
C hai nghin cu u bao gm K hoch Qun l Mi trng v K hoch gim st
Mi trng. N ghin cu TM mang tnh hon thin hn v phc tp hn KSM trong
khi KSM phi cung cp thng tin v kt qu v cc xut.

11.3. QU TRNH TM

Mc tiu chung ca TM l cung cp:

- Thng tin c bn v iu kin kinh t, x hi v mi trng trong khu vc d n;
- Thng tin v tc ng tim n ca d n v cc c tnh v cc tc ng, ln,
phn b, ai l nhm chu nh hng v thi gian din ra tc ng;

R sot: xc nh s cn thit ca vic nh

gi mi trng;
Xc dinh quy m: xc nh nhng yu t cn
c nh gi v cc gii php, loi tr nhng
thng tin khng ph hp;
nh gi tc ng ;

Tham kho kin: tm kim d liu v thng

tin t vn t cc c quan khc ca chnh ph,
cc chuyn gia c lp, cc nhm i tng v
cng chng c quan tm trong qu trinh xc nh
quy m v sau khi hon thnh vic nh gi;
Tham gia ca cng chng: thu ht cng chng
vo vic nh gi mi trng;
Chun b ti liu v thng tin: trnh by cc
thng tin v nh gi mi trng;
a ra quyt inh: xem xt tt c cc kt lun
v xut ca nh gi mi trng;
Gim st:: xc nh cc bin php tip theo i
vi tc ng tng th ca d n.

H n h 11.1. Cc bc trong th tc nh g i m i trng.

316
 - T hng tin v cc bin php gim nh c th gim thiu tc ng bao gm c cc
khon chi ph cho vc gim nh;
- n h g i d k i n t h a y t h t t n h t m c l i c h c a o n h t v c h i p h t h p n h t v

m t ti chnh, x hi v mi trng; v tr thay th ca d n, vic thit k d n hay

qun l d n cng nn c cn nhc;
- T hng tin c bn xy dng k hoch qun l mi trng.
TM th ng yu cu phi phn tch k lng tm quan trng tim n ca cc tc
ng m i trng. T M yu cu:
- Phn tch tng th cc tc ng tim n;
- N lc tin hnh xy dng bin php gim nh thit thc;
- nh gi k l ng v m t kinh t ca cc tc ng nhm kim tra v nh gi gii
php l a chn t t nht;
- Phn tch cn th n chun b k hoch qun l m i trng ph hp.
S tm tt cc b c c bn trong qu trnh T M c th h in trn h n h 11.1.

11.3.1. R sot s b mi trng

R sot l qu trnh xc nh xem m t d n c thc s cn c TM .

Q u trnh r sot phi lin quan cht ch n vic pht trin khi nim d n sao cho
cc c hi cng n h cc ri ro v m i trng c th c lng ghp m t cch d dng
v hp l trong cc giai on thit k tip theo.
Ban C vn M i tr ng cho C hng trnh H p tc Pht trin ca Hi ng C hu u
xut m t danh sch v bng cu hi kho st nhm tr gip vic kim tra m t d n
TM . Danh sch ny nn c s dng cng vi cc danh sch quc gia quyt
nh c thc s cn n TM . Cc danh sch ny c trong a ch
http://w w w .environm ent-integration.org/D ow nIoad/D 123/D T M Screening.pdf.
Hi ng C hu u xy dng hng dn K im tra TM (EC, 2001). M t bng tm
lc cho php nhanh chng xc nh mt d n c cn n TM khng (xem hnh 11.2).

11.3.2. Xc nh quy m (EC,1999)

X c nh quy m ch yu l vic xc nh cc vn cn thc hin qua TM . Vic

xc nh quy m th ng c thc hin nh s tr gip ca m t bng lit k nhng
m c cn kim tra. B ng ny c thit k nhm gip ngi s dng xc nh cc nh
hng m i tr ng ln c th xy ra ca m t d n c xut trong qu trnh xc
n h q u y m . B n g n y c s d n g c n g vi b n g lit k tiu ch n h g i ln ca
cc tc ng. C hai giai on:
1 . X c n h t c n g t i m n c a d n ;

2. L a chn nh ng tc ng c kh nng gv nh hng ln v i hi c ch

nhiu nht trong qu trnh nh gi.

317
 Bc 1
Ph lc hoc II D n c th c nh
D n c thuc loi hng ln n Khu thin Khng Khng yu cu TM
c lit k trong Ph nhin 2000 khng?
lc I hoc II khng? Khng
C Yu cu TM

TM cn c thc hin i vi tt c cc d n trong Ph c I v

C nhng d n trong Ph lc II c th gy nh hng ln n mi trng.
iu 6 (3) ca Ch dn v C tr cng c th yu cu tin hnh nh
gi. Nu d n c kh nng gy nh hng i vi Khu thin nhin
Bc 2 2000. nh gi ny c th c iu tit thng qua TM. Quyt nh
Danh sch bt buc
r sot c th c thc hin ring vi nh gi Ch dn v C tr.
D n c nm trong
danh sch bt buc
hay nm trong cc d
n lun cn en TM C Yu cu TM
Cc tiu ch v gii hn ngng
khng?
Cc tiu ch v gii hn ngng to ra mt
Cn tham kho cc tiu ch v gii phng php r rng xc nh mt d n
hn ngng theo lut nh ca quc c cn TM khng. Gii hn ngng hav
Khng gia thnh vin i vi cc d n m tiu ch c th l:
trn lun cn n TM , v d,
Mt c im ca d n mang tnh
quy m, v tr v loi d n.
Birc 3 nh lng c xc dnh c th.
Danh sch loi tr v d, din tch t c s dng,
D n c nm trong mc sn xut, lng vt liu cn khai
C Khng yu cu TM thc, tui th ca h tng, in p. p
danh sch loi tr gm
nhng d n khng cn sut, chi ph, cng sut.
TM khng? Mt c im ca d n mang tnh
nh tnh c xc nh c th. v

Khng
I Mt s quc gia hnh vin t
ra cc tiu ch v gii hn ti thiu
i vi mt s d n m di
ngng ny s khng cn n TM
(hay mt th tc n gin hn c
p ng). Tuy nhin trong trng
hp ny c th c ngoi l, chng
hn nh c lin quan n v tr nhy
cm (v d, Khu thin nhin 2000)
Buc 4
Tng trng hp
D n c kh nng gy C Ycu cu TM
tc ng ln i vi
mi trng khng?
Khng # Khng yu cu TM
mt s quc gia thnh vin hu ht cc d n nm
trong Danh sch Bt buc hoc Danh sch Loi tr v
him khi cn n vic xem xt theo tng trng hp.
cc quc gia thnh vin khc, vic xem xt theo tng
trng hp l phng thc thng thng i vi hu ht cn TM khng.
cc d n. nhng ni cn tin hnh r sot tng
trng hp, Chi th yu cu phi xcm xt tt c cc yu
t trong Ph c III. Bt k hng dn no ca quc gia
Ihnh vin c lin quan cng phi c xem xt.
d V tr ca d n trong khu vc d
xc nh (v d, khu bo tn), sn
xut cht c th (v d, ho cht, cht
n), x thi theo phng php xc
nh (v d, thiu t rc).
Kct hp c c tnh mang tnh dnh
lng v nh tnh, v d, d n s nm
trong khong cch c th ca mt khu
vc nht nh, n s to ra mt lng
cht gy nhim cao hn mc xc
nh vv...
Cc tiu ch v gii hn theo lut nh trong
lut TM ca quc gia thnh vin s xc
lp cc quy nh php lut r rng v ycu
cu TM. Cc tiu ch v gii hn mang
tnh hng dn trong ti iiu hng dn ca
quc gia thnh vin khng xc lp cc quy
nh php ut nhng c th c s dng
quyt nh di vi tng trng hp c

Birc 5
Ghi li Quyt nh R sot Khi c quyt nh r sot chnh thc khng nh c cn n TM khng, c quan thm
quyn phi ghi li quyt nh v cc do dn n quyt jnh , dng thi cng khai thng tin trc cng chng.

H n h 11.2 . C c bc tro n g qu trnh r so t (EC 2001).

318
 M t phng p h p h u hiu xc nh tc ng tim n ca m t d n l xc nh
tt c cc hot ng hay ngun gy nh hng c th ny sinh tro n g qu trnh xy dng,
hot ng hay ng ng hot ng ca d n , v xem xt cc n g u n ny song song vi
cc c im ca m i tr ng ca d n c th b nh hng, nhm xc nh ni c
tng tc gia chng.
V ic xc nh quy m cng h tr cho vic tham kho kin, xc nh yu cu ca
cc nghin cu v kho st c bn, v vic quyt nh phng p h p nh gi ph hp.
V ic xc nh quy m cn c thc hin sm trong qu trnh T M , vo thi im m
c c g i i p h p c n c x e m x t v c c b i n p h p g i m n h c n c t h c a v o

thit k d n.
C c yu t c bn trong qu trnh xc nh quy m l:
- X c nh ranh gii khun kh v thi gian v a l cho vic n h gi;
- L p b n r a n h g i i ;

- T h u t h p d i u c s ;

- n h g i t c n g ;

- X e m x t c c g i i p h p .

11.3.3. Phn tch tc ng, qun l tc ng v vic gim nh

C c giai on quan trng trong nh gi tc ng l:

- X c nh noi m cc tc ng gin tip v tch lu, cc tng tc c kh nng xy ra;
- X c nh m i quan h nguyn nhn v kt qu - l trnh m tc ng vn thng din
ra cho thy cc hot ng d n c th gy nh hng th no vi m i trng hin ti;
- X c nh p hn n g i vi thay i trong m i trng, nh g i ln v tm quan
tr n g ca cc tc ng;
- T rin khai cc b in php gim nh x l tc ng;
- T r i n k h a i c c d n g i m s t p h n o n c c t c n g g i n t i p v t c h l u ,

t ng tc gia cc tc ng, thit lp c ch x l cc tc ng ln nu pht hin thy.

nh gi mc v tm nghim trng ca tc ng
K hi xc n h c cc tc ng, bc tip theo l khng nh m c nh hng
v tm nghim trng ca tc ng. V ic thit lp cc tiu chun xc nh m c quan
tr n g ca cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng nh t ng tc gia chng c th s
p h c tp hn so vi cc tc ng trc tip v phi p dng cc bin php vi quy m
rng hn.
C c yu t khc cn xt n khi nh gi m c ca cc tc n g bao gm:
N hng thay i g c th xy ra nu d n khng thc hin?
C c bin php tin hnh c ng gp th no vo tnh hnh hin ti?
Khi xc nh tm nghim trng ca m t tc ng cng n h x t n quy m ca n,
c n c h n :

319
 - K hong thi gian din ra, tc l nh h n g c tn h tm thi hay vnh v in ;
- P h m v i n h h n g , n g h a l t i l m i t r n g s n g c t h b m t ;

- M c thng xuyn ca tc ng;

- G i tr v kh nng hi phc ca i t n g ch u nh h ng;
- K h n n g t h n h c n g c a b i n p h p g i m n h t c n g .

Cc ngng xc nh tm nghim tr n g ca tc ng ph thuc vo th n g s mi

trng v tm quan trng ca n. c n phi nu r nhng tiu ch s d n g trong vic
nh gi.
C nhiu phng php nhn bit v nh gi cc tc n g gin tip v lu di
cng nh tng tc gia chng. M i p h n g php ph hp vi m t d n c b it v
cng c khi p dng ng thi m t vi p h n g php cho m t q u trn h nh gi tc
ng i vi mi trng. Cc phng p hp ny (EC 1999) c th h in t m tt trong
cc on di y.
k i n c h u y n g ia

kin chuyn gia l cng c nh gi cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng

nh tng tc gia chng. V ic trao i kin v lin kt hiu q u gia cc thnh vin
trong nhm d n c vai tr ht sc quan trng. V i cc tc ng gin tip v lu di,
cn c s phi hp ca nhiu ngnh khoa h c phn tch h th n g cc m i lin h qua
li c th pht sinh. Vi cc d n n gin, ch cn tham kho kin ch u y n gia cng
nhn bit v nh gi cc tc n g ni trn.
T r n g c u k i n v c u h i i u r a

Trng cu kin v cu hi iu tra l cc ph n g ph p thu th p th n g tin c th h

tr cho vic xc nh quy m ca q u trn h nh gi n g thi xc nh c a im ,
cch thc ca tc ng gin tip v lu di c n g n h cc m i t ng tc g i a chng. Hai
phng php ny thng c dng giai on xc nh quy m c a d n. N hng i
tng c tr ng cu kin bao gm:
N h chc trch c lin quan do php lut ch n h hoc k h n g ch nh;
Cc chuyn gia thuc ngnh c lin q u an n d n v cc tc n g c th xv ra;
Cc doanh nghip v on th a p h n g - n h ng i t ng c th chu nh
hng t d n.
S dng bng cu hi iu tra l m t p h ng php n a thu thp th n g tin, c bit
l t cc doanh ngip, cc nhm ngi c q uan tm v cc c dn a p h n g - nhng
i tng c kh nng s chu nh h ng t d n. H c th l i t n g phng vn
trc tip hoc tr li cu hi iu tra q u a b u in.
Phn lch mng li
Phn tch m ng li v h thng xc n h ph ng h ng ca m t tc n g thng q u a
m t lot cc chui (m ng li) hoc m n g (biu h th n g ) lin kt g i a m t hot

320
ng gi nh v i t ng chu tc ng. V ic p hn tch phn ng ca i tng trc
m t hot ng nht nh v xc nh nhng v tr c tc ng ln nht ln i tng hay
cc yu t m i tr n g s cho php xem x t cc tc ng gin tip v tng tc gia
chng theo hai gc : cc hot ng a ra tro n g d n v bn thn cc tc ng .
Cc tc ng lu di cng c th c pht h in trn cc m ng li v cc biu h
thng khi nhng h o t ng khc nhau c th tc ng ln cng m t i tng hay mt
yu t m i trng.
B n li t k

B n lit k th n g c s dng p h t hin cc tc ng trc tip. T rong trng

hp c bit, ph ng ph p ny cng c th c p dng xc nh cc tc ng lu
di. T uy nhin vic s dng th n h cng c n g c ny ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca
ngi tin hnh trong vic nhn bit cc h ot n g v cc ngun ti nguyn nhy cm
ch cht. C c bn lit k th ng c s dng n hn bit cc tc ng giai on lp
quy m c a d n n hm cung cp m t h n g tip cn c ln k hoch trc
ngi thc hin theo tin hnh. T uy nhin s dng bn lit k khng c ngha l cc
hot ng khc n h tr ng cu kin l kh n g cn thit. M u bn lit k c th thay i
tuv theo th loi v chi tit thng tin cn c.
P h n tc h k h n g g ia n

Cc bn v h th n g thng tin a l c th xc nh s phn b khng gian ca

cc tc ng v h tr vic xc nh cc a im c th xy ra cc tc ng lu di v
tng tc gia chng. C hai ph ng php u i hi phi chun b bn hoc cc
tp thng tin v do th n g tr n g lp nhau.
M a tr n

C c m a trn c th nh gi ti m t m c nht nh cc tc ng ca cc hot ng

trong d n i vi cc ngun ti nguyn v c th xem xt ti cc tc ng gin tip v
lu di cng nh cc m i tng tc ln ti nguyn. Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng
th dng vo vic nh lng m c n ghim tr n g thc t ca cc tc ng. Vic
hoch nh cc m a trn phn nh cc nhn t n h thi gian xy ra tc ng, tn sut
v quy m tc n g c th c s dn g tnh i m hoc xp loi cc tc ng, vi
iu kin l cc tiu ch c s dng phi r rng.

P h n tc h n n g l c v n g n g

P h ng php ny xem xt nng lc ca m t n g u n ti nguyn v kh nng hi phc

ca n tr c thay i v m i trng. N u c th bit chc ngng hoc yu t hn ch
th ph ng php ny s c bit h u dn g trong vic nh gi tc ng lu di ca mt
s hot ng i vi ngu n ti nguyn. C c n h iu tit s thit lp cc ngng cho
m c pht thi dng vo vic nh gi m c v tm nghim trng ca m t tc ng.

321
 L p m h n h

Vic lp m hnh cho php nh lng cc m i quan h nhn q u bng cch ti to

li cc iu kin m i tr ng trn m hnh. D ng m hnh ph bin nht l s d n g m
hnh trn m y tnh v d on cc tc ng ha hc v v t l c a m t hot ng nht
nh ln m i trng.
Bin php gim nh
V ic gim nh cc tc ng i vi m i tr ng cng n h quan h ca n vi cc tc
ng gin tip v lu di c th c xem xt theo hai cch:
Gim nh cc l o i tc n g nu trn.
C c tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i tng tc gy ra do cc bin php
gim nh (cn gi l chuyn hng tc n g ).
K hi cn nhc cc bin php gim nh gii quyt cc tc ng lu di ca m t s
d n cn phi c s phi hp g ia cc nh p h t trin d n. G im nh cc tc ng
gin tip v tc ng lu di cng n h cc t ng tc g ia chng c th khc so vi vic
gim nh cc tc ng trc tip. D o cc p h n g n gim nh tc ng phi c xem
xt trn c s tng d n.
Cc vn kh khn v cc yu t thiu r rng
Khi nh gi cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i t ng tc th ng xut
hin nhng vn kh khn v thiu tnh r rng. iu ny c th do m t s nhn
t sau:
C c ra n h g i i

K hi xc nh cc ranh gii a l tin hnh nh gi, lun lun tn ti vn l

im gii hn ca khu vc c nh gi u. R anh gii l cng c hu hiu p h in
nh quy m ca vic nh gi nhng cn phi s dng linh hot.
C c i u k i n b i n

Khi thit lp cc iu kin bin cho qu trnh n h gi, cc thng tin cn thit c ti
khng c hoc khng tip cn c, thng tin thiu hon chnh hoc m c k h ig
thch hp. V ic thu thp thng tin v cc hot ng trong qu kh, hin ti v tng ai
c th gp kh khn. V ic thu thp thng tin v ranh gii ni c cc tc ng vt raih
gii a phng hay lnh th quc gia cng l vn nan gii.
H i u b i t v c c t n g t c v l t r n h

Khi c cc tng tc v l trnh, iu quan tr n g l phi h iu c phn ng ca l

thng. H iu bit ny s cho php qu trnh nh gi phn nh c cc tc ng cia
m t hot ng nht nh m c c n g chnh xc cn g tt. C c t ng tc phc tp s ln
ny sinh cc phn ng phi tuyn tnh m khng phi lc no cng c th hiu bit thiu
o c v do rt kh nh gi.

322
 G i n h

Bt c g i nh no s dng trong qu trnh nh gi cng phi c ghi li y

ngi a ra quyt nh c th thc y v c s tin h nh nh gi .
Bo co
Kt qu ca vic nh gi cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i tng tc
cn phi c nu ra trong Bo co. C hai phng php thc h in bo co ch yu:
L n g g h p c c n h g i v o m i phn; h o c

T h c hin theo m t chng r i n g b i t .

S dng cc bng
N goi nh ng iu nu trn, nn c m t bn tm tt nu ra cc tc ng tng th cn
c xem xt cn thn i vi tng i tng chu tc ng khc nhau. V ic trnh by
thng tin trong bng tp trung vo cc i tng chu tc ng phi ch r nhng im
m cc i t ng chu nhiu hn m t loi tc ng. iu ny rt h u ch trong vic
chuyn ti thng tin v cc tc ng tng th ti nhng ngi a ra quyt nh v ti
cng ng.
S d n g g i n

Cc gin cng c th biu th cc tc ng d kin ca d n.

C c p h n g p h p khc

C c ph ng php trnh by nhng tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i tng

t c k h c l m a t r n ( s d n g c c t h n g t i n n h t n h h a y n h l n g h o c c c c h s ) ,

s liu v bn .

11.3.4. Trng cu kin

T rng cu kin l tm kim thng tin u vo v li khuyn t cc c quan chnh

ph, cc chuyn gia c lp, cc nhm c quan tm v cng chng trong sut qu trnh
v hon tt vic nh gi. Q ua thu thp thng tin v d liu v cc tc ng gin tip
v lu di cng nh cc mi tng tc gia chng. N gi tin hnh nh gi cn ly
th n g tin v quy m nh gi v cc hot ng trong tng lai d kin c th nh gi
c cc tc ng trn m t cch chnh xc. Cc nh chc trch c nng lc cn a ra
li khuyn i vi ngi tin hnh nh gi trong vic thit lp cc ranh gii nh
g i cc tc ng.

11.3.5. Ti liu v thng tin

N g i tin hnh nh gi phi m bo rng m i thng tin nh gi m i trng u

c a vo bo co. Cc nh chc trch c trch nhim gip ngi thc hin v
ch d n trong vic vit v hon thin bo co.

323
 11.3.6. a ra quyt nh

K hi bo co c trnh, cc nh chc trch xem xt kt lun v kin n g h ca

bn bo co. Sau khi xem xt, h c th ph chun d n hoc p t cc iu k i n v
yu cu c th hoc bc b d n. Q u trnh a ra quyt nh tu thuc vo m i quc
gia. C c bc tin hnh v cc tr ngi lm chm tr c th rt khc nhau. D o cn
phi tham kho lut php tu theo tng quc gia, khu vc v a phng.

11.3.7. S tham gia ca qun chng

V ic tham kho kin ca cng chng c ngha ht sc quan trng trong thc hin
TM . C n c s tham gia thc s ca qun chng trong qu trnh nh gi t khi bt
u cho n khi a ra quyt nh cui cng. M i t ng c lin quan phi c
tham kho kin, t cc nh chc trch hoc cc t chc qun chng n cc c nhn.
S tham gia ca cng chng tro n g qu trnh nh gi m i trng rt quan tr n g trong
vic g h p cc
l tiu kinh t, x hi mi
n g tc hng ti s pht trin
m c v t r n g , l

bn vng bng cch ng vai tr l mt cng c cng c v nng cao thc cng
n g v s c n i g i a c c h o t n g k in h t v m i t r n g . cng l s m bo
chng li cc quyt nh sai tri hoc c ng c chnh tr. S tham gia c a cng
n g l c n t h i t g i m t h i u h o c t r n h c c t r a n h c i , i u v c n t r t p h a c n g

n g , n g t h i c t h n g g p t c h c c c h o q u t r n h n h g i .

Lut php tha nhn quyn tham gia ca cng ng vo qu trnh nh gi m i

trng. nhiu nc, quyn tham gia ny ch gii hn vic c xem v bnh lun v
cc bo co cui cng, theo phi trng cu dn t nht l hai ln (ngay sau khi nh
gi s b v m i trng v trc khi hon tt cc iu khon tham kho cho bo co
m i trng; v sau khi c bo co s b v m i trng) nhng khng th tin hnh
trong m i giai on ca qu trnh nh gi. B ng 11.3 tm tt cc m c tiu chnh ca
vic trng cu dn m i giai on ca qu trnh nh gi, bao gm c m t chi tit
ca cc m c tiu ny.
C nhiu li ch thu c t vic tr ng cu kin ca qun chng trong qu trnh
nh gi tc ng m i trng. N eu s tham gia c tin hnh sm th m i quan h q u a
li gia cng chng, ngi tin hnh nh gi v cc c quan a ra quyt nh cn
c tip tc trong sut qu trnh nh gi tc ng m i tr ng thu c li ch
ti a.
T t c cc thng tin v d n cn c a ti cng chng kp thi c th xem xt
cc kin phn hi trong qu trnh pht trin d n v thc hin bo co TM . Kho
st, cc cu hi iu tra, hi tho, gp g l nhng phng php ch yu hon thnh
nhim v ni trn. Cc ti liu h ng dn thit thc v vic trng cu dn v nhng
phng php tip cn c xut trong ti liu hng dn nh gi m i trng c a
N gn hng pht trin chu [ADB 2003].

324
 Bng 11.3. Tm tt cc mc tiu trng cu dn trong
qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng

C c g i a i o n c a q u
C c m c t i u t r n g c u d n
t r n h n h g i

n h g i t n g q u t X c n h c c t c n g c h y u .

X c n h c c g i t r v m i q u a n t m c a c n g c h n g ;

X c n h q u y m X c n h c c u t i n c h o q u t r n h n h g i ;

K h u y n k h c h s h i u b i t c a q u n c h n g i v i d n .

C n g c h n g c t h n g g p s h i u b i t v c c g i t r c a a

p h n g v o v i c d o n , n h g i v g i m n h c c t c n g ;
n h g i

C i t h i n c h t l n g v t n h h p l c a b o c o m i t r n g .

P h c h u n b o c o t c C n g c h n g n g g p v o q u t r n h n h g i c h t l n g v t n h

n g m i t r n g h p l c a b o c o .

Q u y t n h C n g c h n g b n h l u n v k h n n g c t h c h p n h n c c a c c

t c n g t d n .

G i m s t C n g c h n g n h g i c c t c n g c t h x y r a v n g h q u

t r n h q u n l m i t r n g .

11.3.8. Gim st (k hoch gim st mi trng)

V ic nh gi cc tc ng gin tip v lu di cng cc m i t ng tc gia chng l

m t q u trnh lp i lp li trong nguy c tim tng ca cc tc ng c nh gi
li trong ton b cc giai on ca d n. G im st cc tc ng l bc cui cng; m t
khi d n khi ng, y s l c hi kim chng tnh chnh xc ca cc d on
v m bo rng cc bin php gim nh tc ng l c hiu qu. C ng c nhng yu t
thiu chc chn i km vi vic nh gi cc tc ng khng phi l h q u trc tip ca
d n v c th c lin quan ti cc d n v hot ng khc.
gim st cc tc ng, cn phi c cc ch s cn c vo o lng m c
v tm nghim trng ca cc tc ng. Thm vo , cn phi c khung thi gian hp l
cho chng trnh gim st, c bit l cho m t s tc ng khng thy ngay c. Phm
vi a l ca vic gim st cng phi ph h p vi bn cht ca tc ng v ngun ti
nguyn c gim st. Khi gim st cc bin php gim nh, phi c m t cch o tnh
hiu qu trong vic phng trnh, gim hoc cha tr cc tc ng. T rng hp cn thit,
vic gim st phi ch c bit vo cc khu vc kh gii quyt v cn nng cao hiu
qu ca cc ph ng php.
N h nu trn, m t s t chc c yu cu a ra k hoch qun l m i trng (v
d ngn hng chu ); m u v ni dung ca k hoch ph thuc vo cc vn bn ring.

11.4. NGHIN CXJ THC T: QUN L NC THI V NC MA v HN

11.4.1. Quy m d n

D n bao gm vic nng cao cht lng nc thi qua x l hoc cha qua x l
thi ra m i tr ng v qun l nc m a trong khu vc.

325
 11.4.2. M t d n

D n bao gm nm hng m c qun l nc thi v bn hng m c q u n l n c

m a. C c hng m c trong qun l nc thi g m c vic m rng v / h o c nng c p
bn nh m y X C N T. D o s phi xy d n g cc h th n g tp tru n g nc thi m i. D
n cng bao gm c vic xy dng m i m t n h m y x l nc thi. C c hng m c
trong qun l nc m a bao gm vic x y d n g cc n g ng d n , c n g thot n c,
trm bm , knh dn nc l thin v / hoc ci to cc k n h dn n c h in c.

11.4.3. Cc gii php

G ii php "khng lp d n" c xem xt song n h an h c h n g b bc b. N e u

khng c d n, tnh trng nhim s tip tc nh h n g n nc m t v nc ngm ,
ng thi cht lng ngun nc tip nhn cng s b x u n g cp. T ro n g t n g lai, l l t
vn xy ra thm ch vi m c trm trng h n cng vi s p h t trin. D n s gip ci
thin iu kin sng cc khu vc trng im v p h cn ca thnh p h th n g qua v ic
tng cng tp trung, x l nc thi v gim ng ngp.
Cc gii php thay th vic tp trung n c thi c n g c xem xt n h n g vn cn
nhiu hn ch do cn lin quan ti vic n n g cp cc n h m y x l n c thi hin c.
C c vt liu thay th cho cc ng ng d n v cc a im khc x l nc thi
cng c xt n. N h ng a im x u t c la ch n d a tr n cc yu cu v
vic ly t v cng tc ti nh c, cn nhc cc tc n g i vi m i tr n g ng thi
ph hp vi ngun vn ca d n, cc chi ph v n hnh, bo d n g v k iu h thng tp
trung nc thi cn c. C c quy trnh x u t c la chn d a trn y u cu v cht
lng nc sau x l, chi ph xy dng v vn hnh, a im c sn v cc quy trnh
c a vo s dng.
B a phng n thay th cho vic x l n c thi cng n g h ip c a ra xem xt:

1. Cc c s cng nghip chnh trang b rin g cho m n h cc th it b x l nc thi

p ng c cc tiu chun v m i tr n g , cc n h m y x l nc thi trong
khu vc phc v x l nc thi sinh hot.
2. Lp t cc thit b x l s b nc thi ti t n g c s c n g n g h ip nhm p
ng cc tiu chun x vo h th n g th o t n c th, x y d n g cc nh m y x
l nc thi trong khu vc phc v n hu cu x l nc th i sin h h o t v nc
thi cng nghip c x l s b.
3. X y d ng cc nh m y x l nc thi ln h o n phc v n h u cu x l nc
thi v cng nghip.
G ii php th hai c coi l thn thin v an to n i vi m i tr n g n g thi c t
tc ng tiu cc nht.
Cc gii php ti s dng nc thi k h n g c xem xt do W uhan c ngun nc
m t rt di do. N h ng phng php d p h n g cho vic x l b n c xem xt b a o

326
gm chn lp, t hoc ti s dng m t cch c ch trong vic lm p quang cnh.
V ic ti s d n g m t cch c li lun l s la chn thch hp nu n h cht lng bn
m c c h o p h p , n u k h n g b n s c e m c h n l p .

11.4.4. Cc tc ng tch cc v nhng li ch mi trng

C ht lng n c s c ci thin v s c nhng li ch ng k v m t sc kho do
t phi tip xc vi cc m m bnh c trong nc thi. Tn sut v m c nghim trng
c a lt li cng gim i, do s em li nhiu li ch quan trng khc. D n cng
trc tip v gin tip to thm cng n vic lm cho ngi dn.

11.4.5. Cc bin php lm gim thiu tc ng mi trng

T r o n g q u t r n h t h i t k , m i b i n p h p s c x u t n h m g i m t h i u c c t c

ng tiu cc vi m i tr ng (v d tin g n, m i, v .v ...).

11.4.6. Cc nh hng v nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng trong qu

trnh xy dng
Cc hot ng xy dng c th gy ra m t s nh hng khng m ong m un nh
nhim khng kh do bi (trong qu trnh o p, p h d di chuyn cc phng tin), do
k h thi (t cc ph ng tin x ra), ting n, n tc giao thng, cc cht thi rn v lng,
ph liu xy dng, s ngt on cc d ch v cng cng (v d: cp th o t nc, ng
d n k h , c p t h n g t i n , V . V . ) , c h i m d i n t c h v l m t h a y i t a i .

C c bin ph p g im th iu tc ng tro n g qu trnh xy dng bao gm :

G i m khu vc cng tr ng, ng i v cc khu tp kt vt liu xy dng bng
bin php ti nc;
S dng cc ph ng tin c gii c ch s pht thi theo tiu chun cho php;
K im sot tin g n t cc m y xy dng (l a chn loi my m c v thi gian thi
cng h p l);
C hun b k h o ch lu thng xe cho khu vc thi cng;
Thu v x l nc rc cng cc loi nc thi khc t khu xy dng trong cc b
t hoi tr c khi thi ra m i trng;
Ln k hoch ly t. tm thi gim thiu cc thay i v phc hi nguyn
trng cho k hu t sau khi hon tt vic thi cng;
Q un l tt c cc cht thi xy dng theo ng quy trnh;
T n tr n g m i di tch lch s v cc ti sn vn ho khc, nh ch thi cng v lin
h vi cc n h chc trch;
p d n g cc bin php an ton trong khu vc thi cng m bo an ton cho
ngi dn (cc bin bo);
H un luyn cho tt c cc nh thu v gim st thi cng trc khi khi cng xy dng.

327
 11.4.7. Cc nh hng v bin php gim thiu tc ng trong qu trnh vn hnh

c lng nng mi d o c c n h m y s n s i n h r a t r n m h n h k h u c h t n

khng kh v trang b cc thit b kim sot m i cho c hai nh m y x l nc

thi. N i chung, d n phi c tc ng tch cc i vi cht lng k h n g kh v
x l nc thi.
G i i q u y t v n v c lo bng cch lp cc m y d an ton v h thng m y lc
clo, gim thiu lng clo tch t ti ch, t vng m quanh phng ha ch clo,
cung cp m t n an ton v cc thit b bo h lao ng cho nhn v in ng thi
hun luyn cho h cc thao tc vn hnh an ton.
Qun l cc cht kh v cht lng c tnh cht n mn, c hi v d chy n c

th tch t trong h thng.

C h n l p b n l n g . Lp bc khng thm s cho p h p thu li cc cn b n v a i
x l.
Thit lp phng n kim sot n h m m b o c c n h m y h o t n g t t ( c c c h

s , k h o c h x l s c , l y k i n n g i d n v . v . . . )

11.4.8. T h u h i t v t i n h c

i sng v th cht v kinh t ca ngi dn s chu nh h ng ca d n (v d: do

thu hi t, do vic s dng tm thi t xy dng h thng th u gom nc thi, nh
m y x l nc thi, cng thot nc m a, trm bm , nhng ngi dn b nh hng
n thu nhp trong thi k xy dng). N h ng i t ng chu nh hng do d n s
c n b v ti nh c kp thi theo ng k hoch ti dnh c nhm m bo cho
h m t cuc sng m c t nht l gn nh c.

1 . 4.9. n h g i v k in h t

M t p h n t c h k i n h t p h h p v i Vn bn hng dn phn tch tnh kinh t ca cc

d n ca ngn hng p ht trin chu (A D B ) c tin hnh tro n g khong thi gian
2 5 n m t n h c t h i g i a n x y d n g . L i c h v c h i p h c h o d n c c t n h d a t r n

c s c v khng c d n. C c ti liu v quy nh v chnh sch v k hoch dc

nghin cu thu o khng nh tin cy ca cc ch tiu v cht l ng nc sau
khi x l v kim chng xem d n liu nht qun vi cc k hoch kim sct
nhim v qun l nc ca N h nc, tnh, thnh ph v ph hp vi cc chnh sch,
k hoch pht trin c s h tng ti a phng. V ic nh gi nhn thc v quan e m
ca cng ng cng c tin hnh thng qua cc kho st ti h gia nh v doanh
nghip. So vi m t lot cc dch v cng cng khc th vic ci th in cc dch v x l
nc thi v nc m a c u tin hng u.

11.4.10. K hoch qun l mi trng

K hoch qun l m i tr ng (Q L M ) bao chm m i giai on ca d n t khu

chun b cho ti xy dng, y thc v vn hnh, nhm m c ch gim st cc tc cng

328
v lm gim thiu cc tc ng ti m i trng. K hoch qun l m i tr ng c
lng ghp vo giai o n thit k v cng s c lng ghp vo k hoch xy dng,
qun l v hot ng. K hoch qun l mi tr ng s m bo tn h hiu qu trong vic
thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng m i trng a ra.
Cc k hoch thu h t s tham gia ca cng ng vo vic thit k, xy dng v vn
hnh c trin khai trong giai on chun b d n. Cc k hoch ny bao gm vic
th u ht s tham gia ca ngi dn vo vic gim st cc tc ng v cc bin php gim
thiu cc tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh, nh gi m i tr ng v cc
li ch kinh t cng nh ng nh hng x hi cng nh phng vn ngi dn sau khi d
n hon tt. M t s loi hnh hot ng c s tham gia ca ngi dn c trnh by
trong k hoch qun l m i trng bao gm thm quan khu vc nh m y, cc hi tho,
iu tra m t s vn c th, phng vn v lng nghe kin ngi dn.
K hoch qun l m i trng (Q L M ) a ra m t chng trnh gim st m i trng
chi tit, b sung cho k hoch gim st ra trong thit k v khung gim st ca d n.
K e h o c h q u n l m i t r n g s n h g i m c v t m n g h i m t r n g c a c c t c n g

i vi m i trng so vi cc tc ng d kin, hiu qu c a cc bin php bo v mi

tr ng v s tun th cc lut l v quy nh c lin quan cng n h cc xu hng tc
ng. T rong sut qu trnh xy dng v hot ng, cc c quan chu trch nhim thc
thi s gim st tnh hiu qu ca cc thit b v tc ng i vi m i trng ca d n.

11.4.11. S tham gia ca cng ng

T rong q u trnh nh gi cc tc ng i vi mi tr ng c hai lt tham kho

kin ngi dn:
Gp g i din qun chng v c c i t n g g p v n c lin q u a n ;

Pht phiu iu tra cho nhng ngi dn chu nh hng t d n v cc i tng

h n g l i t h u c n h i u n h m t u i , g i i t n h , t r n h h c v n v n g h n g h i p k h c n h a u .

N goi ra m t s ln tham kho kin khc cng c tin hnh bao gm cc iu tra
v kinh t x hi ti cc h gia nh v doanh nghip phc v cho vic phn tch x
hi v m c sng ti thiu.
P h n l n n h n g n g i t h a m g i a u n g h d n v t i n t n g r n g c c t c n g t i u

c c s c g i m b t n h c c c n g n g h t i n t i n v c c b i n p h p t h c h h p . i v i

d n ph v nc thi C aidian, nhng ngi dn chu nh hng yu cu phi c

n b v ti nh c tha ng theo ng cc chnh sch ca nh nc v a phng
ng thi phi c tr tin y v ng hn. H by t hy vng rng d n s tc
ng ti cc cng ng dn c xung quanh m c thp nht v cc nh m y ang c
x y d ng s c cht lng cao.
Cc vn v lo ngi c ngi dn nu ln trong cc cuc trng cu kin
c gii quyt tha ng trong qu trnh lp k hoch TM v x y dng cc bin php

329
gim thiu tc ng. N h ng bin php gim thiu tc ng c th s trnh hoc gim
thiu cc tc ng khng m ong m un m ngi dn vn lo ngi. B n cnh , m t s
xut c th cng c lng ghp vo trong k hoch qun l m i trng.
Trong tng lai, cc k hoch thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh xy
dng v hot ng ca n h m y s bao gm s tham gia gim st ca ngi dn i vi
cc tc ng v nhng bin php gim nh tc ng, nh gi cc tc ng vi m i
trng, kinh t, x hi ng thi phng vn ly kin ngi dn sau khi d n hon tt.

11.4.12. Kt lun

Cc vn qun l v kinh t (thu nc thi, d ton chi ph, bo him v .v...), v

lut php (cc quy nh, tiu chun, chnh sch) v v qun l k thut (thu gom nc
thi, bn lng, k hoch kim sot nhim cng nghip cho nc thi cha x l) s l
nhng nguy c tht bi ch yu ca d n. C c bin php qun l cn phi c chun
b v trnh ln N gn hng pht trin chu (A D B ).
D n s em li cc li ch ng k cho cc khu vc ni thnh v ph cn ca V
H n cng nh cc ngun nc. D n cng s em li cc li ch thit thc vi sc
khe con ngi. M t li ch quan trng khc l tn sut v m c nghim trng ca lt
li cng gim i.
Cc bin php gim thiu v n b hp l s trnh c hay gim nh n m c
chp nhn c cc tc ng tiu cc pht sinh t d n. N h ng bin php chnh l
la chn cn thn a im xy dng cc nh m y x l nc thi trnh cc khu vc
nhy cm , kim sot ting n, bi, nc thi trong qu trnh xy dng, kim sot xi
m n t trong qu trnh o, p, kim sot m i v ting n trong qu trnh hot ng
v phc hi cnh quan sau khi hon thnh d n. C c tc ng tiu cc c khc
phc ti m c cho php bao gm vic n b th o ng v ti nh c cho 1.799 ngi,
thu hi c 62,5 ha t phc v cho d n.

TI LIU THAM KHO

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Denm ark
EC , 2006. The o u tc o m e o f E IA . 35 p. A vailable on line:
< http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/eia/pdf/eia_outcom e.pdf>
. M IN IS T R Y 0 F T H E E N V IR O N M E N T (Spatial planning D epartm ent), 2002. The
P l a n n i n g A c t in D e n m a r k . C onsolidated A ct No. 763 o f 11 S eptem ber 2002.

China
G U A N G D O N G PR O V IN C IA L G O V E R N M E N T - THE W O R L D B A N K , 2003.
G u a n g d o n g P e a r l r i v e r d e lt a u r b a n e n v ir o n m e n t p r o e c t - D e s ig n r e v ie w a n d

a d v is o r y s e r v ic e s o v e r a ll e n v ir o n m e n ta l a s s e s s m e n t f o r w a s te w a te r c o m p o n e n ts .

Vietnam
L E U T H O B A C H , 2006. Personal notes. H U CE
W o rId b a n k - <w eb.w orldbank.org>
W O RLD BA N K , 2004a. O p e r a tio n a lp o lic y ( O P ') 4 .0 1 (1999), revised in August 2004.
W O RLD BA N K , 2004b. B a n k P r o c e d u r e ( B P ) 4 .0 (1999), revised in August 2004.
W O R L D B A N K , 2006. H o w to u s e th e S o u r c e b o o k .

A sian D e v e lo p m e n t B a n k (A D B ) - <w w w .adb.org>

ADB, 2006. O p e r a t io n s M a n u a O M F l , O p e r a t o n a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d B a n k p o l i c i e s .

Available on: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMFO l_25sep06.pd>

ADB, 2003. E n v ir o n m e n ta l A ssessm en t G u id e lin e s . A vailable on:
< http://w w w .adb.org/docum ents/G uidelines/E nvironm ental_A ssessm ent>
(S ection Environm ental A ssessm ent o f Prect L oans)

331
 EIA Process
E n v i r o n m e n t H e l p d e s k for EC D e v e l o p m e n t C o-operation. Project E I A s c r e e n in g .

4p. A vailable on:

<http ://w w w .environm ent-integration.org/D ow nload/D 123/E I A S c r e e n i ng.pd f>
EC, 2001. E I A g u i d a n c e o f s c r e e n i n g , 2 0 0 1 . T h e s e p s in t h e s c r e e n i n g . A v a i l a b l e

on: <http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/eia/eia-guidelines/g-screening-full-text.pdf >

EC, 1999. G u id e lin e s f o r th e A s s e s s m e n t o f In d ir e c t a n d C u m u la tiv e Im p a c t s a s

well as Impact Interactions. A v a i l a b l e o n :

<http://ec.europa.eu/environm eneia/eia-studies-and-reports/guidel.pdf>

Case study
P E O P L E S R EPU B LIC O F C H IN A , 2006. E n v ir o n m e n ta l A s s e s s m e n t R e p o r t o f

th e W u h a n W a s te w a te r a n d S to r m w a te r M a n a g e m e n t P r o je c t . 58 p. Prepared by
the W uhan M unicipal G overnm ent r the A sian D evelopm ent B ank (A D B ).

332
 C C Y U C U V I U T I T V P H P L

12.1. T N G Q U A N V C C YU CU P H P L

C c y u c u v i u t i t v p h p l m n g i n g h i n c u p h t t r i n n h m y X L N T

phi tu n th th a y i ty th eo m i nc da trn cc quy n h v bo v ngun nc

v k im sot n h i m n g u n nc ca tng quc gia. Cc y u cu ny cng c th
t h a y i t h e o t n g v n g d a t r n c c i u k i n c a a p h n g v n h u c u s d n g

n c v c h t l n g n c c a n g u n t i p n h n n c . C c y u c u p h p l c t h c

chia th n h nm ni dung:

1. P h t th i c h t g y n h i m vo n g u n nc h o c t

T i u c h u n c h t l n g n c i v i c c n g u n t i p n h n .

- T i u c h u n g i i h n p h t t h i c h t gy n h i m .

2. Thit k nh my

V t r x y d n g n h m y .

B n n h g i t c n g m i t r n g .

3. Xy dng nh my
n h h n g c a q u t r n h x y d n g .

G i g n c c d i t c h l c h s q u c g i a .

4. V n h n h n h m y
C c r i r o t r o n g k h i v n h n h .

C c y u c u g i m s t .

C c q u y n h i u t i t v a n t o n s c k h e v m i t r n g .

5. G n k t n h m y vi i u kin t n h i n ti a p h n g
- B o v t h i n n h i n , c c l o i c v n g v t h o a n g d .

- B o v d a n h l a m v p h o n g c n h t n h i n .

N goi cc yu cu trn, ngi iu hnh nh m y X L N T c th chn h thng qun l

m i trng t nguyn c chng nhn [EM S ISO 14000] m bo s ha hp
hon ton v bn vng vi cc yu cu iu tit v m i trng. G iy chng nhn thng
l khng bt buc nhng c cc c quan m i trng gim st hot ng ca nh m y
nh gi cao bi c th lm gim ri ro ca cc tc ng m i trng do s thiu quan
tm v m i trng. Cc nh m y c cp chng ch EM S thng t b cc c quan chp
php kim tra v gim st hn.

333
12.2. PHT THI NC THI VO NGUN NC

Cc c quan kim sot nhim v bo v ngun nc thng coi "pht thi cht gy
nhim " l vic lm gia tng lng cht thi vo cc ngun nc t bt k ngun thi
no. T hut ng cht gy nhim c nh ngha l cc cht thi rn, nc thi, bn
c n g r n h , c h t t h i h a h c , v t l i u s i n h h c , c c c h t t h i n n g n g h i p , s i n h h o t v

cng n g h i p ... c thi vo ngun tip nhn. im ngun pht thi l ni lu chuyn
pht tn v d nh ng dn nc, cng rnh, knh m n g ... m t cht gy nhim
c pht thi.

12.2.1. Cc tiu chun cht lng ngun nc

G ing nh cc c quan qun l lu vc sng cc c quan bo v ngun nc khu vc

v quc g ia u trin khai cc tiu chun cht lng nc i vi tt c cc loi ngun
nc trn ton quc bao gm c nc vng m ly. N hng tiu chun ny thng
gm ba thnh t:
1. M c c h s d n g : Cc thy vc c phn loi theo m c ch s dng, v d
nh: b cp ngun nc ngm hoc ngun nc dng cho nui tr n g thy sn. M c ch
c a c q u a n q u n l c c n g u n n c l n h m t h i t l p , b o v v d u y t r k h n n g s

dng c quy nh ny.

2. T iu c h u n c h t lng n c : Cc c q u a n k i m s o t n h i m v n g u n n c t r i n

khai cc tiu chun cht lng nc h tr cho vic s dng c chn la cua
m i n v qun l nc trong quyn hn ca m nh. C c tiu chun ny c ban hnh
di dng vn bn bng li hoc cc ch s gii hn da trn cc yu t nh hng n
sc kho m n v qun l ngun nc phi m nhn. M t s nc pht trin cng
thit lp nhng tiu chun sinh hc kt hp vi cc tiu chun ha hc v vt l truyn
thng nhm xc nh cht lng ca nc vng m ly.
3. C h n h sc h n g n n g a su y th o i: Cc c q u a n kim sot n h i m v n g u n nc
thit lp chnh sch ngn nga suy thoi v cc th tc cho vic thc thi. Cc chnh sch
ny c thc hin nhm duy tr v bo v cht lng nc cn thit ca ngun nc
c th m bo c s dng bn vng ngun nc.
Lin m inh Chu u, cc tiu chun cht lng nc c kt hp hi h a vi C1C
yu cu ca ch dn v h thng nc [2000/60/EC ], kt hp vic bo v sinh thi '
vic s dng nc lu di cng nh pht trin bn vng. y l m t cng c m i lip
k hoch v kt hp cc chnh sch. y l m t khung php l cho cch tip cn pt
bin cc nguyn l v cc m c tiu bo v m i trng v pht trin bn vng ti lu VC
sng. M c tiu l nhm bo v thin nhin v cc ngun nc phc v cp nc siih
hot, ngn chn vic x nc thi vo ngun nc ngm v nh gi nc dng. M t \i
nc coi vic xy dng tiu ch cht lng nc l m t tiu chun quc gia, m t s nc
khc th li nhn nhn vn ny c tnh li nhun. Bng 12.1 nu cc tiu chun giM
hn v cht lng ngun nc o.

334
 Bng 12.1. Tiu chun gii hn cht lng ngun tip nhn,
hng dn thc hin ca o, 1987

T h n g s C n g t h c h a h c G i t r g i i h n ( m g / 1 )

T n g n i t a m n ( N H 4 + N H 3 ) - N 0 , 5

A m n i a . n h 3 - n 0 , 0 5

N it r a t N 0 3 - N 8

N i t r i t n o 2 - n 0 , 0 5

P h t p h o p 0 , 2

N h u c u x y h a s i n h h c b o d 5 3

N h u c u x y h a C O D 1 0

C a c b o n h u c h a t a n D O C 2

12.2.2. G iy php hot ng ca h thng gim thiu nhim ngun nc

Cc c quan kim so t nhim cm vic pht thi cht nhim t cc im ngun tr

khi c php. rt nhiu nc v tt c cc nc pht trin, i tng pht thi nu
m un x ch t thi c x l vo ngun nc b m t hoc nc ngm hoc vo tng
t bn di phi ng k xin giy php. n xin php phi m t m t thi gian xem
xt, bi vy cn phi n p on n c quan c trch nhim trc su thng.
G iy php x nc thi s bao gm nhng thng s v nhng iu khon gii hn v
lng ch t thi c th c x. Nhng gii hn ny bao hm c m t k thut ln tiu ch
cht lng nc ph h p vi lut bo v ngun nc. Cc gii hn v k thut th hin
cp kim sot m cc ngun nc c th t c vi cc m c v cng ngh qun
l nhim khc nhau. T hm vo nu cn thit lm theo n g cc tiu chun v cht
lng nc ang c p dng, giy php s ch r gii hn v cht lng nc nghim
ngt hn so vi cc tiu chun v cng ngh ang c p dng.
Yu cu v giy p hp thay i theo tng trng hp v thng tin trn cc vn bn
t do c quan cp giy php cung cp. iu ny gip cho vic xc n h cc yu cu cn
thit n xin php. n xin php cn c nhng thng tin v th it k dng chy ca
phng tin, l trnh x nc thi c x l vo ngun nc m t, m t h thng x
l hin nay v h thng s c xy dng. n xin cng cn c thng tin v nng
tnh ton ca cc ch tiu nh nhu cu xy sinh hc (BOD), t n g cht rn trong cht
lng (TSS), tng lng phtpho v nit am n trong nc thi u vo, m t dng chy
cng n ghip n h th n g x l. n xin cp php cn tht hon chnh. N hn vin c
quan cp php s lin lc vi ngi xin php trong qu trnh thm tra v pht trin ly
thm thng tin.
Cc yu t sau y thng l m t phn ca qu trnh cp php.

335
 Kho st v thit k
Bc u tin nhn c giy php l phi c m t k s xc nh khu vc d n.
x c n h d n g c h y s c t h i t k v c c p h n g n x l k h c n h a u . m t s n c ,

k s phi c ng k chuyn m n hoc cng ty phi c giy php ch o cc hot ng

thit k nh vy. Trong nh gi v tr xy dng phi lm r kh nng v tr xy dng
tha m n c cc yu cu cho qu trnh pht thi kin ngh. N u vic pht thi c
tin hnh x vo t, cn phi nghin cu a cht thu vn xc nh nh hng tim
n ca h thng vi cht lng nc ngm . nh gi v tr xy dng bao gm vic xc
nh s thch hp ca v tr kin ngh bng cch khoan kho st v ly nhng phoi t
xc nh nhng c im hn c h ca t, k c vic xc nh su ca m c nuc
ngm v nn . nh gi v tr xy dng cng bao gm vic thu thp nhng th n g in
cn thit v vic thit k nh: cht lng b m t t, tc thm thu nc, dng nuc
n g c v d c . N g h i n c u a c h t t h u v n v t h m q u a c a b m t t s x c

nh bt k nh hng no ca h thng i vi cht lng nc ngm v cc g t

v n g n c n g m . D o t n h p h c t p c a n g h i n c u n y n n c n c c c n h a c h t t h i

v n t h a m g i a v o m t p h n v i c c a d n . H s y u c u n h n g t h n g t i n v t h i t k

lung chy v bo co v nh gi v tr xy dng... M c ch c a nghin cu l:

X c n h s u c a m c n c n g m t n h v v i v n g n c c c a o h o c n h n g

vng t c k h nng b ng lt theo ma;

X c n h h n g c a d n g c h y n c n g m ( t h e o c h a i t r c t h n g n g v n m n g a n g ;

X c n h c h t l n g n c n g m t i v t r n h x y d n g ;

c t n h c a o c a g t v n g n c n g m t h t h n g s c x y d n g ;

Xc nh tiu c h u n nc ung t c ti khu vc xung quanh;

X c n h v t r m y o p s u t k i m s o t c g t v n g n c n g m t r o n g q u

trnh hot ng ca h thng;

X c n h s l n g v v t r c a c c g i n g k i m t r a c n c k i m s o t c c i h

hng ca h thng i vi cht lng nc ngm .

S lng ging kim tra cn c s thay i tu thuc vo tnh cht phc tp c a a
cht thy vn v kch c ca h thng x l. Cc ging ny cn c lp t t nh! l
m t b thit b xc nh h thng ny c nm trong vng nc ngm thi ra hay nhp
vo. G ing kim tra ny thng c t v tr c cc iu kin i din cho h th ig
i vi khu vc xy dng.
Cc hn c h
C quan chnh quyn c trch nhim t ra cc m c tiu chun gii hn cho php
bo v cht lng nc v cc mc ch s dng nc trong phm vi quc gia hcc
trong khu vc. N hng i tng pht thi trong thnh ph hoc cc im khc cn pi
c x l th cp theo ch dn v nc thi th c a cng ng Chu u. G ii hn K
l th cp ti thiu i vi trm X L N T (tng ng vi dn s 5000 ngi) nu troig
bng 12.2.

336
 Bng 12.2. Tiu chun x i vi trm XLNT (Khong 5000 dn)

C c c h t t h i N n g ( m g / L )

N h u c u x y s i n h h a ( B O D 5 ) 2 5

N h u c u x y h a h c ( C O D ) 1 2 5

T n g c h t r n l l n g 3 0

p H 6 , 0 ^ 9 , 0

N i t ( T K N ) 1 5

P h t p h o ( T P ) 2

Ngun: H n g d n c a c n g n g C h u u s 9 1 / 2 7 1 / E E C

Cc gii hn ny s cht ch hn so vi yu cu x l th cp ti thiu. C quan cp

php s xem xt m t s yu t trong qu trnh pht trin cc gii hn nh hng i vi
m t ln pht thi c bit, bao gm cc c tnh ca nc nhn (phn loi cch s dng,
tiu chun cht lng nc, c tnh lung chy) v s pht thi (thit k lung chy,
dung lng v tn sut c pht thi). Cc cht pht thi c hi s c nh gi
bo v con ngi cng cc thu sinh v ng vt hoang d.
i vi nhng ngun pht thi mi hoc m rng cng sut cn phi n v xem
xt li. V ic xem xt cc gii hn nh hng s c sm hon thin trong qu trnh cp
php nn bt k vn no cng c th c x l kp thi. Tuy nhin vic tr hon cng
c th xy ra nu thng tin cha ph hp hoc cc vn v cht lng nc cn c
xc nh b sung trong q u trnh xem xt.
S tham gia ca cng chng
Sau khi trnh tt c cc thng tin cn thit, c quan cp php s quyt nh xem c
cn phi xem xt li v m i trng. Trong m t s trng hp vic nh gi tc ng mi
trng (xem chng 11) cng c yu cu thc hin (thng thng l bt buc khi
thit k dng chy ln hon 200 m 3/ngy). N u d n p ng c vic nh gi tc
ng m i trng s c thng bo cho cng chng v c trng cu kin. Cc kin
pht sinh trong qu trnh ny cng vi tt c nhng thng tin no thu thp trong qu
trnh x l xin php s c xem xt trc khi cp php.
G iy php d tho c hon thnh v cng b trong khong m t thng nhm trng
cu k in t cc bn quan tm v cc c ng. Khi tt c cc vn c gii quyt
hp l th mi cp giy php chnh thc v cc iu khon bt u c hiu lc.
N gi iu hnh c chng nhn
G iy php thng i hi thc th trong giy php phi thu ngi c chng
nhn iu hnh cc thit b x l. Cp giy chng nhn ca nh iu hnh ph
thuc vo mc phc tp ca qu trnh vn hnh thit b.

337
 P h giy php
C quan php c th thu ph cho qu trnh thm nh v ph hng nm kim sot
giy php v gim st qu trnh hot ng ca nh m y sao cho ph hp vi cc quy
nh trong giy php.
Cc yu cu kim sot trong giy php
C quan c cp php phi gim st h thng x l v np bo co gim st vic
pht thi cho c quan gim st hoc c quan cp php. N hng yu cu v gim st ph
thuc vo c trng h thng dng nc thi, quy m ca thit b, cc m i quan tm v
nc nhn v loi hnh x l.

12.3. THIT K NH MY x L

12.3.1. V tr xy dng nh my

Phn ln cc nc u c hn c h cht ch v v tr xy dng nh m y X LN T, nhm

trnh cc v tranh chp quyn s dng t gn hoc ti khu xy dng v/hoc cc
im pht thi nc x l vo cc ngun nc tip nhn. N hng hn c h ny thng
rt c th, cn tho lun vi c quan qun l nc c quyn cp php v v tr xy dng
nh m y X L N T trong qu trnh thit k.

12.3.2. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)

T rong qu trnh pht trin bt c m t c s h tng hay phng tin mi no u cn

c bo co T M . M t trm X L N T thng c phng tin kim sot nhng tc ng
l n t i m i t r n g . b i t t h m c h i t i t v b o c o T M , x e m c h n g 1 1 .

12.4. XY DNG NH MY

12.4.1. G im thiu ri ro trong xy dng

N hm gim bt ri ro trong khi xy dng, ngi c trch nhim xy dng nh m y

X L N T thng phi lp m t k hoch bo v m i trng da trn bn bo co cc hot
n g v bin php thi cng xy dng theo d kin. K hoch bo v m i trng trong
khi xy cn: d n g

N u h t h n g t h o t n c v x l n c t h i c t h i t k n g m t h p h i m b o

r n g k h u v c c h o p h t t h i s c p h n n h r h o c l t b n g p h i n n g n

nga t b nn do cc thit b nng.

C u n g c p t h n g t i n c h i t i t v c c g i a i o n t h i c n g t h e o d n , b a o g m k h u n g

thi gian v cc m c thi gian d kin ca cc thnh phn/ hot ng ca d n v

c a cc giai on pht trin trong tng lai.
N u k h n g t h t r n h c v i c t h i c n g t r n v n g t m l y , c n c u n g c p t h n g t i n

chi tit v bt c hot ng no trong vng t m ly v thi lng ca cc hot ng.

M t n g u n v t l i u c y t r n g / t h u c . . . s d n g t r o n g q u t r n h t h i c n g .

T hng thng khng dng ngun vt liu t thuc nhng vng m ly t nhin.

338
 C u n g c p d a n h m c y c c l o i c y s d n g t r o n g v n g m l y . C h n n c h o

php trng nhng loi cy vn sng trong vng t ny.

N u l p t h t h n g m n g , v t l i u c h n g t h m , p h i c u n g c p c h i t i t v v t l i u

x y d n g , d y . . .

12.4.2. Bo tn di tch lch s

M t s n c c l u t b o v n h n g d i t c h l c h s n h t a n h , v t t h , v n g t h a y

danh lam thng cnh cho d c cn tr hay nh hng n khu vc xy dng nh m y

x l nc thi.

12.5. QU TRNH VN HNH CA NH MY

12.5.1. Cc ri ro trong vn hnh

Cn c bn in t chi tit qu trnh vn hnh v cc c im bo tr nhng khng b

hn c h v cc ni dung sau:
C c t h i t b s v n h n h v i c n g s u t l b a o n h i u g i a i o n u ?

i v i c c h t h n g t r o n g t h n h p h , c n d o n k h n n g p h t t r i n v m r n g

trong tng lai ca cc dch v trong thnh ph. T hit k cho php c n g sut s
dng trong bao nhiu nm ? Cn np danh sch chi tit s lng ngi s dng dch
v ca h thng trong khu dn c, trong cc c s t thin, trong khu thng mi v
khu cng nghip.
i v i c c h t h n g t r o n g t h n h p h , l i u c c n h n h a y n g n h c n g n g h i p c

bit no s dng cc phng tin x l? Cn nh gi kh nng nh hng ca cc

ha cht c hi trong h thng hay bt k thay i ng k no trong h thng do
n h n g i t n g s d n g .

L i u t h i t b c t h i t k s a o c h o k h n g b n h h n g b i c c c n g t y h o c c c

phng tin cng nghip khc.

L i u c n c b m h a y t r m b m p l c ? N u c h y n h d u v t r t r n b n . L i u

s c n g u n n n g l n g d p h n g k h n c p . N u t r m b m k h n g c n g u n d

phng, cc bin php lm gim nh hng n mi trng phng trnh s c nh

th no?
C n g s u t h o t n g c a c c m y b m , m y c p k h s d n g t r o n g d n .

N u h thng l phn m rng ca m t h X LN T hin hnh trong thnh p h vi h

t h n g t h o t n c k t h p ( t h o t n c m a v n c t h i ) t h h t h n g s v n h n h

nh th no khi c bo?
N u d n thit k bi lc ngp nc nhm x l nc thi, hy nu r c bao nhiu
n nguyn c xut. Cc n nguyn s hot ng ni tip nhau hay song
song? L iu c kin ngh vic x l b sung?
C c h s d n g t t i k h u v c b i l c s a u k h i k t t h c t h i g i a n h o t n g c a b i ?

339
 M t i m p h t t h i v o m i t r n g t i p n h n , b a o g m p h n g p h p p h t t n c h t p h t t h i.

i v i k h u v c p h t t h i v o b i n h o c s n g , c n l y t h n g t i n v l u l n g d n g

chy v kh nng pha long ca thit b. Cn m t khu vc ha trn. Dng tip

nhn thng xuyn c lu lng nc ti thiu m bo kh nng pha long
hon ton dng nc thi c c x l khng?
H t h n g s p h t t h i v o m i t r n g t i p n h n t h e o t n g t h a y l i n t c ? N u t h e o

tng t th khi no v bao lu mt ln?

Cc c tnh ca dng thi sau x l (v d nh nhu cu xy sinh ha BOD, tng
cht rn l lng, tng lng phtpho...) v lu lng dng chy d kin?
c tnh ca d ng nc thi cha x l ti trm x l c th kim tra m c
ph hp ca thit k.
Trong tng lai liu s c bn thi ra? Vi s lng l bao nhiu? S x l nh th
no v u?
Ai s chu trch nhim duy tr h thng? i vi khu vc dn c c h thng cp -
thot nc ngoi khu vc hp nht, nn c mt thc th (chnh quyn a phng
hoc y ban) duy tr c s h tng trong qu trnh pht trin.
Cn c thng tin chi tit v tn sut v cc loi hot n g bo dng h thng.
12.5.2. Cc yu cu gim st
Nh my XLNT phi gim st h thng x l v np bo co gim st vic pht thi cho
c quan kim sot cc hot ng ca nh my. Cc yu cu gim st thay i ty thuc vo
c im ca dng thi, quy m thit b, cc mi quan ngi v ngun tip nhn, cch s
dng c li cc ngun nc tip nhn v loi hnh x l. Bng 12.3 gii thiu cc yu cu
c trng i vi cc h thng x l nc thi th v/hoc nh dn hin hnh ti M. Cc
thng s khc cn c trong qu trnh gim st bao gm phtpho v nit amn.
Bng 12.3. Cc yu cu c trng khi gim st nh my x l nc thi

V t r g i m s t T h n g s T n s u t

L u l n g H n g n g y

C B O D H n g t h n g

D n g v o T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g t h n g

p H H n g t h n g

T n g p h t p h o H n g t h n g

C B O D H n g t h n g

T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g t h n g

D n g s a u
H n g t h n g
r h
x l
O x y h a t a n H n g t h n g

C l o c n d H n g n g y

T r c k h u n n g r u t t r o n g p h n H n g t h n g

T n g p h t p h o H n g t h n g

L u l n g ( t n g c n g s u t c t n h )
G i m s t
C B O D 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p
c c t r n g h p
T n g c h t r n l l n g 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p
K n a n Cap
T r c k h u n n g r u t t r o n g p h n 2 1 n / t u n t r o n g m i t r n g h p

Ngun: C q u a n b o v m i tr n g M .

340
 B n g 1 2 .4 . t r n h b y c c y u c u g i m s t c n t h i t c h o h t h n g x n c t h i n g m .

B ng 12.4. Cc yu cu c tr ng cho vic gim st nh m y XLNT

khi thc hin x ngm

V t r g i m s t T h n g s T n s u t T i u c h u n

H t h n g X L N T c n h n :

k h n g c o l p n c t r n b

m t .

B t h m n h a n h v n g
T o n b H n g t u n

p h u n : t h c v t t h y s i n h ,
h t h n g h o c h n g
K i m t r a t r c q u a n
v t l i u n i c n h t h c
t h n g

v t , t in h t r n g h t h n g

k n h m n g , l p b n g

p h , c h t k t t a .

T t c : c c v n n m n ,

m i , h o c c c m i q u a n

n g i v v h b o d n g .

T n g l n g K j e l d a h l n i t 3 n / n m

N i t A m n 3 l n / n m

N i t N i t r a t e 3 l n / n m 1 0 m g / L

G i n g k i m t r a C l o 3 l n / n m 2 5 0 m g / L

C a o m c n c 3 l n / n m

d n c t r u n g 3 l n / n m

N h i t 3 l n / n m

p H 3 l n / n m

L u l n g H n g n g y

D n g v o

c b o d 5 H n g q u
h t h n g

( B t h m T n g c h t r n l l n g H n g q u

n h a n h v
p H ( t r o n g b t h m H n g q u
n g p h u n )
n h a n h )

T n g l n g n i t K j e l d a h l H n g t h n g *

D n g t h i t N i t a m n H n g t h n g *

a o / h s i n h h c
N i t n it r t H n g t h n g *

t i b i
C h l o r i d e s H n g t h n g *

t h a m n h a n h
C l o d H n g t h n g *

pH H n g t h n g *

L u n g c h y t i m i b H n g n g y

p H H n g n m

K i m t r a
K t c u H n g n m

t t i

P h t p h o H n g I i m
k h u v c

x t h m K a l i c t h t r a o i H n g n m

C h t h u c H n g n m

M y o
C a o m c n c 3 l n / n m
p s u t

G h i c h : * t r o n g q u t r n h p h t t h i

Ngun: C q u a n b o v m i t r n g M

341
 12.5.3. Q uy nh v mi trng, sc khe, an ton v cc iu l

t u n t h c c q u y n h v m i t r n g , s c k h e v a n t o n t i c h , o m v i u h n h

nh my XLNT phi thc hin:

Bo v sc khe cng ng v m i trng bng cch x l v kh trng nc thi,
gim st vic thot nc ma, v gim st cc vn v mi trng c lin quan n
sc khe;
D u y t r h t h n g n g d n n c t h i , b o m v c c t h i t b k h c t h n g q u a v i c b o t r

trong tnh hung khn cp, tnh hung trong k hoch v bin php phng chng;
G hi chp v bo co tnh hnh sc k h e ngh n g h ip c a cc nhn vin.
Do nh iu hnh nh my XLNT thng chu trch nhim v h thng thot nc
thi kt ni vi nh my XLNT nn cn thit lp cc quy nh v quy ch trong ngnh
v cht lng nc thi x vo h thng thot nc nhm trnh tn hi cho sc khe v
an ton, trnh nguy c lm gin on qu trnh vn hnh ca nh my XLNT. iu ny
c ngha l vic thit lp v tun th cc quy nh cm mi hnh thc pht thi c lp
hoc kt hp vi cc cht thi khc c th lm xut hin cc cht rn, cht lng, cht
k h , h i , k h i c h i t r o n g h t h n g t h o t n c h o c t i n h m y X L N T v i m c c

th to ra m i nguy him gy tc hi cho cng ch n g hay e da ti sc khe v s an

ton ca cng nhn. Cc cht thi lin quan bao gm nhng sn phm sau:
Lng ln du m ng / thc vt;
C c s n p h m x n g d u ;

V t l i u n m n ;

C h t t h i n h i u m u s c ;

Q u n h i u l u n g c h y ;

H p c h t g y n ;

C ht c hi gy nhim ;
C h t t h i c n h i t c a o ;

V t liu c hi;
C ht thi khng c trong giy php;
H a ch t hu c tng hp PCB v ch t dioxin;
T h u c t r s u / p h n b n ;

C h t t h i p h n g x ;

Cht aming.

12.6. GN KT NH MY VI T NHIN V PHONG CNH A PHNG

Mt s nc c quy nh lin kt vi ban qun l khu vc duyn hi v cc chng
trnh kim sot nhim t nhng ngun khng r rng. Quy nh ny bao gm vic bo
v v khi phc vng m ly thch hp cho cc h thng XLNT trong iu kir t
n h i n n g d n g t r n t v m l y .

342
 12.6.1. Cc yu cu bo v thin nhin, thy sn v ng vt hoang d

Nhiu nc c lut v quy nh bo v nhng loi c nguy c tuyt chng v nhng

h sinh thi c ng thc vt ang hoc b tuyt chng. Lut quy nh cm vic bt gi,
s hu, bun bn, v vn chuyn cc loi ng thc vt ang b e da tuyt chng.
Theo lut php cc c quan c lin quan phi m bo bt c hnh ng no trong
quyn hn, trong ti tr khng c kh nng gy nguy hi hay lm thay i mi trng
sng ca cc ng thc vt c trong danh sch bo v. Nh my XLNT trong iu kin
t nhin c th c t nhng vng c cc loi ng thc vt cn bo v c tr, trong
trng hp cn c thm cc quy nh.
Nhiu nc pht trin cng c quy nh trao quyn cho cc c quan chnh ph phi
hp vi cng chng v cc t chc t nhn nhm bo v ng thc vt hoang d (k c
cc loi c) v ni c tr ca chng. Quy nh cng yu cu nhng chng trnh pht
trin ngun nc xem xt nhng nh hng n cuc sng hoang d. Nu c nhng iu
lut nh vy th cc co quan lin quari phi c thng tin y v cc d n lm thay
i dng chy hay bt k vng nc no.
Cng c cc quy nh v cc loi chim di c. Mt s nc c quy nh bo v v qun
l cc loi chim di c v cc loi chim khng c sn bn. Mt s nh my XLNT
trong iu kin t nhin c th tr thnh ni lu tr v lm t ca cc loi chim di c,
khi cn xem xt mt s yu cu khc.
12.6.2. Bo v danh lam thng cnh v ng vt hoang d

Mt s' nc c quy nh bo v mt s dng sng v ngun nc tip nhn v d nh

nhng h cha nc c gi tr vn ha, lch s, a l, gii tr, tham quan, cuc sng
hoang d v cc gi tr khc. V vy cn m bo cho cc dng chy t nhin, bo v
chng v mi trng ln cn v li ch v quyn li ca th h hin ti v tng lai. Quy
nh t ra nhng gii hn trong kim sot t v qu trnh gii quyt vic quy hoch t
ai trong nhng vng ny. Mt s dng sng c th c phn loi theo cc tiu ch t
nhin, danh lam hay gii tr, cng c lnh ngn cm khc nhau v s dng t v nc.
m bo trng thi dng chy thng sut, c th khng cho php xy dng p ngn
hoc thay i cu trc cho php trn mt s dng sng, V! iu ny c th lm o
ngc gi tr theo thit k ban u.

12.7. NHNG YU CU T i THIU I VI H THNG QUN L MI

TRNG T NGUYN C CHNG NHN

Phn ny cp nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi h thng qun l mi trng khi c

quan kim ton v mi trng cp giy chng nhn da theo h thng cp bng chnh
thc. Quyt nh cp chng ch cho h thng qun l mi trng da theo h thng cp
bng chnh thc phi tri qua qu trnh xem xt k lng ca c quan kim ton mi
trng. Tuy nhin c cng nhn, ch cn h thng qun l mi trng hoc mt b

343
phn ca h thng qun l mi trng, sc khe v an ton hoc ch ring h thng qun
l mi trng tha mn mt s iu kin nht nh. Phn ny s hng dn chi tit cc
iu kin v gii hn qu trnh thc thi c th t c chng nhn h thng qun
l mi trng theo cc iu khon ca ISO 14001:1996.
12.7.1. t ai

Cn c vo tnh trng ti chnh v nng lc ca n v u t, chnh quyn a phng

s cp giy php chnh thc v quyn s dng mt s v tr t xy dng nh my
XLNT. Cn phi nh gi v tr xy dng v qu trnh vn hnh c quy nh trong
g i y p h p c a h t h n g q u n l m i t r n g .

12.7.2. Chnh sch mi trng

n v iu hnh nh my XLNT lun phi c chnh sch mi trng ph hp. Chnh

sch ny c th l mt phn trong ti liu ca chnh sch cht lng, an ton v sc khe
hoc c lp vi chnh sch mi trng. Chnh sch ny cn ph hp vi thin nhin, pham
vi v nhng tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng, sn phm v dch v ca nh my x
l nc thi, bao gm nhng cam kt phng chng nhim, ph hp vi cc iu lut tcng
ng v lin tc ci tin trong vic bo v mi trng.

12.7.3. Cc vn , nh hng v cc kha cnh mi trng

B phn iu hnh nh my XLNT cn c nhng hiu bit v cc kha cnh rr.i

trng v c kh nng xc nh kha cnh no c nh hng ln ti mi trng. Hiu
bit cc hot ng, sn phm v dch v no lm tng nhng nh hng cng ni
n h n g n h h n g t i m n v c c c g i i p h p g i i q u y t h u h i u c c v n .

12.7.4. Cc yu cu php l

T chc cn hiu bit nhng yu cu php l cn bn v mi trng c nh hng n

qu trnh vn hnh ti khu vc ca nh my x l nc thi v c nhng gii php pi
hp c th pht hin nhng thay i so vi cc yu cu ny. iu ny bao gm ki'n
thc v tt c cc yu cu ca cc c quan lut php khc.

12.7.5. Chng trnh ci thin mi trng lin tc

V t h i t b , n n c g i i t r n h v k h n n g t h c h i n c c c h n g t r n h c i t h i n l i n t c

m i t r n g t i c h . V i c n y t h n g t h n g c t h h i n q u a c c m c t i u , m c c h rd
k h o c h h n h n g v i k t q u c t h , v d n h v i c g i m t h i u c h t t h i h a y x a t
nh hng n mi trng.

12.7.6. Trch nhim ca t chc

T chc phi c mt c cu ph hp nhm xc nh vai tr mi trng, trch nhin
v quyn hn. T chc ny cng cn c s nht tr v nhng trng tm v u tin nht

344
 nh trong qu trnh hot ng vi nhng kha cnh v nh hng n mi trng. c
bit l cc nhn vin d cp no vi chc nng no cng phi hiu bit cc kha cnh
m i t r n g c h n h v c c n h h n g t n h n g h o t n g c a h .

12.7.7. o to

Nht thit phi c chng trnh o to v mi trng hp l li cun ton b nhn

vin trong t chc, c bit nhng ngi lin quan ti cc hot ng c nh hng ln
n m i t r n g . C t h o t o v a n t o n , s c k h e v c h t l n g , n h n g p h i o t o

v nhng vn mi trng c lin quan. C th xc nh mc ph hp ca chng

trnh o to qua iu tra cc nhn vin qun l cc vn mi trng chnh.

12.7.8. Vn bn ti liu

T chc cn c cc th tc r rng trn giy t hoc dng in t qun l cc vn

m i t r n g c h n h . C c t h t c p h i :

Theo trnh t ph hp;

C p n h t ;

X e m x t u n .

Cc th tc ny phi bao qut tt c cc vn mi trng m thiu cc th tc ny s

dn n nhng nh hng xu.
Cn phi kim tra mt s' th tc chnh m bo c th gii quyt tha ng cc
vn mi trng v gim thiu nh hng ti mi trng. Cc th tc cn kim tra
bao gm:
T h i k h ;

P h t t h i n c t h i ;

Pht sinh tin g n;

Q a n t r c ;

Q u n l c h t t h i t r o n g q u y n h ;

Q u n l x c h t h a h c ;

o t o ;

Q u n l k h i u n i v m i t r n g ;

T h n g b o c c c q u a n v s c m i t r n g .

12.7.9. Kim tra v chnh sa

T chc phi gim st v nh gi u n cc c tnh c bn ca qu trnh vn hnh

v cc hot ng c th nh hng ln n mi trng. Cn gim st cht ch vic pht
t h i v o m i t r n g x c n h x e m c p h h p v i c c y c u i u t i t v c u n g c p

cc thng tin lin quan ti chng trnh nng cp lin tc. T chc cn phi trnh by
q u t r n h g i i q u y t h i u q u c c y u c u i u t i t k h n g t r o n g q u y n h .

345
 12.7.10. H s m i tr n g

T c h c c n d u y t r v i c g h i c h p c c h s v m i t r n g h p l , b a o g m h s o

t o , c c g i y p h p m i t r n g , c c k h i u n i v m i t r n g , d l i u g i m s t m i t r n g ,

bo co kim ton v m i trng, chng ch vn chuyn cht thi theo quy nh v cc

t h t n g i a o d c h v i c c c q u a n k h c .

12.7.11. Chun b cho tnh hung khn cp

T chc phi c cc gii php hp l v kh nng ng ph vi tai nn v cc tnh

hung khn cp, phng chng v lm gim bt cc nh hng n m i trng. Cn nh
gi nng lc nhn vin c b nhim chu trch nhim ng ph trong cc trng hp
khn cp.

12.7.12. Chng trnh kho st li v kim ton h thng qun l mi trng

T chc nn c kh nng iu hnh chng trnh kim ton thch hp nh gi qu

trnh hot ng ca h thng qun l m i trng, kho st li s qun l cp cao v cc
iu khon kim ton.

12.7.13. Giy chng nhn

N u ban kim ton m i trng kt lun l thit b c h thng qun l m i trng ph

hp th s c cp giy chng nhn.

12.8. N H G I C H I N L C M I T R N G ( C LM )

C L M bao gm vic xem xt cc chnh sch, k hoch v chng trnh mi t r n g do

ban qun l cng pht trin. Vic ny i khi c th coi l nh gi tc ng mi trng
chin lc,
Khi nim C LM xut pht t k hoch pht trin v s dng t trong khu vc ti
c c n c p h t t r i n . V o n m 1 9 8 1 , B p h t t r i n t h v n h M c n g b c u n

sch hng dn nh gi tc ng khu vc rng, Chu u, hi ngh Espoo v nh gi

tc ng m i trng trong bi cnh xuyn bin gii t nn m ng cho vic gii thiu
C LM v o n m 1 9 9 1 .

Bn hng dn C LM Chu u (2 001/ 42/E C ) yu cu tt c cc nc thnh vin c a

Lin m inh Chu u ph chun bn hng dn vo lut ca m i nc vo ngy 21 thng
7 nm 2004. R t nhiu quc gia trong L in m inh Chu u ng h m nh m CLM
bao gm an M ch, H Lan, Phn Lan, V ng quc A nh, v Thy in. Cc thnh vin
m i ca Lin m inh Chu u cng ang nhanh chng thc hin bn hng dn ny.
Nhn chung C LM c thc hin trc bn nh gi tc ng mi trng TM .
i u n y c n g h a l t h n g t i n v t c n g m i t r n g s p h i t r i q u a h n g l o t q u y t

nh v c s dng trong m t TM vo giai on cui cng ca d n. iu ny lm

gim s lng cng vic cn thit i vi m i TM .

346
 Ch p dng Bn hng dn CLM Chu u cho cc k hoch v chng trnh,
khng p dng cho cc chnh sch cho d cc chnh sch trong cc k hoch c th c
nh gi v C L M c th c p dng cho cc chnh sch khi cn.
Cu trc ca C L M theo Bn hng dn CLM C hu u da trn cc giai on sau:
* X e m x t , l i u t r a x e m k h o c h h a y c h n g t r n h c t h t b i k h i p d n g

CLM hay khng.

* X c nh phm vi, tc l xc nh ranh gii iu tra, nh gi v cc g i thit.
* B o c o h i n t r n g m i t r n g y l m t c n c n h g i h u h i u .

* X c inh cc tc ng m i trng c th xy ra , thng ph hp vi nh hng

thay i hn l cc con s c nh.
* T h n g b o v t r n g c u k i n c n g c h n g .

* X y d n g c c " q u y t n h " d a t r n c s b n n h g i .

* G i m s t n h h n g c a k h o c h v c h n g t r n h s a u k h i t h c h i n .

B n h n g d n c a L i n m i n h C h u u c n g b a o g m c c t c n g b n c n h m i

t r n g , v d n h t i s n v t c h t v k h u v c k h o c . H u h t c c n c c h u u u

m rng bn ny bng cch thm cc tc ng kinh t v x hi bn vng.

M t C L M nn m bo cc k hoch v chng trnh xem xt cc nh hng m i
t r n g . N u c c n h h n g m i t r n g n y l m t p h n t r o n g q u t r n h q u y t n h t h

gi l bn nh gi tc ng chin lc.
i vi cc h thng X L N T chi ph thp s rt thun li khi p dng C L M cho:
a ) C h i n l c q u c g i a n g d n g h t h n g X L N T t h , t r o n g t r n g h p n y

C L M c th nh gi mc khuyn khch, u tin v tc ng ca cc chnh

s c h u t i n h o c q u y n h c t h i v i c c h t h n g X L N T c h i p h t h p s o v i

cc loi h thng X L N T truyn thng.

b ) C h i n l c p h t t r i n h t h n g X L N T c h i p h t h p t r o n g k h u v c , h u y n h o c v n g

rng. Trong trng hp , C LM c th gip son tho ti liu v cc tc ng

x hi, kinh t tiu cc v tch cc ca chin lc.

T I L I U T H A M K H O

* SEPA , 1999. G u id in g P r in c ip le s fo r C o n stru c te d T re a tm e n t W e tla n d s :

P r o v i d i n g W a te r Q u a lit y a n d W ild life H a b ita t. W o rk g ro u p s Final D ral 6/8/99.

* E C , 2001. G u id a n c e o n E I A . European C om m ission, June 2001.
* N PD E S , 2002. N P D ES/SD S P e r m its : P e r m ittin g P ro ce ss fo r S u rfa c e - w a te r
D is c h a r g e r s . M innesota Pollution Control A gency, July 2002.
* M PC A , 2002. W a t e r - q u a lit y P e r m i t R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r W a s t e w a t e r D i s c h a r g e s to

G r o u n d S u r fa c e a n d S u b s u rfa c e . M innesota P ollution C ontrol A gency, Ju ly 2002.

* N E U N T E F E L , R., 2005. W a te r S u p p ly & W a s te w a te r T r e a tm e n t: L e g a l A s p e c t s .

U niversity o f N atural R esources and A pplied Life Sciences, Vierma, D ipl.-Ing.

R om an N eunteufel, 2005.

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1 3 C C VN V T CH C V QUN L

Q un l tt l cha kha ca thnh cng t c hiu qu cn thit v bo v mi

tr n g v sc khe cng ng trong bt k khu dn c no. l yu t quan trng duy
nht trong bt k chng trnh qun l nc thi no. N eu khng c m hnh qun l tt
th ngay c nhng cng ngh tin tin nht v t tin nht cng khng th p ng
c m c tiu ca cng ng. N h gii thch ch ng trc, c nhiu c n g ngh
p n g c nhu cu a dng v x l nc thi, tuy nhin, khi khng c bin phap
qun l ph hp, nhng cng ngh x l s khng th pht huy c hiu qu nh trong
thit k v s khng th bo v tt m i trng v sc khe cng ng.
T rong cc ti liu v h thng x l nc thi ti ch c rt nhiu cc nghin cu da
trn i t ng v hon cnh c th qua cho thy s q u n l ph hp l yu t then
cht gip m bo cho m t h thng x l nc thi ti ch ti a im c th, c
th it k v h ot ng tt. Ke hoch tt v qun l tt khng th tch bit. Q u trnh a
ra m t quyt nh dn n vic la chn m t h thng hoc m t tp hp h thng thch
hp cho cng ng l m t nhn t ca cng ng v kh nng qun l bt k cng ngh
no. C n g ngh thch hp l cng ngh ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh, c th hot
ng c v tn cy [K reissl v O tis, 1999]. V ic la chn qu trnh v h thng n /
ring l t nht cng nn ph thuc vo cc yu t . M c d qun l h thng x
n c thi ti ch r rng l phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi vic nh gi xem liu t
th ng c ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh, c th hot ng c v ng tin cy hy
k h n g nh ng vic p dng cc tiu ch ny th no l thnh t quan trng ca m t le
hoch tt.
T tr c ti nay, vic la chn v xc nh v tr ca h thng x l nc thi ti d
l m t qu trnh m u thun vi nhau. C c h thng b t hoi v bi lc thng cc
x y d ng v l do kinh t, s tin dng ca cc vng t thch hp v cc bin php bo
v sc khe n gin ch vi m c ch ngn nga cng ng tip xc trc tip vi ncc
thi c h a c x l. c m t vi phn tch nhm tm hiu tnh nng ng ca l
th ng x l nc thi ti ch v cc tc ng tim n i vi nc ngm v nc m.
T u y nhin m i n gn y ngi ta m i hiu c cc vn lin quan ti s tht b
tro n g qun l h thng x l nc thi ti ch m t cch ton din.
T heo rt nhiu nghin cu v cc bo co, m t s lng ng ch cc trng hcp
do cng tc gim st, qun l thiu hp l h thng x l nc thi ti ch dn n vitc
x l cht gy nhim khng tha ng [U SEPA , 2000]. Tnh trng yu km v kin

348
sot v thng k s lng cc h thng nhiu cng n g k hin cho v ic qun l h
thng cng thm kh khn. K t qu l cc h thng x l nc thi ti ch hoc phn
tn tr nn yu km , lc hu, cng ngh khng tin tin v k h ng an to n so vi cc h
thng x l nc thi tp trung (h thng thu gom v T X L N T ) v c hai m t m i trng
v sc khe cng ng. Tuy nhin h thng thu gom v x l nc thi tp trung khng
phi l gii php ph hp v m i trng v m ang li li nhun trong m i tnh hung
(T X L N T c th l m t ngun pht thi cht nhim cao vo n g un tip nhn). N h ng
h thng ny c chi ph xy dng v vn hnh cao v thng k hng kh thi hoc chi ph
qu cao, c bit nh ng ni c dn c th a tht. N hiu a phng th n g thiu vn
m ua cc thit b cng nh thu chuyn gia qun l qu trn h x l. C c h thng x
l tp trung cn c th gp vn qu ti do s pht trin k h ng th d o n trc v
cc yu t ny c th e da cht lng nc.
K hi m hnh pht trin thay i v s pht trin ngy cn g tng din ra vn g nng
thn v vng ngoi thnh, rt nhiu cng ng s nh gi xem h c nn u xy
dng h thng X L N T tp trung hay tip tc s dng h th n g x l n c thi ti ch.
Do cng ngh ti ch c nhiu phng n thay th v ngy cn g i m i c n g cc chin
lc qun l nn cc cng ng nh thng la chn s th a y th thc t v hiu qu
hn l xy dng cc trm x l phn tn. V d chi ph u t v q u n l m t h
thng x l nc thi ti ch hay m t tp hp h thng n l c th t h n t 22 n 80
% so vi u t v qun l m t h tp trung.
C ho d cng ng chn nhng h thng phn tn v tin tin, hay h tp tru n g hoc
kt hp c hai h th chng trnh qun l ton din vn n g vai tr tr n g yu. C c
chin lc qun l hiu qu ph thuc vic nh gi m t cch k lng cc ph n g n
qun l v k thut kh thi v s la chn gii php thch hp da trn n hu cu ca
cng ng, m c tiu x l, kh nng kinh t v xu th php lut, chnh tr.
V ic qun l tr nn cng phc tp khi quan tm n nhu cu pht trin chin lc
trn c s u tin thay i do cc hot ng pht trin m i. th ha n h a n h chng, s
x u t hin cc ngun thi khc c th pht sinh ra cc loi ch t dinh d n g m i v c
n h ng m m bnh m i, cc vn ti s dn g nc, cc q uy n h v m i tr n g ngy
cn g cht ch hn, v nhu cu qun l theo m t cch hon ton m i. T t c n h ng vn
n y lm cho vic qun l cng tr nn kh khn. T t c cc tiu ch v tiu chun
cht lng nc, bo v ngun nc ngm , x l nc thi h iu qu v k hng t n km
cn h ng ti m c ch duy tr s pht trin bn vng ca cng ng. V ic u t vo
cc h thng thu gom v x l ca cc cng ng nh lm tn g thu v chi ph ca
ng i tiu dng, tuy nhin, cc chi ph ny c th gim ng k khi s d n g h th n g x
l n c thi phn tn. i vi ngun nc t c nhng m c tiu ny c n g h a l p
ng c cc cng tc bo v hoc khi phc sc khe cng ng, cc hot n g gii
tr, ngh c, ngh nui s, tm , cua, cc ngun nc ung v n g vt h o an g d. C n v

349
m t t h c t , t c n h n g m c t i u t r n b a n q u n l c n p h t t r i n v t h c h i n

chng trnh ng nht vi m c tiu cn p ng v hon thnh cc yu c u

ng dng.
Thay i bi cnh quen thuc sang m t vin cnh m cc yu cu thc hin g n
cht vi tiu chun cht lng nc hay gii hn gy nhim ngun nc ngm ti a
s quyt nh vic la chn h thng, th it k v thay th. Cc bn phn tch hiu n g
tch ly v cc chnh sch chng xung cp c th quyt nh trnh cng ngh v c p
qun l cn thit hon thnh m c tiu qun l ngun lc ca cng ng. R t cn c
cc chng trnh qun l phi hp ton din gii quyt nhng th ch thc ny. N h n g
chng trnh ny i hi c s tham vn lin ngnh gia cc n v qun l h thng ti
ch, cc c quan qun l cht lng nc, cc nh quy hoch s d ng t, cc k s,
cc nh nghin cu ng vt hoang d, cc chuyn gia sc khe cng ng v cc i
tng khc nhm m bo hon thnh tt cc m c tiu trn, gim thiu s bt n g h ay
chng cho trong cng tc qun l.

13.1. NH N N H C C i T N G

V ic nhn nh cc i tng thc hin trc tip hoc gin tip, m i quan tm , n n g
lc ca h v nhng ngi b nh h ng l rt quan trng trong vic xc nh tnh kh
thi ca d n. C ng cn nhn nh m c kin thc v x l nc thi v ti s d n g
nh gi kh nng ca h trong m hnh kt hp. C c i t ng thc hin bao gm
nhm , t chc, v cc c quan trc tip hoc gin tip lin quan ti cc hot ng ca
d n:
Cc t chc cng ng c tham gia;
Cc c quan iu hnh quc gia;
Cc c quan a phng v khu vc;
Cc c quan t vn v h tr.
M c tiu l nhn nh v m t c tnh dn s v cc c quan trong khu vc nghin
cu - ch yu cc c quan lin quan trc tip - nh v h trn s quc gia, khu vc
v a phng. Do rt cn phi s dng cc d liu v tnh hn h a phng v bi
cnh x hi, vn ha, t chc, c s h tng v dch v:

Tng s dn trong khu vc thc hin d n v phn loi dn s theo gii tnh,
tui, cc c im dn tc;

C c u d n s : m c g i a t n g d n s , t l s i n h , s d n d i c , t c s i n h , t l t

vong, tnh hnh bnh tt, tui th (tnh c m c chnh lch v gii tnh, tui,
nhm dn tc);
c im ca cc gia nh: gia inh a th h, t l ph n lm tr ct trong gia
n h ...

350
 T hu nhp v cc hot ng kinh t: G D P/ u ngi/ nm , m t hot ng kinh
t theo gii tnh v tui;
G io dc: T l ngi trng thnh bit ch tnh theo gii tn h v dn tc, t l
ngi c tham gia o to thng xuyn, gio dc tiu hc, tru n g hc v i hc
tnh theo gii tnh v dn tc;
c im cc m i quan h v vai tr gii tnh trong cng ng, bnh ng gii;
C c hot ng sn xut chnh v trch nhim ca nh ng ngi thc h in da theo
a im ca h trong khu vc thnh ph hay nng thn, gii tn h v tui;
D ch v nc v v sinh dch t c bn trong cng ng;
C s h tng ca th v nng thn;
T n h t r n g s c k h e c a c n g n g ;

Dch v chm sc sc kho c bn;

T p q u n , t r u y n t h n g , p h o n g t c ;

C c h n h t h c t h a m g i a c a c n g n g ;

C c h n h t h c t c h c c n g n g ;

S gp m t ca cc cng ty v hp tc dch v sn xut;

S g p m t c a o n v g i o d c v n g h i n c u ;

S hp tc phi thng m i;
C c thc th v chnh quyn a phng, khu vc v quc gia.

13.2. G I O DC, T I P CN V s T H A M G IA CA C N G N G

G io dc v tip cn cng ng l nhng vn quan tr n g trong chng trnh qun

l nhm m bo s ng h ca cng ng i vi vic ti tr, thc hin v pht trin
chng trnh. N goi ra, cn tm hiu vic bo tr v vn hnh h thng m bo tnh
hiu qu ca chng trnh. N hn chung, cng chng m un bit:
C n g n g v c n h n s p h i c h i t r b a o n h i u t i n ?

N h ng thay i c em li s pht trin hn trong k h u vc hay khng? N eu c th

nh th no?
N h ng thay i c nh hng ti s pht trin?

N h n g t h a y i c b o v c c n g u n l i k h n g ? ( n g u n n c u n g , c c l n g n g h

nui s cua tm , cc bi bin);

C c phng n qun l d kin c lin quan th no ti cc vn trn?

C h ng trnh gio dc v tip cn qun chng nn tp tru n g vo b a thnh t - i

t n g c a c h n g t r n h , t h n g t i n v c h n g t r n h , p h n g t i n t i p c n c a c n g

351
chng. M t chng trnh tip cn cng chng c hiu qu cn lm cho thng tin d tip
cn vi cng chng bng cch trnh by thng tin theo dng thng th ng, kh n g nn
dng nhiu t chuyn m n. N n phn loi, tip xc v t vn cc b n quan tm v cng
c h n g s m t r o n g q u t r n h a r a n h n g q u y t n h t r n g y u , k i n n g h n h n g t h a y i

c h n g t r n h q u a n t r n g . N h t t h i t p h i l y i t n g c a c c c h n g t r n h t i p c n v

gio dc cng chng lm m c tiu nhm t c nim tin ca cng chng v chng
trnh qun l. V i cc chng trnh qun l h thng nc thi ti ch, i t ng ca
chng trnh gio dc v tip cn cng chng c th gm:
Ch s hu nh;
Cc nh sn xut;
Cc nh lp t;
Cc nh vn hnh h thng v i tng k hp ng bo tr;
C h s hu ti sn cng nghip hoc thng m i;
Cc nh quy hoch;
C c t h a n h t r a v i n ;

C c n h k h o s t ;

C n g c h n g ;

Sinh vin;
N hm dn c v hip hi gia nh;
N h m c n g d n v d n h v n p h n g t h n g m i a p h n g , v

N hm , hi mi trng.
Gio dc qun chng
C c th c th qun l ti
S t h a m g ia , n g h c a q u n c h n g t r o n g l p k h o c h ,
ch nn xc tin v h tr
t h i t k, x y d n g , b o t r v v n h n h v c n g t h i i y u
th n h lp cc nhm t vn t
trong vic chp nhn v thnh cng ca chng trnh quan
cc th n h vin tro n g cng n c th i. C c c u c h p v i c n g c h n g n n c s t h a m g ia
n g nhm th i t lp v cng c a c c q u a n c h c a p h n g v c h n h p h , c c c h s h u

c s tham gia c a cng v c c b n q u a n t m , i u n y g i p t n g th m s n g h

ch n g vo ch ng trnh qun c h n g t r n h . T r o n g c c c u c h p n n t h o l u n c c v a n

l. N h n g nhm ny c th v h thng x nc thi v mc tiu chng trnh, chi ph,

ti chnh, thanh tra, bo dng. Cc cuc hp to ra mi
ng vai tr ct yu i din
d i n n t h o l u n c c m i q u a n t m v u t i n c a c n g n g
cho m i quan tm ca cng
d o c t h a v o n g h i n c u t r o n g q u t r n h l p k h o c n .
ng v thc y h tr
Cc d liu v qun chng cng rt quan trng trong xc nh
chng trnh. T hng tin v cu trc ph hp ca chng trnh v qun l, xc nh ranh
chng trnh gio dc tip cn gii ca chng trnh, cc phng n nh gi, yu cu tr.
cng chng thng bao gm: ng, cc tc ng v chi ph.

352
 T ng cng bo v ngun nc;
N g n c h n c c h g i a n h v c c c s c n g n g h i p / t h n g m i x c h t t h i

n g u y h i ;

Li ch ca ch n g trnh qun l ti ch.

C h n g t r n h t i p c n v g i o d c c n g c h n g s d n g c c p h n g t i n k h c n h a u

p h b i n t h n g t i n , b a o g m :

B o a p h n g ;

T ruyn thanh v truyn hnh;

C c bi th u y t trnh v din vn;
T rin lm v trn h din;
C c cuc hp v hi tho; TIP CN CNG NG
Gio dc cc ch h v quy trnh vn hnh v bo dng
C c cuc gp g vi cng
cc h thong x l mt hot ng quan trng ca chng
c h n g ;

trnh. Trong phn ln trng hp, cc ch h thng hoc

C c c h n g t r n h h c
\ ch h c trch nhim mt phn i vi hoi ng vn hnh
n g ;
v bo dng h thong m bo cc hot ng trn c
C c t tin tro n g cng ng thc thi theo mt so tho thun.
v a p h n g ; Ch h thong cng cn tr gip vic gim st hot ng
Cc bn bo co; ca h thong, c th tng cng s ho tr ca cng ng v
tnh hiu qu ca chng trinh bng cch gio dc cng
G i th tr c tip v d
ng v tm quan trng ca vic qun l h thong x nc
p h t t r i q u n g c o .
thi trong vic bo v sc ko cng ng, ti nguyn nc
Q u t r n h t v n c a n h n g
ngm v nc mt cng nh gi tr ti sn. Cc ch h
n g i t h c h i n n y g i p c n g thng ti cho thng khng c thng bo v hoi ng
c c h o v i c c h p n h n d n ca h thng ca mnh cng nh nguy c nhim nc
t r o n g t n g l a i . D o , n n
ngm v nc mt do cc h hng hot ng km hiu qu.
n g h i n c u k h n n g h p t c
Kt qu kho st cho thay rt nhiu ngi chi thc hin ht
t r o n g t n g l a i g i a c c t h n h
b t hoi sau khi nc t h thong chy ngc vo nh
hoc sn. Cc ch ti sn c trch nhim khi c gio dc
p h n v c c n h m k i n h t . N n

v cc phng php thu gom v x l nc thi v bo

s d n g c c k t h u t s a u :
dng hp ng thi hiu c h qu khi h thong b
G im nh; hng s c gng m bo cho h thong ca mnh hot ng
P h n g v n c n h n v t n g
tun th theo cc quy trnh v hot ng v bo dng. Cc

p h n h o c h n h ;
ti liu gio dc COcc ch h v cc kho o to cho cc
nh thit k, ngi lp t h thng, gim st vin cng cc
H i t h o v l p k h o c h
nhn vin vn hnh / bo dng c th gip gim thiu cc
t h a m g i a ; nh hng t cc h thng ti cho bng cch gim s lng
T vn nhm tr n g im ; I cc h thong hng c th lm gim cc chi ph dnh cho ch
\ h thng v qun chng trnh.
Ph ng php lp k hoch
c h i n l c .

353
13.3. XC NH C IM ca cc i tng

N hng thng tin th u thp c t trc s cho p h p tm hiu v nhu cu, m i quan
tm , v cc m i quan h v cc i tng, qua xc nh c c ch t chc cho
chng trnh kt h p d kin. Sau , nht thit cn tm hiu trc nhn thc c a cc
i t ng v d n. N n x hi ha d n trc khi tin hnh cc nghin cu v kinh t
v k thut.

13.3.1. Kin thc ca cc i tng thc hin v x l v ti s dng nc thi

e c th a ra cc hot ng o to gip nng cao nng lc qun l c a cc i

tng thc hin v cc c quan, cn tm hiu trnh kin thc ca cc i t n g v x
l v ti s dng n c thi. D o cn tm hiu cc i t ng sau:
C ng ng;
Cc nh lnh o;
C h n h q u y n ;

T h n g g i a ;

G io vin.
C c i t ng thc hin d n cn c kin thc v cc vn chnh nh sau
c im nc thi th v cc bin php x l;
X l v t i s d n g n c t h i m t c c h c l i ;

Q un l nc th i trong nng nghip theo cc v trng;

Q u n l n c t h i c h o c c m c c h s n xut k h c ;

Q u n l m i t r n g v c c n g u n t i n g u y n t h i n n h i n ;

K thut nng nghip lin quan n s dng nc thi;

M i quan h gi a x l v s dng.
D o nhu cu o to c khc nhau ty theo m i i t ng thc hin nn cn tin h ih
cc kho st khc nhau nhm tm hiu m c kin thc xc nh nhu cu ph bin
kin thc, o to, tr gip k thu t trong tng lai. Sau khi nhn nh nhu cu, cn lp
k hoch o to v qun l trong sut d n.

13.3.2. M c chp nhn m hnh kt hp ca i tng thc hin

N hn thc ca i tng thc hin v h thng kt hp x l nc thi v ti ;

dng nc thi c th thay i theo t ng tr ng hp. C c nhn thc lin quan n
nhng ri ro tim n c th dn n s chp nhn, th hoc p h n i d n. Ct
c m c chp nhn cao, cc i tng cn hiu b it r cc ri ro, kh nng v li :h
ca vic thc hin d n. T hng tin r rng, ch r m i thc trng c th chuyn t nhn
thc thnh thin ch, t thin ch thnh s chp nhn, c n tm hiu cc vn sau:

354
 N hn thc ca cc i tng v h thng kt hp (h hiu v n n h th no,
h ng h g, thi ca h v khi nim kt hp nh th n o ...);
T h i t h i n c h c a h s l m t p h n k i n h n g h i m ( h m u n t h a m g i a , p h n i

hay th );
M c c h p n h n c a h ( h c h p n h n t h a m g i a v o d n , k i n n g h x u t c c

p h n g n t h a y t h . .

13.3.3. Nhu cu, mi quan tm v cc mi quan h ca cc i tng

Xc nh nhu cu, m i quan tm v cc m i quan h ca cc i tng l rt quan

trng trong vic a d n vo chng trnh ca h. N n phn loi cc i tng theo
n h m c t c h c , k c n h n g c n g n g c n h u c u v q u a n t m v y l n h n g y u t

quan trng i vi d n. V ic phn loi ny l c s chun b phc cc i

t ng , trong nhng nhm v cc thc th chnh k c nhu cu, m i quan tm v cc
m i quan h ca h vi cc i tng khc cng c phn loi. Phc ny s cho
b i t cc lin m inh hin ti v d on cng nh cc xung t hin c v tim n.
T rn phc cc i tng ny nn c:

M t c im-, c c t h n h v i n , t r c h n h i m , p h m v i c h c n n g , l o i h n h t c h c ;

N hu c u : tnh hnh kinh t x hi, cc vn chnh, v cc yu cu;

M i q u a n t m : m ong i v s pht trin, xu hng v m c tiu , nh hng x hi;

C c m i quan h: hp tc vi cc nhm khc, s iu phi cc h o t ng, cch tip

cn, s ci m v tnh linh ng;

Cc lin minh : c c t h a t h u n k k t , c c m i l i n k t v i c c n h m k h c , h a

nhp cc m c tiu v cam kt pht sinh vi bn th ba;

Cc xung t : c c m i q u a n t m k h c n h a u , n h u c u k h n g c p n g , c c t r i

nghim tiu cc, s chng cho vai tr:

V ic chun b phc ny s lm r tnh hnh gia cc c quan, cc thnh phn
tro n g d n v s cung cp cc thnh t chnh cho vic xc nh cc chin lc cng c
lin m inh, gim thiu xung t, tng cng hp lc gia cc nhm .

13.4. L A C H N C C T H C T H T R O N G H T H N G K T H P

13.4.1. C c d n g th c th q u n l

V ic pht trin, thc hin v duy tr bn vng chng trnh q u n l i hi kin thc
v chnh tr, vn ha, tnh hnh kinh t ca cng ng, cu trc t chc hin hnh v cc
c n g ngh c th s dng. N goi ra cn c m c tiu r rng v sc khe cng ng v
m i tr ng cng nh ngun ti chnh thch hp. C hng trnh q u n l nn da trn kh
n ng h ot ng, qun l v iu tit ca thc th qun l v m c tiu ca cng ng.

355
Ti nhiu a phng, s hp tc gia cc thc th trong khu vc qun l (lu vc sng,
a ht, khu vc, quc gia) l rt cn thit nhm lm tng hiu q u ca chng trnh
qun l v m bo h thng x l khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi v ngun
nc.
C c loi thc th qun l chnh gm :
C quan a phng, lin bang v quc gia;
C quan ca chnh quyn s ti;
C c huyn c m c ch c bit v cc thc th cng cng;

C c thc t h qun l d o t n h n iu h n h v s h u .

P hn tip theo s m t cc dng thc th qun l khc nhau.

Cc c quan a phng, tnh v quc gia
C c c quan a phng, tnh, n h nc c cc cp khc nhau v quyn hn, tham
gia vo qu trnh pht trin v thc hin chng trnh qun l nc thi. R t nh iu thc
th tr gip v m t k thut v ti chnh, (xem bng 13.1).
T nh v a phng c th qun l h thng q u a cc c quan khc nhau. T hng
thng vn phng y t cng ng ca a ph ng hoc tnh chu trch nhim qun l h
thng x l. C c quy nh i khi ch tp trung vo m t tnh hay vn phng chnh quyn
a phng v qun l t vn phng a ph ng hoc khu vc. T rch nhim qun l
c giao ph cho chnh quyn thnh ph hoc qun. Khi , tnh c th thay i m c
gim st chng trnh a phng.
S lnh o v y quyn ca chnh quyn cp tinh rt quan trng trong vic t ra
cc yu cu thc hin, qun l v k thut cho chng trnh a phng. nhng tnh
m chnh quyn a phng chu trch nhim v chng trnh qun l, chnh quyn tnh
thng cho php linh hot trong chng trnh ca a phng khi lp ra cc yu cu v
chng trnh sao cho ph hp vi iu kin v cu trc qun l c a a phng vi iu
kin chng trnh ca a phng phi bo v y hoc nhiu hn cc b lut ca
tnh. T nh thng nht trong tnh c th xc tin bng cch thit lp:
C c y u c u k t h u t , q u n l v h n h c h n h ;

Cc yu cu i vi ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v sc khe cng ng;

Cc yu cu i vi vic gim st v kim tra th nghim ;
G i o d c o t o c h o n g i c u n g c p d c h v ;

H tr hnh chnh, ti chnh v k thut;

n h g i v x e m x t n h k c h n g t r n h ;

Thc hin cc quy nh c th p dng.

N hiu tnh lp ra thit k h thng ti thiu, cc yu cu v v tr x y dng v tch
cc tham gia vo la chn nhng cng ngh thch hp.

356
 Bng 13.1. Trch nhim v kh nng ti chnh ca cc c quan qun l nc thi
Cng ty phi Cng ty phi
C quan nh Chnh quyn Qun / huyn Qun/huyn C quan cng
Tnh li nhun li nhun t ki
nc , thnh ph c bit c i mi quyn
cng nhn
^hi hnh cc quy Hon thnh C th ha vai C th ha vai
Thi hnh cc M t tnh C
nh ca chnh Khng nh trch nhim tr trong cc tr trong cc
Thi hnh quy b lut ca hnh, xc nh va
quyn thnh ph, quyn hn, c c th trong iu khon nu iu khon
nh v lut nh nc phm vi
c th thi hnh th thi hnh vic s dng c hp tc(v ca hp tc (v
ca nh nc v quy nh quyn hn k
b lut ca nh b lut cng c d hip hi s d hip hi s
ca tnh
nc v tinh hu nh) hu nh)
C th thu C th p C
C th thu ph, C th thu C th pht C th thay
ph, nh gi dng cch C th thay
Thng c nh gi ti ph, nh hnh tri phiu ph
ti sn, nh nh gi ti i l ph, bn
cp tin qua sn, nh thu, gi ti sn, cho ngn kh ngi s
thu, pht sn c bit, c phiu, pht p
phn b v pht hnh ri nh thu, quc gia, thu dng, thu ht
hnh tri thu ph ngi hnh tri
ti tr phiu, cn i pht hnh tri ph ngi s ti tr, i vay
phiu, cn i s dng v phiu, thu ht p
cc khon ti phiu dng v cc
cc khon ti cc ph khc, ti tr, i vay h
chnh chung ph khc
chnh chung bn tri phiu
Mc quyn hn Mc quyn hn Linh hot, cung C th m
Mc quyn hn
v kh nng thc v kh nng thc cp dch v thich rng cc dch C th cung C th cung C th cung C
v kh nng thc
thi b lut cao, thi b lut cao, hp (ch vi v cng cp dch v khi cp dch v cp dch v. c
' thi b lut cao,
n cc chng trnh cc chng trnh nhng ngi khng cn cc chnh ph khi chnh ph khi chnh ph
cc chng trnh
c th sa i c th sa i nhn ph dch khon ch tiu khng th khng th;; t khng th; t p
c th c
cho ph hp vi cho ph hp vi v); cch tip chnh, ngi t tr v tr v linh tr v linh th
chun ha, tng
iu kin a iu kin ia cn n gin v nhn dch v linh hot hot hot
mc hiu qu
phng phng c lp thng ng h
K
i khi qu xa, C th thc y Kh nng ti quy
khng nhy cm i khi khng C th thiu s pht trin ng gp cho
tr b gii hn t
vi nhu cu v sn sng cung qun l, ti chnh quyn a vic chia nh Chnh quyn Cc dch v
trong thu nip c
cc vn ca cp dch v, chnh v cc phng, gi cc dch v a phng cn km cht
v cc tri k
a phng, hng dn thc ngun khc, nguyn hoc ca chnh c th do d lng hoc
phiu, chnh v
thng chuyn hnh php lut, vic thc hin chia nh dch v ph, c th p dng khi c th b
quyn a th
vic thc hnh gii hn ghi n php lut cn cng cng xy ra s tr nim ny chm dt
phng phi c
lut cho a c hn nh ng lo tr v qun l
tr n tri
phng
t
 C c t n h c n c t h u t h c m t p h n h o c t o n b q u y n h n h n y c h o c h n h q u y n a

phng. N u tnh chu trch nhim v hnh chnh v k thut ca chng trnh qun l th
vai tr u tin ca chnh quyn a phng l thc hin cc yu cu ca tnh.
Cc c quan chnh quyn a ph ng
nhiu tnh, chnh quyn a phng chu trch n h im qun l ch ng trnh nc
thi. H ng lot c quan cp huyn, qun v thnh ph qun l nhng ch n g trnh nay.
Q u y m , m c c h , q u y n h n c a c c n v c p x , q u n v t h n h p h t h a y i t h e o

t n h h n h v l u t p h p c a m i t n h . T y t h e o q u y n t h c t h i p h p l v c c n g u n c

sn, chng trnh qun l c th c iu phi bi m t c quan y t cng ng-m i

tr ng vi i ng nhn vin y , c o to hoc bi ban lnh o a phng.
T rong m t s tnh, c quan lp php trao t nhiu trch nhim qun l h thng cho
chnh quyn a phng.
C hnh quyn qun chu trch nhim v cc hot ng q u n l h th n g x l ti ch,
m t qun c th chu trch nhim v cc hot ng c th v d n h lp quy ch cho h
thng x l nc thi ti ch trong phm vi quyn thc thi php l, b sung v h Ir
cc chng trnh qun l nc thi cp x, th trn, thnh ph v tnh b n g cch tr gip
hnh chnh, ti chnh hoc k thut. Cc qun c th cung cp cc dch v ny qua ;
cu hot ng thng thng (v d m t phng, ban ca qun), hoc thnh lp m t huyn
c bit nhm cung cp cc dch v trong phm vi dch v xc nh. T rch nhim
ca c quan cp qun bao gm:
Chp nhn cc yu cu ti thiu ca tnh hoc pht trin cc quy nh cht ch hon;
Lp k hoch, quy vng v gim st chung qu trnh p h t trin d kin;
X em xt thit k, k hoch v thc thi vic lp t h thng;
C ho php gim st h thng v xy dng;
T hanh tra, gim st v thi hnh cc quy nh;
B o c o c h o c n g c h n g v c c q u a n c h c c trch n h i m .

C hnh quyn cp x, thnh ph v tnh c th chu trch nhim lp k hoch, cip

php v vn hnh cc thit b x l nc thi, thc hin cc quy nh c th p dng
c. Vi tr v trch nhim c th ca chnh quyn a p h n g ph thuc s u tin,
kh nng v tnh hnh thc thi php lut. Do c s khc bit trong lut php cng nh c
cu t chc ca tng tnh m nng lc hnh chnh, quyn thc thi php l v trch
nhim ca cc thc th a phng trong vic qun l cc h th n g x l nc thi cig
thay i t ng ng.
Cc qun, huyn v thc th qun chng c bit
C c qun, huyn v thc th qun chng c bit c th cung cp cc d ch v crg
m chnh quyn a phng khng hoc khng th cung cp. M t a ht v thc tl
qun chng c bit l m t thc th gn ging n h chnh quyn c chc nng cung p
cc dch v c bit hoc thc hin cc hot ng c th tro n g khun kh php lut. Cic

358
a ht c bit cung cp ctn l hoc a dch v v d nh qun l qu trnh lp k
hoch v pht trin cc hot ng, thc hin cc chng trnh p h t trin kinh t, ci
thin iu kin a phng, vn hnh cc thit b x l nc thi v nc cp. K hu vc
c cung cp dch v ny c th bao gm duy nht m t cng ng, m t phn cng
ng, m t nhm cng ng, cc phn ca m t s cng ng, c m t tnh hay m t khu
v c . C c q u y n h c a t n h t h n g a r a q u y n h n , c u t r c , p h m v i h o t n g c a

a ht bao gm din dch v, chc nng, cu trc t chc, quyn ti chnh v cc tiu
ch hot ng.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit thng c trao quyn ti chnh c
th trnh xin hoc tip cn ngn qu, nh thu dch v, th u ph, kim k ti sn, pht
h n h t r i p h i u q u c g i a . M t s a h t c b i t c q u y n t i c h n h t n g t n h c c

chnh quyn thnh ph t tr bao gm quyn thu thu v gnh chu trch nhim v
nhng khon n chung. N hng a ht ny thng l cc thc th h p php c quyn k
kt hp ng, khiu kin hoc b kin. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra tr ng hp cn p
dng quyn n b lp k hoach v thc thi cc chng trnh ti ch c hiu qu.
Cc a ht v thc th qun chng c bit rt c th hp tc vi cc chnh quyn a
p h n g v t n h k h i v i c l p k h o c h v t h c h i n c h n g t r n h c n s d n g n h n g

q u y n n y .

C c a ht v thc th qun chng c bit c th l m t ph ng n tt cho vic

qun l h thng x l nc thi. N hiu tnh p dng th n h cng m hnh ny. M t
v d in hnh l vic lp ra cc a ht ph trch v nc v cc a ht ph trch vn
v sinh, c trch nhim qun l v m rng cc ng nc sch v nng cao dch
v t h o t n c t r o n g k h u v c g n c c n h m y x l t p t r u n g . P h t t r i n c c c h c n n g

qun l theo quyn hn ca cc a ht hin hnh c th h tr vic lp k hoch, lp

t, vn hnh, duy tr, kim tra, cng co v ti tr cho cc chng trnh ny. C c thc
th qun l truyn thng v d nh phng y t c th hp tc vi cc a ht qun l h
thng v sinh hoc cc a ht c bit khc d xy dng ch ng trnh lin kt hp l.
V d B y t c th duy tr quyn ph chun thit k h thng v ban hnh giy php
trong khi cc a ht qun l h thng v sinh c th h tr lp k hoch trong khu vc,
t i n h n h k i m t r a , b o d n g v s a c h a .

Cc a ht qun l ti ch v thc th qun chng c th chu trch nhim m t phn

hoc hon ton vic gim st h thng, c th xc nhn h thng x l c ph hp vi v
t r , c c l n k h o c h , t h i t k , l p t v b o d n g n g c c h h a y k h n g . M t a

ht hoc m t thc th qun l thng c cc m c tiu sau:

C u n g c p d c h v x l , t h u g o m n c t h i h p l c h o c c k h u d n c v c c

doanh nghip;
K t hp hi ha vic qun l nc thi vi cc chnh sch pht trin v s dng t;
Q u n l c h n g t r n h x l n c t h i v i c h i p h h p l i v i n g i s d n g .

359
 C c a h t q u n l v c c t h c t h q u n c h n g t h n g c t r a o q u y n g y q u t

nhiu ngun th ng xuyn v n hnh v bo dng, kim tra, n n g cp, gim st va

pht trin trong tng lai. Cc ngun gy qu c th t ph cp m i hoc cp li giy
php, ph dch v hng thng, kim k ti sn v cc ph c bit khc. C c a h t qun
l nc thi ti ch c vn hnh hoc lin kt vi cc a ht cung cp nc sch co
th iu phi vic thu ph ha n nc sch hng thng ging nh cch thu ph c a cc
n h m y x l nc thi tp trung. M c d ban u c th c m t s h gia nh t chi
n p p h d c h v x l n c t h i n h n g v i c t i p c n t h n g t i n v h i u q u , t i t k i m c h i

ph v cc li ch ca h thng hp tc qun l, v d nh h tr ti chnh s a cha,

nng cp, thay th, bo dng h thng hay m in ph bom nc, c th gip tng thm s
ng h cho cc chng trnh ton din ny. c bit cn c s ng h nh th khi tin
hnh cuc trng cu dn v vic thnh lp thc th qun l. Khi thnh lp m t a ht
m i, s tip cn ca cng chng v tham gia ca cc c ng nn cp cc vn sau:
R anh gii d kin ca ht qun l;
Cc vn pht sinh v bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v sc khe cng ng,
C c v n p h t s i n h t r o n g h t h n g q u n l h i n t i ;

Cc yu cu i vi h thng x l;
C c c n g n g h t i c h t h c h h p v i t n g i u k i n c t h ;

C c y u c u v d u y t r v v n h n h c h o m i h t h n g c t h ;

K h n n g t i p n h n c a n h m y x l n c t h i v x l c h t t h i ;

D t r c h i p h c h o c c b p h n q u n l c h n g t r n h ;

S o s n h c h i p h q u n l h t h n g t p t r u n g v p h c h n g t r n h ;

C c i t c t i m n n g v k i m k c c n g u n s n c ;

C c n g u n t i c h n h d k i n ;

Cc chin lc thi hnh lut l;

C c h o t n g q u n l , h n h c h n h , i u t i t v p h p l n h m t o r a , p h t t r i n h o c

cng c thc th qun l.

M t loi hnh a ht c bit n a l c quan cng quyn. C q u an cng quyr l
m t b phn hp nht theo hin php c quyn s hu, ti tr, xy dng v vn hnh
cc phng tin cng sinh li cho quc gia. C quan cng quyn c th c s dig
theo m t s cch thc nhm xy dng, ti tr v vn hnh cc ph n g tin cng.
M t s iu lut ca tnh nghim cm hoc khng cho php m t nh m thuc cc la
ht c bit c qun l cc h th n g th c a. M t s tr ng hp khc, cc nhn v n
chng trnh khng c quyn hp php ti cc c s t tin h n h thanh tra v la
sai. N hng hn ch ny c th c gii quyt thng qua cc lut c bit cho php p
ra cc thc th c trch nhim trc tip gim st thc a. C c thay i v lut p h p v
quy ch c th trao cho cc a ht c bit quyn qun l cc h th n g ti ch v tn
hnh kim tra, bo dng v khc phc.

360
 Cc thc th qun l do t nhn s hu v vn hnh
Cc thc th qun l t nhn l m t phng n khc nhm m bo qun l tt h
thng x l n c thi. N h ng thc th ny chu trch nhim thit k, lp t, vn hnh
v bo dng h thng. T rong m t s trng hp, cc doanh nghip t nhn ny cng
ng vai tr l cc th c th qun l duy nht, v d, m t n h m y c th qun l m t
chng trnh nh tro n g ton b quan h hp tc gia thnh phn cng v t nhn. C
m t s cch hp tc g i a thnh phn cng v t nhn.
C hng trnh qun l c th k kt vi cc cng ty t nhn cc nhim v r rng qua
thit lp cc iu kh o n nh nh gi v tr lp t, gim st / kim tra v bo dng.
V d nh cc h th n g x l trong cc khu dn c do m t thc th t nhn bo dng
v vn hnh theo bn hp ng vi hip hi vng ln cn. M t v d khc l trng
hp cc h thng x l ti cc vng nh ti a phng c m t thc th t nhn cung
cp dch v v h ot ng theo hp ng k kt vi vng hoc m t t chc ln cn.
Cc cng ty nhn hoc cc thc th qun l cc h thng ti ch th ng c m t
thc th cng kim so t m bo cc dch v lin tc v m c chp nhn c vi
chi' ph va phi, c n c bn tha thun dch v m bo cc t chc t nhn c
an ton ti chnh, cu n g cp cc dch v thch hp v tin cy i vi khch hng. N hng
thc th ny g i vai tr chnh gim nh' gnh nng ti chnh v hnh chnh i vi
chnh quyn a ph n g bng cch cung cp cc dch v qun l h thng. C th trong
tng lai cc cng ty t nhn s xy dng, s h u v vn h n h cc h thng x l v
chu trch nhim gim st hnh chnh thc th qun l.
V ic t nhn ha l quyt nh ca chnh quyn a phng. M i cng ng phi t
nh gi tnh hnh ca m nh v t quyt nh da trn cc ph ng tin thc hin php
lut, nng cp m i tr ng nc v p ng nhu cu khch hng hu hiu nht thng
qua cc nhn v in c tuyn chn k cng.
C quan iu tit v cc thc th qun l c trch nhim
H u ht cc c q u an iu tit (v d nh cc S y t, ti nguyn m i trng, cc c
quan qun l cht l ng nc) thng thiu kinh ph, nhn vin v cc chuyn gia k
thut c th pht trin v thc hin cc chng trnh qun l tng th. D o thiu
ngun lc v nhn lc c o to, cc nh qun l chng trnh trn ton quc thng
nghin cu v ng d n g cc m hnh qun l thay th c th i din cho trch nhim
v cc thnh t qun l c th trc cc thc th khc. H oover v Beardsley (2000) xut
cc thc th qun l nn pht trin cc lin minh gia cc t chc t nhn v cng nhm
th it lp m c tiu tiu chun m i trng, nh gi thng tin v hot ng ca h thng
x l, xc tin cc h ot ng gip cho cc h thng x l p ng nhu cu thc t.
English v Y eager (2001) xut thnh lp cc thc th qun l c trch nhim
nhm m bo cho hot ng ca cc h thng x l nc thi ti ch v phn tn.
l thc th qun l hp php c kh nng v k thut, qun l v ti chnh m bo
vic qun l, vn hnh v bo dng tt c cc h thng kh thi, lu di, sinh li trong

361
phm vi quyn lc php l ca thc th qun l c trch nhim . T nh kh th i l kh
nng ca loi th c th ny trong vic bo v sc khe cng ng v m i tr n g m t
cch hiu qu qua cc chng trnh tp trung vo hot ng ca h thng n h iu h n l
cc h ng dn y quy tc [E nglish v Y eager, 2001]. Thc th qun l c trch nhim
c th vn hnh n h cc chng trn h qun l c pht trin y vi cc chng
trnh gim st hin hnh. Thc th qun l c trch nhim thng c coi l th c th
qun l ton din vi kh nng ti chnh, k th u t v qun l c th m bo cho h
thng x l p ng c cc yu cu hot ng.

Hng dn vn hnh v qun l t nhn h thng x l nc thi

7. L p k hoch m ua sm cht ch v xem xt sp xp hp ng
Cn xem xt k cc c im k thut ca cc thit b, nguyn vt liu cn mua sam theo dch \
yu cu v lm r s khc bit gia yu cu dch v hin nay v iong lai, Ngoi ra cn cung co
thng tin v li ch ca ngi ng thu do cnh tranh khi nhu cu chnh sa hp ng tng dn n
nhng thay i khng nh trc v yu cu ca khch hng, v lut hay cc tnh hung khng th
kim sot c. Qu trnh mua sm v k kt hp ng nn cp n nhng ri ro v trch nhin
da trn c s th mnh ca cc bn lin quan. Hp ng v cc tnh ton ca cc nh ii hnh V
nhn tng lai hay cc ch s hu nn ton din, r rng v minh bch. Tt c cc hp ng nn tri
qua mt qu trnh xem xt cht ch ti a phng. Chi ph mua sam, hnh chnh v gim st cn
c tnh trong chi ph phng n a chn ca t nhn.
2. Cnh tranh m v cng bng: Tt c cc c quan qun l nc thi k c cng p hay t nhn nn
c php cnh tranh vi cc cng ty t nhn trong cc hp ng dch v x l nc thi nu c th
thc hin. S cng bng nn l mc tiu quan trng nht v cng rt quan trng cn nhn bi moi
i th cnh tranh c th mnh v im yu ring, qu trnh cnh tranh cng bng phi trung thc \
r rng.cn nhn thy l moi ngi mua dch v u c quyn quyt nh mua g v nh th no n
cn c cc tiu ch la chn c nh ngha r rng ngay t u v thng nht p dng ngay b i
qu trnh mua sm bt u.
5. Xem xt lc lng lao ng hin ti: Qu trnh cnh tranh tim n kh nng lm gim c rq
lao ng, Neu i cng tc hay nh thu nhn c la chn, s phn ca lc lng lao n
hin ti nn c cn nhc k lng (heo quy nh trong qu trnh cnh tranh, cn c n lc ln
gim s thay th trong cc b phn trong chnh quyn thnh ph, s thong ng, t nguyn ngH
hu non. Tong chi ph v tin nghi n cng nn c xem xt trong qu trnh nh gi cc lo
dch v.
4. L p h n nh: L ph nn gi mc hp l, c bit tnh n cc cng dn khng c iu kin krh
t Tin tit kim trong qu trnh cnh tranh nn c ti u t vo cc sng kin tng nng su,
bo dng v ci to c s h tng hay chuyn cho h thong khch hng di dng tr gip l ph.
5. Ph hp vi lut php c bn: cc thit b trong qu trnh qun l ca thnh phn t nhn hay cn
phi p ng vi cc quy nh ang c p dng.
6. Bo v ti sn: B k hp ng dch v thit b nc thi no nn yu cu cc nh iu hnh bt kp
vi cng ngh v bo dng thit b mc tiu chun trong ngnh.
7 . Tiu chun hoi ng, Chnh sch khuyn khch , khng khuyn khch: Cc tiu chun ho
v

ng chi tit, ton din v r rng vi chnh sch ICUtin lun hu ch trong vic ci ihin hot n
v thit yu cho qu trnh cnh tranh cng bng.

362
 Trch nhim qun c th c giao cho m t thc th c chnh quyn tnh hoc
chnh quyn a ph ng la chn trc nhm qun l m t s hoc tt c cc b phn
trong chng trnh nc thi ti ch. V ic giao trch nhim qun l cho m t thc th
qun l c trch nhim hoc cho m t thc th qun l t to n din hn r rng l m t
gii php thc t gip gy qu v thu ht nhn lc cho cc h o t ng qun l quan
trng. Tuy nhin, s dng thc th qun l c trch nhim khin cho vic pht trin v
thc hin chng trnh qun l phc tp hn. c n tng cng h p tc v xy dng k
hoch nhm thit lp m t chng trnh qun l hiu qu. T hc th qun l c trch
nhim c th thc hin tt c cc hot ng trong chng trnh qun l c m t di
y, trong c m t s hot ng do m t thc th qun l c k h nng hn ch hn
thc hin. T rong phm vi php l m trch nhim ca chng trnh qun l i din cho
thc th qun l c trch nhim , m t c quan iu tit (v d nh: S y t a phng)
phi gim st thc th ny m bo chng trnh t c m c tiu m i trng v
sc khe cng ng ton din. Ty thuc quy nh ca tnh v a phng, cn c m t
bn tha thun chnh thc gia thc th qun l c trch nhim v c quan iu tit cho
qu trnh iu hnh cc b phn trong chng trnh ca T h c th qun l c trch
nhim , v d n h cp giy php.
V ic tham gia thc hin m t s nhim v trong chng trnh qun l ca thc th
qun l khng ton din hay vic thc hin m t s nhim v qun l ton din ca thc
th qun l c trch nhim nn c iu chnh thch hp cho m i tnh hung a
phng. D a vo c im pht trin t nhin ca chng trnh q u n l nc thi, m t
s hot ng cn m t thc th qun l c trch nhim tin hnh v d nh nh cung cp
d c h v t n h n . T r o n g m t s t r n g h p , t r c h n h i m n y c c h i a s g i a c c c

quan chc trch a phng v tnh, v d S y t a phng, vn phng k hoch khu

vc v c quan cht lng nc ca tnh.
Khi m t thc th qun l km ton din hn thc hin cc h o t ng ny, c quan
iu tit th ng chu trch nhim qun l m t vi hoc ton b cc h o t ng sau:
X c nh trch nhim qun l i vi c quan iu tit v thc th qun l khng
ton din;
G im st thc th qun l khng ton din;
C p p h p ;

K im tra cc h thng ti ch;

T r li khiu ni;
T h c h i n c h p h n h p h p l u t ;

Gim st cht lng ngun tip nhn (N c ngm v nc m t);

Q uy nh vic x l v thi rc;
C p php v cc chng trnh cp chng ch;

363
 G hi chp h s v qun l c s d liu vi m c ch iu tit;
i u p h i c c n l c t h c h i n k h o c h t r o n g v n g v a p h n g .

Tuy nhin c quan iu tit thng ch y thc cho thc th qun l khng to n din
v trch nhim thc hin m t vi hot ng nu trn. Cc hot ng c u th c cho
thc th qun l khng ton din c xc nh theo kh nng qun l ca h v cc
hot ng c th, cc vn v m i trng v sc khe cng ng v quyn y th c cc
hot ng ny l ca c quan iu tit. V d, nu c trao q uyn s h u v v n hnh
h thng x l trong phm vi dch v, thc th qun l khng to n din s chu trch
nhim tt c cc vn trong h thng qun l bao gm t ra m c ph, thit k v lp
t h thng, tin hnh kim tra v gim st cc h thng ny nhm m bo t c
m c tiu hot ng ca c quan iu tit. O tis, M cC arthy v C rosby (2001) trnh by
m t s ph hp vi qun l hot ng m inh ha cho cc khi nim trn.
H thng kt hp i hi qun l kt hp. c n ghi n h vic thc hin v tn h bn
vng ca k hoch khi la chn m hnh v c cu cho tng trng hp. K hi m
hnh qun l nn bao gm:
M t lnh o thc th xc tin h thng vi cc cng c iu phi v tham gia;
Phm vi qun l ca b phn x l nc thi;
P h m v i q u n l c a b p h n t i s d n g n c t h i ;

C ch lin kt, phi hp, iu phi, lp k hoch v q u y t cc b phn ni trn;

C ch hp nht cc b phn qun l chung: vai tr ca c quan chnh quyn cng
cc thc th nghin cu v hp tc;
C hin lc qun l ton cu h thng lin kt;
K h o c h v n h n h v t h i g i a n b i u c h o c h i n l c ;

K h o c h g i m s t , t i p t c v n h g i ;

C hin lc sp nhp cc thay i trong k hoch vn hnh theo kt q u nh gi.

R t cn nu bt cc thnh t chnh trong m hnh qun l, c cu v chin lc cua
m hnh qun l phn tch cc yu t k thut, mi trng, kinh t v x hi ca d n.
Phc nhng i tng thc hin rt quan trng trong thit lp chin lc da n kin
thc v tc ng tng h, lin m inh v cc xung t tim n gia cc i t n g .
La chn h thng qun l cng quan trng nh ch n c n g ngh ph hp p g
nhu cu pht thi nc thi ca cng ng, v c bn, s tn nhim ca thc th qun '.
c th quyt nh phm vi x l nc thi v phng n loi b cht thi m cng r.g
c th s dng hiu qu.

13.4.2. T chc qun l nc thi ph hp

C c n v qun l t nhn v n h nc v x l nc thi phi m bo m c tiu

m i trng v tm kim cc gii php nng cao cht lng nc bng cch qun l sinh

364
li hiu qu v c trch nhim , ng dng cng ngh tin tin v k h thi, khng ngng
ci tin k hoch v thay th c s h tng kp thi. Q uyt nh t nhn ha cc loi
hnh ch v hay bn ti sn v m i tr ng l m t trong n h n g m i quan tm ca a
phng, quyt nh ny nn da trn vic kim tra k lng tn h hn h a phng. Cc
quan chc ch nh ph, cc nh qun l, cc nh vn hnh n h m y v cc nh phn tch
ti chnh n n s dng tt c cc cng c lp k hoch v ti chnh nh gi thu o
n h u cu vn hin ti v trong tng lai cng nh cc m c tiu v m i trng.
v c bn, s la chn t chc _____________________________________ .......................................... -------- ................................... ................................. ............ .. ~ -

-
q u a n l y p h t h u c n h u c a u v a u
I
I
kh nng ca cc thc th qun l
n g n g C Q a C C t h C t h l q u n l

ti n c a a p h n g . L o i h n h th c I Cung
Cung cp
cp lin
lin tc
tc cc
cc chnh
chnh sch
sch v
v qun
qun l;
l; I
th q u n l c n th i t th n g p h Tnh
1. Tnhph
ph dch
dch v;
v; I
th u c v o n h u c u b o d n g h Bt buc
Bt buc ngi
ngi ss dng
dng dch
dch v
v chp
chp hnh
hnh cc
cc
I quy nh trong chng trnh qun l (v d quy
th n g . ,H th n g q u n l, u, tin !1! nh
nhvvkim v
kimtratra
vTdch
dch * qun (vi d quy
? !v);
?v);
cha hn l m hnh tt nht. I. D u y ttr
Duy r r ch nhim
trch nhim ;i
ti ch in h hhp
chnh p l
l;: I
l a c h Im Chuyn
Chuyn giao
n giao trch
trch nhim
nhim php
php l
cl (mt
(mt s
s thc
m thc th
th
t t h c t h e q u a n l y

t t i u qun l
qun l tp
tp trung
c trung vo
t trch nhim
vo trch
y nhimphp
u php ll cho
p cho h i n g h i n c u c n I

xi 1 '* * ~ U' mt
mt t chc trong khi cc thc thc th khc phnphn
thn v tho lun vi cng chng, , ; ; , ' ,: ' 6 2 7, ,: 7 , ly
* \ , chia
chia trch
trch nhim
nhimphp
php lcho
cho cc
cc t
t chc);
chc);
N n t h u t h p c c t v n v k i n h t , | .
I Thuv
Thu vgi
gi lai cc nhn
li cc nhn vin
vin c
c ^ ph
trnh ph hp.hp
ti chnh v p hp lut sm trc khi I
n h g i c c p h n g n . .

N h gii th ch trong m c 13.2, gio dc v s tham g ia c a qun chng trong qu

trnh a ra quyt nh l nhng yu t quan trng trong bt k chng trnh qun l
nc thi no. C ng chng c quyn c hng li v g i vai tr quan trng trong
qun l nc thi. Gii php k thut v vn nc thi cng th ng rt sn c. Cc
c n t r v k i n h t v x h i c n g l m h n c h v i c t h c t h i c c c h n h s c h k t h u t n g

n v k hoch qun l. C ng chng nn c gio dc v h ng dn tham gia qun l

nc thi, trong bao gm cc ch u t, cc nh khai thc, quan chc chnh ph,
cc chuyn gia v bt ng sn v cng ng doanh nhn. N n khuyn khch nhiu
cng dn gi vai tr m rng trong cc quyt nh qun l nc thi. Tuy n h in , ngi
dn c th khng hiu hon ton v nh gi cao tn h phc tp c a cc phng n qun
l n c thi v cc vn ny sinh. Do vy, u t cng ch n g cn c trnh hc vn
n h t n h ng h v hp tc.
C c quyt nh qun l nc thi th ng thu ht s quan tm v tranh lun c a cng
chng. N h ng m i lo ngi ca cng chng thng l do thi tiu cc v thiu hiu
bit. C c chng trnh tham gia v gio dc cng chng th n g c hiu qu khi cn c
vo s hiu bit thi ca cng chng hin ti v kin thc v cc vn k thut v
cc ch nh sch. Lnh o a phng cn c cc thng tin khc nhau a ra quyt
n h q un l n c thi sao cho c phn ng cng chng chp nhn. iu ch c
th xy ra khi cc bn lin quan hiu bit y v tnh hnh v c c hi tham gia.

365
 C th bt u qu trnh thit lp h th n g q u n l vi p h n g y t a ph n g hoc
vi cc cng dn c li nhiu nht t vic th it lp th c th qun l. M t thc th qun
l nn phc v dn chng trong ton khu vc hay m t p h n tro n g k h u vc.
Q u y trnh qun l phc tp hom s c th lm tng chi ph. C h s h u h th n g chi
ph thp c th phi tr ha n hng thng g i n g n h cc ch kh c thuc h thng
trong thnh ph. T hm ch nu p dng th u p h n g i s dn g v loi tr cc chi ph
trc tip cho cc i t ng ng thu th cn ch khi xc n h xem ngi dn c b
gin tip nh hng. V d nu thc th qun l l m t th n h p h hay qu n , tt c ngi
dn c th phi chu ri ro chi ph khi thay h th n g h n g do k h n g bo dng tt.
N hu cu th ng rt ln v vic qun l p h c tp h n i vi c hai h thng: x l
ti ch v x l nc thi trong cng ng nh. M c d n h n g h th n g ny bo dng
kh d dng, song cc n ghin cu gn y cho th y cc h th n g n y th n g khr.g
c bo d ng tt. Q uy trn h qun l t t h n s to th u n li cho m r n g s dn g cc
la chn cng ngh phc tp. C ng c th c m t s th c th q u n l p h thuc vo nhu
cu v m ong m un ca qun hoc cng ng a p h ng.
Q un l cc h thng c s h tng nh h th n g cp n c sin h h o t, nc thi, nc
m a, h thng thot nc v bo v lu vc sng g i vai tr q u an tr n g trong th mnh
ca nn kinh t v sc khe cng ng bng cch m bo nc sch an ton cho ngi
dn, cc doanh nghip v cc ngnh cng nghip. C s h tng k h n g ch bao gm cu
trc vt th v d nh ng ng dn nc, th o t n c, h th n g n c thi tp trung tai
ch, cc nh m y x l nc thi m cn l cc b in p h p phi v t th nh thc hnh
qun l tt nht, bo v ngun nc n h sui, h, n c ngm , n c m ly. C s h
tng c th do th c th cng, t nhn, v li n h u n h o c p h i li nh u n , nh u t s

hu. C c thc th a ph ng c th l cng, n h u t t n h n , v li nhun hoc p ti

li nhun.
C ng chng th ng gim st nhng vn ch yu c a c s h tng cho n khi
xy ra nhng s kin nh hng ng ng dn n c, nc ch a x l chy vo ng
dn nc. M c d chuyn ny lp li nhiu ln, th u h t s ch c a q u n chng song
nhiu quan chc a phng vn do d tng p h s d n g bo d ng, phc hi \
nng cp c s h tng. S do d ny vn tip din m c d c chng c cho thy cng
chng rt thin ch tr tin c dng nc sch, v d n h nc ng chai c nhii
ngi m ua hn (nc ng chai t hn nc m y). K t qu, gi c v chi ph vo c s h
tng hu nh k h ng phn nh s th t v chi ph cu n g cp n c sch v an ton.
X y dng k h nng k thut, ti chnh v q u n l m c a p h n g , cng c hn
tc qun l v k hoch gi a cc cp chnh q u y n , xc n h n h u cu , n g u n ti chnh v
s thm ht ti chnh cho c s h tng c coi l v n ch in lc.
N hiu khi, vic xy dng m i v thay th, p h c h i v bo d n g c s h tng tr n
yu vn b nh h on dn n c s h tng b x u n g cp. n g th i, n h u cu m t c sr

366
h tng m i tro n g cc kh u vc ang pht trin vt q u kh nng hin c. v n
thm trm trng khi phi tng ph p ng cc quy nh mi nhm gim cht nhim, k
hoch khng hp l v xu hng ca chnh ph u t t hn vo c s h tng.
Cc h thng th n g m i nh v cc ch s hu ti sn khu vc nng thn khng
c phc v cp th o t nc cng phi c trch nhim v cn phi gi gn cc c s h
tng t nhn phc v cp nc v x l nc thi. Cc h thng t v phn tn ny i
din cho m t thch th c khc i vi chnh quyn a ph ng tro n g vic gim st, duy
tr v m bo vic tun th. X c nh cc thch thc v c s h tng rt quan trng
nhm m bo n g u n nc sch v sc kho cng ng v tip tc pht trin kinh t
thng qua qun l bn v ng ngun nc.
M c tiu hng u c a v ic x l nc thi l bo v sc k h e cng ng v m i
tr ng nc. C h n h quyn thnh ph v quc gia ci th in cht lng nc rt nhiu
bng vic qun l t t v vn hnh tt cc thit b x l nc thi. C hi ph tng v nhu
cu nng cp n h m y l m t thch thc chnh c c dch v t t nht, gi c n
nh, ngi dn vui v khi c cc thit b x l nc thi do cng chng qun l. Tuy
cc thit b x l nc thi ny chim v tr quan trng trn th tr n g song cc cng ty
t nhn cng rt tch cc tm kim c hi a ra cc la chn qun l cc c s vt cht
x l nc thi a ph ng theo hn h thc t nhn. Cc cng ng trn khp th gii
kt hp c vic qun l cc th it b x l nc thi di h n h thc t nhn. H ot ng
ny c gim st th n g qua cc iu khon v iu kin trong hp ng dch v c
lp ra i vi m i quan h th ng mi.

13.5. C QUAN IU TIT

13.5.1. Trch nhim ca c quan iu tit

N gi qun l ch ng trnh x l nc thi ti ch cn bit r nhng trch nhim

php l ca c q u an iu tit c nh h ng n qu trnh thc hin chng trnh. Cc
trch nhim php l c nu r trong lut ca a phng, cc quy ch, b lut ca a
phng, lut s dng t v cc yu cu lp k hoch. Cc c ch php l khc nh hp
ng ch ia nh, h p ng c nhn v cc quy nh ca hip hi ch s hu nh c th
nh h ng n v ic qun l ch ng trnh. Theo quyn thc thi p h p lut, cc c quan
hp php khng lin quan tr c tip n chng trnh x l ti ch v cc c quan v d
nh qun l v lut vi phm trt t cng cng, v tiu chun cht lng nc v lut sc
khe c n g ng c th rt h u ch tro n g qu trnh thc hin ch ng trnh. V d tnh
hung c quan sc khe cng ng chu trch nhim bo v sc khe con ngi v
p h ng chng vi p h m trt t cng cng c xem l thm quyn yu cu thay i
hoc tran g b m i cho nh ng h thng b r r b m t hoc pht thi ra ngoi.
G ii hn quyn lc c trao cho c quan iu tit l quyt nh trch nhim v m c
ti chnh cho hot ng v cc nhu cu thit yu c nhn c th thc hin c cc

367
chc nng.T heo quyn thc thi lut php, quyn lc c phn ch o m t s chi nhinh
iu tit thc thi cc hot ng.
Trong tr ng hp , cc t
Cc nhim v ca c quan iu tit
chc lin quan nn c quyn
Pht trin v thc hin cc chnh sch v quy ch;
thc hin tt c cc hot ng
m bo tnh lin tc trong qun l;
cn thit v nn phi hp cc Cng co cc quy ch v cc yu cu ca chng trnh
hot ng trnh xy ra cc bng chnh sch khuyn khch hoc pht;
Chi o nh gi v tr xy dng v khu vc;
khong trng trong chng Yu cu cc nh cung cp xut trnh chng ch hoc giy
trnh, s d th a v thiu hiu php;
Gim st qu trnh xt duyt v ph chun thit k
qu. T rong m t s trng hp
h thng;
c quan iu ti t c th trao Cp giy php lp t v hot ng;
m t s trch nhim cho thc Gim st xy dng h thong;
nh gi cht lng thanh tra v gim st;
th qun l khng ton din. Kim tra v gim st h thng v ngun tip nhn;
K hi ton b trch nhim c Ti tr chng trnh qua ngun kinhph ring;
Thu ph dch v chng trnh qun l (v d cp php,
giao cho thc th qun l c
thanh tra);
trch nhim , c quan iu tit Ho tr ti chnh hoc chia s chi ph;
nn nm vai tr gim st v Ti tr hoc nhn ti tr;
Pht trin hoc ph bin cc ti liu gio dc;
hng dn chp hnh php lut o to nh cung cp v nhn vin;
nhm m bo p h hp vi cc Tin hnh cc chng trnh gio dc cng ng v tham
gia ca cng ng;
yu cu php l, hot ng v
Thu, o to v lu gi cc nhn vin c cht lng.
cc yu cu khc.
M i chnh quyn a phng c m t c cu t chc ring q un l h thng x l
nc thi ti ch da theo nhu cu, nhn thc v thc trng. iu cc k quan trng l
cc quy ch hay b lut phi cho php c quan iu tit v thc th q u n l k h ng ton
din trin khai m t cu trc t chc c to n quyn thc h in cc c h n g trnh iu tit
v k thut th ch hrp. c n c bn nh g i ch n h xc quyn, kh n n g cc m c v
phm vi khc nhau xc nh quyn, phm vi hot ng ca c q u a n iu tit v thc
th qun l khng ton din cng n h l trn h qun l. V ic li ko s th am gia ca cc
t chc y t cng ng, cc nhm m i tr ng, cc c quan pht trin k in h t, cc thc
th chnh tr v cc i tng khc vo q u trnh ny c th m bo rng gii hn v
phm vi hnh ng ca m t chng trnh qun l ti ch c hiu r v c ng h.
T rong m t s tr ng hp cc chnh sch h ay quy nh m i ca nh n c phi c thc
thi cng nhn cc thc th qun l khng ton d in ti ch.

13.5.2. Cp chng ch v cp php cho nh cung cp dch v v nhn vin

chng trnh

V ic cp chng chi v cp php cho nhng nh cung cp dch v n h ngi thu gom
ph thi, nh thit k, ngi lp t v nhn vin bo dng c th gip m bo hiu
qu, tnh chp php ca chng trnh qun l v gim gnh nng h n h chnh cho c

368
quan iu tit. y cng l m t bin php hiu qu m bo tnh ch u y n nghip cao v
kinh nghim cn th i t th c hin cc cng vic ny.
C q u a n i u t i t n n x y d n g c c t i u c h t i t h i u t r o n g c p p h p / c p c h n g c h

c h o t t c c c n h c u n g c p d c h v n h m b o v s c k h e c n g n g v c h t l n g

ngun nc.

13.6. CC B PHN CA CHNG TRNH QUN L

Pht trin v th c hin chng trnh qun l x l nc thi h iu q u i hi s tip

cn c tnh h th n g xc nh cc b phn cn thit ca ch ng trnh. N hng thay
i v b sung vo ch ng trnh qun l nn da trn nhng nh gi v chng trnh
quyt nh xem ch n g trnh c quyn hp php, ti ch n h v k h nng qun l
iu hnh c hai h thng (hin ti v m i), c p ng vi thay i nhng u tin v
sc khe cng n g v m i trng cng nh nhng tin b ca c n g ngh.
Cc b phn ch n g trnh qun l c m t trong phn iip theo rt ph bin trong
cc chng trnh qun l ton din.

13.6.1. t cc m c tiu cho chu'0'ng trnh qun l nc thi

pht trin v thc hin m t chng trnh qun l t t tr c h t cn thit lp cc

m c tiu ca ch n g trnh. M c tiu chng trnh cn da trn c s cc yu t sc
khe cng ng, m i tr ng, c quan v m i quan tm ca c n g ng. K h nng ti
chnh, nng lc c a c quan, nhu cu bo v ngi tiu dng v li ch ca h thng
tc ng n s l a chn m c tiu chng trnh. M t hoc m t vi thc th chu trch
nhim v bo v sc khe cng ng v m i trng v d nh cc c quan cht lng
nc v sc khe cng ng c th quyt nh cc mc tiu. V ic p h t trin m c tiu
ngn hn v di hn c th cn n s hp tc gia cc thc th ny. C c c quan hoch
nh v pht trin cng ng cng nh ngi dn nn gi vai tr gip quyt nh
cc m c tiu hp l.
Theo thng l, cc m c tiu chnh ca hu ht cc chng trnh qun l cn hng ti:

G i m n g u y c i v i s c k h e c n g n g
G im nguy c i vi sc khe do tc ng c a cc ch t nhim t h thng
nc thi tro n g nh;
Phng ch n g nhim nc dng v nc ngm do cc m m bnh, nitrat, v cc
cht c hi g y nn;
P h n g c h n g n h i m n c m t d o c c m m b n h , t h c n ( c h t d i n h d n g ) , v

cc cht c hi;
B o v cc khu vc trng trt v vng sinh sng ca cc loi c khi nhim do
m m b n h v c c h i n t n g p h d n g ;

P h n g c h n g x n c t h i v o t t r n b m t t n h m t r n h t i p x c t r c t i p ;

369
 G im thiu nguy c t vic ti s dng n c thi cha c x l trit phc
v cc nhu cu cp nc sinh hot, ti tiu v cc m c ch khc;
G im thiu nguy c t vic qun l khng t t bn cn cc b t hoi;
G im thiu nguy c do cng ng tip cn cc b phn ca h thng.
Gim thiu cc phin nhiu cng ng
G im thiu m i v v ting n gy ra t cc th it b, cng trn h trong q u trnh
x l;
G im thiu ting n v m i hoc cc p h in n hiu khc tro n g v n chuyn, ti s
dng hay ph t thi cc cht thi d tha.

B o v m i tr n g
Phng chng v gim cc tc ng c hi cho n g un nc do x cc ch t g y
nhim vo h thng ti ch;
P hng chng v gim cc cht dinh d ng gy hin t n g p h d ng trong
ngun nc m t;
B o v cc vng sinh vt v ni c tr c a cc loi thy sinh.
C ung cp h thng XLNT c hiu qu kinh t v cc chng trnh qun l
G n y, ngi ta ch nhiu hn n vic phng chng s x u n g cp cht lng
nc ngm v nc m t c lin quan n h th n g x l nc thi ti ch v cc tc
ng n ni sinh sng ca cc loi th y sinh. M c tiu c a chng trn h c m
rng nhm gii quyt cc vn dinh dng, cc cht c hi v cc vn sc khe
cng ng k c cc m m bnh, v n tn g d inh d ng do nc thi ti ch g y ra
lo ngi bi n dn ti vic to sinh tr ng qu m nh v gim lng x y ho tan tng
nc m t, c bit l cc vng nc km lu th n g n h h, vnh hay ca sng. V ic
x cc cht c hi vo h thng x l v dn dn vo ngun n c ngm ang ngy
c nhiu ngi quan tm , c bit hin nay cc n v thng m i n h trm xng du
v trm y t th ng dng h thng x l phn tn ti ch. C c tc n g tim n t m m
b n h p h t r a t h t h n g x l n c t h i t i c h t i c c l n g n u i t r n g t h y s n v c c

hot ng gii tr cng khin cc n h qun l chng trn h h th n g x l nc thi

ti ch phi iu chnh m c tiu bo v cc n g u n nc ny.
T x a n n a y , t r o n g c c p h m v i t h c h i n p h p l , c q u a n y t c n g n g c v a i

tr hng u trong vic t ra m c tiu chng trnh. D o khng c ti liu no ghi li

cc vn v sc khe do nhng h th n g ti ch gy ra nn m t s c quan y t cng
ng ch duy tr cc chng trnh qun l ti ch m c m bo cho cng ng khng
t i p x c t r c t i p v i c h t t h i h o c k h n g c h u n h h n g x u d o n g u n n c g y r a

n h cc bnh do vi khun, ha cht n h hi ch ng tr d a xanh . V ic c cc phng

p h p v c n g n g h n h g i v g i m s t t i n t i n h o n c n g n h h i u b i t h n v n c

n g m v n c m t n n g c a o t h c b o v c h t l n g n c v m i t r n g s n g d i

nc. K t qu l rt nhiu bang v a phng, cc c quan bo v cht lng nc

370
 tham g ia nhiu h n vo vic thit lp cc m c tiu chng trn h x l nc thi ti
c h v q u n l c c c h n g t r n h .

Tuy nhin, m t s c quan v cht lng nc thiu qu y n trc tip hoc trch
nhim kim sot cc h thng ti ch. S thiu quyn lc ny d n n nhu cu hp tc
v t ra nhng m c ti u chung gia cc c quan y t c cng q u y n hn. N u khng
tnh n c quan no c quyn hp php qun l cc h thng ti ch th c th nhn ra
rng nhim v ca ch ng trnh qun l cn bao hm c hai m c tiu cht lng nc
v sc khe cng ng. t c cc m c tiu trn cn c m t cch tip cn c tnh
bc n g o t ton din m i c th hon thnh c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh. Hp
tc vi cc c q u an v cc thc th khc nhau l rt cn thit c th kt hp vic
hoch nh, bo v sc khe cng ng v bo v lu vc sng m t cch ti u nht.

13.6.2. Q u y h o c h to n d in

H och nh ton din c ba phn vic quan trng: (1) thit lp v thc hin m t thc
th qun l; (2) thit lp cc qu trnh quy hoch bn trong cho thc th qun l; (3) hp tc
v tham gia vo qu trnh quy hoch s dng t tng th hn. Q u y hoch tng th cung
cp m t c ch m bo cho chng trnh c thng tin cn thit hot ng tt.
C ng cn phi m bo rng cc vn qun l ti ch c k t h p trong c quyt
nh v tng tr n g v p ht trin trong tng lai. M t chng trn h qun l nc thi ti
ch hiu qu nn c th hin trong qu trinh quy hoch s d n g t c th t
c cc m c tiu c a chng trnh v tr gip cc nh quy h o ch trnh c hn ch
ca k hoch tro n g qu kh.
y l nhng vn cn nghin cu c bit quan trng i vi nh ng khu vc h
thng x l nc thi tp trung ang c cn nhc la chn lm gii php thay th cc
h thng phn tn. K hoch tng th v quy hoch s dng t c quan h cht ch vi
n h a u : k h o c h t n g t h d n n p h t t r i n c c c h n h s c h v h n g d n h p l , q u y

hoch s dng t cung cp khung iu lut chi tit thc h in k hoch tng th.
H o n achefsky (2 000) trnh by m t bn tng kt cc qu trnh q u y hoch ton din t
gc sinh thi. N hn chung, k hoch ton din c th vch ra cc m c tiu bo v mi
trng rng ln cho cng ng v bn quy nh quy hoch vng c th:
C t h h a c c y u c u t h c h i n x l n c t h i t i c h h o c p h n t n t i c c v n g

khng c h thng thot nc;

G i i h n h a y n g n c h n p h t t r i n t r n c c v n g t c n g u n n c c b i t h a y

n h n g v n g t r n g y u ;

K h u y n k h c h s p h t t r i n t h h a t i c c k h u v c c q u y h o c h t h o t n c ;

N ghin cu cc yu t nh m t h thng, ti lng thy lc v ti lng cht

nhim , vng ln cn vi cc thy vc, iu kin t v a ch t thy vn, cht lng
v lng n c khi quyt nh quy hoch;
Khi phc cc ngun b h hi.

371
 V ic kt hp k hoch
C c phn vic trong chirong trnh quy hoch tng th
tng th v chng trnh
Xc nh ranh gii chng trnh qun l;
quy hoch vi vic qun La chn cc thc th qun l;
l chng trnh nc thi Thit lp mc tiu bo v mi trng v sc khe con ngi;
ti ch c th to ra mt Thnh lp mt i lp k hoch bao gm cc thnh vin trong
ban qun v cc co ng a phong;
nn tng vng chc hn
Xc nh cc ngun v cc i tc trong v ngoi hoch nh;
xc nh v yu cu Thu thp thng tin v t, a th\ lng ma, cht lng nc
mc x l thch hp i trong khu vc;
vi cc khu vc ring, Xc nh cc vng sinh thi trng im, cc khu vc gii tr v
cc vng cn bo v nc;
khu vc lu vc sng v
1 Xc nh cc c trng v p s phi trin trong qu kh,
ln cn lu vc sng. ! hin ti v tng lai nh my x l nc thi;
Cch tip cn kt hp cho Hp tc vi cc c quan ph trch nc thi a phng nhm
php gim c chng xc nh cc khu vc dch v hin ti v trong tng lai, xc
nh kh nng tip nhn cht thi ca nh my x ;
trnh qun l c c h Xc nh cc van trong vn bn v cc khu vc c nguy c
thng hin hnh v h tro n g l n g lai;
thng ti ch mi. C u tin v tp trung vo cc vng c van cn gi quyt
ngay hoc gii quyt trong tng lai;
quan y t a phng chu
Phi trin cc yu cu thc hin v cc chin c gii quyt
trch nhim qun l cc vn h i n t i v tim n;
chng trnh theo b lut. \ Thc hin chin c, gim st tin v thay oi chin lc
Phi hp qun l nc nu cn.

thi ti ch vi cc hot
ng hoch nh v quy hoch c th m bo rng cc gi thu c ch nh cho pht
trin l c c s vi mc thc hin nht nh ca h thng ti ch trong lu ti cc
phn tch v c im v tr xy dng v mc phn ti cc cht thi.
e t chc tt hn qu trnh phn tch ny, mt s chng trnh qun l chn nhng
vng i hi cng ngh v chin lc qun l c th bo v cc ngun mi trng trng
yu. Nhng vng ny c th da trn loi t, a hnh, a cht, thy vn v cc c im
khc. Trong cc vng ny, c quan iu tit c th c quyn nh r mt h thng ti
a, cc yu cu thit k h thng, cc yu cu thc hin v bo dng / vn hnh.
Cc thay i ni ti trong mc ch chng trnh, dn s hc v cc tin b cng
ngh cn c thng tin v phi hp nhm m bo hon thnh mc tiu ngn hn v di
hn ca chng trnh. Rt nhiu bin ng nh hng n qu trnh hoch nh ni ti
chng hn nh cc yu t v v tr v cc loi h thng x l trong khu vc, cu trc t
chc hin ti v tng lai ca thc th qun l v ngun ti chnh cho pht trin v thc
hin chng trnh.

13.6.3. Xc nh cc tiu chun thit k h thng v qu trnh ph chun

Cc yu cu thc hin i vi h thng ti ch c th chia thnh hai nhm chnh -

cc yu cu bng s v cc tiu ch bng li vn. Cc yu cu bng s t ra gii hn ti

372
lng hoc mc tp trung c th nh lng c ca cc cht gy nhim c th
(v d nit, mm bnh). Cc yu cu bng li vn m t cc kha cnh nh tnh c th
chp nhn c ca nc thi. Yu cu bng s v d nh cc h thng b t hoi ti
khu vc mi trng nhy cm ch cho php pht thi khng qu 2,3 kg nit/nm, hoc
nng nit trong nc thi khng qu lOmg/L. Mt s ch tiu gii hn thng yu
cu i vi nh my x l nc thi nh sau:

Trc khun trong phn (du hiu ca mm bnh);

Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD);

Nit (tng cc dng v d nh hu c, amnic, nitrit, nitrat);

Phtpho (i vi nc mt);

Cc thng s gy kh chu (v d: mi, mu).

Theo cch tip cn da trn hot ng, cc yu cu hot ng, iu kin v tr xy
dng v cc thng tin v tnh cht nc thi quyt nh s la chn cng ngh ti mi
a im. Vi cc cng ngh c th nghim trn phm vi rng v trng d liu ln,
c quan qun l c th t ra cc yu cu v hot ng nh loi h thng, kch c h
thng, cch xy dng, vt liu xy dng, cc iu kin v v tr c th chp nhn c v
cc yu cu v v tr xy dng. Ti thiu, cn xem xt cc tiu ch thit k h thng sau:

c tnh nc thi v lu lng dng chy;

iu kin v tr xy dng (v d nh t, a cht, nc ngm, nc mt, a hnh,

cu trc, cc ch gii ring ...);

Cng sut ca h thng da trn lu lng dng chy trung bnh ngy v cao nht
theo tnh ton;

V tr ca cc thng cha v cc ph tng;

Kch c cng trnh x l v vt liu xy dng;

Cc phng n x l trit nc thi v cch b tr;

Cc yu cu v kch thc v vt liu ca bi lc hp th;

Cc yu cu v vng t hp th thay th;
Kch c v cc c im ca h thng ng ng;
Khong cch ly an ton;
Cc yu cu vn hnh v bo dng (ni t ng x nc, cn nhc v an ton, cc
im gim st);

Yu cu v tin nghi cho vic quan trc, gim st.

37 3
 13.6.4. Cc yu cu xy dng v lp t

Chng trnh qun l xy dng tng th s m bo vic xy dng theo ng thit

k v cc tiu ch k thut. Nu h thng khng c xy dng v lp t ng cch th
kh c th t hiu qu hot ng nh d nh.
V d nu cu trc t
t nhin khng c bo v I C c phn vic trong chng trnh gim st xy dng

trong qu trnh lp t (nu Thit lp cc (h tc nh gi v tr xy dng v thit k h

\ thng;
cc thit b nn t qu
I Xc nh trnh v o to ngi thit k h thng v
cht) kh nng thm thu ngi lp t;
ca t s gim, do lm Xy dng chng trnh cp chng ch v cp php cho ngi
tng ti lng thy lc I thit k h thng v ngi lp t;
[USEPA, 198(3]. Vic xy Xy dng v h thng ha cc yu cu gim st;
I Pht trin qu trnh cp chng ch cho vic gim st v ph
dng nn tun theo k
chun h thng p t;
hoch c duyt v s To c hi o to cho nh cung cp dch v nu cn thit.
dng cc phng php, vt
liu v thit b ph hp. Neu cn nn c c cu thm nh vic thc hin so vi cc yu
cu, bao gm xem xt li cc th tc nh gi v tr xy dng, cc kt qu v qu trnh
thanh tra h thng trong v sau khi lp t trc khi phn loi cui cng. Bn nh gi
nn bao gm:
Hp trc khi thit k vi nh thit k, ch s hu v nh thu;
Hp trc khi xy dng vi nh thit k, ch s hu v nh thu;
Kim tra v tr xy dng v khoanh cc tng khu vc trong h thng;
Thanh tra trong v sau xy dng;
Cp php hot ng h thng.
Nn c thanh tra gim st xy dng trong mt s giai on xy dng nhm m bao
cc yu cu c tun th. Thanh tra gim st xy dng c la chn (phi c chr.g
ch hoc bng) thng l ngi thit k h thng, nn gim st qu trnh lp t v xc
nhn vic c thc hin tt.
13.6.5. Cc yu cu bo dng v vn hnh

Mt nhc im trong cc chng trnh qun l h thng x l nc thi hin nay

khng m bo qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng h thng lp t. C mt s ca
quan gim st hin nay tin hnh thanh tra cc hot ng c bn ca h thng, tuy
nhin, cn rt nhiu yu t vn hnh khc cn c quan trc thng xuyn nh tnh
trng ca cc b cha nc thi, lp thi gian biu cho vic bm nc, bo m s phi
b dng chy c hon ho, kim tra my bom v cc cng tc ni, cc thit b thn
thu b tc nghn v cc cng vic bo dng khc. Cc khiu ni ch c thng b)
chnh thc theo b lut hin hnh, c n thc hin cc chng trnh thanh tra v cc

374
chng trnh khc nhm gip gim nguy c hng hc h thng, gim chi ph u t lu
di, gim nguy c nhim nc mt v nc ngm [Eliasson v cc cs., 2001; B Y t
Washington, 1994].
C nhiu cc phng n thc hin cc chng trinh bo dng v vn hnh, bao
gm cc chng trnh t nguyn (ch u t c o to chu trch nhim vn hnh v
bo dng h thng ca h); cc chng trnh phc tp hn v tt nht l cc chng
trnh do c quan qun l c trch nhim la chn v qun l. Nhn chung vic bo
dng t nguyn ch ph hp vi h thng khng c tnh cht c kh v t nhng
khu vc c mt dn s thp. Cng tc qun l cn c tng cng i vi nhng h
thng phc tp hn hoc cc _________________________________________________
ngun cn bo v i hi mc C c yu
T~,77 I . . . - 77 . . 1 ]
t trong chng trnh vn hnh, bo dirng
C c yu t trong cnuong trnh vn hnh, bo dirng I
n to an c a o h n . y
v qun l cc cht tn d

Can bao ng cho cac chu I m hng dn v chng trnh cho php vn
Xy dng cc hng
S hu v cc nh cung cp I 1 hnh
hnhva
vbao
bodng
dngh
hthng;
thng; I
dich v v nguy c h thng IIPht
Phttrin
trinh
hthong boco
thngbo cocc
cchot
hotng
ngbo
bodng
dngv
v
vn hnh;
hoat ng sai chc nng. I v^n hanh , I
X . II
Trao oi thng tin
i thng tin bo
bo dng,
dng, vvn
n hnh
h n h v nhc
n h c nh
n h cc
cc
lm n gin vic truyn tin I 1 ch chh hthong-
thng; I
bo ng, mt s nh sn xut IPht Phttrin
trinchng
chngtrnh
trnhthanh
thanh tra vthmthamtratrathc
thcthi;
thi; ;
pht trin nhng h thng Xy Xy dng
dngcc cc chng
chngtrnh
trnh cp
cp chng
chngchi/ch/bng
bngcho cho cc
cc ;
kim sot, X l, gim st t xa nhcung
nh cungcp cpdch
dchv;
v; s ^ I
, ,, ,
Sp xp cc c hi o to nu cn thit;
v thng bo cc trc trc cho T ' ' , , , , '1 . ,, , ,
. XXy
y dng
dngcc ccthu
thtc
tcthng
thngbo
bovvhnh
hnhng
ngkhi
khimthch hp;
ch hp;
cac ky thut vien bang cach \' Thit lp h thng bo co v nhc nh
Thit p h thng bo co v nhc nh qu trnh gim qu trnh gim
nhn tin, qua Internet. Ngy st
sthh thng;
thong;
nay giao thc v tuyn, my ! Xy\ Xy dng cc yu cu qun l cht cht thi v bo co s s
tnh, in thoi di ng v cc i\ dng v pht
(lng v phat thai.thi.

tr gip c nhn dng k thut .......................... - ......... ..........- ............ .......... ................... J
s c pht trin gip ngi qun l h thng c th gim st v nh gi ng thi
nhiu h thng [Navvathe, 2 0 0 0 ], hon na cn tng cng s tp trung cng c qu trnh
qun l cc h thng x l nc thi ti nhng ni xa. Nhng cng c gip tit kim
chi ph i li v thi gian thanh tra, tp trung nhn s vo cc h thng i hi thng
xuyn ch v bo dng. Cc thit b o t xa ti a im x l c iu khin hot
ng thng qua cc ng dy in thoi c sn hoc chuyn dng. Nhng h thng
gip cho cc nh iu hnh h thng c th iu chnh chu trnh bm, thi gian bom,
hn gi v cc chu trnh bm [Stephens, 2000].
Mt s c quan qun l c cc chng trnh ton din hp php ch yu bao qut
vic gia hn giy php hot ng, vic thanh tra bt buc hoc cng khai (khai bo /
thanh tra) da trn cc giao dch hoc gim st nh k do cc thanh tra c giy php
hnh ngh. Cc giy php hot ng c gia hn c th buc cc ch h thng phi k
hp ng vi nh thu bo dng c chng nhn hoc phi chng minh c rng mnh

375
 tin hnh y cc th tc bo dng v gim st nh k. Bn bn ti sn c th b;
yu cu phi cng khai hoc thm tra hot ng ca h thng (v d bin bn khai bo
thanh tra ca c quan thanh tra a phng hoc c quan thanh tra hu trch khc) trc
khi vic mua bn din ra. ng c ti chnh thng thc y s tun th v c th l
nhng khon tin pht nh do hot ng bo dng km cng c th l nh ch vic
bn nh nu nh h thng x l nc thi khng m bo hot ng tt. Ph thanh tre
cng l mt ngun kinh ph cho cc chng trnh nh vy. Cc bn cho thu c th nh
hng ti vic p dng bin php cng quyt hn, yu cu phi thanh tra h thng
trc khi cho php tin hnh cho thu ti sn. mt s ni, vic thanh tra din ra cng
lc vi cc giao dch v ti sn kh ph bin d khng c cc quy nh bt buc. Hot
ng ny gn lin vi hot ng cho vay v cc chnh sch bo ton ti sn ca cc
ngn hng a phng v cc t chc cho vay.
C quan iu tit nn bit rng nu vic thanh tra ph thuc vo cc nh thu c th
dn ti k h. Vic chuyn i ti sn khng c c quan php l tham gia cng c th
din ra m khng c thanh tra. Ngoi ra, t nhn c th t thanh tra ri bo co cho bn
thu, cc thanh tra c th khng cn c cng trch nhim gii trnh. C quan iu tit
nn tin hnh thanh tra nh k h thng da trn tui th ca h thng, mc phc
tp ca h thng v thay i ch s hu.
Cc k hoch qun l h thng x l ti ch phi c thng tin v bin php bo
dng h thng ph hp vi cc tiu chun c thit k v ph chun. Bt k h
thng mi hay ang hot ng no m khng c bo dng theo k hoch c
ph chun c th gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cn c ci to. Cc yu
cu bo dng c c th ha trong cc quy tc, v d nh cc b t hoi phi c
bm ht khi bn v cc cht cn b chim 1/3 dung tch b.

13.6.6. Cc yu cu qun l ph thi

Mc tiu hng u trong qun l cht ph thi l thit lp th tc v cc quy nh

kim sot v pht thi cht ph thi ca h thng x l nc thi nhm bo v sc khe
cng ng v mi trng. Nhng cht ny c th l bn thi t cc b t hoi hoc cc
sn phm ph trong qu trnh x l. Lp k hoch cho chng trnh cn c kin thc
php l v iu tit vic qun l v pht thi.
Theo quy nh, cc hn ch thc t nh t sn c, iu kin v tr xy dng, cc yu
cu v vng m, khong cch vn chuyn, ph nhin liu v ph nhn cng ng vai tr
chnh trong nh gi cc phng n pht thi / ti s dng bn thi. Vic chn la ny
thng thc hin theo ba loi c bn: s dng t, x l ti nh my x l nc thi v
x l ti nh my x l bn thi c bit.
Cc bc ban u trong qu trnh a ra quyt nh vic pht thi / ti s dng bn
thi l xc nh c tnh ca bn thi v xc nh cc tc ng bt li tim n ca vic

376
pht thi / ti s dng. Nhn chung cc nh qun l ca chng trnh thng c gng
gim thiu cc nh hng ca cc ha cht c hi hoc c tim n c t cng nh cc
sinh vt mang mm bnh c trong cht thi i vi con ngi, ng vt, nc ngm v
h sinh thi. Cc mng then cht khc trong chng trnh qun l bn thi bao gm vic
theo di hoc k khai cc h thong trong xc nh cc ngun cht thi,- thit b vn
ti, ch vn chuyn, phng php x l cng nh cc quy trnh kim sot vic tip xc
ca con ngi vi cc cht thi, k c kim sot cc sinh vt mang mm bnh, qun l
nc ma v hn ch vic ra vo cc khu vc chn lp.

13.6.7. Chng trnh o to v gio dc dnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v v

nhn vin ca chng trnh

Cc c nhn v t chc qun l h thng ti ch, c quan iu tit, thc th qun l

c trch nhim cng i ng cung cp dch v phi c trnh o to v kinh nghim
nht nh c th m ng cc trch nhim cng nh tin hnh cc hot ng cn
thit. Cc chng trnh chuyn nghip ch yu l c ch nhm m bo nng lc ca
i ng cn b ni trn. Cc chng trnh ny thng bao gm vic cp giy chng
nhn hay chng ch da trn cc kha o to bt buc, nh gi kin thc, k nng,
nh gi v chuyn mn, kinh nghim, v nng lc. Hu ht cc chng trnh cp
chng ch u yu cu qu trnh o to lin tc thng qua cc hi tho c gii thiu
hoc bt buc ti nhng thi im c th.
Cc chng
trnh cp chng ch
C c yu t ca chng trnh thanh tra v gim st
cho thanh tra,
Xc tin/duy tr vic nh gi tt c cc h ihong trong khu vcph trch
chuyn vin lp (v d: a im, la tui, ch shii, loi, quy m);
my, nhn vin v I Ln k hoch, thit lp cc (hng sv qy rnh phc v cng (c thanh
sinh m bo cho 1 tra h thng;.
Quy nh trnh bt buc i vi cc thanh tra v i nggimst;
cc h thng c
I m bo c hi o o cho tt c i ng cn b v cc i tng cung
lp t v bo tr I cp dch v;
ng cch. Bt c 1 Lp chng trnh cp chng ch/giy chng nhn cho i ngu thanh tra;
vi phm no i Xc tin chng rnh thanh tra (v d thanh tra v ch s hu, thanh tra
vi cc yu cu ca \ i ng cn b, thanh tra nh thu, V. V...);
I Lp cc iu khon tmthi vquyn thanh tra hoc gimsi;
chng trinh cng
I Pho bin chi tit chng trnh thanh tra cng nh cc khoch hot ng
c th dn ti vic t i cc ch h thong;
s b thu hi giy \ Thit lp h thng bo co v csdu cho chng trnh thanh tra v
chng nhn v b gim st;

tc quyn lp t Xc p vicgimst nc ngmv nc mt hin c trong khu vc ng

I thi xc nh vicgimst bsung nu cn.
hay vn hnh cc
h thng ti ch.

377
Phng php c s lin kt gia tnh chuyn nghip vi cc chnh sch khuyn khch v
kinh t ny c bit hiu qu trong vic duy tr s tun th cc quy nh i vi nhng
chng trnh x l ti ch. Cc chng trnh chi n thun ng k cc nh cung cp dch
v hoc khng th thit lp c cc bin php x l i vi nhng i tng hot ng
km cht lng s khng p ng c cc yu cu v c chuyn mn ln k thut.
Mt s chng trnh cp php v chng ch i vi vic thc thi cc quy nh cng
nh nh gi cht lng thc hin i hi trnh hc vn cao hn. Cc kha o to
thng xuyn cng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo tnh hiu qu ca cc
chuyn gia nh gi, th k, nhng ngi lp giy php, cc nh thit k cng nh i
ng cung cp dch v khc.

13.6.8. Cc chng trnh thanh tra v gim st nhm xc m inh v nh gi hot

ng ca h thng

Cng tc thanh tra nh k phi c tin hnh tm hiu tnh hiu qu ca h

thng. Cch thc v tn sut thanh tra ph thuc vo quy m ca khu vc, iu kin
thc a, tnh nhy cm ca cc ngun lc, tnh phc tp v s lng h thng cng nh
ngun lc con ngi ca c quan iu tit hoc c quan qun l c trch nghim. Cc
c quan iu tit phi m bo tun th ng theo cc quy trnh.
Cng tc thanh tra theo k hoch trong sut giai on mc nc ngm dng cao c
th cho php gim st hiu qu hot ng trong nhng tnh hung xu nht.
Chng trnh thanh tra ti thc a c th c tin hnh di dng mtchr.g
trnh o to dnh cho ch s hu h thng, vi cc cn b iu hnh c chng ch,
hoc mt chng trnh thng k do mt c quan c trch nhim m nhn. C th
nh gi hot ng ca h thng thng qua vic kt hp quan trc bng mt, gim st \
mt vt l, vi khun hc, ho hc v gim st t xa. Chng trnh qun l phi ra ccc
yu cu c th cho vic bo co ln c quan hu trch. Mt chng trnh thanh tri,
gim st, iu hnh v bo dng hiu qu bao gm cc yu t sau:
Khong thi gian c th gia cc k kim tra bt buc (v d: 3 thngmt ln, 2
nm mt ln, hay ti thi im chuyn giao s hu hoc thay i s dng);
C quyn hp php trong vic thanh tra, quan trc cc thnh phn thuc h thng:
Quan trc tng qut ton b hot ng v hiu qu ca h thng phc tp, bao gm
nhng pht hin t xa v cc h hng my mc quan trng;
Quan trc mi trng tip nhn ti nhng ni tun th theo cc tiu chun cho php;
Xem xt vic theo di dng chy (v d cc ghi chp v mc nc);
Loi hnh v tn sut bo dng bt buc i vi mi cng ngh;
Nhn dng, xc nh v phn tch cc hng hc ca h thng;
K hoch sa cha cc h thng cha t yu cu thng qua vic b sung thit !>
hoc nng cp;

378
 L u l i b o c o v c c h th n g k i m t r a , k t q u v c c l u .

Cc chng trnh qun l tng hp thng bao gm c cc chng trnh quan trc
gi vai tr nh mt cch thc hin khng ghp ni gm nh gi k hoch thc a,
thit k, lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v quan trc.
Cc chng trnh quy m hn hng vo cc t chc cho vay nhm phc v cho li
ch ca cc t thanh tra h thng ti thi im chuyn giao ti sn c th l mt
phng php hiu qu nhm pht hin v khc phc cc vn tim n ng thi trnh
c cc bin php cng ch. Nhiu t chc cho vay yu cu phi thanh tra cc h
thng trc khi chp thun vic cho vay bng th chp nh hoc ti sn.

13.6.9. Cc chng trnh hnh ng nhm bc buc tun th, cng ch v x pht

Cc bin php x pht c

,, , .* , , * 4.1 , I C c yu t cua chng trnh x pht
thc hin khi cc h thng x J &, ,
Lp quy trnh bo co v phn hi cc van (v d:
l ti ch gy ra s c hoc I' Lp quy trnh bo co v phn hi cc vn (vi d:
. , * * * , , , , - 1 '; boco
bo co khiu
khiuni
nai,, thanh
thanhtra);
tra);
khng tin hnh bo dng h I
. _ 4. r ______ , , , , I " Xc nh cc cc iu
iu kinkin C u thnh ti
cu ti Vv phm
phmquyquy nh
thng ng quy cch. Vic ny ^ *7
\ ca chng trnh;
m bo p ng cc mc tiu I
X , . LpLp cc
cc quyquytrnh
trnh thanh ira tra cc vn
vn nu v k
v yu cu hoat ng i vi . " '
hochxl;
cc h thng. Gc bin php .
f . * Pht trin
Phi trin mi
mt h
hthng
thongminhminh bach
bch
ra
ra cc
cc thng
thng bo
bo
bt buc tun th v cng ch
\ , v2vic
v
JJ5 r
vic phm, cc
vi phm, cc ' ,1 ,
hay cc
lnh, hay
,, ,
cc hnh
hnh ng khc
ng
.4
khc

s d chp nhn hon i vi II ch ra cc
ch ra cc v
Vphm

phm ..
cc ch s hu h thng v vi L_______________________________________ _ _ _ _ j I
cng ng khi c quan iu tit
minh bch v nht qun vi nhim v ca mnh, vi cc quy nh iu hnh v ph hp
vi vn sc kho cng ng v bo v ngun ti nguyn nc. Chng trnh bt
buc tun th v cng ch x l nc thi ti ch phi da trn cc quy nh hp l v
c c s khoa hc, m bo s cng bng v c tc dng rn e i vi nhng i
tng c khuynh hng vi phm cc iu khon nu trong . Cc quy tc phi c
xy dng vi s tham gia ca cng ng v phi c tuyn truyn dng tm tt hoc
chi tit ti tt c cc i tng c lin quan v nhn dn. Cc chng trnh o to dnh
cho nhng nh cung cp dch v s t hiu qu cao nht nu da trn c s gio dc
cc i tng c lin quan v i ng cn b chuyn trch v cc phng php k thut
cng nh mi trng sinh thi ph hp vi quy nh v trnh c cc bin php cng
ch c th xy ra.
C nhiu loi hnh cng c php lut xy dng v ban hnh cc quy nh i vi
cc h thng ti ch. Cc chng trnh iu tit c th c ban hnh di dng cc sc
lnh hoc cc b lut cp nh nc hoc a phng, hay ch n gin l cc vn bn
hng dn. S y t hoc cc c quan a phng c th iu chnh cc yu cu a ra
trong cc b lut cp nh nc ph hp vi iu kin c th ti a phng mnh.

379
Cc sc lnh ti a phng c tnh cht thc y hiu qu hot ng c th cn c vo
cc hng dn thit k k thut a ra cc yu cu chi tit hn ivi vic thitkv
vn hnh cc h thng. Nhng bin php cng c cc quy nh t ra cho mt chng
trnh qun l bao gm:
Phn hi cc kin khiu ni;
Thanh tra hot ng ca h thng;
Xem xt li cc ti liu yu cu v bo co kt qu;
Ra thng bo v vic vi phm;
Lnh chp hnh v lnh ca to n;
Lng nghe v xt x chnh thc v khng chnh thc;
Xc nh trch nhim dn s v hnh s;
Tuyn pht i vi h thng v / hoc ti sn;
Khc phc s c ti h thng;
Hn ch cc giao dch bt ng sn (v d: th chp);
Ra thng bo x pht hnh chnh hoc pht tin.
Mt s bin php nu trn c th tr nn tn km hoc gy d lun khng tt v em
li t hiu qu nu khng c s ng h ca qun chng. Vic a i tng nm gi th
chp vo trong chng trnh qun l tng qut gip m bo rng cc iu lut s ph
hp vi khu vc qun l v tch cc bo v sc kho con ngi cng nh ngun ti
nguyn nc. S tham gia ca cc i tng nm th chp ni chung s c tc dng tt
hn i vi vic m bo hiu qu hot ng so vi cc bin php trng pht.
Cn c cc thng tin v hot ng ca cc h thng ti ch, iu kin mi trng
cng nh cc bin php qun l ca cc c quan v cc phn tch v xu hng trong
trng hp cc bin php qun l c tng cng. Hu ht cc nc u lp ra cc
chng trnh iu tit v giao trch nhim thc thi cc b lut ny cho cc c quan
a phng.
Mt chng trnh iu tit tp trung vo cc quy nh v hiu qu hot ng thay v
tun th cc quy nh theo mnh lnh s t ra trch nhim ln hn i vi c quan
gim st / cp php, cc nh cung cp dch v (nh gi thc a, thit k, hp ng,
vn hnh) v cc ch s hu h thng. C quan qun l phi thit lpcc chun hiu
qu hot ng ng tin cy v pht trin nng lc suy xt ph duyt cc n thit k
h thng m nh sn xut hoc k s thc s p ng cc yu cu. V ic kim tra hot
.ng ca cc h thng mi xy dng phi c tin hnh thng qua mt chng trnh
thanh tra ph hp. Cc nh cung cp dch v cng phi c tham gia vo chng trnh
ny nhm m bo rng h pht huy mi hiu bit v k nng thit k, lp t v
vn hnh thnh cng h thng x l nc thi theo ng tiu chun t ra. Cui cng,
c quan qun l phi lp c mt quy trnh c th ti to c m bo nh gi
chnh xc v qun l c nhiu cng ngh x l hin i hn.

380
 1 3 .6 .1 0 . T h u t h p s li u , l u h s v b o c o

hot ng c hiu qu, cc c quan qun l nc thi cn c nhiu loi s liu v

cc thng tin thuc bn nhm sau y:
nh gi v m i trng: cc d liu v kh hu, a cht, a hnh, th nhng,
dc, c tnh ca nc ngm, nc mt (bao gm c hng dng chy), thng tin
v tnh hnh s dng t, cc c s h tng (ng x, h thng cp thot, s pht
trin thng mi, v.v);
Lp k hoch: cc d liu v vic pht trin hin ti v xut, cc xut m
rng h thng cp nc v thot nc thi, phn loi theo khu vc, cc xu hng
dn s, thng tin kinh t, v thng tin v cc c quan, thc th c lin quan n cc
vn v x l nc thi ti ch;
Cc h thng hin c: h s v cc nh gi thc a tin hnh cng nhng ghi
chp v tt c cc h thng x l ti ch hin c, cc h thng phn tn, cc nh
my x l nc thi, bao gm thng tin v v tr, s lng h gia nh / c s c
phc v v quy m (v d: nh hng phc v 50 khch, h gia nh c 3 phng
ng), ch s hu h thng v thng tin lin lc, v tr, kiu h thng, thit k v bn
v thc a (bao gm v tr ng bin ca l t, cc ging khai thc v ngun
nc), cc thnh phn ca h thng (v d: b b tng hay bng nha, cc bung
lc, bung lng), cng sut thit k thu lc, hiu qu d kin v cc quy nh km
theo (nu c), ngy lp t, h s bo dng (v d: ln thc hin ht bn gn y
nht, sa cha, cc s c v bin php khc phc, tn ca tt c cc nh cung cp
dch v), cng vi h s pht th i;
C c vn hnh chnh: h s nhn s (tn, trnh hc vn / o to, tiu s
cng tc, chuyn mn, bc lng, tm tt bin bn phng vn), d liu v ti chnh
(li tc, chi ph, cc khon n v dch v cho vay, cc ngun thu nhp, d ton chi
ph trn 1 n v dch v), thng tin v nh cung cp dch v / nh bn thng tin
(tn, thng tin lin lc, chng
C c yu t trong chng trnh theo di v bo co
ch, bng chng nhn, tm tt v
Thit lp cu trc csd liu v cc h thng bo
hiu qu hot ng, cc bin co vcc vn :
php k lut, a im lm vic, nh gi vmi trng;
bo gi), cc sng kin qun l Lp k hoch v li ko s thamgia ca cc thnh
vin gp von;
chng trnh cng nh cc thc
Cc h thng hin c;
th c lin quan, cc k hoch i ng cn b, cc nh cung cp dch v, cc t
pht trin chng trnh v cc chc ti chnh v hnh chnh khc;
Chng trnh thanh tra v kim tra, bao gm c
mc quan trng, thng tin v
cc binphp cng che cn thit;
qun l cht thi v cc ngun Qun l cht thi v cht tn ng, bao gm qun
ti nguyn hin c. l cc khu vcpht thi v hthng kkhai.

381
 Thu thp v qun l d liu gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hoch nh, pht trin
v thc hin chng trnh. Cc cng vic ca h thng thng tin qun l bao gm pht
trin c s d liu, thu thp d liu, nhp d liu, truy vn, phc hi v tch hp thng
tin, phn tch d liu v bo co. Trn th trng c cc loi phn mm khc nhau phc
v cho vic qun l c s d liu v cc loi thng tin khc. Sau giai on ci t v tm
hiu ban u, cc c s d liu in t c th gim bt gnh nng trong vic thu thp,
lu tr, phc hi, s dng v tch hp thng tin. V d, nu v tr ca cc h thng c
m t di dng ta kinh tuyn, v tuyn th ta c th to ra mt tng d liu cho cc
h thng v a vo h thng bn a hnh. Vic thm vo cc thng tin v h
thng thu lc phc v vic x nc thi, khi lng cht gy nhim d kin v thi
gian pht thi theo tng iu kin thu th c th gip cc nh qun l hiu c c ch
gy nhim cho ngun nc v do h tr cc hot ng khc phc. Cc m hnh
cng c tc dng d on cc tc ng ca qu trnh pht trin d kin ng thi
gip a ra cc quy nh trong hot ng ca cc h thng ti nhng khu vc .
Cc c quan khc c th nm gi v qun l mt s d liu cn thit cho vic qun l
cc h thng x l ti ch. V d cc c quan mi trng hay k hoch thng thu thp,
lu tr v phn tch cc d liu v t ai v c tnh ca ngun nc. Vic pht trin
cc chnh sch chia s thng tin gia cc c quan thng qua cc tho thun hp tc c
th gip a cc t chc cng vo cuc gii quyt cc vn v sc kho v mi
trng, nng cao hiu qu hot ng ton din ca chng trnh. C quan qun l c
trch nhim m bo cho cc d liu v nhng h thng hin ang tn ti c th n
c vi cc cn b y t v cc cn b ph trch ngun ti nguyn nc, do nhng
hot ng v phn tch ca c quan ny phn nh tm quan trng trong cng tc bo
m sc kho cng ng v bo v mi trng.

13.6.11. Cc tiu ch v quy trnh nh gi chng trnh

Vic nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cc yu t trong chng trnh qun l nh lp k

hoch, ngn sch, thc thi xc nhn cc nh cung cp dch v c th a li ngun
thng tin qu gi nng cao hiu qu chng trnh. Vic nh gi thng xuyn v c
t chc bt c chng trnh no cng em n cc thng tin quan trng cho cc nh
qun l chng trnh, cho cng ng, cc nh iu hnh v hoch nh chnh sch, cn
phi thng xuyn nh gi cc chng trnh phn tch cc phng php v quy
trnh ca chng trnh , pht hin cc vn , nh gi kh nng nng cao hiu qu
thng qua cc tin b cng ngh v ci tin chng trnh, m bo ngun ti chnh
nhm mc ch duy tr cc chng trnh v iu chnh cc mc tiu t ra. Qu trnh
nh gi chng trnh cn bao gm:
H thng theo di c lng mc thnh cng, nh gi v iu chnh cc
thnh t ca chng trnh;
Cc quy trnh so snh cc kt qu ca chng trnh t c vi cc mc tiu ra;

382
 Tip cn ph hp vi mc tiu v i tng nu c thay i cc iu kin ni ti
hoc ngoi lai;
Cc quy trnh a ra cc bin php hnh chnh khi xng hoc php lut ci
thin hot ng ca chng trnh;
Bo co hng nm v tnh hnh, xu hng v kt qu t c ca chng trnh
qun l;
Ni gp g trao i thng tin v qu trnh tin hnh gia nhng ngi gp vn vo
chng trnh.
C th s dng mt lot cc k thut v quy trnh khc nhau nh gi cc yu t
hnh chnh v qun l ca mt chng trnh. Phng php p dng, cho mi mt
chng trnh c th tu thuc vo tnh hung ca tng a phng, loi hnh v s
lng ngi gp vn vo chng trnh v mc ng h ca cc c quan qun l c
th tin hnh xem xt cn thn, chi tit v cng bng i vi thnh cng ca mt
chng trnh trong vic bo v sc kho v bo v mi trng. Song d la chn
phng php no i na, cc cn b c kinh nghim cn phi thng xuyn nh gi
chng trnh v li ko s tham gia ca nhng ngi cng gp vn.
Mt s cc t chc chnh ph, a phng v t nhn p dng cc chng trnh
qun l da trn hiu qu hot ng vo nhiu lnh vc hot ng, t cc quy trnh cp
ngn sch ca nh nc cho n cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip. Cc chng trnh
ny nhm hai mc ch: lin kt cc ngun-ti nguyn cn c vi cc mc tiu qun l
v m bo lin tc ci tin. Cc chng trnh qun l h thng x l ti ch cng c
th yu cu cc thc th c lin quan s dng kinh nghim ca mnh vo vic pht trin
v thc thi cc qu trnh nh gi ni b.

13.7. NGHIN CU c TH: CUNG CP PHNG PHP BN VTSG x L V

TI S DNG NC THI MARC - D N PHT TRIN BN vng

CC NGUN TI NGUYN NC (1996-2003 )

D n c SAID ti tr ci thin ng k cng tc qun l ngun ti nguyn

nc Marc thng qua mt phng php kt hp gia cng ngh ph hp, cn gi l
phng php cng, vi qun l tt (phng php mm). C th, phng php
cng cp ti cc cng ngh v c cu vt cht dng pht trin, lu tr, vn
chuyn nc, tng cng cng sut, cng nh x l nc v nc thi. Cc "phng
php mm nhn mnh vo kha cnh con ngi trong vic qun l nc v s dng cc
bin php qun l hu hiu, sp xp t chc hp l bao gm yu t xy dng nng lc
v tng cng s tham gia ca cc cp a phng, quc gia v khu vc. Nghin cu c
th ny ch ra tnh hiu qu ca vic kt hp cc phng php cng v mm trong
vic nng cao tnh bn vng ca cc d n v nc v nc thi trong bi cnh hn ch
v th ch, ti chnh v nng lc k thut.

383
 Nm 1996, USAID tin hnh chng trnh v kh nng duy tr ti nguyn nc
Marc (WRS) nhm ci thin cng tc qun l ngun ti nguyn nc khu vc thnh
th, nng nghip v cng nghip thng qua cc d n th nghim v h tr cho cc ci
cch t chc. Mt trong cc d n nh vy hng ti vic b sung c s vt cht x
l v ti s dng nc thi Drarga, min nam Marc. Chnh quyn a phng
Drarga gim thiu c cc nguy c i vi sc kho ngi dn do s dng nc
ging hoc nc nhim do nc thi trc tip t hm cha phngy ra bng cch xy
dng v a vo s dng mt nh my x l nc thi aphng v ti s dng nc
qua x l vo vic ti tiu. Cc phng php mm gip nh my c th tit
kim chi ph v m bo c hot ng lu di. Cc phng php ny cn m bo
cho cc gii php v c s h tng v k thut i vi nc v cc vn v sinh c
p dng mt cch bn vng, t hiu qu lu di. Nhng bi hc c th thu c cho
thy tnh hiu qu ca cc phng php mm i vi s pht trin ca c s h tng v
chuyn giao cng ngh l s tham gia ca cng ng, cng c c uy tn ca b
my v xy dng c nng lc.

13.7.1. Thch thc Drarga

Vi nhu cu v nc d kin s vt mc cung vo nm 2020, vic phi tng cng

qun l ngun ti nguyn nc l vn then cht i vi tng lai pht trin bn vng
ca Marc. Dn s ca Drarga, hin ti l trn 8.000 dn, trn tng nhanh v c th
s tng gp i trong vng 10 nm ti. u nhng nm 1990 thnh ph cho xy
dng mt h thng cp nc sch, nhng nc thi th ch n thun chy thng V 0

cc b cha m khng qua x l. Nc ti tiu cng khan him. Mt s nng dn phi

o ging su ly nc khin cho ngun nc ngm b suy gim. Gii php cho
nhng thch thc ny l xy dng cc c s x l nc thi v h thng ti s dr.g
nc thi cho vic ti tiu trong nng nghip.

13.7.2. La chn v s dng cng ngh hp l

Drarga, vic la chn v ci tin cc cng

ngh tr thnh mt na kt qu cn thc hin.
Na kia nm vic m bo cc li ch ca vic
thc hin h cc phng php sau khi khi ng
d n pht trin thng qua cc bin php mm
nh xy dng nng lc, lp k hoch tham gia,
gii quyt cc vn ny sinh v chia s ngun ti
nguyn sau khi khi ng d n.
Ma rc c 63 nh my x l nc thi s dng B cha nc thi qua x l
cc cng ngh nh bn hot, tnh h sinh hc, lc Drarga, min nam Ma rc
sinh hc, cc b lng, thm thu. ng tic l

384
phn ln cc nh my ny u khng th hot ng c do thiu kinh ph v nng lc
k thut duy tr hot ng v bo dng. La chn h thng lc ct p dng cho
trng hp Drarga da trn nhu cu v mt nh my x ] c chi ph thp, d vn
hnh, ph hp vi iu kin ca a phng ng thi c th nhn rng ra khp Marc.
H thng mi bao gm hai h cha c dung tch 1000 m 3 v c th d dng m rng khi
dn s tng ln v c th dn nc qua x l phc v ti tiu.
Nhiu kha cnh cng ngh ca d n c tnh ton thu hi vn hiu qu nht
t vic ti s ng cc sn phm ph ca nh my. V d, c th thu c li nhun t
vic bn nc thi qua x l cho nng dn trong chu vi 6 hecta xung quanh khu vc
nh my phc v ti tiu. Sy trng trn bi lc x l bc ba cng cho thu hoch 2
v / nm v c th bn thu hi vn. Bn lng t cc b x l ym kh cng c ht
ln, phi kh v trn cng rc hu c sn xut phn bn. Kh mtan sinh ra t cc b
ym kh c thu li v chuyn ho thnh nng lng chy cc my bm nh my, do
gip tit kim chi ph in.

13.7.3. Kt qu

D n cho nhiu kt qu kh quan lm li cho ngi dn Drarga. Nh my

Drarga c th x l trn 800 m 3 nc thi mt ngy. Nh my khu hao c ton b
chi ph vn hnh, bo dng v c chuyn giao cho ngi c nng lc qun l. Kh
nng thu hi vn hiu qu gip nh my hot ng lin tc k t thng 10/2000 v
lun lun t mc tiu gim thiu cc ch s nhim ch yu nhu BOD 5, nitrat, trc
khun coli v k sinh trng trong phn. iu kin v sinh Drarga c ci thin
ng k thng qua vic xo s cc b cha phn th. Nci dn c chng kin ngun
li ng k thu c.
Cc nng dn s dng nc thi qua x l ti tiu cng c nhiu li ch.
H c s dng ngun nc ti vi gi r v tit kim c chi ph cho phn bn v
trong nc thi qua x l c cha sn hm lng dinh dng m cy cn. Hn na,
gi tr t nng nghip khu vc s dng ngun nc ti mi ny tng ln 8 ln so
vi lc d n mi bt u.

13.7.4. Cc bin php mm - cha kho thnh cng

Mu cht ca d n v tnh bn vng ca ngun nc l s vn ng ngi dn chp

nhn bin php qun l ngun nc mi m bo tnh bn vng ca ngun ti
nguyn ny. D n thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng theo nhiu cch:

Tip cn cng ng

Ngay t u, d n "ngun nc bn vng" d tin hnh cc hot ng tng cng

nhn thc ca ngi dn nhn c s ng h i vi cc thay i v phng php
qun l cng nh cc gii php cng ngh c p dng trong d n. ng thi d n

385
tin hnh cc nh gi i vi ngi tham gia tm hiu xem liu h c phn bi:
c cc ngun nc khc nhau (nc ng chai, nc sch, nc ging v nc thi),
cc phng php ti tiu ang s dng, mc ng tnh ca nng dn vi vic tra
tin mua nc thi qua x l. Nhng thng tin ny b khuyt cho vic phn tch
k thut, gp phn hon thin nh gi v khu vc mc tiu ng thi cung cp d liu
u vo quan trng cho cc la chn v gii php x l nc thi v nc ti c
cng ng chp nhn. Hn na, qu trinh tham gia ca ngi dn cng gip xy dng
mt mng li cc c dn a phng cam kt vi vic nng cao cht lng ngun nc
trong khu vc v th hin vai tr lm ch trong d n. Vic thng xuyn tham kho
kin ngi dn m bo cho d n c c s ng h v chung sc ca cc i tng
hng li. Cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn tp trung vo vic gip h
hiu c nhng li ch ca vic thay i cc phng thc s dng nc hin ti v
chp nhn cc gii php cng ngh m d n a ra.
Mt cng c quan trng trong vic pht trin s tham gia v quan tm ca ngi dn
i vi cc hot ng ca d n v nhn rng kt qu ca d n l s vo cuc ca
cc phng tin thng tin i chng (bo ch, i v truyn hnh). Cc phng tin
thng tin ca Marc a tin v cc s kin nh l k kt tho thun tp th v tin trnh
xy dng nh my. Bn cnh cc phng tin thng tin quc gia, d n xy dng bn
vng ngun nc cn ngh trung tm nghe nhn trng i hc Nng nghip Quc
gia Meknes ghi hnh li cc vn c d n gii quyt, s can thip ca nhm thc
hin d n v kt qu ca cc hot ng thuc d n. Phn ghi hnh trn s c chiu
li trong cc bui gp g gia hi ng a phng v hi ng lin b gii thiu
tin trnh ca d n th nghim.
Pht trin m i quan h hp tc vi cc th c th trong cng ng
Quan h hp tc s cho php nhng ngi gp vn thit lp mt tha thun nghim
tc v ng gp ti chnh a phng v cc ng gp tng t (v d v t ai, nhn
cng), gp phn cng c quyn s hu d n. Cc i tc gm c hip hi nhng ngui
s dng nc AI Amal - ch s hu trong tng lai ca nh my sau khi hon thnh, j
vin khu Agadir - ngi to iu kin thun li cho cc th tc hnh chnh, cng ig
dn c Drarga - nhng ngi hin t cho d n, Ban k hoch v xy dig
(ERAC-Sud) - c quan h tr 30% chi ph ca d n. Quan h hp tc ny r
nh du bng tho thun hp tc k kt gia cc bn bao gm c B Mi trng v d
n xy dng bn vng ngun nc cng vi s tha thun r rng v vic to iu kin
thng xuyn trao i thng tin, tnh hnh tin trin, cc thnh cng cng nh kh khin
ca d n.

X y dng nn g lc
Quan h hp tc trn cng l im khi u cho vic nng cao nng lc a phig
trong qun l nh my sau khi s h tr ca SAID kt thc. V d trong giai on lip

386
k hoch cho d n, cc i tc c tham gia vo chuyn i thc t M tham quan
mt s nh my x l v ti s dng nc thi s dng cc cng ngh tng t v c
hc v vn hnh v bo dng nh my, cch thu hi vn v cc vn chnh sch lin
quan ti vic qun l cc c s ni trn. Cc i tc cng c o to ti Marc v
cch thc vn hnh nh my, qun l ti chnh v ti s dng nc thi. Nhng hi tho
v cc chuyn i thc t nh vy cng c nng lc ca cc c quan v tng cng
mi lin kt gia cc i tc ca d n.

S- tham gia ca cc t chc cng

Do nhim v qun l cc ngun ti nguvn nc c chia s cho nhiu b cho nn
mt hi ng ch o lin b c thnh lp nhm to ra cc din n chia s mi
quan tm, thng nht hnh ng, xem xt cc hot ng ca d n ng thi c ra cc
i din a phng nhm m bo d n s nhn c s ng h rng ri ca cc c
quan cp a phng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

. ELIASSON, J.M., LENNING, D.A., and WECKER, S.C., 2001. C htica Point
M onitoring - A New Framework fo r Monitoring On-Site Wastewater Systems. In
Onsite W asewater Treatment: Proceedings o f the Ninth National Symposium on
Indivdual and Sm all Community Sewage Systems. American Society o f
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
ENGLISH, C.D., and YEAGER, T.E., 2001. Considerations About the Formation
o f Responsible M anagement Entities (RME) as a Methocl to Insure the Viability o f
D ecentraliied W astewater Management Systems. Unpublished manuscript
prcscntcd at thc Ninth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community
Sewage Systems, Austin TX, Sponsored by the American Society o f Agricultural
Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
HONACHEFSKY, w ., 2000. Ecologicallv-Based Municipal Lancl Use Planning.
ISBN 15667 0 40(55. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
HOOVER, M.T., and BEARDSLEY, D., 2000. Science and regulcitory decision
making. Small Flows Quarterly, 1(4). National Small Flows Clearinghouse,
Morgantovvn, w v .
HOOVER, M.T., and D. BEARDSLEY. 2001. The weight o f scientific eviclence.
Small Flows Quarterly 2(1). National Small Flows Clearinghouse, Morgantown, w v .
KREISSL, J., and OTIS, R., 1999. NeVI Markets f o r Your M unicipal Wastewater
Services: Looking Beyond the Bouidaries. In Proceedings: Water Environment
Federation Workshop, October 1999, New Orleans, LA.

387
NAV/ATHE, D., 2000. Using Smart Controlers with Remote Monioring
Capability to M eet New Market Needs. In Onsite: The Future o f Water Quality,
NOW RA 2000 Conference Proceedings. National Onsite Wastewater Recycling
Association, Inc., Laurel, MD.
OTIS, R.J., MCCARTHY, B.J., and CROSBY, J 2001. Performance Code
Framework f o r Management o f Onsite W astewater Treatnent in Northeast
Minnesota. In On-Site Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings o f the Ninth National
Syinposium on Inividual and Small Community Sewage Systems. American
Society o f Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
STEPHENS, L.D., 2000. Remote Management: A Valuable Tool fo r the Future o f
D ecentralized Wasewater Trecilment. In Onsite: The Future o f Water Quality,
NOWRA 2000 Conference Proceedings. National Onsite Wastewater Recycling
Association, Inc., Laurel, MD.
u . s ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA), 1980. Design
Manual: Onsite Wastewciter Treament and Disposcil Systems. EPA 625-1-80-012.
O ffice o f Research and Development and O ffice o f Water, Cincinnati, OH.
u . s ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA), 2000. Drct EPA
Guidelines f o r Management o f O nsite/D ecentralized Wcistewciter Systems. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, O ffce of Wastewater Management.
Washington, DC. Federal Register, October 6 , 2000,
<http://www.epa.gov/owm/decent/index.htm>.
W ASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 1994. On-site sew age system
regulations. Chapter 246-272, Washington Administrative Code, adopted March
9, 1994, effective January 1, 1995. Washington Department o f Health, Olympia,
WA. <http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/osregl.doc>.
 MC LC
Trang

Li ni u 3
1. T ng quan v nc thi - H thng thot nc v x l nc thi

1.1. Khi nim v nc thi 5

1.2. Cc c tnh ca nc thi 6

1.3. H thng thot nc thi 12

1.4. Vai tr ca x l nc thi 12
1.5. X l nc thi nh th no 13
1.6 . Quy trnh xc nh phng php xl nc thi 14
1.7. Mc x l nc thi 16
Ti liu tham kho 17
2. K hi nim v h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp

2.1. nh ngha h thng x l nc thichi ph thp 18

2.2. u im v nhc im ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp 20
Ti liu tham kho
3. X l s b nc thi

3.1. Tng quan 24

3.2. Thit b chn rc (c cu thanh v song chn) 24
3.3. Thit b nghin rc 26
3.4. H thng tch ct 26
3.5. X l tch du, m 28
3.6. iu ha nc thi 32
3.7. Cc thit b o lu lng 34
3.8. Phn phi dng 36
3.9. B cha nc ma 36
3.10. Bm nc thi 37
Ti liu tham kho 37

389
4. X l tp trung nc thi

4.1. H sinh hc n nh nc thi 33

4.2. Bi lc ngp nc 64
4.3. H thng lc ct gin on 93
4.4. H thng x l bc hi nc bng thc vt 101
4.5. Cc phng php x l k kh nc thi 118
Ti liu tham kho 159
5. X l n nh nc thi

5.1. X l n nh nc thi bng thc vt 169

5.2. Lc ct 181
Ti liu tham kho 184
6 . Cc qu trnh v cng ngh x l nc thi ti ch 185

6.1. Gii thiu 185

6.2' Cc ch tiu v tiu chun thit k 194
6.3. V sinh sinh thi 203
6.4. Vn hnh v bo dng 206
6.5. Chi ph u t 207
6 .6 . Nhu cu nhn lc 208
6.7. Tc ng mi trng (tch cc v tiu cc) 208
Ti liu tham kho 211

7. K thut x l bn cn trong iu kin t nhin

7.1. Gii thiu 213

7.2. Cc lu v thit k h thng 222
7.3. V tr v thit lp 225
7.4. Chi ph 225
Ti liu tham kho 225
8 . Ti s dng nc thi

8.1. Tng quan 227

8.2. Cc hnh thc ti s dng 228
8.3. Cc vn k thut trong vic lp k hoch ti sdng nc 244
8.4. Cc quy nh v hng dn vic ti s dng nc thi 247
8.5. Cc v d v ti s dng nc thi trn th gii 251

390
 8 .6 . Ti s dng nc thi sau x l trong nui trng thy sn 252
Ti liu tham kho 265
9. Ti s dng bn trong nng nghip

9.1. Gii thiu 267

9.2. c im ca bn v s dng bn trong nng nghip 267
9.3. Yu cu chung v ti s dng bn trong nng nghip 268
9.4. Cc yu t tc ng n ti sdng bn 271
9.5. Bo qun v s dng bn 272
9.6. Cng tc qun l 273
9.7. nh hng xu n ma v v t 274
Ti liu tham kho 274
10. Cc vn v kinh t v ti chinh

10.1. Nhng khi nim kinh t c bn nh gi h thng x l nc thi (XLNT) 276

10.2. So snh phng php k thut v la chn gii php x l 286
10.3. nh gi ti chnh v kinh t ca h thng x l nc thi 293
Ti liu tham kho 304
11. nh gi tc ng mi trng

11.1. nh ngha TM 306

11.2. Khun kh php lut v th ch 306
11.3. Qu trnh TM 316
11.4. Nghin cu thc t: Qun l nc thi v nc ma V Hn 325
Ti liu tham kho 330
12. Cc yu cu v iu tit v php l

12.1. Tng quan v cc yu cu php l 333

12.2. Pht thi nc thi vo ngun nc 334
12.3. Thit k nh my x l 338
12.4. Xy dng nh my 338
12.5. Qu trnh vn hnh ca nh my 339
12.6. Gn kt nh my vi t nhin v phong cnh a phng 342
12.7. Nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi h thng qun l mi trng t nguyn
c chng nhn 343
12.8. nh gi chin lc mi trng (CLM) 346
Ti liu tham kho 347

391
13. C c vn v t c h c v qun l
13.1. Nhn nh cc i tng 350
13.2. Gio dc, tip cn v s tham gia ca cng ng 351
13.3. Xc nh c im ca cc i tng 354
13.4. La chn cc thc th trong h thng kt hp 355
13.5. C quan iu tit 367
13.6. Cc b phn ca chng trnh qun l 369
13.7. Nghin cu c th: Cung cp phng php bn vng x l v
ti s dng nc thi Marc - D n pht trin bn vng cc
ngun ti nguyn nc(1996-2003 ) 383
Ti liu tham kho 387

392
x L NC THI CHI PH THP
(Ti bn)

Chit irch nhim .xut bn :

TRNH XUN SN

Bi/I lp : TRN CUNG

Cli bn : PHM HNG L
Sa bn in : TUN MONG
Trnh by ba : VU BINH MINH

393