5.3.

CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH HOT NG CA CNG

TRNH SINH HC K KH

C nhiu yu t khc nhau nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca cc cng trnh

sinh hc k kh,bao gm thi gian lu, nhit , pH, tnh cht nn ,cc cht dinh dng
i lng v vi lng, cc cht gy c, s khy o hn phn hy, kt cu h thng.

5.3.1. Thi gian lu bn

Thi gian lu bn (SRT) l thng s quan trng thng c la chn lm thng

s thit k b phn hy. Gi tr SRT thng thng c chn l 12 n 15 ngy. Nu thi
gian lu bn trong b phn hy qu ngn (< 10 ngy), s xy ra hin tng cn kit v
sinh vt ln men metan, tc l sinh vt loi b ln hn vi sinh vt to thnh.

5.3.2. Nhit

Vng nhit qu trnh phn hy k kh xy ra l kh rng v mi vng nhit

s thch hp cho tng nhm vi sinh vt k kh khc nhau. Vng nhit m trung
bnh : 20 45o C v vng nhit cao - nng : 45 -65oC s thch hp cho s hot ng
ca nhm vi sinh vt ln men metan. Mt s nhm vi sinh vt k kh c kh nng hot
ng vng nhit thp lnh 10oC 150C. Khi nhit <10oC th vi khun to metan
hu nh khng hot ng. Nhit ti u i vi vi sinh vt metan l: u m -35oC v
hiu nhit -55oC

So snh qu trnh phn hy k kh hai khong nhit nu trn nh sau:

iu kin a m iu kin hiu nhit

Tc phn hy chm hn do th tch Tc phn hy chm nhanh do th tch
b phn hy ln hn phn hy nh hn
Bn sau x l c m cao hn Bn sau x l c m thp hn
Kh nng tiu dit vi khun gy bnh thpKh nng tiu dit vi khun gy bnh tt
hn hn
Kh nng tch t axit do phn hy t xy ra
Tc phn hy nhanh nn c kh nng
tch t axit lm pH gim, do i hi b
sung cht kim
Khong nhit cho php dao ng :2,8 C Khong nhit cho php hot ng: 0,8oC
o

Ch i hi gia nhit hn hp phn ng Phi c bin php duy tr nhit thng

vng lnh xuyn
5.3.3 pH

Trong qu trnh x l k kh, cc giai on phn hy c nh hng trc tip qua

li ln nhau, lm thay i tc qu trnh phn hy chung. i vi nc thu mi np
vo cng trnh th nhm vi sinh vt axit ha thch nghi hn nhm vi sinh vt metan ha.
Kh pH gim mnh(pH<6) s lm cho kh metan sinh ra gim i. Khong pH ti u dao
ng trong mt khong hp t 6,5-8,5

5.3.4.Tnh cht ca cht nn

Hm lng cht rn (TS) ca mu c nh hng ln n hiu sut phn hy.

Hm lng cht rn qu cao khng ha tan cc cht cng ging nh khng pha
long cc cht trung gian khin hiu qu sinh kh gim.

Hm lng tng quan cht rn hay hi (VS) ca mu th hin bn cht ca cht

nn, bao gm nhng cht d phn hy (ng,tinh bt) v nhng cht kh phn hy
(xenllulo, du m hm lng cao). Tc v mc phn hy ca mu ph thuc rt ln
vo phn trm ca mi thnh phn k trn trong mu.

5.3.5 Cc cht dinh dng i lng v vi lng

Cc cht dinh dng i lng cn thit cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin
ca vi sinh vt trong h thng phn hy k kh, gm N v P l ch yu. T l thch hp
ngh l 20:1 n 30:1 cho C : N v 77:1 i vi N : P u phi dng d hp th bi
vi sinh vt. Qu nhiu N c th dn ti s tch t amoni khin pH tng ln cao c ch vi
sinh vt sinh metan. Tri li, qu t N khng cho vi sinh vt sinh metan tiu th v sn
lng kh sinh hc gim.

Nng va ca mt s kim loi c tc dng kch thch s trao i cht vi

sinh vt ln men metan thng qua s nh hng ln hot tnh enzyme ca chng. Cc
cht vi lng cn c mt trong enzyme gm: Ba, Ca, Na, Co, Ni, Fe, H2S v mt s
nguyn t dng vt nh Se, Tu, Mo (Michenal H.G. 2003. The microbiology of anaerobic
digesters. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ine,.)

5.3.6. Cc cht gy c.

Cc cht c mt trong mi trng nh hng ln n s sinh trng v pht trin

ca sinh vt k kh, Oxygen c coi l c t ca qu trnh ny. Mt s dn xut ca
metan nh CCl4, CHCL3, CH2Cl2 v mt s kim loi nng (Cu, Ni, Zn) cc cht nh
HCHO, SO2, H2S cng gy c cho vi sinh vt k kh. NH4+ gy c ch cho qu trnh k
kh v S2- c coi l cht gy c ch cho qu trnh metan ha. Cc cht c tnh oxi ha
mnh nh thuc tm, cc halogen v cc mui c oxi ca n, ozon.. c coi l cht dit
khun hu hiu hin nay.

Cc kim loi nh v c kim loi nng u c coi l dinh dng vi lng nu

hin din vi nng thp v s c coi l cht c nu nng ca chng vt qu
ngng cho php. c tnh ca kim loi ni chung tng theo ha tr v nguyn t lng
ca chng. Dng tn ti ca cc kim loi cng nh hng n ngng gy c, cc mui
kt ta hay cc phc cht khng th i qua mng t bo nn kh nng tc ng t hn cc
mui ha tan

i vi cht nn cha nhiu nito, s to thnh v tch t amoni (NH4+) v amoniac

(NH3) mang c tnh tch tch cc v tiu cc. Ni chung ,NH4+ c th c vi sinh vt s
dng nh l cht dinh dng, trong khi NH3 gy c ch v gy c cho qu trnh phn
hy. i vi qu trnh k kh, nng amoni trong khong 50-200mg/l. Tuy nhin amoni
thng hin din trong nc thi nng cao v nu nng t ti mc no s tr
thnh cht gy c. Amoni c th c mt trong hp cht hu c c cha nito v d nh
protein.

NH3 + H2O <-> NH4+ +OH-

C hai dng NH3 v NH4+ u nh hng n qu trnh nhng trong nng

khc nhau. NH3 thng c nh hng nhiu hn v c th gy c cho qu trnh phn
hy nng khong 100mg/l. Trong khi , nng NH4+ thng cao mc t 7.000-
9.000 mg/l v rt tt cho qu trnh x l, khng gy c ch cho qu trnh.

Nu tng nng NH3 v NH4+ qu cao trong nc thi s tr thnh cht c ch

cho qu tnh x l v nng ny thay i ty thuc vo pH v nhit . Trong iu kin
mesophilic (25-35oC), nng tng amoni c th t c gi tr 10.000mg/l v nng
NH3 vn thp hn 100mg/l khong pH = 7. Khi nng tng amoni t 2000mg/l c
th khin cho nng NH3 mc gy c kh pH ln n 7,5-8. Tuy nhin trong iu
kin themophilic ( 55oC) nng tng amoni phi duy tr di 2000mg/l, khi nng
NH3 di mc gy c.

5.3.7. S khuy o hn hp phn hy.

Khuy o hn hp phn hy c tc dng lm tng s phn b ng u v tng

c hi tip xc gia vi khun, cht nn v cc ht dinh dng vi nhau, ng thi c tc
dng iu ha nhit ti mi im trong b phn hy, gim tnh trng tng hay gim
nhit cc b.

5.3.8. Kt cu h thng.
 Cc b phn hy theo m khng khuy trn, khng gia nhit v thi gian lu nc
di (30-60) ngy: sn lng kh v tc np cht nn thp v xy ra hin tng phn
tng trong b. Kt cu ny n gin, r tin v d vn hnh, nhng i hi din tch mt
bng ln.

Loi b c kt cu cho php tc np cht nn cao, c gia nhit v c thi

gian lu khong 15 ngy, khuy trn hon chnh, nng cht nn (tnh theo lng cht
kh) khong 10-15%. Loi b ny c hiu qu cao v cht lng kh sinh hc thu c
tt.

Xut pht t hn ch ca kt cu thng thng i hi phi pha long cht nn

nguyn thy t hm lng cht rn 5-15% (kt cu t), kt cu h thng phn hy
cht thi vi hm lng cht rn cao 20-40% (kt cukh) ra i. Kt cu kh cho
php n gin hn trong khu phn tch loi cc loi hp phn v c, th tch b phn
hy nh hn, tc np cht nn cao hn, nng lng cn thit gy nhit t hn trong
khi mc nhy cm vi cc cht c ch, mc phn hy cht thi v sn lng kh
sinh hc cng tng ng kt cu t. Nhng kt cu mi i hi mc u t kh
cao cho b phn khuy o. (Mt-Alvarez 2002, Biomethanizatinon of the Organic
Fractinon of Municipal Solid Wastes, IWA Publishing Company).

5.4 CC CNG TRNH SINH HC K KH

5.4.1 Cc dng b x l k kh

B t hoi

c xy dng bng cc cu kin b tong c sn gch mt ngn hay nhiu ngn

vi 2 chc nng: lng v ln men cn lng, thng dng cho cc h gia nh. B t hoi
cng c s dng trong x l bn cn ca h thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn,
vi thi gian lu bn t 1-2 thng, bn c nng nhit n 35oC v y b c van tho
cn. Qu trnh phn hy cn c tng cng khi bn c khuy trn.
Hnh 5.3: B t hoi ( septic tank)

B lng 2 v

c xy bng gch hoc b tong ct thp hnh trn hay hnh ch nht, c y hnh
nn hay hnh chop ct v phn hy cn. B lng 2 v c chc nng tng t nh b t
hoi, nhng c cng sut ln hn. Pha trn b l cc mng lng ng vai tr nh b lng
ngang .Nc chuyn ng chm theo mng lng. Bn lng theo khe trt xung ngn ln
men, phn hy v n nh bn cn. B lng 2 v c s dng cho cc cng trnh x l
nc thi sinh hot c cng sut nh v trung bnh ( Q< 10.000 m3/ngd)

Bn cn lu trong b t 1-6 thng. Hiu sut lng t 55-60%. Tt c cc trm x l

nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip u c th s dng cng trnh ny.

B metan

c xy bng b tong ct thp hnh tr, y v np hnh trn. B c s dng

phn hy cn t b lng I & II cng nh bn hot tnh d ca trm x l nc thi.

5.6 Thng s vn hnh cc cng trnh sinh hc k kh :

Vn hnh b phn ng UASB v cc thng s cn thit vn hnh

Kim tra b UASB :

- Kim tra cc thit b phn tch bn kh c c lp t ng v tr hay khng

- Kim tra van kha nc c c lp t ng v tr hay khng
- Kim tra cc im th mu c hay khng . Trung binh s lng mu th vo
khong 4 6 im dc theo chiu di ca b
- Chun b cc th nghim theo m: khi vn hnh h thng th hot ng ny rt
quan trng nhm xc nh hot ng ca vi khun methan trong bn hot tnh.

Kim tra nc thi :

- Kim tra nng cc cht hu c trong nc thi: nu nng COD < 300 mg/l
l c vn , mc d h thng UASB vn c th x l c nc thi ny. Khi
nng COD > 50.000 mg/l th c th pha long c nc thi hoc tun hon
dng thi.
- Kim tra kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca nc thi: c th xc nh c khi bit
lng COD trong b phn ng v methan sinh ra trong sut qu trnh phn ng (
khong 40 ngy ).
- Kim tra xem nc thi c tnh m hay khng : c th kim tra kh nng lm mi
trng m ca nc thi bng cch thm vo 1 g/l hay 40% COD trong nc thi
khi COD trong nc thi < 2,5 g/l. Khi pH ca nc thi mc 6,5 hoc cao hn,
nc thi tt lm lp m.
- Kim tra nng cht dinh dng trong nc thi c duy tr s sinh trng
ca vi khun hay khng. Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi khun l rt thp nhng
khng th khng c. Nng ti thiu cn thit ca cc cht dinh dng ( N, P, S)
theo t l sau ( COD/Y): N: P: S = 50/Y =5:1:1. Cc vi khun methan c lin
quan n nng cc kim loi nng trong nc thi (Fe, Ni, Co ); Y- H s sinh
khi.
- Kim tra xem nc thi c cha nng cao cc cht l lng hay khng. Trong
trng hp nc thi c cha nng cc cht l lng vi nng cao, hot ng
ca b UASB c th khng thch nghi c. Khi nng ny ln n 3.000 mg/l
v cc cht rn l lng ny khng c kh nng phn hy sinh hc, chng s c
gi li trong b phn ng hoc theo dng chy ra ngoi ty theo kch thc cc ht
bn , khi cc ht bn c kch thc nh nhau th chng s tch ly trong b phn
ng.
- Kim tra xem nc thi c cha cc c cht khng (Kjehldal- N ,NH3-N). B
UASB c th khng thch nghi x l nc thi khi nng cc cht t n 1
 gi tr gii hn, nh hng khng tt khi vn hnh h thng ( nng NH3-N =
2000 mg/l, SO2 > 500mg/l, mn > 15000 mg/l,,,)
- Kim tra nhit nc thi: Khi nhit nc thi xung di 20 C cn phi gia
nhit cho h thng, nhit cao hn 60 C th khi khi ng h thng cn phi
cn thn. Nhit thch hp vn hnh l 20 C - 42 C.

Hng dn ng dng kh nng tun hon:

- Nu COD ca nc thi khng t n 5 kg COD/m3, vic tun hon l khng cn

thit , ngoi tr khi nng sunfit t n 200 mg/l, Trong trng hp ny vic
tun hon c chn gim nng sunfit xung di 100mg/l.
- Khi nng COD trong nc thi thay i t 5 20 kg COD/m3, khi bt u vn
hnh nn pha long nng COD xung cn 5 kg COD/m3. Vi nng nc
thi qu cao ln n 20 kg COD /m3 th nht thit phi pha long nc thi . Tuy
nhin khi nng nc thi qu cao thng km theo mn cao dn n tc
to sn phm methan rt thp. V vy, qu trnh tng trng thu c s tt khi
nc thi c pha long. Tt nht l pha long n nng 50 kg COD
/m3,nhng iu ny l khng th , 20 kg COD /m3 l ti a.
- Cn duy tr nng cc axit bo d bay hi ( VFA) trong nc thi di 30 mg/l.

Khi ng b phn ng UASB:

- Bc u tin khi ng l rt quan trng. Khi khng c cht nn ban u tt,

vn hnh b phi ht sc cn thn. Khi vn tc dng chy ngc qu ln, cc vi
khun s b y ra khi b phn ng v s khi ng s phi bt u li. khi
ng h thng hiu qu , ti trng cht nn vo khong 3 kg COD(m3ngy) vi
thi gian lu nc ti thiu l 24 h. Tip theo cn kim tra cc thng s ca b.
- Nng ca nc thi l bao nhiu: khi nng ca nc thi < 5000 mg COD/l
th khng c vn g, ngoi tr khi nc thi c cha cc cht c vi nng
cao.Khi nng nc thi cao hn 5000 mg COD/l, nn pha long hoc tun
hon nc thi khi vn hnh.
- Kim tra hot tnh methan trong bn nn ban u.
Bt u vn hnh b phn ng bng cch cung cp ti lng vo n mt na
th tch b, vi nng ti thiu l 0,2 kg COD/(m3 ngy) hoc thi gian lu
nc ti thiu l 24 h ( trc khi b phn ng hot ng hon ho).
Sau khi ch trong 5 ngy u tin, kim tra xem lng kh thot ra c t c
0,1 m3/ ngy hay khng. Nu khng t c gi tr ny, tt nht nn dng cung
cp dng vo v ch n khi sn lng kh to ra gia tng trong 3 ngy k tip. ri
sau li tip tc cung cp nc thi.
- Kim tra lng VFA c thp hn 3 meq/ l hay khng. Nu khng, dng cung cp
dng vo v ch 1 tun. Gi tr VFA ny c th l hi thp nhng i vi h thng
mi khi ng th n s gip cho s vn hnh ca h thng sau ny tt hn. Sau
khi cung cp li dng thi, nn kim tra li nng VFA 2 ngy 1 ln. Khi t n
gi tr 8meq/ l th li dng cung cp nc thi v ch n khi gi tr ny xung
cn 3 meq/l.
Mt khi duy tr c ti trng lin tc mc 0,2 mg COD/( m3ngy), th
pha u tin ca qu trnh khi ng hon thnh. By gi c th gia tng ti
trng hu c mc cao hn.
- Kim tra nc thi c pha long hay khng, nu khng th gia tng th tch ti
lng hu c. Sau khi ch trong 3 ngy, kim tra nng VFA c quay li thp
hn 3 meq/ l hay khng. Trong trng hp nng VFA dng ra thp, c th li
tng ti trng th tch hu c, ng thi gim tc nhn pha long hoc gia tng
dng vo. Khi nng VFA gia tng n gi tr 8 meq/l, gi n nh nhng ch
kim sot pH trong b .Hot ng b phn ng c th khng tt khi mi trng c
tnh axit.
Khi nng VFA ln n 15 med/l, kim tra nu pH khng gim xung di
6,5 khi cn thm NaOH, Ca(OH)2 hay NaHCO3 , ng thi quay li, bc u
l gim ti trng xung 30%.
ng dng c trng ca h thng sinh hc k kh:
H thng sinh hc trc y c ng dng n nh nng cht hu c
trong nc thi c nng long , vi nng COD d b phn hy nh hn 1000
mg/l, nhng h thng k kh li t ra c hiu qu hn trong x l cc loi nc
thi ny. u im ca h thng k kh l to ra t sn phm cht rn, cn nhu cu
dinh dng v nng lng thp v n to ra sn phm hu dng.
Hin nay , h thng k kh thng c s dng trong x l nc thi c nng
cao, c bit nc thi c cha nng cc cht rn l lng cao, vi chi ph
vn hnh thp. Qu trnh k kh ti trng thp thng x l nc thi c nng
dao ng kh ln, c th gm c cc cht rn l lng c nng cao, nng
COD d phn hy sinh hc thng t 20000 30000 mg/l. Tuy nhin, hn ch ln
nht ca h thng ny l cn din tch xy dng tng i ln. Cn qu trnh k
kh ti trng cao thng dng x l nc thi c nng n nh ( thng
thng nng COD phn hy sinh hc 20000 mg/l )

6.5.THNG S VN HNH CC CNG TRNH SINH HC HIU KH

6.5.1.Vn hnh h thng s l hiu kh

 Trc khi tin hnh vn hnh ton b h thng ,cn tin hnh cc thao tc :khi
ng k thut,khi ng h thng sinh hc

Khi ng k thut:
- Kim tra h thng in cung cp cho ton b h thng
- Kim tra ha cht cn cung cp,v mc nc trong b

Kim tra k thut ton b h thng(vn hnh cc bm sc kh,cc ban,chng

trnh).ng thi,thc hin vic th bng nc sch trc khu vn hnh h thng trn
nc thi thc t.

Khi ng h thng sinh hc:

Thng thng, khi ng h thng sinh hc th cn phi c sn lng sinh khi

trong cc h thng x l.Sinh khi c th pht trin t pht thng qua vic cp nc thi
lin tc vo b phn ng. tit kim thi gian c th cy vo b phn ng cc sinh khi
ly tuef nh my x l nc thi ang hot ng hoc sinh khi vi sinh chuyn bit.

Cc sinh khi thng thng c nui cy t cc ngun khc.Khi s i hi mt

nhiu thi gian hn.Hm lng sinh khi sau khi cy nm trong khong 2g/l.

Khi ng vi ti sinh khi tht thaaos khng vt qu gi tr thit k (0,15kg

BOD/kgbun.ngay),Nu cht lng nc sau x l tt (BOD,COD,v Nito),tng ti
trng.Khi tng ti cn m bo hm lng sinh khi thch hp.

Cc thng s cn xem xt:

-COD;BOD;MLSS;MLVSS;N (N-NH3; N-NO2; N-NO3; N kiejdahl), P (ortho P, Poly P)

- Th tch sinh khi : th tch bn lng sau 30 pht (V thid nghim = 1 lt )

- CH s th tch sinh khi : SVI (ml/g) = th tch sinh khi lng/ hm lng sinh khi.

+ Ti trng hu c:

Vi COD: OLR = COD (kg/m3 ) x Q (m3/ngy) / V b m3

Vi BOD : OLR =BOD (kg/m3 ) x Q (m3/ngy) / V b m3

+ Ti sinh khi :

F/M=( COD (kg/m3 ) x Q (m3/ngy) / V b m3 x MLSS (kg/m3 )

+ Ti trng b mt : l lng nc chy vo b lng trong mt gi trn mt mt vung b
mt lng

Vs (m3/m2.h) = lu lng (m3/h)/din tch b mt lng (m2)

+ Thi gian lu trung bnh ca sinh khi :l tui ca sinh khi

MCRT (ngy) = MLSS (kg/m3) x th tch ton b (m3)/ sinh khi ly ra hng ngy
(kg/ngy)

.Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn:

- Nm vng v cng ngh.

- Theo di,phn tch ddinhjkyf,quan st tnh bin ng ca nc thi, cc yu t bt
thng.
- Ghi chp,lu gi nhng thng tin chnh xc,d uy tuy tm.
- cc ti liu tra cu

6.5.1.1.Cc thng s kim tra trong qu trnh vn hnh

-Lu lng: quyt nh kh nng chu ti ca h thng v ti lng b mt ca b

lng.Cn m bo lu lng n inhk trc khi vo cng trnh sinh hc.

- F/m : thch hp khong 0,2-0,6.Hn ch tnh trng pH gim,bn ni,lng km.Nu F/M
thp: l do vi khun c cu trc c bit-nm,F/M cao :DO thp,qu ti,bn en,lng
km,c mi tanh,hiu qu x l thp.

- pH: thch hp l 6,5-8,5 .pH cao do qu trnh chuyn ha N thnh N-NH3 tt,kh nng
m cao,pH thp : qu trnh nitrat ha,hm lng HCO3 thp.Cn tng cng ha cht
tng kim.Cch khc phc su dao ng pH l cung cp dinh dng,hm lng
hu c,hn ch qu trnh phn hy ni bo,s dng ha cht tng kim.

BOD/COD > 0,5 -> thch hp cho phn hy sinh hc.

Kim tra thng xuyn BOD v COD trnh hin tng thiu ti hoc qu ti.

- Cht dinh dng: N:P m bo t l BOD : N :P=100:5:1,nu thiu,phi b xung

ngun t bn ngoi.i vi nc thi sinh hot,khng cn thueets b xung N,P
- - Cc cht ddoooccj tnh : kim loiaj nng, du m, hm lng Cl,sunfat,N-NH3 cao
6.5.1.2.Kim sot qu trnh x l
-Ti trng hu c
-Ti trng hu c cao: DO thp;bn nng nu;lng km,to bt
 Ti trng hu c thp: DO cao,bn lng nhanh,nn tt,bn xp,nu.Xut hin lp m
v vng ni trn b mt.
-Ti trng b mt : cao s nh hng n qu trnh lng.Sinh khi tri ra ngoi.
-Ti trng b mt thch hp : 0,3 1m3/m2/h
*Bn lng km :
-Ni trn b mt : qu trnh kh nitra,sinh ra N2,thiu dinh dng xut hin vi khun
filamentous,hoc d dinh dng,bn cht ni trn b mt.
-Sinh khi pht trin tn mn :do ti lng hu c cao hoc thp,d oxy,nhim c.
-Sinh khi ng kt: thiu oxy,thiu dinh dng,cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc
*Oxy ha tan:
Ph thuc vo ti lng huux c v hm lng sinh khi,Do thch hp: 1-2
mgO2/l.Thiu oxy s lm gim hiu qu x l,xut hin vi khun hnh que,nm,gim
kh nng lng v c ch qu trnh nitrat ha.
*BOD sau x l cn cao do: cng ngh cha n nh,c s hin din cc hp cht N
kh phn hy,sinh khi bun trong b cao,nhim c ,vi khun cht.
N-NH3 cao do: pH khng thch hp (<6,5 hoc > 8,5),tui bn thp < 10 ngy,DO
thp <2 mgO2/l,ti N cao,hin din cht c,vn hnh cha n nh.
*N-NO3 ; N- NO2 cao do : pH khng thch hp ( <6,5 hoc > 8,5),ti N cao,hin din
cht c,vn hnh cha n nh,nhit thp,d oxy (b k kh),thiu cht hu c.
*P: yu cu ortho photphat : 1-2 mg/l,thiu phi b sung.
6.5.1.3. Quan st vn hnh
S thay i mu biu hin hot ng ca h thng x l
- Cht rn l lng dng r,mn cng gy mu.
- Mu ca chnh nc thi nguyn thy.
Cm quan: mi,mu,bt. H thng hot ng tt thng khng gy mi.Trong qu
trnh sc kh sinh ra bt trng, nh; nu c qu nhiu bt trng l do :sinh khi ang
trong giai on thch nghi hay hi phc, qu ti, thiu oxy,thiu dng cht, nhit
bin i,hm lng cht hot ng b mt cao,hin din cc cht c.
6.5.1.4. Ngng hot ng
C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau quyt nh dng hot ng ca nh my x l
nc thi.Kt qu :
- Qun th sinh vt b i,thiu thc n,phn hy ni bo.
- Sinh khi cht tri thot ra ngoi lm gia tng lng cn l lng trong nc sch.
Oxy vn cn phi cung cp trnh iu kin k kh v cc vn v mi,tuy nhin
cn phi gim n mc thp nht.
6.5.1.5. Gii quyt s c
- Nu c th,hy c gng tch tr cng nhiu cng tt nc thi trong b iu ha
hoc b cha.
- Gim lng oxi cung cp xung mc thp nht c th (DO khong 1-2 mg/l).
-Duy tr qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng lu n mc c th.
-Duy tr b sung cht dinh dng nu c th.
-Nu cn thit,phi boorr sung ngun cacbon t ngoi vo ( nh
axetat,methanol) trnh cho sinh khi b thi ra v lt ra cng nhiu cng tt
6.5.1.6 .Nhng su c thng gp
*Hng hc v bm:
Hng ngy kim tra bm c y nc ln hay khng.Khi my bm hot ng nhng
khng ln nc cn kim tra ln lt cc nguyn nhn sau:
-Ngun cung cp in c bnh thng khng.
- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l khng.
- Khi bm c ting ku l cng cn ngng bm lp tc v tm ra nguyn nhn
khc phc s c trn. Cn sa cha bm theo tng trng hp c th.
Trang b hai bm va d phng, va hot ng lun phin v bm ng thi
khi cn bm vi lu lng ln hn cng sut ca bm.
*Sc kh:
- Oxy tt nhin l nguyn t quan trng nht trong qu trnh sinh khi hot tnh.Nu
ngun cung cp oxy b ct hoc ngay c khi cung cp hn ch, sinh khi s tr nn
sm mu, ta myuf kh chu v cht lng nc sau x l s b suy gim., khi
cn gim ngay lu lng nc thi vo hoc ngng hn( nu my sc kh hng).
- Sau nhng thi k khng oxy, sinh khi phi c sc kh mnh m khng np
nc thi mi.Su , lu lng cp nc thi c th c tng ln tng bc mt.
-Cc vn v Oxy cn phi c gii quyt trit ddeer cng sm cng tt.
*Cc vn v ng m van:
-Cc van cp nc thi vo khng m/ng
-Cc van thi sinh khng d khng m/ng
Cc van thi sinh khi c dng loiaj b sinh kh d t cc b sinh khi hot
tnh. Trong trng hp h hng,dinh khi d khng c ly ra v hm lng MLSS
s tng ln. Ni chung,iu ny c th d dng chp nhn trong vi ngy. Sau mt
chu k lu hn, hm lng MLSS cao s lm cho qu trnh tch sinh khi ra khi
nc tr nn kh hn.
*Cc s c v dinh dng :
Cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi bao gm N v P.Trong : hm lng nito
trong nc thi u vo c coi l nu tng nito (bao gm nito-kjedalhl, nito-
amooni, nito-nitrit,nito-nitrat? Trong nc x l l 1 -2 mg/l.Nu cao hn, ngha
 l hm lng Nito trong nc thi d tha th cn chm dt vic b sung nito (nu
c).
*Cc s c v sinh khi:
- Sinh khi nooie ln mt nc : kim tra ti lng hu c,cc cht c ch.
-Sinh khi pht trin tn mn : thay i ti lng hu c, DO. Kim tra cc cht c
p dng bin php tin x l hoc gim ti hu c.
-Sinh khi to thnh hn hp c: tng ti trng ,oxy, ng nh pH thch hp, b sung
cht dinh dng.
6.5.2.Vn hnh h thng sinh hc nh git
Vn hnh h thng sinh hc nh git yu cu cn phi theo di thng xuyn, kim
sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra, ng thi tnh ton kim sot cc qu trnh.[8]
6.5.2.1.Theo di vn hnh
- Lp mng : ngi vn hnh phi kim tra dy ca lp mng m bo n
mng v ng b hoc dy v nng( cho bit cht hu c qu ti).ng thi, vic vn
hnh cn quan tm ddeens mu sc ca lp mng.Lp mng thng c mu xm.Cn
kim tra s tng trng b mt ph ca lp mng m bo n vn hot ng t (
mng v trong m); nu s tng trng dy v ti cho thy cht hu c qu ti
- Lu lng : s phn phi lu lng dng thi phi c kim tra m bo
hot ng ng u. Ngoi ra cng cn quan tm n s thot nc ca h thng.
- B phn phi : cn phi ng b v phng. B phn phi phi c kim tra
trnh b d r.
- Lp m : kim tra m bo hot ng u.

6.5.2.2.Kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra

m bo s hot ng hiu qu ca h thng lc sinh hc nh git, mu th v thi

gian l rt quan trng.

- Ly mu dng vo : kim tra cc thng s : DO, pH, nhit , cc cht rn c th

lng, BOD, cht rn l lng v cc kim loi.
- Lu lng tun hon : cc thng s cn kim tra : DO, pH, tc dng chy v
nhit .
- Ly mu dng ra : kim tra : DO, pH, cc cht rn c th lng, BOD v cc cht
rn l lng.

6.5.2.3.Cc vn thng gp v bin php khc phc

H :

Triu chng :
 - Hnh thnh cc ao hoc vng nh trn b mt lp m.
- Gim kh nng loi b BOD v TSS.
- Xut hin mi kh chu do iu kin k kh trong lp m.
- Lp m c hin tng lu kh ngho.

Nguyn nhn :

- Ti trng thy lc khng m bo lp m sch bng phng.

- Dng thi tun hon khng cung cp cho s pha long.
- Lp m khng ng u, hoc ng u nhng qu nh.
- S phn hy lp m do thi thit.
- Cc vt liu vn ( l, que, ...) cc sinh vt sng cn tr cc ch trng.

Khc phc :

- Loi b tt c vt liu bi k trn ra khi vt liu m.

- Gia tng dng tun hon gia tng kh nng pha long trong h thng.
- S dng dng nc c p sut cao thay i v lm y din tch h.
- Lm kh lp vt liu m. Khi dng chy ngng i qua lp m, lp mng s kh
v lng ra. Khi dng chy bt u li, lp mng lng ra s theo dng chy ra
ngoi lp m. Thi gian kh s ph thuc du lp mng v yu cu chuyn
ha, thng thng t vi gi n vi ngy.
Mi :

Thng thng, mi pht sinh thng cho bit hot ng ca h thng c vn .

Nguyn nhn :

- Tha lng hu c do cht lng lc dng ra km, hot ng x l s cp km v

kim sot qu trnh x l bn hot tnh khng tt l nguyn nhn gy nn hin
tng BOD cao trong dng ti tun hon.
- Thng kh km.
- Thit b lc b qu ti.

Khc phc :

- Tnh ton hot ng ca qu trnh x l s cp.

- Tnh ton v iu chnh kim sot qu trnh x l bn hot tnh lm gim lng
BOD.
- Tng tc ti tun hon tng DO trong dng chy vo h thng.
- Duy tr iu kin thng kh dng chy vo h thng.
 - Thm khong 1- 2mg.l clo d trong mi gi khi lu lng dng chy thp.
SS v BOD sau b lng cao :

Nguyn nhn :

- Dng tun hon kh cao, do ti trng thy lc ca b lng cao.

- Mng ngn ca b lng b n mn hoc b ph hng.
- Thit b thu gom bn b hng hay b trc trc.
- Tc rt bn khng thch hp.
- Ti lng cc cht rn tha.

Khc phc :

- Kim tra ti lng thy lc v iu chnh lu lng tun hon nu dng chy thy
lc qu cao.
- iu chnh dng chy m bo cn bng vi s phn b.
- Kim tra thit b loi b bn. Sa cha cc thit b h hng.
- Kim tra chiu su lp bn v nng cc cht trong bn, iu chnh tc loi
b bn v/hoc thng xuyn iu kin hiu kh trong b lng.
Lc nh git :

Triu chng :

- Lc nh git v din tch xung quanh l mi trng thch hp cho mt lng ln

cc sinh vt rt nh bay c sinh sng.

Nguyn nhn :

- Tun hon khng hiu qu.

- iu kin kh v m gin on.
- Thi tit m.

Khc phc :

- Tng tc tun hon duy tr ti trng thy lc ti thiu l 0,07m3/m2.ngy.

- Lm sch cc b mt thnh b lc v loi b c di, bi cy, ... quanh b lc.
- Duy tr liu lng tc cht trong b lc vi nng clo thp ( < 1mg/l). iu ny
s gip tiu dit cc u trng.
- Lm kh lp m lc trong vi gi.
- Lm ngp nc b lc trong 24 gi.
Mt nhit :
Nguyn nhn :

- Ti tun hon lm gia tng hoc gim nhit cc git nc.

- Gi thnh hnh gy nn s mt nhit.
- i khi cc tc cht thm vo nc thi qu nhiu v qu lu cng gy hin tng
ng lnh.

Khc phc :

- Gim lng nc tun hon ti mc c th hn ch nh hng ca s lnh.

- Vn hnh 2 b lc song song gim s mt nhit.
- Ph lp m gim s mt nhit.

6.5.3. Vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh

Chun b lng bn hot tnh cn thit v cho chun b cc cng trnh sinh hc (
Aerotank, mng oxy ha) theo trnh t sau :

- Trc tin cho mt phn nc thi vi nng BODtp khong 200 250 mg/l
chy qua cng trnh. Nu nc thi cng nghip c nng cao th pha long
bng nc sn xut hoc nc sng. Bn lng ti b lng t 2 c tun hon
lin tc v Aerotank.
- Bn hot tnh s gia tng theo thi gian. Theo s gia tng ca bn c xut hin ca
nitrat v nitrit, tng dn lng nc cn x l hoc gim pha long.

C th s dng bn c sn t b Aerotank bt k hoc bn hot tnh phi 60oC, hoc

mng sinh hc tri ra t b lc sinh hc hoc bn ao h. Bn hot tnh c th thu t bn
sng hoc ao h khng nhim bn du m hoc du khong. Trc khi cho vo b
Aerotank, bn ao h hoc bn sng phi c loi b cc tp khong nng ( si, ct). Vi
mc ch ny, bn c trn vi nc, ri sau thi gian lng ngn ( 36 pht) c
vo b Aerotank. Ti bn c thi kh, khng cn nc thi. Sau khi chun b bn
xong, cho nc thi vo b Aerotank ban u vi lng nh, sau theo mc tch ly
bn, tng dn cho n khi t lu lng thit k.

Trong bn hot tnh hot ng tt, ngoi cc bong tp trung cc ng vt vi sinh cn gp

mt lng khng ln tho trng ( trng long), trng xon, giun.

Khi iu kin lm vic n nh b ph v, trong bn pht trin cc vi khun dng ch (

sphacrotilus, cladothix) thc vt nhnh ( zooglea ramigeras, cc nm nc ...).
 kim: Kim sot kim trong b hiu kh l cn thit kim sot ton b
qu trnh. kim khng s lm gim hot tnh ca VSV v cng c th nh
hng n pH
DO: Hot ng ca b bn hot tnh l mt qu trnh hiu kh nn n i hi
lng DO phi hin din mi thi im
pH: pH trong h thng hiu kh thng nm trong khong 6,5-9
MLSS,MLVSV ,MLTSS.
Nng v tc tun hon bn hot tnh: Ngi vn hnh phi duy tr s tun
hon bn hot tnh tip din trong h thng ,nu tc ny qu thp b hiu kh s
b qu ti thy lc,lm gim thi gian thong kh. Nng tun hon cng rt quan
trng bi v n c th dng xc nh tc tun hon cn thit gi MLSS
cn thit
Tc dng chy bn hot tnh thi : Bi v bn hot tnh c cha VSV sng tng
trng ,nn bn hot tnh tip tc gia tng. Nu bn hot tnh duy tr trong h
thng qu lu , hiu qu ca qu trnh s gim xung. Nu c qu nhiu bn hot
tnh b loi khi h thng, cc cht rn s khng lng ng nhanh c loi
b thit b lng th cp
su lp bn : Nu cc cht rn khng b loi b ra khi h thng t thit b lc
vi cng tc chng c a vo, lp ph s gia tng su . su lp ph
bn c th chu nh hng ca nhiu iu kin :nhit , tnh trong nc thi

6.5.3.2. Kim sot , vn hnh h thng

Tc tun hon
- Tc tun hon qu cao , kt qu l :s thng kh v lng ng cc b b
qu ti thy lc , thi gian thng kh v lng ng gim
- Tc tun hon qu thp , kt qu l : s tun hon thi , cc cht rn b
gi li trong cc b lng ,gim MLSS trong cc b hiu kh
Tc nc thi
Tc nc thi qu cao kt qu gim MLSS ,gim mt bn tng
SVI ,gim MCRT, tng F/M .
Tc nc thi qu thp kt qu l tng MLSS, tng mt d bn,
gim SVI ,tng MCRT, gim F/M.
Tc khng kh :
Tc khng kh qu nhanh: kt qu l nng lng b lng ph, tng
chi ph vn hnh cc cht rn ni ln ph v lp bn hoat tnh.
 Tc d khng kh qu thp dn n kt qu l b hiu kh thi, hiu
qu km mt s nitrat ha.

6.5.3.3 Cc vn c th xy ra v cch khc phc

Triu chng 1 : lp bn chy ra ngoi theo dng thi,khng cn bn lng

Do cht hu c qu ti,cch khc phc gim lng cht hu c
Do PH qu thp ,cch khc phc tng lng kim.
Do s tng trng ca nm si: cch khc phc thm dinh dng
hoc thm clo.
Do thiu ht dinh dng, khc phc thm dinh dng
Do c tnh, khc phc : tm ngun, b sung tin x l .
Do thng kh qua nhiu,khc phc gim thng kh trong qu trnh
luu lng thp.
Triu chng 2 : mt lng ln cc ht rn nh ri khi b.lng
Nguyn nhn : bn c ,khc phc gim tui bn gia tng tc
dng thi.
Nguyn nhn : s hn lon qu mc khc phc : gim s hn lon
(kim sot thi khi luuuw lng thp).
Triu chng3 : mt lng ln phn t trong m ri khi b lng.
Do tc tng trng ca bn, khc phc tng tui th ca bn .
Do bn hot tnh mi yu,khc phc gim nc thi.
Triu chng 4 : bn lng tt nhng li ni ln trn b mt trong thi gian
ngn
Do s kh nitrat, cch khc phc : tng tc tun hon,diu chnh
tui th bn ngn s nitrat ha
Do thng kh qu mc,khc phc gim s thng kh
Triu chng 5: cc vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh cht trong thi gian ngn.
Do dng vo cha cc c tnh , khc phc : tch bn hot tnh nu
c th, tun hon tt cc cht rn ang hin din,ngung tc nc
thi ,b sung cc chng trnh tin x l
Triu chng 6 : b mt ca b hiu kh b bao ph bi lp bt nhn dy
Do bn qu gi, khc phc gim tui bn ,tng luongj nc thi s
dng cc cht bm kim sot bt.
Do qu nhiu du v cht bo c trong h thng ,cch khc phc :
tng cng loi b cc cht bo
Do vi khun vng to bt, khc phc tng cng laoij b vi khn
 Triu chng 7 : xut hin cc m bt ln trong b hiu kh
Do bn hot tnh tr, lng bn t . khc phc : tng tui bn,gim
cung cp cht thi ,dng cc cht bm kim sot bt.
Do cc cht ty ra, khc phc hn ch hot dng ca b, s dng
cc cht bm kim sot bt

STT Vn Nguyn nhn Hu qu

1 Bn pht trin phn tn Cc vi sinh vt khng to
2 Bn khng kt dnh c Bng bn thng c hnh cu Ch so th tich bn
3 Bn to khi Cc vi khn dng si pht SVI cao kh duy tr
4 Bn ni
5 Bt vng
Hiu sut b lng
bng m phn tn di dng t hai thp , nc
nhng c th ring bit hoc ra khi b b c
vi nhng cm nh Lng bn tun
hon t.
nn nh,nguyn nhn l phn SVI thp nc ra
chia cc bng bn ln,thiu khi b b c
thc an,vi inh vt phi dng
cc polysaccarit ngoi bo
nh ngn C v nng lng
sng
trin qu mc trong bn lm nng bn cn
bn nn km v lng km thit trong b sc
kh . kh nng tch
nc ca bn gim.
Trong b lng t 2 din ra Hnh thnh lp bn
qu trnh nitrat ha sinh ra kh hot tnh trn mt
N2.kh N2 chuyn ln trn nc
ko theo cc bng bn ln
trn to hot tnh ln trn mt
nc
Thi gian luu lp bn nh
hn 1 gi l b to lp bt
kh.
Do s hin hin ca vi khun Gy mi hi lm
Norcadia spp v microthrix tng SS BOD
parvicella nc thi u ra
Lp bt vng gi li
mt lp bn hot
tinh lm nh hng
ti thi gian luu bn
6 Bn to khi khng phi Bn cha nhiu polyme ngoi Tng SS BOD
do vi khun dng si bo lm lp bn xp nc thi u ra lm
long lng bn