L A

FC = k(uA
y + )
2 z
Substitute this result into equilibrium equations:

L A
P kuA A A A
y k(uy + Lz ) k(uy + )=0
2 z
   
L L A
Pa k(uA
y + ) L k(u A
+ LA
) =0
2 2 z y z

Solve:

3
P = 3kuA
y + Lkz
A
2
3 5 2 A
P a = LkuAy + L kz
2 4
Divide by k.

P 3 A
= 3uA
y + Lz
k 2
Divide by Lk/2.

2P a 5 A
= 3uA
y + Lz
Lk 2
So:
 
P 2a
A
z = 1
Lk L
Substitute:

 
P P 2a
uA
y = + 1
3k 2k L
P P 2a P 2a
u(x) = + (1 ) (1 )x
3k 2k L Lk L
UNIAXIAL LOADING
Behavior of a uniaxially loaded bar
 L = LD +

P = k is a property of the bar.

FORCE
STRESS = = ( Like Pressure)
UNIT AREA
N
Units: 1 m 2 = 1 Pa (SI Units)
lbs
Units: 1 in2 = PSI (English Units)

P
=
A
Engineering Stress
For small deformation

P
=
A0
CHANGE IN LENGTH
STRAIN = LENGTH =

=
L
Strain is dimensionless.

Engineering Strain (For small deformations)

=
L0

4
Stress-Strain plot

For Uniaxial Loading:

= E

Material property is E, Youngs Modulus.

Note: Units of E = Pa, E 109 Pa (or GPa).

So, what is k for uniaxiail loading?

= E
P
=
A0

=
L0

So: P E
=
A0 L0
EA0
P =
L0
So:
EA0
k= for uniaxial loading
L0
Deformation and Displacement
 (du(x) + dx) dx)
= =
L dx
du(x)
=
dx

u(x) = axial displacement of x

du(x)
(x) =
dx
(x)
(x) =
E
So:

du(x) (x) P
= =
dx E AE
  L
P
du = dx
0 0 AE
   L
Px
u =
0 AE 0
PL
=
AE
So:

AE
P =
L
What are some typical values for E?

E
Steel 200 GPa
Aluminum 70 GPa
Polycarbonate 2.3 GPa
Titanium 150 GPa
Fiber-reinforced Composites 120 GPa
Selection of material? Optimize k for a particular A
Steel: ks = k = AsLEs
Al: kA = k = AALEA

Same k As Es = AA EA
So: AA = As EEAs
So: AA 3As the aluminum is three times bigger

6
 May need to optimize weight (think about airplanes) need to include den-
sity.

What happens if you keep pulling on a material?

y = Yield Stress
p
 = Plastic Strain - Not Recoverable.
e = Elastic Strain - Fully Recoverable.
t = e + p = Total Strain

What about pulling on a bar in uniaxial tension?