Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (EDCH)

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

EDCH Background & Basics

Channels/ UTRAN Architecture
Principles: scheduling, handover
Performance Results
Background
E-DCH is a Rel-6 feature with following targets
Improve coverage and throughput, and reduce delay of the uplink
dedicated transport channels
Priority given to services such as streaming, interactive and background
services, conversational (e.g. VoIP) also to be considered
Full mobility support with optimizing for low/ medium speed
Simple implementation
Special focus on co-working with HSDPA

Standardization started in September 2002

Study item completed in February 2004
Stage II/ III started in September/ December 2004
Release 6 frozen in December 2005/ March 2006
Various improvements have been introduced in Rel-7 & Rel-8

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 2

E-DCH Basics
E-DCH is a modification of DCH Not a shared channel, such as
HSDPA in the downlink !!

PHY taken from R99

Turbo coding and BPSK modulation
Power Control
10 msec/ 2 msec TTI
Spreading on separate OVSF code, i.e. code mux with existing PHY
channels

MAC similarities to HSDPA

Fast scheduling
Stop and Wait HARQ: but synchronous

New principles
Intra Node B softer and Inter Node B soft HO should be supported for
the E-DCH with HARQ
Scheduling distributed between UE and NodeB

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 3

E-DCH Scheduling

UE NodeB
Scheduling information
UE detects Scheduler
data in buffer Scheduling grant
takes UE for
scheduling
DATA
Scheduling grant

UE sends scheduling information

MAC-e signaling Scheduling grant

On E-DPCCH: happy bit

NodeB allocates the resources
Scheduling information

Absolute/ relative scheduling grants

Algorithms left open from standards
Depending on the received grants, UE decides on transmission
Maintains allocated resources by means of internal serving grants
Selects at each TTI amount of E-DCH data to transmit
Algorithms fully specified by UMTS standard

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 4

UMTS Channels with E-DCH

Cell 1 Cell 2
= Serving
E-DCH cell
UE
R99 DCH (in SHO)
Rel-6 E-DCH (in SHO) UL/DL signalling (DCCH)
UL PS service (DTCH) UL/DL CS voice/ data
UL Signalling (DCCH) Rel-5 HS-DSCH (not shown)
DL PS service (DTCH)
DL signalling (Rel-6, DCCH)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 5

E-DCH Channels
E-DPDCH
Carries the data traffic
Variable SF = 256 2
UE supports up to 4 E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
Contains the configuration as used on E-DPDCH
Fixed SF = 256

E-RGCH/ E-HICH
E-HICH carries the HARQ acknowledgements
E-RGCH carries the relative scheduling grants
Fixed SF = 128
Up to 40 users multiplexed onto the same channel by using specific
signatures
E-AGCH
Carries the absolute scheduling grants
Fixed SF = 256

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 6

Timing Relation (UL)

Downlink DPCH CFN CFN+1

15 Tslot (10 msec)

0.4 Tslot
Uplink DPCCH (1024 chips) CFN
148chips

10 msec TTI 10 msec

E-DPDCH/
E-DPCCH 2msec TTI Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

3 Tslot (2 msec)

E-DPDCH/ E-DPCCH time-aligned to UL DPCCH

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 7

HSUPA UE Categories

E-DCH Max. num. Min SF EDCH TTI Maximum MAC-e Theoretical maximum PHY
Category Codes TB size data rate (Mbit/s)

Category 1 1 SF4 10 msec 7110 0.71

Category 2 2 SF4 10 msec/ 14484/ 1.45/

2 msec 2798 1.4

Category 3 2 SF4 10 msec 14484 1.45

Category 4 2 SF2 10 msec/ 20000/ 2.0/

2 msec 5772 2.89

Category 5 2 SF2 10 msec 20000 2.0

Category 6 4 SF2 10 msec/ 20000/ 2.0/

2 msec 11484 5.74

Category 7 4 SF2 10 msec/ 20000/ 2.0/

(Rel.7) 2 msec 22996 11.5

When 4 codes are transmitted, 2 codes are transmitted with SF2 and 2 with SF4
UE Category 7 supports 16QAM

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 8

 E-DCH UTRAN Architecture

Evolution from Rel-5 SRNC RRC PDCP

E-DCH functionality is
RLC
intended for transport of
DCCH
dedicated logical Logical Channels DTCH BCCH

channels (DTCH/ DCCH)

MAC-es MAC-d
E-DCH in Rel-6 MAC-d MAC-d DCH
flows flows

Additions in RRC to
configure E-DCH CRNC

w/o MAC-c/sh
Upper phy

RLC unchanged
MAC-c/sh
(UM & AM)
New MAC-es entity with
link to MAC-d NodeB
New MAC-e entity located MAC-e MAC-hs MAC-b
in the Node B DSCH
Transport Channels EDCH HS-DSCH FACH BCH

MAC-e entities from

multiple NodeB may serve
one UE (soft HO)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 9

 MAC-e/es in UE

MAC-e/es Functions
To MAC-d
Priority handling
MAC Control

MAC-es/e
Per logical channel
E-TFC Selection Multiplexing

Multiplexing
HARQ
MAC-d flow concept
Mux of data from multiple
MAC-d flows into single
MAC-e PDU
Associated Scheduling
Downlink Signalling
(E-AGCH / E-RGCH(s)) Scheduling
Associated ACK/NACK
UL data
(E-DPDCH) Associated Uplink Signalling:
Maintain scheduling grant
signaling
(E-HICH)
E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
(E-DPCCH) E-TFC selection
HARQ handling

Cf. 25.309

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 10

 MAC-e in NodeB

MAC-e Functions
MAC-d Flows
Per user
HARQ handling:
ACK/ NACK
UE #N generation
UE #2 De-multiplexing
MAC Control UE #1 E-DCH control:
E-DCH De-multiplexing Rx/ Tx control
Control
E-DCH
signals
Scheduling

E-DCH scheduling for all

HARQ entity
users
Assign resources
MAC-e (scheduling grants)

E-DCH
Associated Associated
Iub overload control
Common RG Uplink Downlink
Cf. 25.309 Signalling Signalling

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 11

 MAC-es in SRNC

To MAC-d

MAC-es Functions
MAC-es
Queue distribution
MAC Control
Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly

Reordering
Reordering/ Reordering/ Reordering/ Per logical channel
Combining Combining Combining
In-sequence delivery
Macro-diversity
Reordering Queue Reordering Queue
Distribution Distribution combining:
frame selection

MAC-d flow #1 MAC-d flow #n

Disassembly

From From
MAC-e in MAC-e in
Cf. 25.309 NodeB #1 NodeB #k

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 12

 Data Flow through Layer 2

RLC RLC PDU: Header DATA DDI: Data Description

MAC-d Indicator (6bit)
MAC-d PDU: DATA MAC-d PDU size
Log. Channel ID
MAC-e/es MAC-es PDU: TSN DATA DATA Mac-d flow ID
N: Number of MAC-d PDUs
(6bit)

DDI N DDI N DDI DATA DATA Padding

TSN: Transmission Sequence
Number (6bit)
(Opt)

MAC-e header MAC-es PDU

MAC-e PDU:

DATA
PHY

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 13

Hybrid ARQ Operation

N-channel parallel HARQ with stop-and-wait protocol

Number of HARQ processes N to allow uninterrupted E-DCH transmission
10 msec TTI: 4
2 msec TTI: 8
Synchronous retransmissions
Retransmission of a MAC-e PDU follows its previous HARQ (re)transmission
after N TTI = 1 RTT
Incremental Redundancy via rate matching
Max. # HARQ retransmissions specified in HARQ profile

ACK
NACK
ACK
NACK

New Tx 1 New Tx 2 New Tx 3 New Tx 4 Re-Tx 1 New Tx 2 Re-Tx 3 New Tx 4 Re-Tx 1 Re-Tx 2

NACK
NACK

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 14

E-DCH UE Scheduling
UE maintains internal serving grant SG
SG are quantized Maximum E-DPDCH/ DPCCH power ratio (TPR), which are
defined by 3GPP
Reception of absolute grant: SG = AG
No transmission: SG = Zero_Grant
Reception of relative grants: increment/ decrement index of SG in the SG
table
AG and RG from serving RLS can be activated for specific HARQ processes for
2msec TTI
UE selects E-TFC at each TTI
Allocates the E-TFC according to the given restrictions
Serving grant SG
UE transmit power
Provides priority between the different logical channels

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 15

Scheduling Grant Table

Index Scheduled Scheduling grants are max.

Grant E-DPDCH/ DPCCH power ratio (TPR
traffic to pilot ratio)
2
37 (168/15) *6
2
36 (150/15) *6
35
2
(168/15) *4 Power Ratio is related to UE data
34
2
(150/15) *4
2
rate
33 (134/15) *4
2
32 (119/15) *4
Relative Grants
2
31 (150/15) *2
2
30 (95/15) *4
29 (168/15)
2 SG moves up/ down when RG = UP/
DOWN


2
14 (30/15)
13 (27/15)
2 Absolute Grants
12 (24/15)
2
2
SG jumps to entry for AG
11 (21/15)
10 (19/15)
2 2 reserved values for ZERO_GRANT/
9 (17/15)
2
INACTIVE
2
8 (15/15)
2
7 (13/15)
2
6 (12/15)
2
5 (11/15)
2
4 (9/15)
2
3 (8/15)
2
2 (7/15)
2
1 (6/15)
2
0 (5/15)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 16

Timing Relation for Scheduling Grants

Scheduling
decision
E-RGCH HARQ process
Load E-AGCH number
estimation, etc

E-DCH 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

AG applied to this
HARQ process
RG interpreted relative
to the previous TTI in
this HARQ process.

AG and RG associated with specific uplink E-DCH TTI, i.e. specific HARQ process
Association based on the timing of the E-AGCH and E-RGCH.
Timing is tight enough that this relationship is un-ambiguous.
Example: 10msec TTI

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 17

Scheduling Information
Happy bit signaling
One bit status flag send on E-DPCCH at each TTI
Criterion for happy bit
Set to unhappy if UE is able to send more data than given with
existing serving grant
Otherwise set to happy
Scheduling Information Reporting
Content of MAC-e report
Provides more detailed information (log. channel, buffer status,
UE power headroom)
Will be sent less frequently (e.g. every 100 msec)
Parameters adjusted by RRC (e.g. reporting intervals, channels to
report)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 18

HSUPA Scheduling

Radio resources
UL Load (interference)

Other constraints
QoS Parameters NodeB decoding capabilities
Throughput bounds Iub bandwidth limit

Feedback from UE
Scheduling Information UE capabilities
EDCH NodeB Scheduler
Reports

Allocate (absolute/ relative) Scheduling

Grants (max. allowed power offsets)

UE allocates transport formats according to

the allocated grants

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 19

NodeB Load Scheduling Principle

UL Load UL Load E-DCH scheduler constraint

target Keep UL load within the limit
UE #m Scheduler controls:
Serving E-DCH load portion of non-serving
E-DCH users users from other cells
E-DCH resources of each serving user
UE #1
of own cell
Non-serving
E-DCH users Principles:
Rate vs. time scheduling
Dedicated control for serving users
Non E-DCH Common control for non-serving
users

Note: Scheduler cannot exploit fast fading !

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 20

E-DCH Scheduling Options
Rate Scheduling Time Scheduling
rate

rate
UE2

UE1 UE3
UE2 UE3 UE1
UE1

time time

UEs are continuously active UEs are switched on/ off by absolute
Data rate is incremental increased/ scheduling grants
decreased by relative scheduling grants UEs should be in synch
No synch between UEs required Load variations might be large
Load variations can be kept low For (verry) high data rates
For low to medium data rates

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 21

Non-scheduled Mode
Configured by the SRNC
UE is allowed to send E-DCH data at any time
Signaling overhead and scheduling delay are minimized
Support of QoS traffic on E-DCH, e.g. VoIP & SRB
Characteristics
Resource given by SRNC:
Non-scheduled Grant = max. # of bits that can be included in a MAC-e PDU
UTRAN can reserve HARQ processes for non-scheduled transmission
Non-scheduled transmissions defined per MAC-d flow
Multiple non-scheduled MAC-d flows may be configured in parallel
One specific non-scheduled MAC-d flow can only transmit up to the non-
scheduled grant configured for that MAC-d flow
Scheduled grants will be considered on top of non-scheduled
transmissions
Scheduled logical channels cannot use non-scheduled grant
Non-scheduled logical channels cannot transmit data using Scheduling Grant

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 22

E-DCH Operation in Soft Handover

scheduling grant scheduling grant

HARQ ACK/ NACK HARQ ACK/ NACK
UE

NodeB 1 NodeB 2

Macro-diversity operation on multiple NodeBs

Softer handover combining in the same NodeB
Soft handover combining in RNC (part of MAC-es)
Independent MAC-e processing in both NodeBs
HARQ handling rule: if at least one NodeB tells ACK, then ACK
Scheduling rule: relative grants DOWN from any NodeB have
precedence

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 23

Mobility Handling
The UE uses soft handover for associated DCH as well as for E-DCH
Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update
(events 1A, 1B, 1C)
E-DCH active set is equal or smaller than DCH active set
New event 1J: non-active E-DCH link becomes better than active one
The UE receives AG on E-AGCH from only one cell out of the E-DCH
active set (serving E-DCH cell)
E-DCH and HSDPA serving cell must be the same
Hard Handover, i.e. change of serving E-DCH cell
Using RRC procedures, which maybe triggered by event 1D
Could be also combined with Active Set Update

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 24

Mobility Procedures

SRNC SRNC

MAC-es MAC-es

MAC-e MAC-e MAC-e MAC-e

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

s t

Serving Serving
E-DCH E-DCH
radio link radio link

Inter-Node B serving E-DCH cell change within E-DCH active set

Note: MAC-e still established in both NodeBs !

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 25

Serving E-DCH Cell Change

SRNC
UE Target serving Source serving =
E-DCH cell E-DCH cell DRNC

Serving E-DCH cell

RL Reconfiguration Prepare change decision
i.e. even t 1D
RL Reconfiguration Ready

RL Reconfiguration Prepare If new NodeB

RL Reconfiguration Ready
Synchronous
Reconfiguration
RL Reconfiguration Commit with Tactivation
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration RL Reconfiguration Commit

Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete

UE receives now
AG & dedicated RG
from target cell

Handover of E-DCH scheduler control Handover of HS-DSCH serving cell

No changes in UL transport bearer DL transport bearer setup
No MAC-es RESET MAC-hs RESET

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 26

E-DCH RRM Principle

E-DCH resources controlled by

UL Load UL Load UL load target
target E-DCH non-serving load portion

NodeB schedules E-DCH users

Serving according to RNC settings
E-DCH users Priority for non E-DCH traffic

Non-serving RNC still controls non E-DCH load

E-DCH users portion
By means of e.g. admission/
congestion control
Non E-DCH
load portion Based on an estimate of non-
Non E-DCH EDCH load

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 27

User Throughput vs. Aggregate Cell Throughput

10ms TTI, unlimited CE dec. rate 2ms TTI, next release 36 cells network
1200 1 UMTS composite channel
2 #UEs/cell model
1000
FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
3 upload, 30 seconds thinking
User Throughput [kbps]

800
4 time)
600
5 Maximum cell throughput
6 reached for about 78 UEs
400
per cell
7
8 Cell throughput drops if #UEs
200
9 increases further since the
10 associated signaling channel
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
consume UL resources too
Aggregated Cell Throughput [kbps]

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 28

Single User Performance

Average user throughput

2ms, 1Tx 10ms, 1Tx (RLC layer) for different
3500 channel profiles
1 UE in the network
3000 1 target HARQ transmission
For AWGN channel
Average User Throughput [kbps]

2500
conditions:
2000 10ms TTI: up to 1.7 Mbps
(near theoretical limit of 1.88
1500 Mbps)
2ms TTI: up to 3 Mbps
1000
(below theoretical limit 5.44
Mbps)
500
E.g. due to restrictions
0 from RLC layer (window
AWGN PedA3 PedA30 VehA30 VehA120 size, PDU size)
Scenario

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 29

E-DCH Summary
New uplink transmission concept
Optimized for interactive, background and streaming, support of
conversational
Full support of mobility with optimizing for low/ medium speed
Improved PHY approach
New UL transport channel: E-DCH
Additional signalling channels to support HARQ and E-DCH scheduling
MAC-e/es entity located in NodeB/ SRNC
Distributed E-DCH scheduling between UE and NodeB
E-DCH supports soft/ softer HO
Radio Resource Control procedures similar to HSDPA
E-DCH Resource Management
Cumulated resources managed by Controlling-RNC
Re-use of principles for DCH control (handover, state transition)
Significant improved performance

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 30

References
Papers
A. Ghosh et al: Overview of Enhanced Uplink for 3GPP W-CDMA, Proc.
IEEE VTC 04/ Milan, vol. 4, pp. 22612265
A. Toskala et al: High-speed Uplink Packet Access, Chapter 13 in
Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2010
H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS, Wiley 2006
Standards
TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects
TR 25.896: Feasibility Study for Enhanced Uplink for UTRA FDD
TR 25.808: FDD Enhanced Uplink; Physical Layer Aspects
TR 25.309/ 25.319 (Rel.7 onwards): Enhanced Uplink: Overall
Description (Stage 2)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 31

Abbreviations

ACK (positive) Acknowledgement Mux Multiplexing

AG Absolute Grant NACK Negative Acknowledgement
AM Acknowledged (RLC) Mode NBAP NodeB Application Part
AMC Adaptive Modulation & Coding OVSF Orthogonal Variable SF (code)
BO Buffer Occupancy PDU Protocol Data Unit
CAC Call Admission Control PHY Physical Layer
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access PO Power Offset
DBC Dynamic Bearer Control QoS Quality of Service
DCH Dedicated Channel QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DDI Data Description Indicator RB Radio Bearer
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel RG Relative Grant
E-AGCH E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel RL Radio Link
E-DCH Enhanced (uplink) Dedicated Channel RLC Radio Link Control
E-HICH E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement RLS Radio Link Set
Indicator Channel RRC Radio Resource Control
E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel RRM Radio Resource Management
E-TFC E-DCH Transport Format Combination RV Redundancy Version
FDD Frequency Division Duplex SDU Service Data Unit
FEC Forward Error Correction SF Spreading Factor
FIFO First In First Out SG Serving Grant
FP Framing Protocol SI Scheduling Information
GoS Grade of Service TNL Transport Network Layer
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request TPR Traffic to Pilot Ratio
IE Information Element TTI Transmission Time Interval
MAC-d dedicated Medium Access Control UM Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode
MAC-e/es E-DCH Medium Access Control

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