THC TP MN: MT S PHNG PHP PHN TCH MI TRNG

Bi thc tp s 2: Xc nh chua ca t
I. Mc ch
- Sinh vin hiu v thc hnh c phng php xc nh cc dng chua trong t
- X l v nh gi c s liu phn tch thng qua cc thut ton thng k
II. Gii thiu chung
t c phn ng chua khi trong t c cha nhiu cation H+ v Al3+, mc chua ph
thuc vo nng ca chng. Nng cc cation ny trong t cng cao th t cng chua.
Cation H+ v Al3+ c th c hnh thnh t nhin do qu trnh phong ho m, qu trnh
hnh thnh v pht trin ca t hoc do tc ng ca hot ng nhn
2.1. Nguyn nhn gia tng qa trnh chua ho t
Khi nghin cu cc nguyn nhn lm cho t tr nn chua hn ngi ta thy c rt nhiu
yu t chi phi. Sau y l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu tc ng lm gia tng qu trnh
ho chua ca t.
- Yu t kh hu
Cc c trng ca kh hu nh nhit , m , c bit l lng ma nh hng rt ln
n qu trnh phong ho , s chuyn ho v di chuyn vt cht, ng thi cn nh hng
n thc b v hot ng ca sinh vt trong t. Tt c cc qu trnh ny u c quan h
cht ch vi s hnh thnh v bin i chua ca t. Ni chung nhit cng cao v
lng ma cng ln th cng c li cho tc dng ph hu v ra tri vt cht. Trong
iu kin lng ma ln hn lng bc hi, mt phn nc ma s di chuyn t trn mt
t xung di su do tc dng ca trng lc hoc di chuyn ngang theo cc dng chy
mt. S di chuyn ny ko theo mt lot cc cht d tan c trong t, c bit l cc ion
kim loi kim v kim th nh Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ lm cho t ho chua. Do nguyn nhn
ny m phn ln t vng i ni Vit Nam cng nh cc nc khc thuc vng nhit
i nng m u b chua cc mc khc nhau.
- Yu t sinh vt
Trong qu trnh hot ng, vi sinh vt, r cy cng nh cc loi sinh vt khc trong t
khng ngng gii phng ra CO2, kh ny ho tan trong nc to thnh axit H2CO3. Tuy
phn ly ca axit ny khng cao nhng n l cng l mt trong nhng ngun sinh H+ ch
yu trong t.

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Trong qu trnh vi sinh vt phn gii cht hu c (c bit trong iu kin ym kh) s sinh
ra nhiu axit hu c lm t b ho chua. Bi vy t quanh nm ngp nc, t ly tht
v phn ln t than bn u b chua. c bit, nu tn tch sinh vt cha nhiu lu hunh
(S) nh xc cc cy s, vt c khi b phn hu trong iu kin ym kh, tri qua mt qu
trnh bin i phc tp s sinh ra H2S. Khi c iu kin oxi ho, H2S chuyn thnh H2SO4
lm t rt chua:
2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O
2S + 3O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 251 kCal
Cc loi thc b khc nhau cng c nh hng khc nhau n tnh chua ca t (ch yu
nh qu trnh tch lu sinh hc cc kim loi kim v kim th). Trong thnh phn tro ca
cy l kim cha t cht kim nn t pht trin di rng cy l kim thng chua hn t
hnh thnh di rng cy l rng. Trong t rng rm nu c nhiu nm hot ng s to
thnh nhiu axit fulvic lm cho t chua thm.
- nh hng ca con ngi ti qu trnh ho chua ca t
Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, thc vt mu xanh ht mt lng ln cc cht
kim trong t nh Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ... hnh thnh c th. i vi thc vt t nhin
th lng cc cht kim ny s c tr li cho t trong cc dng xc thc vt. Nhng vi
t canh tc th mt lng ln cc cht kim b ly i khng hon li cho t di dng
cc sn phm nng nghip. y l mt nguyn nhn lm gim cc cht kim trong t canh
tc v lm t dn b ho chua (ging la IR62, nng sut 9,8 tn thc/ha v 8,3 tn rm r
t b ly i 265 kg K2O, 58 kg MgO v 71kg CaO/ha hoc hnh thnh nn 1 tn ht
cy ng ly i t t 30-35 kg N, 8-12kg P2O5 v 25-35 kg K2O).
Do thnh phn ho hc, mt s phn bn khi bn vo t s dn dn lm cho t ho chua.
Khi bn nhng loi phn nh (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, KCl vo t cc cation NH4+, K+ s c
keo t v cy trng hp th li gc SO42- v Cl-. Cc gc axit ny s to HCl v H2SO4
lm cho t b chua. Nhng phn c th lm t b ho chua bng c ch ny c gi
chung l cc phn chua sinh l. Mt s loi phn nh supe ln trong thnh phn thng
cha mt lng nht nh axit d nn khi bn nhiu vo t cng c th lm cho t chua
thm.
i vi nhng vng t c thnh phn c gii nh th vn ti nc d tha cng l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm t b ra tri cc kim loi kim v kim th v dn dn
ho chua.
2.2. Cc loi chua ca t

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Tt c cc nguyn nhn trn u trc tip hoc gin tip lm tng hm lng ion H+ trong
t. Phn ng chua ca t c biu th bng cc loi chua. Ion H+ trong t c th tn
ti trong dung dch hoc b hp thu trn b mt keo t. Trng hp th nht sinh ra "
chua hot tnh" c nh hng trc tip ti cy trng v vi sinh vt. Trng hp th hai gy
nn " chua tim tng" ca t v H+ (v Al3+) ch lm tng chua dung dch v nh
hng n sinh vt khi b y vo dung dch t bi cc cation khc. Hai loi chua ny
hp thnh tng s chua ca t.
- chua hot tnh
chua hot tnh do cc ion H+ c sn trong dung dch t to nn, nng ion H+ cng
cao th t cng chua.
xc nh chua ny ta chit rt cc ion H+ bng nc ri xc nh nng ion H+
bng pH meter hoc chun vi NaOH tiu chun. chua hot tnh c biu th bng
gi tr pH (l tr s m ca logarit nng ion H+ trong dung dch) k hiu pHH2O.

chua hot tnh c s dng trong vic b tr c cu cy trng ph hp trn vng t

canh tc hoc xc nh s cn thit phi bn vi ci to chua ca t cho ph hp vi
c tnh sinh hc ca loi cy nh trng. a s cy trng a mi trng trung tnh nhng
c bit c nhng cy cn t chua nh ch, c ph, da, khoai ty...
- chua tim tng
Nh trn ni trong t chua cn c cc ion H+ v Al3+ c ht bm trn b mt keo
t. Khi tc ng ln t bng mt dung dch mui th H+ v Al3+ b y vo dung dch t.
Nng ca cc ion ny trong dung dch tng ln gy nh hng khng tt n thc vt
v vi sinh vt. chua ca t xc nh c trong trng hp ny gi l chua tim
tng.
Cc ion H+ v Al3+ c ht bm trn keo vi cc lc khc nhau. Tu thuc vo lc ht
bm ca cc ion ny trn keo m ngi ta chia chua tim tng thnh 2 loi: chua
trao i v chua thu phn.
+ chua trao i: L mt loi chua ca t c xc nh khi cho t tc dng vi
mt dung dch mui trung tnh, thng dng mui KCl, NaCl. Nh vy ngoi nhng ion
H+ c sn trong dung dch t cn c nhng ion H+ v Al3+ c y ra t keo t theo
phn ng:
+
3+ + 4KCl K4K + HCl + AlCl3
[] +

Mui Al thu phn to ra axit theo phng trnh:

AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3HCl

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+ chua thu phn: Dng mui trung tnh KCl tc ng vi t nhiu khi vn cha
y dc ht cc ion H+ v Al3+ ra khi keo t. Cc nh ho hc t a ra phng
php khc: dng dung dch chit l mui to bi mt axit yu v mt baz mnh nh
CH3COONa hoc Ca(CH3COO)2 th hu ht cc ion H+ v Al3+ s b y ra khi keo vo
dung dch. chua c xc nh bng phng php ny ln hn chua trao i nhiu
v c gi l chua thu phn.
Trong dung dch NaCH3COO b thu phn:
NaCH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COOH l axit yu t phn ly, NaOH th phn ly hon ton thnh Na + v OH- v vy
dung dch c phn ng kim yu (pH 8,2-8,5). y l iu kin Na+ y ht H+ v Al3+
trn keo t vo dung dch theo s sau:
+
[] +
3+ + 4NaCH3COO [K4Na + CH3COOH + Al(CH3COO)3 (1)

Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3CH3COOH (2)

2.3. Phng php xc nh chua ca t
- Phng php cc chn lc hydro
y l phng php o trc tip trn my (pH meter) cho
kt qu nhanh, chnh xc v thao tc n gin cng nh hn
ch c cc yu t nh hng ca iu kin mi trng.
in cc hidro tiu chun l loi in cc c cu to c
bit, in th ca n c dng lm tiu chun xc nh
in th ca cc in cc khc. Trong mch in ha, in
cc hidro tiu chun c mc vo mch vi vai tr l in
cc so snh. in th ca n c quy c bng 0V 25oC,
dung dch c hot H+ bng 1, p sut 1 atm. Thng qua
hiu in th o c v cc thut ton quy hi (da vo
phng trnh Nernst) ta tnh c lng H+ hoc gi tr pH
ca dung dch huyn ph cn o.
Cu to in cc: Bu thy tinh chn lc Ion H+ (thnh phn mng thy tinh 72% SiO2,
22% Na2O, 6% CaO hoc 80% SiO2, 10% Li2O, 10% CaO - loi thy tinh ny ch chn lc
vi ion H+); 2 in cc so snh Ag/AgCl (mt in cc so snh bn trong v mt in cc
so snh bn ngoi); dung dch KCl 3M; trong bu thy tinh l HCl c nng c nh.
- Phng php chun axit baz

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Lng H+ t do v phn b hp ph (H+ b hp ph hoc to ra do s thy phn ca Al3+
sau khi c gii hp) c mt trong dung dch s c chun li bi NaOH tiu chun
0,02N vi ch th phenolphtalein ti khi xut hin mu hng bn trong 1 pht.
Bng vic s dng F- km hm s thy phn ca ion Al3+ theo phn ng:
Al3+ + 6F- AlF63-
ta c th xc nh c lng H+ c sn trong dung dch t hoc cng vi lng gii
phng ra t b mt keo t; v bng phng php hiu s ta c th d dng xc nh c
lng H+ to ra do qu trnh thy phn ca Al3+ v t tnh c lng Al3+ c trong
dung dch t sau qu trnh trao i ca t vi cc dung dch mui (y c th coi l lng
Al trao i trong t).
III. Ni dung thc tp
Phn 1: Xc nh chua hot tnh ca t
- Cn 10g t qua x l (kh khng kh, ry qua ry 1mm) vo bnh tam gic
100mL
- Thm 25mL H2O (w:v = 1:2,5)
- Lc 15 pht vi my lc ti 150 vng/pht
- yn 2h
- Lc nh v xc nh pH ca dung dch huyn ph bng pH meter.
Phn 2: Xc nh chua tha phn v Al3+ trao i
- Cn 100g t qua x l (kh khng kh, ry qua ry 1mm) vo bnh tam gic
250mL
- Thm 250mL CH3COONa 1N (w:v = 1:2,5)
- Lc 15 pht vi my lc ti 150 vng/pht
- yn 2h
Xc nh chua thu phn:
- Lc nh v xc nh pH ca dung dch huyn ph bng pH meter (c th gim lng
t phn tch khi s dng pH meter o).
Hoc:
- Lc hoc ly tm thu dch lc
- Ht 25ml dch lc trn cho vo 02 bnh tam gic 100mL

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 - un si 02 bnh trong 2-5 pht, sau ngui v khong 50oC
- Bnh 1: Xc nh chua trao i hay H+ trao i
+ Cho thm 0,5 mL ch th phenonphtalein
+ Chun vi NaOH 0,02N ti khi mu hng xut hin v bn trong 1 pht.
+ Th tch chun k hiu V1
- Bnh 2:
+ Thm 5mL NaF 3,5%, ngui
+ Cho thm 0,5 mL ch th phenonphtalein
+ Chun vi NaOH 0,02N ti khi mu hng xut hin v bn trong 1 pht.
+ Th tch chun k hiu V2
Cng thc:
2 ..
H+ trao i (mgl/100g t) = 100

(1 2 )..
Al3+ trao i (mgl/100g t) = 100

Trong :
- V: s mL NaOH chun
- N: nng NaOH
- w: mg lng t phn tch
- k: h s pha long
Ch : c th trung ha NaF v pH trung tnh trc khi s dng hoc lm mu i chng
vi lng NaF tng ng loi b nh hng ca H+ c trong dung dch NaF.
IV. Dng c - ha cht
4.1. Dng c
- Cn phn tch
- Bnh tam gic: 100, 250 mL
- Buret 50 mL
- Pipet: 1, 10 mL
4.2. Ha cht

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- CH3COONa 1N
- NaOH 0,02N: pha t NaOH tiu chun
- Phenonphtalein 0,25%: 0,25 g phenonphtalein pha trong 100mL ru etylic.
- NaF 3,5%: 3,5g NaF pha trong 100mL H2O

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 BO CO THC TP C NHN
Tn
M sv
Lp / nhm
Ngy thc tp

Sinh vin hon thnh cc cu hi trong phn l thuyt, thc hnh v m rng sau, yu
cu vit tay, gn gn v r rng.
I. Phn cu hi l thuyt
1. Khi nim chua ca t?

2. Nguyn nhn dn n chua ca t?

3. Yu t tc ng gia tng chua ca t (theo hng axit ho v kim ho)

4. Phn loi chua ca t?

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5. Lit k cc phng php xc nh chua ca t?

6. Trnh by phng php phn tch th tch trong xc nh chua ca t?

7. Ti sao mu hng to ra khi s dng ch th phenolphalein v chun vi NaOH

tiu chun c thi gian bn mu >1pht c c khng? Gii thch?

8. Trnh by phng php in cc chn lc hydro trong xc nh chua ca t?

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 9. V v nu nguyn l ca my o pH?

10. Trnh by phng php xc nh nhm trao i trong t?

II. Phn thc hnh

1. Sinh vin ghi kt qu thc hnh ca nhm mnh v cc nhm khc vo trong bng
v hon thnh bng sau (biu din kt qu vi tin cy 95%):
1.1. Kt qu chua hot tnh

Ln Khi Th tch Biu din kt

Xtb S CV
Nhm phn lng H2 O pHH2O qu
tch t (g) (ml) (.......) (.......) (.......)
(.......)

1 2

2 2

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 1.2. Kt qu chua thu phn

Ln phn Khi lng Th tch NaOH H+ trao i Xtb S CV Biu din kt qu

Nhm
tch t (g) chun (ml) (mgl/100g t) (.......) (.......) (.......) (.......)
1
1 2
3
1
2 2
3
1.3. Kt qu Al3+ trao i

Th tch Th tch Th tch NaOH Biu din

Ln Khi Xtb SD CV
mu phn NaOH chun khi dng VNaOH Al3+ kt qu
Nhm phn lng
tich (ml) chun tng NaF (ml) (ml) (mgl/100g t) (....) (...) (...)
tch t (g) (.......)
H+ (ml)

1 2

2 2

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2. Phn tch, nhn xt cc kt qu trong bng va lp c.

III. Phn m rng

1. Phn no trong khu thc hnh l kh khn vi bn nht? nguyn nhn?

2. Theo bn, phng php phn tch trn c th mc sai s nhng khu no? L do

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