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Jiang2003 PDF
Jiang2003 PDF
Jiang2003 PDF
1, JANUARY 2003
AbstractThis paper presents a new adaptive fault protection tings are difficult to decide on due to the line-charging currents
scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measure- for long lines and the unobvious current variation during high
ments. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination,
resistance faults. Thus, the composite voltage and current mea-
classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location
indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measure- surements were used to improve relay sensitivity [4]. For fast
ments incorporated with distributed line model and modal trans- fault clearance to improve system stability, the relaying schemes
formation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two based on travelling wave are proposed [1], [5]. But, the tech-
complex phasors and the angle difference between the two pha- niques are difficult to detect close-in and voltage zero faults.
sors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the pro-
tected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault- Recently, fault-generated high-frequency transients were used
detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online pa- to develop new relaying and fault-location schemes [6]. This
rameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and method overcomes the drawback of the travelling-wave-based
achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that algorithm.
the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accu-
racy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. Due to the evolution of the high-speed microprocessor and
The proposed method responds very well with regards to depend- digital communication technology, the computer-based mea-
ability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage). surement, protection, and control system have become common
Index TermsComputer relaying, digital protection, global po- features of electric power substations [1][3]. Fiber-optic links
sitioning system (GPS), phasor measurement unit (PMU), trans- are capable of transmitting information with a sufficient channel
mission-line protection. capacity and over a distance compatible with requirements of
extra-high-voltage (EHV) transmission-line protection. There-
I. INTRODUCTION fore, it is feasible to develop new communication-aided digital
techniques for high-speed transmission-line protection. Better
Manuscript received November 29, 2001. This work was supported by the II. OPERATING PRINCIPLES
National Science Council under Grant NSC 91-2133-E-002113.
J.-A. Jiang is with the Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engi- The proposed scheme can achieve protective relaying tasks
neering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. including fault detection, faulted-zone discrimination, as well
C.-S. Chen and C.-W. Liu are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. as classification and fault location. The basic principles will be
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2002.803726 described.
0885-8977/03$17.00 2003 IEEE
JIANG et al.: NEW PROTECTION SCHEME FOR FAULT DETECTION 35
A. Detection of Internal and External Faults fact guarantees that (absolute value of ) for every
In the early work [9], the authors use Clarke transformation moving data window is held at zero before fault occurrence.
in (1) to decouple the interphase quantities for a single-circuit- Similarly, is equal to zero too.
transposed transmission line. 2) Internal or External Fault Cases: Once the post-fault
data are included in moving window, . From
(3), we obtain that . Thus, no matter what kinds of
(1) faults happen, the indices and will quickly deviate
from zero value (which is monitored under the healthy case).
In internal fault cases, the indices will rise to a steady value.
However, for external faults, the indices will decay with time.
An adaptive PMU-based fault-detection/location technique is
So the detection indices and can identify the lines
developed using two-terminal synchronized phasors and dis-
easily and properly as being faulted or unfaulted. The detection
tributed line model. The voltages at fault point F (located at
indices are very sensitive to faults even when high-resistance
km away from a receiving end, is the per-unit length,
faults occur.
and is the total length of the protected line) and are
Consider the physical measurements due to current-trans-
taken as boundary conditions. The fault-detection indices are
former (CT) and capacitive-voltage-transformer (CVT)
solved as
inaccuracies and numerical calculation errors, and
may not be equal to zero. Therefore, a predetermined threshold
is needed to avoid an error action.
The composite fault-detection index (i.e., or ),
also can achieve direction discrimination and fault classi-
(2-1) fication tasks discussed in the upcoming subsections. It is
worthy to note, for example, that by only using a composite
index , the protective relaying function including fault
detection, faulted-zone discrimination, and phase selection can
be completed. Due to the high-speed response of the fault-
(2-2) detection index , the tripping decision time of the relaying
scheme is almost within half a cycle under various system
where represents modal propagation constant, is
and fault conditions. The overall performance of the scheme
modal surge impedance, and , , , and are the
is shown in Section IV. Since the development of the scheme
synchronized -mode phasors of receiving-end/sendingend
is based on the distributed line model, the proposed scheme is
voltages and currents, respectively.
very suitable for protecting long lines.
For untransposed lines, we can also find the transformation
matrix to transform the coupled phase quantities to decoupled B. Fault-Direction Discrimination
modal quantities with eigenvalue/eigenvector theory [12].
Thus, three modal fault detection indices can be also derived As mentioned before, the fault-detection index is composed
and whose form is the same as (2) under untransposed cases. of two complex phasors (i.e.,
We adopt the moving-window recursive full-cycle discrete ). With the angle difference between the two pha-
Fourier transform (DFT) to calculate fundamental phasors. The sors, we can attain faulted-zone discrimination. Take the index
recursive formula for computing phasors is , for example; the theory is discussed below.
1) No-Fault Cases: The directions of the currents are shown
in Fig. 1(a). According to the basic principle mentioned before,
(3) we know and , so that .
2) Internal Fault Cases: As shown in Fig. 1(b), the cur-
where rent reverses and the index rises rapidly with a large
phasor; slope. We obtain and , so that
index for data window; .
sampled data set; 3) External Fault Cases: This case can be described in two
sampling points per cycle. subcases.
The theoretical behavior of the modal fault-detection indices a) Case 1: From Fig. 1(c), the directions of currents
is discussed. and are unchanged. In the steady state, and
1) No-Fault Cases: In this case, , the phasor , so that is the same as the no-fault
is a constant phasor. The phase variation of phasor is 2 cases.
for every forward step of moving window. Thus, the amplitudes b) Case 2: The directions of both current and re-
of the four computed modal phasors , , , and verse as shown in Fig. 1(d). Similarly, substituting these quanti-
are all constant for healthy situation. The phase angles of these ties into the transmission-line equation, we obtain
four phasors also rotate synchronously. It is easy to show that and , so that .
the and in (2-2) are equal since these four modal com- For internal fault cases, the phase difference
ponents satisfy the distributed transmission-line equation. This is theoretically held at constant in steady state. However, once
36 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 18, NO. 1, JANUARY 2003
TABLE I
AVAILABLE MODES UNDER DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATION BASIS
one of these two quantities rotates across the real axis of a com-
plex plane (i.e., from the second to third quadrant or from the
fourth to the first quadrant), depending on the definition of prin-
cipal argument, the phase difference of these two phasors will
automatically be compensated with 2 . Therefore, the phase
difference will no longer be a constant. For
example, assume that the principal argument interval is [ ,
] and at the -th window ,
. At the next window, if the phasor ro- discriminate the faulted zone. The internal faults can be asserted
tates some angle and falls into the third quadrant, where when five consecutive samples of the absolute of
, the phase angle of the phasor are over the predetermined threshold or restrains for external
will be corrected as . But faults.
if the phasor is still located at the second quadrant so that With regard to the threshold level, extensive EMTP studies
the phase angle of is . have shown that the suitable threshold levels are 0.7 rad for
Then, zero-mode signal and 0.2 rad for alpha and beta modes, respec-
. This means that the value of tively. These threshold values ensure that the relay is always
is not a constant value and will vary lin- stable for out-of-zone faults, without affecting its performance
early and periodically. for internal faults.
In conclusion, we cannot compute directly It should be noted that the zero-mode signals are
during implementation since the value of is not a during healthy status in the three-phase
constant in steady state. To cope with this difficulty, the authors balanced system. Thus, the is an uncertain value.
use to compute the phase difference men- So the is meaningless in the prefault period.
tioned before. In steady state, the value of is
held constant and does not vary with recursive moving window.
C. Fault Classification and Phase Selection
From the
The algorithm of fault-type identification is slightly different
for transposed and untransposed lines.
1) Algorithm for Transposed Lines: Not every modal com-
ponent in (2) can be used for fault detection in transposed lines.
the internal and external faults can be discriminated by the fol- With respect to different fault types, some modal components
lowing criteria: will disappear and cannot be used. The available modes based
on Clarke transformation under various faults are shown in the
enclosed area in Table I. The fault classification and phase se-
(4-1)
lection cannot be achieved directly from the pattern listed in
the enclosed area in Table I. Mansour and Swift [5] proposed
(4-2) a useful transformation technique such that three patterns are
produced by Karrenbauer transformation to achieve fault classi-
where denotes absolute value and denotes phase fication and phase selection. This method also can be applied to
angle. The proposed fault-direction discrimination criteria can Wedepohl and Clarke transformations. Our work is based on the
be applied to transposed and untransposed lines. Clarke transformation and collocates with the proposed fault-
The response of the discrimination criteria is fast and sensi- detection index to obtain three similar patterns (named as
tive when the fault happens. For internal fault cases, the abso- phase a, b, and c basis) shown in Table I. From Table I, the
lute value of the rises to a certain value with a fault classification and phase-selection algorithm can be easily
large slope. For external fault cases, the absolute value of the implemented by the logic circuit shown in Fig. 2. For example,
will fast decay to zero. For the sake of high re- if all logical signals of zero-mode ( , , and ) are 1
liability, we set a threshold incorporated with a counter limit to and the logical signal of beta-mode is 0, only the logical
JIANG et al.: NEW PROTECTION SCHEME FOR FAULT DETECTION 37
Fig. 7. Relay response for an internal a-b-c-g fault. (a) The behaviors of modal
fault-detection index jM j under phase-a basis. (b) The response curves of
abs[arg(E =B )].
Fig. 6. Relay response for an internal a-g fault. (a) The behaviors of modal
fault-detection index jM j under phase-a basis. (b) The response curves of
abs[arg(E =B )]. (c) and (d) are the behaviors of modal fault-detection
index under phase-b and -c basis, respectively.
A. Typical Responses for Internal Faults Fig. 8. Relay response for an external c-a-s fault. (a) The behaviors of
modal fault-detection index under phase-a basis. (b) The response curves of
Fig. 6 shows the responses of the relaying scheme to an abs[arg(E =B )].
a-phase to ground fault. The fault path resistance is 1 and
fault location is set at 0.1 p.u. The response curves of modal For the internal fault mentioned before, the fault location
fault-detection index under the phase-a basis are given in error of zero mode and alpha mode at the end of the third cycle
Fig. 6(a). It indicates that zero-mode and alpha-mode signals after fault inception are 0.397 and 0.250%, respectively.
are greater than the predefined threshold level ( ) There is no obvious characteristic difference between the
at the time 2.604 ms after a fault occurrence such that the faulted and healthy phases under high impedance fault (HIF).
internal fault is detected. So these two modal signals can So the conventional relays are difficult to detect HIF. The
be used to discriminate fault direction. Fig. 6(b) shows proposed scheme can cope with this difficulty. To demonstrate
the responses of . The threshold set- the sensitivity of the relaying scheme, a three-phase-to-ground
tings are rad for zero-mode signal and fault is selected as a simulation case whose fault-path resistance
rad for alpha and beta modes, is 1 k and fault location is set at 0.5 p.u. As shown in Fig. 7(a),
respectively. An inspection of this figure clearly observes that the beta-mode fault-detection index will be first greater than
the zero-mode signal is well above the predefined threshold the threshold so that the internal fault is detected quickly. At
in five consecutive samples. Thus, the proposed relaying the next data window, the alpha-mode signal is not greater than
scheme confirms a tripping decision at the time 5.208 ms after the predefined threshold yet. So only the beta-mode signal
fault occurrence. Fig. 6(c) and (d) shows responses of modal is used to discriminate between internal and external faults.
fault-detection index under phase-b and -c basis, respectively. Fig. 7(b) shows that the proposed scheme will issue a tripping
Using Fig. 6(a), (c), and (d) incorporated with the fault classifi- decision signal at the time of 5.208 ms after fault inception.
cation logic shown in Fig. 2, the scheme also correctly identifies Even if the fault resistance is up to 1 k , the relaying scheme
the faulted phase (a-phase) when the internal is confirmed. still provides excellent performance. For the high-impedance
However, it should be noted that this time does not include fault, the fault-location error of alpha mode and beta mode are
any delays due to the data-transmission delay and calculation 0.770 and 0.834%, respectively.
times, etc. In practice, these may add a few milliseconds to the From the two cases presented before, it is clearly observed
overall tripping decision time. that the tripping decision time of the proposed scheme is well
The criterion used for performance evaluation of fault loca- within half a cycle.
tion error is defined as
B. Typical Responses for External Faults
Fig. 8 shows the relay response for a c-a phase short fault oc-
curring in line segment T3. The fault location is set at 0.8 p.u.
away from bus D. An inspection of Fig. 8(a) clearly observes
(7) that the alpha-mode and beta-mode fault-detection indices are
40 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 18, NO. 1, JANUARY 2003
TABLE II
STATISTICAL RESULTS OFPERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR OVERALL
PROTECTION SCHEME
Fig. 11. Effects of fault types and positions on the tripping decision time.
REFERENCES Joe-Air Jiang (M01) was born in Tainei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1963. He received
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan Uni-
[1] A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, Computer Relaying for Power Sys-
versity, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1990 and 1999, respectively.
tems. New York: Wiley, 1988. Currently, he is Assistant Professor of bio-industrial mechatronics engi-
[2] Advancements in microprocessor based protection and communica-
neering at National Taiwan University. From 1990 to 2001, he was with Private
tion, IEEE Tutorial Course, 1997. Kuang-Wu Institute of Technology and Commerce, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
[3] Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and His areas of interest are in computer relaying, mechatronics, and bioeffects
control, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, pp. 442452, Jan. 1994.
of electromagnetic wave.
[4] R. K. Aggarwal and A. T. Johns, A differential line protection scheme
for power systems based on composite voltage and current measure-
ments, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 15951601, July 1989.
[5] M. M. Mansour and G. W. Swift, A multi-microprocessor based travel-
ling wave relayTheory and realization, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. PWRD1, pp. 272279, Jan. 1986.
[6] Z. Q. Bo, G. Weller, T. Lomas, and M. A. Redfern, Positional protection Ching-Shan Chen (S01) was born in Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1976. He
of transmission systems using global positioning system, IEEE Trans. received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan Univer-
Power Delivery, vol. 15, pp. 11631168, Oct. 2000. sity of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., and the M.S. degree in
[7] M. Kezunovic and B. Perunicic, Automated transmission line fault electrical engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, in 1998
analysis using synchronized sampling at two ends, IEEE Trans. Power and 2000, respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical
Syst., vol. 11, pp. 441447, Feb. 1996. engineering at NTU.
[8] H. Y. Li, E. P. Southern, P. A. Crossley, S. Potts, S. D. A. Pickering, B. R. His research includes computer relaying and the application of artificial in-
J. Caunce, and G. C. Weller, A new type of differential feeder protec- telligence to power system protection.
tion relay using the global positioning system for data synchronization,
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 10901097, July 1997.
[9] J.-A. Jiang, J.-Z. Yang, Y.-H. Lin, C.-W. Liu, and J.-C. Ma, An adap-
tive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines,
Part I: Theory and algorithms, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, pp.
486493, Apr. 2000.
[10] J.-A. Jiang, Y.-H. Lin, J.-Z. Yang, T.-M. Too, and C.-W. Liu, An adap- Chih-Wen Liu (S93M96) was born in Taiwan in 1964. He received the M.S.
tive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines, and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
Part II: PMU implementation and performance evaluation, IEEE Trans. in 1992 and 1994, respectively.
Power Delivery, vol. 15, pp. 11361146, Oct. 2000. Currently, he is Professor of electrical engineering at National Taiwan Univer-
[11] IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors, IEEE Std. 13441995. sity, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., where he has been since 1994. His main research
[12] H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients ProgramsReference area is in the application of computer technology to power system monitoring,
Manual, 2nd ed. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Microtran Power System operation, protection, and control.
Analysis Corp., 1992. Dr. Liu is a reviewer for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS.