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Soln 2
Soln 2
The problem has azimuthal symmetry; there is no dependence on . Then the only spherical harmonics
are those with m = 0, which are equivalent to the Legendre Polynomials. Include also the correct radial
dependence.
h
X i
(r, , ) = Al rl + Bl r(l+1) Pl (cos )
l=0
The expansion coefficients can be determined, for example, by finding the potential on the z-axis and
expanding that result in z.
2. (8) Write out the orthogonality condition for the Legendre polynomials Pl (cos ), when defined
so that Pl (0) = 1 for all l.
3. (8) An electric dipole p at position x0 is exposed to an external electric field E(x). Write an
expression for the interaction energy of the dipole with this field.
In an external field from some outside source, the dipole tends to align with the field. The interacton
energy is
W = p E.
This is minimized when p is parallel to E.
For a dipole at the origin, the electric field is found from a negative gradient:
" #
1 p ~
x
3(p x)x p
E(x) = ~ = k (p x) ~ + = k
r3 r3 r5 r3
Electric polarization is the electric dipole moment per unit volume. To make the macroscopic definition
1
one needs to average over some small volume V , and count the dipoles within that volume. Then
1 X
P(x) = pi
V i
where the pi are only those in the considered small volume around a point x.
The electric displacement is a combination of electric field and the electric polarization,
D = 0 E + P.
~ P, that
This comes about because polarization generates a bound volume charge density b =
contributes also to Gauss Law,
~ E = 1 ( + b ) = 1 (
~ P) = ~ D = .
0 0
Then Gauss Law can be written to depend only the free charges when the displacement is used.
7. (8) What is a formula that gives the bound charge density b inside a dielectric medium?
This was answered in the previous question, b = ~ P. That comes about because any dipoles produce
a distant electric dipole potential,
P(x0 ) (x x0 )
Z
1
(x) = d3 x0
40 |x x0 |3
1
Z
1
1
Z ~ 0 P(x0 )
(x) = ~0
d3 x0 P(x0 ) = d3 x0
40 |x x0 | 40 |x x0 |
8. (8) A dielectric medium has an electric susceptibility tensor with Cartesian components ij ,
where i, j correspond to x, y, z. How is ij used or what does it mean?
The susceptibility tensor gives the relation between the electric polarization and an applied electric field,
Pi = 0 ij Ej .
9. (8) A current density all over space is given by J(x). Write an integral expression that gives
the magnetic induction B(x) due to that current density.
J(x0 ) (x x0 )
Z
0
B(x) = d3 x0 .
4 |x x0 |3
2
10. (8) Write an integral expression for the vector potential A(x) due to a current density J(x).
11. (16) A localized current density J(x) produces a magnetic dipole moment m.
This is analogous to the scalar potential of an electric dipole, but in a vector form,
0 m x
A(x) = .
4 r3
The magnetization is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, in analogoy with the polarization being
the electric dipole moment per unit volume,
1 X
M(x) = mi
V i
where the sum is over the dipoles within some small volume centered on point x.
13. (8) How is an effective bound current density derived from some magnetization M(x)?
This is also the vector generalization of the bound charge density, i.e.,
~ M(x).
Jb (x) =
The magnetic field is a derived field from the magnetic induction and the magnetization,
1
H= B M.
0
This results because either free or bound currents can generate B, according to a generalized Amperes
Law,
~ B = 0 (J + Jb ) = 0 (J +
~ M)
whose re-arrangement gives the result
~ H=J
with H as stated above.
3
Electrodynamics I Exam 2 - Part B - Open Book KSU 2015/11/06
Name Electrodynamic Score = 132 / 132 points
Instructions: Use SI units. Please show the details of your derivations here. Explain your reason-
ing for full credit. Open-book only, no notes.
1. (36) Inside a sphere of radius a the electric permittivity is a uniform value 1 . Outside there is
a another medium with uniform electric permittivity 2 . A point charge q is placed at the center
of the sphere (the origin).
The point r = 2a is outside the sphere, where the permittivity is 2 and there are no free charges.
The electric field in the region comes from a potential 2 satisfying a Laplace equation, 2 2 = 0.
Due to the spherical symmetry, it must be of monopole form with a radial electric field,
B ~ 2 = Br .
2 = = E2 =
r r2
where B is a constant. Inside the sphere, the potential 1 solves a Poisson equation,
2 1 = /1 = q(r)/1 .
The interior solution and its radial field are
q ~ 1= qr
1 = = E1 = .
41 r 41 r2
The radial component of D = E must be continuous at r = a. Matching the two solutions gives
q q qr
1 E1 (a) = 2 E2 (a) = = 2 B = B= = E2 = .
4 42 42 r2
This was all fairly obvious. Then finally the field strength at r = 2a is
q q
E2 (2a) = = .
42 (2a)2 162 a2
At the boundary from the interior medium 1 to the exterior medium 2 there was no mention of
free charges present. A discontinuity in E does not imply any free charges. The radial component
of D is continuous, and due to ~ D = , application of Gauss Law at the surface r = a shows that
there is no free charge density there. A Gaussian spherical surface of radius r = a a will enclose
the same amount of free charge as one of radius r = a + a, where a a is a small parameter.
The bound surface charge density b can be found by applying Gauss Law to the definition for
bound charge density, ~ P = b . Using a spherical shell of inner radius r1 = a a and outer
radius r2 = a + a, one has
I
P n dA = qenc = 4a2 (P2 P1 ) r = 4a2 b = b = (P2 P1 ) r.
From D = E = 0 E + P, the polarization on each side is P = ( 0 )E. Then the bound surface
charge density is
b = (2 0 )E2 (a) + (1 0 )E1 (a) = 0 [E2 (a) E1 (a)]
q q 0 q 1 1
b = 0 = .
42 a2 41 a2 4a2 2 1
If 1 > 2 and q > 0, then b > 0.
4
2. (48) Consider the problem of finding an electrostatic potential (, , z) in the region z > 0,
above an infinite plane, on which the potential given in cylindrical coordinates is V (, ).
(a) (16) Using cylindrical coordinates, write an integral expression for the potential (, , z)
above the plane in terms of Bessel functions Jm (x). It may contain some unknown expansion
coefficients that depend on m.
The solution region is z > 0. Separation of variables applied to the Poisson equation 2 = /0
in cylindrical coordinates shows that a basic solution, before applying boundary conditions, is
We are assuming no charges in the region. Normally the values of k and m are determined by
boundary conditions. But with no boundary in the -direction, k takes a continuum of values,
resulting in an integral over Bessel functions and the parameter k. For solutions to be single-valued
as functions of , m must be integers. For finite potential as z one needs k 0. Then including
some expansion coefficients Am (k), we have a form of the solution
Z
X
(, , z) = dk Am (k)ekz eim Jm (k).
0 m=0
(b) (16) Using appropriate orthogonality conditions, determine an integral expression for those
expansion coefficients.
One can multiply on both sides by another (complex conjugate) of the basis functions and then
integrate over , .
Z 2 Z Z 2 Z Z
0 0 X
d d eim Jm0 (k 0 )V (, ) = d d eim Jm0 (k 0 ) dk Am (k)eim Jm (k)
0 0 0 0 0 m=0
On the RHS the integration over is 2 times a Kronecker delta function in (m, m0 ),
Z 2
0
d eim eim = 2m,m0
0
which forces m0 = m. The remaining integration over is the orthogonality integral for the Bessel
functions (see Problem 3.16),
Z
1
d Jm (k)Jm (k 0 ) = (k k 0 ).
0 k
Using these above now gives
Z 2 Z Z
im 0 2 2
d d e Jm (k )V (, ) = dk (k k 0 )Am (k) = 0 Am (k 0 ).
0 0 0 k k
5
(c) (16) Now consider that the potential given on the plane is circularly symmetric,
(
V0 , < a
V (, ) =
0, >a
This given potential has no dependence on (azimuthal symmetry). One can see evaluating the
Am (k) integral that only m = 0 will have nonzero values. So now we just need to find
Z 2 Z a Z a Z ka
k V0
A0 (k) = d d J0 (k) V0 = kV0 d J0 (k) = dx x J0 (x).
2 0 0 0 k 0
In the last step we take x = k. Now the stated recursion relations can be used. With index n = 0
and n = 1, they give
d
J1 = J1 , J1 J1 = 2 J0 . = J1 = J00 .
dx
2 d 1
J0 + J2 = J1 , J0 J2 (x) = 2 J1 . = J0 = J1 + J10 .
x dx x
Then using these can show that the integrand we have is a perfect differential,
d
xJ0 = J1 + xJ10 = J00 xJ000 = (xJ00 ) .
dx
Then we get quickly
ka
d
Z
V0 V0
A0 (k) = dx (xJ00 ) = (ka J00 (ka)) = aV0 J1 (ka).
k 0 dx k
6
3. (48) A magnetic field is created by a localized distribution of permanent magnetization M,
without free currents, J=0. Thus, assume M can be derived from a magnetic scalar potential by
H = ~ M . The total magnetic energy to assemble such a system is to be found.
(a) (16) Use the appropriate Maxwells equations and get the differential equation that M
obeys.
There are no magnetic monopoles, from ~ B = 0, and we also have Amperes Law, ~ H = J. But
~ M + M).
there are no free currents. We do have the consituitive relation, B = 0 (H + M) = 0 (
Then a little algebra gives,
~ B = 0
~
~ M + ~ M = 0 = 2 M = ~ M.
~ M.
That displays the effective magnetic charge density, M =
(b) (16) Show that the field energy integral over all space is zero:
Z
1
W0 = d3 x B H = 0.
2
Integration by parts or vector integral calculus identities might be helpful.
~ M and B = 0 (
Use the scalar potential to express the fields: H = ~ M + M). Integrate by
parts: Z Z
1 ~ M ) = 0
h
~ (BM ) (
~ B)M
i
W0 = d3 x B ( d3 x
2 2
~ B = 0. The first part can be transformed by the divergence theorem
The last part is zero because
to a surface integral: I
0
W0 = da n BM = 0.
2 S
Only dipole fields can be present at large r. The surface integral is zero because the surface is taken
at large r, where M = 0, and where M 0 faster than 1/r and B is at least as fast as 1/r2 .
(c) (16) Combine the integral in (b) with the interaction of the dipoles in a field, Wint , as would
be based on a single-dipole interaction energy,
u = m B.
Hint: Turn this into an integral Wint over the magnetization M. Consider the process of
starting with M=0 everywhere and then bringing it to its final values, understanding that
H and B are being generated by M.
Show that the total system energy is
Z
1
d3 x H2 M2
W = W0 + Wint = 0
2
One needs to imagine turning on M, starting from zero. The increment of interaction energy due to
volume element d3 x is
Z M
1
(energy) = Uint d3 x = (M) B d3 x = dWint = (M) B d3 x = M B d3 x
0 2
7
where U refers to energy per volume, and we integrated the (M) to its final value. This is integrated
over space (where M 6= 0) to get the total interaction,
Z
1
Wint = d3 x M B.
2