LED (Light Emitting

Diode). .

1955.
- (GaAs).
LED ()
1962.
LED ,
.
.
1 LED .

.

[nm] [V]

950 1,2-1,3 GaAs

880 1,4 GaAlAs

660 1,6-1,75 GaAs, GaAsP

635-650 1,8-1,9 GaAlAsP

590 2 InGaAlP, GaP

InGaAlP, GaAlP,
550-570 2,3
GaP
470 3,5 InGaN
370-375 3,9 GaN
1

LED ?
pn LED n
p ( 1).
Eg.
p pn , ,
( ).
Eg.
(). a
:

1
 Eg
= (1)
h

p

LED 2.

LED .

.
LED .
.
.
.
(1) :

h = Eg (2)

2
 :

cE g
h= (3)

(3) c = 3 108 m/s , ,

.

Eg :

E g = eU k (4)

(4) Uk
, e
. Uk
-
.


` `.
3
-
LED
Uk.
Uk
1,7V
1.

(3)


.
,


.


, 3

.
1.
e
.
.

. .
d,

3



.

4.

k-
:

d sin = k (5)

k , d

.
4
:

x
sin = (6)
x2 + l 2 4

(6) x
k- .
, k=1.
(5) (6)
:

dx
= (7)
x2 + l 2
(7) (3) :

eU k
h= (8)
c

(8) ,
.

.
:

1. - LED
. : `
`.

4
 2. .
(7)
1.

3. - Uk.

4. , (8).

5.
h = h h .
6. ( h = 6,62 1034 Js )
.
h h ?

1. .
2. LED .
3. k 200.
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. 4.

LED
5.
LED
,
.

4. LED
200
.

5
15 .
, 2.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

U[V]
I[mA]
2

5
 2 -
LED .
-
. 4,
1.
4
, l
7. LED .
.

, x 4.
3.

(7).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
l[cm]
x[cm]
[nm]
3

, 2 3.
2 -
U(I) Uk 6.
3
3 4.
eU k
h =
c
.
( ).

[nm] Uk[V] h[10 34 Js ] h [10 34 Js] h [10 34 Js]

1.
2.
...
4

h = h hmax . hmax .

( h = 6,626 10 34 Js ). 10%
h hmax
.