Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Slides DigitalModulation
Slides DigitalModulation
Digital modulations
Francois Horlin
1
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Exercises
2
References
3
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Exercises
4
Introduction
Linear/non-linear modulations
The course focuses on the widely used memoryless linear modulations
5
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Exercises
6
Expansion of digitally modulated signals
s1
..
s(t)
.
sK
7
Expansion of digitally modulated signals
with
r
2
f1 (t) = cos (2fc t)
T
r
2
f2 (t) = sin (2fc t)
T
8
Preliminary concepts
Norm of a signal:
Z + 1/2
1/2
kx(t)k := (< x(t), x(t) >) = |x(t)|2 dt
9
Orthogonal signal expansion
10
Coefficient sk optimization
Approximation error:
11
Coefficient sk optimization
12
Resulting approximation error energy
" K
#2
Z + X
Emin = s(t) sk fk (t) dt
k=1
Z +
2
= [s(t)]
K
X Z +
2 sk s(t)fk (t) dt
k=1
K X
X K Z +
+ sk sk fk (t)fk (t) dt
k=1 k =1
K
X
= Es s2k
k=1
13
Complete set of orthonormal functions
and
K
X
Es = s2k
k=1
14
Euclidian distance
It measures the dissimilarity between two signals signal co phai la symbol va waveform
luon ko?
For each modulation, the bit error rate (BER) is dominated by the
minimum Euclidian distance between all possible transmitted signals
15
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Exercises
16
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) signal
j2fc t
sm (t) = Am g(t) e (m = 1, , M and 0 t T )
= Am g(t) cos (2fc t)
17
Baseband representation
18
Constellation symbols
Gray encoding: adjacent amplitudes differ only by one bit such that
most likely errors caused by noise lead to a single bit error
19
Signal energy
Z T
Em = s2m (t) dt
t=0
T
A2m
Z
= g 2 (t) dt
2 t=0
A2m
= Eg
2
20
Signal orthogonal expansion
sm (t) = sm f (t)
Unit-energy function:
s
2
f (t) := g(t) cos (2fc t)
Eg
Coefficient (m = 1, , M ):
r
Eg
sm := Am
2
21
Euclidian distance
dmn = |sm sn |
r
Eg
= |Am An |
2
p
= d 2Eg |m n|
22
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
23
Phase-shift keying (PSK) signal
jm j2fc t
sm (t) = g(t) e e (m = 1, , M and 0 t T )
= g(t) cos (2fc t + m )
= g(t) cos (m ) cos (2fc t) g(t) sin (m ) sin (2fc t)
2
Phases m take the values m = M (m 1)
Real-valued waveform g(t) shapes the spectrum of the transmitted
signal
Symbol interval T determines the bit rate R = log2 (M )/T
24
Constellation symbols
Gray encoding: adjacent phases differ only by one bit such that most
likely errors caused by noise lead to a single bit error
25
Signal energy
Z T
E = s2m (t) dt
t=0
1 T 2
Z
= g (t) dt
2 t=0
1
= Eg
2
26
Signal orthogonal expansion
Vector of coefficients (m = 1, , M ):
h i h q q i
Eg Eg
sm := sm1 sm2 = 2 cos (m ) 2 sin (m )
27
Euclidian distance
Euclidian distance between the symbols m and n:
dmn = ksm sn k
s
2(m n)
= Eg 1 cos
M
BER is improved if the energy of the pulse is increased (but the signal
energy is higher!) or if the number of phase states is decreased (but
the number of transmitted bits is lower!)
28
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
29
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal
or, equivalently,
30
Constellation symbols
2-amplitude modulation
31
Signal orthogonal expansion
Vector of coefficients (m = 1, , M ):
h i h q q i
Eg Eg
sm := sm1 sm2 = AR m 2 AIm 2
32
Euclidian distance
dmn = ksm sn k
r
Eg
= [(AR R 2 I I 2
m An ) + (Am An ) ]
2
33
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
34
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) signal
"r #
2E j2mf t j2fc t
sm (t) = e e (m = 1, , M and 0 t T )
T
r
2E
= cos (2(fc + mf )t)
T
35
Signal cross-correlation
T
1
Z
kl := sk (t) sl (t) dt
E t=0
Z T
2
= cos (2(fc + kf )t) cos (2(fc + lf )t) dt
T t=0
Z T
1
= cos (2(k l)f t) dt
T t=0
1
= sin (2(k l)f T )
2(k l)f T
36
Signal orthogonality
1
Two signals on adjacent carriers
0.8
(|k l| = 1) are orthogonal if:
0.6
2f T = n, n 6= 0
sin(x)/x
0.4
0.2
0.4 1
10 5 0 5 10
f =
x 2T
37
Signal orthogonal expansion
M
X
sm (t) = smk fk (t)
k=1
Orthonormal functions:
r
2
fk (t) := cos (2(fc + kf )t)
T
Vectors of coefficients (size M ):
h i
s1 := E 0 0
.. ..
. .
h i
sM := 0 0 E
38
Euclidian distance
dmn = ksm sn k
= 2E
39
Outline
Introduction
Orthogonal expansion of signals
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Exercises
40
Exercise 1
41
Exercise 2
Draw the transmitted signal for all linear modulations (PAM, PSK,
QAM, FSK) when two bits are mapped on each symbol and a
rectangular pulse is used to shape the symbols.
42