Reproduction

in
Plants
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3 Anthocyanin is a red pigment found in carnation flowers. Some carnation plants have a gene for
making anthocyanin.

(a) (i) A flower grower bred red carnations.

Describe how growers selectively breed plants.

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(ii) Explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations.

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(b) Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction of carnation plants.

Define the term meiosis.

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5 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram showing the events from pollination to fertilisation in a species of flowering
plant.

stigma
pollen grain

style

ovary

Fig. 5.1

(a) Name the likely method of pollination for the flowers shown at A in Fig. 5.1. Give an explanation
for your choice.

method of pollination .................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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[3]
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5 Many flowering plants can reproduce sexually and asexually.

(a) (i) Define the term asexual reproduction.

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(ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for flowering plants.

advantage ..........................................................................................................................

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disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

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(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a potato plant, Solanum tuberosum, grown from a tuber. The tubers that potato
plants are grown from are commonly referred to as seed potatoes.

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WXEHU VWHP
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SRWDWR

Fig. 5.1
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(i) Define the term growth.

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(ii) Potatoes can reproduce asexually by means of tubers. The parent plant produces
underground stems, which eventually form tubers.

With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe how tubers are formed from the underground stems
in potatoes.

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(d) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Pollen can be transferred to
the stigma by being carried by the wind or by animals.

Fig. 5.3 shows a photograph of a wind-pollinated flowering plant.

Fig. 5.3

(i) State two structural adaptations of a flower for wind-pollination.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State how self-pollination differs from cross-pollination.

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(iii) Suggest one reason why self-pollination might be advantageous to a population of

plants.

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[Total: 20]
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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a section through the anther of a lily flower. The cells in the centre are dividing
by meiosis.

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name the product of meiosis that is formed in anthers.

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(ii) Explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.

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(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a flower of Lilium polyphyllum, a lily that grows in the Himalayan mountains.
This species is cross-pollinated by insects.

Fig. 4.2

(i) Explain what is meant by cross-pollination.

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(ii) Name one feature visible in Fig. 4.2 that helps to attract insects.

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(c) Describe one method of seed dispersal that does not require animals.

[2]

(d) State two environmental conditions that seeds require so that they can germinate.

1.

2. [2]

(b) State the conditions necessary for seeds to germinate.

[3]

(c) Describe the effects of increasing the concentration of sulfuric acid on the growth of
roots and shoots of the seedlings.

[4]
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4 Sorghum bicolor is a cereal crop important in many dry areas of the world. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.1 shows some plants of S. bicolor growing in a field in China.

Fig. 4.1

(a) S. bicolor is a monocotyledon.

State two features that are used to identify plants as monocotyledons.

2 [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the flower heads of sorghum. Pollen is released from the individual
flowers when they open.

Most sorghum flowers are self-pollinated and then self-fertilised.

(i) State the meanings of the terms pollination and fertilisation.

pollination

fertilisation

[2]
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(ii) Describe two implications of self-pollination. For

Examiner's
Use
1

[2]

(c) Describe the events that occur in flowering plants after fertilisation to form a seed.

[4]

(d) In India, the cultivation of sorghum has decreased because now people prefer foods
based on wheat and rice.

There are alternative uses of sorghum in the production of new foods, processed foods
and as feed for animals.

Explain why it is less efficient to feed crops, such as sorghum, to animals rather than to
use them for human foods.

[3]

[Total: 13]

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5 Mammals and flowering plants both have internal fertilisation and internal development.

(a) Describe what happens after pollination that results in fertilisation in flowering plants.

[3]

6 The flowers of pea plants, Pisum sativum, are produced for sexual reproduction. The
flowers are naturally self-pollinating, but they can be cross-pollinated by insects.

(a) Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

[2]

(b) Explain the disadvantages for plants, such as P. sativum, of reproducing sexually.

[4]
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6 The field mustard plant, Brassica rapa, is cross-pollinated by insects. For

Examiner's
Use
(a) Describe the advantages of cross-pollination to plants.

[3]

Fig. 6.1 shows the events that follow pollination in B. rapa.

ovule

male gamete

A
C

Fig. 6.1
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(b) Name

(i) structures A to E .

E [5]

(ii) the type of nuclear division that occurs to produce the new cells as the seed
grows.

[1]

(d) Explain why many seeds released by B. rapa do not germinate and grow into adult
plants.

[3]