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Sang Tac Ca Khuc PDF
Sang Tac Ca Khuc PDF
Hai Nguyen
M AU:
Am nhac la mot nghe thuat rat tru tng, v s cam nhan nghe
thuat am thanh cua con ngi phu thuoc vao thnh giac. Am nhac
khong co hnh anh, so lng, hnh tng, kch thc . . . ch la nhng
am thanh menh mang, chi vi, l lng . . . so lng cam nhan cua
moi ngi nghe tuy thuoc vao cam giac cua moi ngi.
Tuy ch co 12 not nhac:
Nhng tuy vao s thch va kha nang cua moi sang tac gia ma 12
cao o o c dung theo cac he thong, cach thc . . . khac nhau, sinh
ra vo so tac pham khac la. Am thanh co tnh tng oi, na vi, hai
chieu . . . (la nh vay ma khong phai nh vay).
Con ngi tren the gii ai a so eu co s cam nhan am nhac
trong ngi, bat ke co kien thc hay khong . . . tat ca eu co t nhieu
xuc cam oi vi nghe thuat am thanh.
Tuy theo tng sac toc, a phng . . . ma phat sinh ra cac loai dan
ca, trng phai . . . khac nhau. The nhng nen nghe thuat am thanh
toan the gii eu gap nhau 12 not nhac. S khac biet la do tuy theo
he thong s dung so am thanh nhat nh cua tng loai dan ca, hnh
thai nhac ma thoi. Nh tnh chat quy ong hp nhat o ma toan the
gii eu de thong cam vi nhau du rang khac ngon ng, phong tuc . .
o la tnh chat u viet, phong phu cua am nhac so vi cac hnh nghe
thuat khac.
Sang tac am nhac la ghi chep lai cac cam hng am nhac cua mnh
bang cach ky am. Neu ta ghi ung, dien ung th ta a hoan thanh
cong viec bat gi cam hng cua Thng-e a trao ban cho moi con
ngi. Sang tac o mai mai se la cua ta, mai mai thuoc ve ta.
- Co giay but san sang e bat c luc nao cung co the ghi chep
c.
- Phai ranh xng am va ky am, sao cho co the ghi chep ung cao
o, trng o . . .
- Tap nghe, tap nhn, tap suy oan . . . nen sinh hoat thng
xuyen vi ca oan e tao ra cac ieu kien nay, v ly do n gian la
am thanh c phat sinh can ban la giong ngi. Tay cam nhac, mat
nhn nhac, tai nghe nhac, oc suy ngh, oan xet . . . Dan dan con tim
cua ta se cam nhan c am thanh that ro ret ve cao o, trng o,
th bac . . .
- Cac cam hng nhac thng ch la mot oan nhac ngan, nhieu khi
phat sinh ngau nhien vao bat c luc nao, bat c ni nao, ta c kp thi
ghi chep lai ro rang e danh san, s gom gop o se c chon la
vao trong tac pham cua ta sau nay. Cac cam hng can phai khac
nhau ve moi mat e cho cac tac pham cua ta c a dang va phong
phu, v the nen tranh s lien ket gia cac cam hng vi nhau, v
chung se rap khuon, mat i tnh chat doi dao, phong phu . . .ve nhp
ieu, am ieu, am bac, tnh t . . . cua cam hng. Cac bai hat nen
viet cach xa nhau, e cho cam hng bai trc phoi phai han trong ta,
cam hng cua bai sau mi co c s khac biet va rieng t cua rieng
no.
Cach ghi chep n gian va ro rang nhat la bang giay but, that
nhanh va that chnh xac, v cac cam hng se ch thoang qua roi bay
mat, vao bat c luc nao, gi nao, moi trng nao . . . V the s ghi
chep oi hoi rat cao s nhanh gon, chnh xac, kp thi . . . Nen tap co
thoi quen mang theo viet, giay . . .. san trong ngi, trong hanh ly,
Trong cac sinh hoat ca oan nen tap nghe bang tai trong khi mat
nhn nhac e quen dan vi s nhan biet chuyen ong cua am ieu,
rat can cho nhng luc thieu ieu kien e hat hoac an. Tap cam nhan
s khac nhau cua tng bac am oi vi bac am chu: bac I oi vi cac
bac II, bac III, bac IV, bac V, bac VI, bac VII. Tap nghe cac giong
Basso trong bang may, radio, tivi . . . e nhan ra c cac bac am,
bac hp am.
Moi tac gia eu se co thoi quen thch hp vi mot vai am giai nhat
nh, bieu lo ca tnh nghe thuat cua moi ngi. Tuy nhien ta can phai
tap ghi tren nhieu am giai e co s thoang khoat, rong rai trong tam
hon cua mnh, tranh s go bo, ong khuon . . .
Ta nen tap ghi vi cac loai nhp ieu. n gian nhat la nhp 2 va
nhp 3.
en khi viet nhieu roi th nen phat trien them cac nhp khac:
nhp 6/8, nhp 4/4 . . . .
Thng not tan cua cau nhac hay dng phach au cua o nhp o.
Nhp n nghe ro rang, dt khoat . . .
Nhp kep nghe uyen chuyen, bong benh . . .
Nhp 4 co tnh cach tram hung, cham rai . . .
Nhp 2 eu an, giong nh bc i . . . thch hp vi nhac sinh
hoat, thieu nhi . . .
Nhp 3 thch hp vi vu ieu, nc chay . . .
Nhp 6/8 khong dt khoat, thch hp vi thanh ca va hanh khuc
cham . . . .
Dung e dien ta s bong benh, du dng . . . th nen dung nhp kep
nh tnh chat tng oi, s chi vi, na vi cua no, bi nhp kep b
chia 3 nen khong co tnh cach tuyet oi.
Nhp 2 la loai nhp t nhien cua sinh hoat thien nhien nen co tnh
cach vng chai, nhat nh.
Ve phach: Phach sau (bc tien) dung e khi tau, phach mot
(bc lui) dung e ket. Dau lang dung e lay hi.
Tnh so o nhp: thng th ch tnh so o nhp khi co nhac bang hoac
hn na o nhp, not ngan cua cau keo dai qua o nhp khac, neu bang
hoac hn na o nhp th van tnh cho cau nhac o. Neu muon tnh o
nhp o sang cau khac th ta dung dau lang e ngan cach vi cau
trc.
Sau khi a co mot y nhac hay ta can phai an o suy ngh xem cau
o thuoc loai nhac nao? Thieu nhi, sinh hoat, tnh cam . . . t o tam
lap mot dan bai.
Xet tnh chat cua cau nhac:
- Thch hp vi n ca hay cong ong?
- Co the thc hien cho ca oan, n ca, song ca, top ca?
- Can duy tr toc o o hay oi khac? Hay muon ch thay oi mot
oan nao o thoi?
- La tieu khuc hay iep khuc? Tieu khuc: dung ky thuat cao de noi
het y nh cua tac gia. iep khuc: ky thuat va phai se de nghe, de
hat . . . Noi len c cac y tng chung chung.
- Neu m au la the th, nhp ieu se cham rai, ch c ket the
trng va nhp o se nhanh hn.
- M au tram tnh de dan en song ong, nen chon lam tieu
khuc.
- M au song ong th nen chon lam iep khuc v co the tr ve
e ket thuc.
- Mot tac pham cung co bo cuc nh mot bai luan van: co m (m
bai), luan (than bai) va ket (ket luan). M: e gii thieu y nhac.
Luan: khai trien y nhac cho am a phong phu hn. Ket: tong hp y
nhac lai.
- Neu cau nhac ch co gia tr ky thuat th nen dung lam bai tap ma
thoi. Cau nhac hay th can phai co nhng net ac sac, sang tao . . .
nen dung e lam nen tac pham cua mnh, xet xem no thuoc loai nao:
Lat leo, kho hat . . . nen dung cho solo. n s, moc mac, sang tao . .
. nen dung cho hp ca, nhng cau nao ac y nen c nhac lai nhieu
lan trong tac pham e thnh gia chu y en net nhac o.
- Ngoai ra nen suy ngh ky en oi tng cua cau nhac, nen viet
cung the nao cho hp vi tnh chat cua no? Hp ca: a vui ve, n s,
hp oan . . . n ca: a tram lang, co n, cau ky.
e)-Vi quang ln: xa va cach: nghe manh bao, hung dung . . .dien
ta y ln va manh bao.
Nhng not qua, not theu . . . la not ngoai hp am, rat thch hp vi
nhng t ng co dau hoi, nga, nang . . .
+ Dau hoi: kep len hay hn.
+ Dau nga: kep xuong hay hn.
+ Dau nang: lay qua lay lai (not theu).
Vi tiet tau nhanh khong nen dung cac t co dau hoi , nga, nang
lien nhau, v se b ban dau, a thanh.
3. nh v tr s dung hp am:
a. Trong y nhac m au phai cho thay ro vai tro chu am va hp
am cua bai, tuy nhien cung co the xen ke nhng hp am bac tot,
rieng vi cac not hp am bac V nen xep at cac phach yeu va vi
tiet tau nhanh. Hp am bav IV th co the xep at ro hn.
c. Khong nen chuyen the hoac chuyen cung ngay cau nhac m
au, du ch la thoang qua.
Viec s dung am ieu oi hoi nhieu kinh nghiem bang cach quan
sat, tm hieu cac loai he thong am nhac va thoi quen cua chung.
Trong khi sang tao nhac ta phai tuan theo luat sang tac la luat can
phng va luat can oi, luat nay nham e tao cho thnh giac khi cam
Thng-e a tac sinh, sang tao ra muon loai, muon vat, quyen
nang cua Ngai vo song va rat dieu ky. e nuoi dng va phat trien
muon vat hien hu th phai ton tai s sang tao va gay dng. Ngi
nghe s la nhan vat c Thng-e trao phu cho mot chut t quyen
nang cua Ngai e tiep tuc cac tac pham cua Ngai tren trai at. Ngi
nghe s oi hoi phai co mot chuyen mon cao, mot tri thc sang suot,
mot tai sap xep kheo leo . . . e lay nhng tai lieu trong thien nhien
cau truc lai thanh tac pham ep, song ong, hay ho, mi la . . . sao
cho tac pham o ep trong t nhien, song trong t nhien . . . ma
khong phai la t nhien.
Trong nhac Thanh Ca, ta chu trong en tnh chat can oi cua oan
nhac hn la can phng. V the cho nen can en s luyen tap lam
theo th t t de en kho. Tuy nhien e hp vi trao lu hien ai la
chuyen dung theo luat can phng, ta se tap lam sao cho co cac cau
chan, oan chan . . . co the la cac cau le cong lai thanh oan chan.
1. Lam bai tap cau chan:
Moi cau khoang 2, 4 hoac 6 o nhp. Trong s tap luyen th ta ch
tap lam oan co 4 cau ma thoi, cac giai ket cua cac cau van tuan
theo quy luat.
- Cau I: s ket (co the dung lanh ket).
Nhan xet:
- Cau I: oi ln (4 o nhp).
- Cau II: ap ln (4 o nhp).
- Cau III: oi nho (2 o) + ap nho (2o) = (4 o nhp).
- Cau IV: T do (4 o nhp).
Vi oan nhac co cau truc cau nh tren se rat de e ap dung khi
pho th. Hnh thc cau ket nh vay rat hp vi the th song that luc
bat (7 ch + 7 ch + 6 ch + 8 ch).
oan nhac c cau truc bang phng phap nay rat de giup ta lam
cau dai, v y nhac co nhieu thay oi nen tao cho ngi nghe co cam
giac dai. Neu ta muon dai hn na th ap dung phng cach: cho cau
IV thay v ve toan ket th ta cho ve ban ket roi dung dau hoan cho
dien lai toan oan mot lan na roi a ve ket tron. A = ban ket, A =
toan ket.
Mot cau nhac th gom nhieu chi cau ghep lai, neu muon co cau
dai th ta ch viec ghep them nhieu chi cau na th cau nhac se dai
them.
Viec dung dau hoan e tao ra 2 oan nhac A va A se co them
ieu thuan li na la cau oi nho + ap nho se c nghe lai mot lan
na th thnh giac cua thnh gia se tham nhap c y nhac.
Thanh nhac la y dung nhac giup ta cau nguyen, v the y nhac can
phai de hat, de nghe, de cam . . . ta co the du di bang cach lam iep
khuc ngan thoi, roi lam tieu khuc co 3 hoac 4 li hoac 2, 3, 4 tieu
khuc khac nhau, the la mot bai hat rat ngan se c nghe i nghe lai,
de giup cho giao dan cam c ma cau nguyen. e tranh nham tai ta
co the khon kheo oi giai ket cuoi cac cau tao s mi la. Thng
th e ban ket, lanh ket, s ket . . . tieu khuc rat t khi dung toan
ket, e danh toan ket iep khuc.
Ngoai ra v cac ly do ac biet: tam tnh li ca, y nhac . . . ta sa
oi cac giai ket cho hp vi cac tam tnh o, v cac giai ket co cam
giac khac nhau ve tam tnh.
Tng ng hp am bac V
Tng ng
Dm Am Em
A Tng tiep E
Tng ng hp am bac V
Tng ng
F C Em
Khi chuyen bien t cung chnh qua cac cung phu ta eu co the
chuyen thang qua mot cach de dang, t gap kho khan. T the nay
sang the kia cung thng la de dang.
Khi chuyen bien t cung phu ve cung chnh ta se gap tr ngai
mot vai cung. Cac cung the Cm, Am, G se rat de tr ve cung chnh,
cac cung F, Fm, Dm, Em se gap kho khan khi tr ve cung chnh. V
neu muon tr ve cung chnh th ta xep at cho cuoi oan B ket sang
Cm (I th) Fm (IV)
D (II) G (V)
C
Em (III) Am (VI)
F (IV) Am A (I trng)
Bai tap:
Nh vay loai nhac nay rat giau co nh loi hat uoi gia cac nhom.
Ta co the tang len 3, 4 . . . nhom hat th s sam uat cua bai hat cang
tang len.
Thong thng khi lam nhac ta xep cho moi cau mot hang, cau ke
se oi chieu theo cau tren ma lam ve tiet tau, hoa am cho hoan
chnh, mi la. Cau ke tiep na se can theo theo cau tren ma lam, nh
vay e at c tat ca cac ieu s ang nhat e lam nen cai hay, cai
ln.
Dt cua cac cau thng c cho vao phach 1, ta co the cho tiet
tau la hn bang cach cho dt cau vao phach 2 chang han . . .
Loi vao bai bang v tr khac ta gi cac ieu kien sau: nhom hat
uoi se hat lai y het ca bai so vi nhom 1, v the s sang tac mi se
phai can c e tnh sao cho khong kho nghe la c.
Nh v du tren ta nhan thay cac nhom hat van khong b truc trac
hoa am du rang vo bang v tr khong can xng.
Ke t phan nay trong khi lam bai tap ta co gang lam them li vao
bai tap cua mnh, e quen dan vi viec sang tac nhac va li.
Trong loai luan khuc nay cac nhom se vo bai bang cac v tr 1 va
2, nhng khong nhac lai y het nhac e, ma se vo bang mot giai ieu
rieng, co cai hay rieng, ma van khong xa la vi be chnh.
Cac be se tuy theo nhac e ma vao bai bang nhng am bac khac
nhau, tao ra nhng giai ieu khac nhau, tuy theo oi hoi hoa am cua
v tr o, va u iem cua v tr o.
Thong thng ta theo s phan cong vao be:
- Nhom A vo am bac I.
- Nhom B vo am bac V.
- Nhom C vo am bac I.
- Nhom D vo am bac V.
Va khi ket th tat ca cac be eu cho tan bang hp am bac I (toan
ket).
So nhom co the tuy theo y thch khi viet: 2, 3, 4 . . . be cung c.
Nhng can gi lay cai hay rieng cua tng be va cua toan bai, hoa am
khong sai luat.
HOA AM 4 BE CO LI:
a. Lam 2 nhac e khac nhau cung Ton, nhac e 1 dng tren bac
V, nhac e 2 dng tren bac I. Tuy khac nhau nhng phai sao cho co
the rap vi nhau c.
b. Hoa am 4 be uoi nhau bang nhac e 1, vi cach lp ngoi t
di len tren, cac be vao sau khi be trc dt cau, Bass vo bac I,
Tenor vo cach quang 5, Alto nhac lai Bass, Sop vo cach quang 5
giong Tenor nang len quang 8. Sau khi Sop dt cau th Bass lai bat
au bang nhac e 2, cac be khac cung vo vi trnh t va ieu kien
nh nhac e 1. Sop dt nhac e la het bai.
Bai tap nay lam vi 3 nhac e khac biet nhau, nhng tao s hp
nhat gia 3 nhac e o, bang cach tron nhac e vi nhau. Lam A,
NHAC DAN:
Bai tap:
Viet nhac m au theo 4 loi tren cho cac bai sau ay:
1. Cam Men Hong An (Kim-Long).
2. Tan Tung Hong An (Vu-nh-Trac & Hai- Linh).
3. Xin Ta n (Viet-Chung).
4. Hang Be-Lem (Hai-Linh).
5. Kinh Hoa- Bnh (Kim-Long).
6. Cao Vi Khon V (Hung-Lan).
7. Me i! Xin oai Thng (Hai-Linh).
8. Sao Bien (Hai Linh).
9. Linh Hon Toi (Kim Long)
10. Giu-Se.
Theo luat am vang t nhien ta co mot qua trnh sinh not hoa theo,
t luat am vang nay he thong nhac Tay phng c hnh thanh, hoa
am cung da vao can ban o e phat trien.
Ngi ta sap xep cac am thanh nghe c bang may chan ong lai
vi nhau th tao thanh hp am thuan va nghch.
Vien bao tang Trung-Hoa che ra 12 ong sao ung theo tng not
cua 12 ban cung nay. Bo ong sao o c goi la LUAT L. Bo ong
sao nay c cat trong bao tang vien e lam ky niem, v trong thc
te ngi ta ch dung co 5 am ma thoi, con cac not nhac kia hau nh
khong c dung ti ngoai tr Mi va Si.
Ngi Trung-Hoa goi ten cac cung bat au t F la Cung, Thng,
Gioc, Chuy, Vu theo chu trnh sinh quang 5.
Cac nh cung, tam cung, t cung, ngu cung, luc cung, that cung nay
c dung theo tng giong ca van, oc xng, ngam th, hat . . . o
la s phat trien dan len cua nhac Viet-Nam.
Cac bai hat do ngi Mong-Co mang theo vao Viet-Nam co tat ca
10 bai: Tau Ma, Sn ong, Hng Ma, Lu Thuy, Hanh Van, Ly
Nga O . . .
Ta nhan thay hai day nhac cung co nhng ban cung giong nhau,
cung dung 12 ban cung nh nhau, ch khac mot ieu la nhac Tay
phng bat au t C, nhac ong phng bat au t F.
Trong nhac ong phng co 3 cung chnh phu hp 3 he thong: F,
Dm va G. Tuy nhien ta co the chuyen len hoac xuong cac cung khac,
mien la tuan theo th t cung va na cung trong tng he thong viet la
ra ngay.
Tat ca cac giong dan ca cua Viet-Nam eu da vao 5 not chnh: F,
G, A, C, D. Nhng tuy theo sac giong va tam tnh cua tng mien ma
ngi ta dung mot so not rieng biet e tao ra giong dan ca rieng cho
tng vung. Nhieu khi con dung them cac bien cung E, Eb, B va Bb e
tao net oc ao rieng cho tng mien, tng giong.
Muon viet giong dan ca mien nao th th ta viet theo cach moc noi
va s dung so not rieng cua mien o, ngoai ra ta con co the ket hp
them s chuyen he va cac bien cung e viet cho not nhac them
phong phu va ro net tng loai dan ca, tng mien dan ca . . .
V du: dan ca mien Thng, Trung, Nam, Bac . . .
a. Dan ca Tay Nguyen: a viet khai thac cac bien cung E va B,
khai thac triet e cac na cung E F, B C . . . (chu y quan trong:
dan ca Tay Nguyen kieng (khong dung) not bac II va not bac VI, vd:
Bai viet cung C, kieng not bac II la not D va not bac VI la not A),
khi em an cung phai chu y kieng 2 not nay)
Ngu cung:
Ten goi cua cac bac am trong he thong nhac ngu am thng c
s dung:
Ten goi he thong va not nhac cha c thong nhat, nen nhat thi
ta dung ten goi cua he thong Tay phng e de hieu.
Moi loai dan ca theo vung th co thoi quen s dung rieng theo tnh
cach rieng cua vung o.
Khi viet dan ca mien nao th ta viet theo thoi quen cua mien o,
thng them bt mot vai not trong he thong va bien cung.
Theo ky am cua nhac Tay phng th 2 bien cung nay la not bac
IV va bac VII cua he thong. Ta co the dung cao o E va B thng
hoac Eb va Bb cung c, can lu y la neu dung cac bien cung th
phai tranh dung cac chuyen ong quang 2 th (D Eb, A Bb),
tr vai dong dan ca co net ac thu la quang 2 th, ngoai ra ta eu
phai tranh v neu co chuyen ong quang 2 th se mat tnh chat dan ca
Viet-Nam ngay.
Hai bien cung E va B co the gia hoac non theo dan ca tng vung.
Va th la E va B, gia th la F va C, non th la Eb va Bb, non qua th
la D va A.
Ta nhan thay:
Hp am bac I: co u 3 not: I, III, V. (q.1, q.3, q.5).
Hp am bac II: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3).
Hp am bac III: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 5).
Hp am bac IV: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac IV.
Hp am bac V: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3).
Hp am bac VI: co u 3 not. (q.1, q.3, q.5).
Hp am bac VII: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac VII.
Giao trnh Sang Tac Ca Khuc - do Ns. Hai Nguyen bien soan lai t
chng trnh day lp Sang Tac Ca khuc cua Co Nhac s Viet Chung.
Moi gop y, thac mac, th t xin lien lac theo a ch:
- Ns. Hai Nguyen, 873, ng Nguyen Duy Trinh, To 1, Khu pho 2,
Phng Phu Hu, Quan 9, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Viet Nam.
- ien thoai: 084.08.7316104 - 084. 093 786 9626
- Email: josephhainguyen@yahoo.com