MC LC

MC LC ............................................................................................................ 1

PHN M U .................................................................................................. 2

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V RADAR ........................................................... 3

1.1 nh ngha radar ......................................................................................... 3

1.2 Nguyn l c bn ....................................................................................... 3

1.3 S phn x .................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Phn cc ..................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Hin tng nhiu sng ............................................................................... 6

1.6 Nhiu .......................................................................................................... 6

1.7 Bc sng .................................................................................................. 6

CHNG 2 K THUT SAR ........................................................................... 9

2.1 Gii thiu.................................................................................................... 9

2.2 nh v tinh SAR ...................................................................................... 10

2. 3 K thut SAR ........................................................................................... 11

2.4 Quy trnh x l nh SAR .......................................................................... 16

PHN KT LUN ............................................................................................ 22

TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................. 23

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 PHN M U
Cng vi s nghin cu pht trin v ph bin cc ng dng ca Vin thm
cng nh H thng thng tin a l (GIS - Geographical Information Systems), vic
cung cp v cp nht d liu cho cc ng dng GIS l mt nhu cu kh cp thit
hin nay. M hnh cao s DEM (Digital Elevation Model) thng c qun l
trong GIS di dng cu trc d liu raster, cho php th hin n gin, phn tch
hiu qu v tng thch vi d liu vin thm. Trong hnh thc ny, DEM c th
hin nh mt mng cc gi tr cung cp cao ca b mt a hnh, chnh xc
ca cc gi tr th hin ph thuc vo ngun d liu c s dng v phng php
to DEM.
Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut SAR giao thoa (Synthetic Aperture Radar
Interferometry - InSAR) c xem nh mt trong nhng k thut hiu qu h
tr cho vic xy dng v cp nht d liu ca GIS. D liu cao s trong GIS
thng lu tr theo cc dng m hnh cao s (DEM) v c s dng kh ph
bin th hin a hnh.
Trong ti ny, nhm xin trnh by v h thng SAR, t l thuyt n m hnh
thc hin v a ra nh gi thng qua so snh vi nh v tinh.
Sut khong thi gian thc hin ti, xin cm n thy PGS.TS V Vn
Ym tn tnh hng dn, nh hng cng nh ch ra cc khuyt im ca
ti.
Nhm xin chn thnh cm n!

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 CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V RADAR
1.1 nh ngha radar
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) c ngha l d tm v nh v bng sng
v tuyn hay ca Radio Angle Detection and Ranging - d tm v nh v gc bng
sng v tuyn. y l mt h thng s dng nh v v o khong cch v lp
bn cc vt th nh my bay hay ma. c s dng ph bin trong hng hi,
hng khng v qun s.

1.2 Nguyn l c bn
Radar hot ng tn s v tuyn siu cao tn, c bc sng siu cc ngn,
di dng xung c pht theo mt tn s lp xung nht nh. Nh vo nten, sng
radar tp trung thnh mt lung hp pht vo trong khng gian. Trong qu trnh lan
truyn, sng radar gp bt k mc tiu no th n b phn x tr li. Tn hiu phn
x tr li c chuyn sang tn hiu in. Nh bit c vn tc sng, thi gian
sng phn x tr li nn c th bit c khong cch t my pht n mc tiu.
Sng radio c th d dng to ra vi cng thch hp, c th pht hin mt
lng sng cc nh v sau khuch i vi ln. V th radar thch hp nh v
vt khong cch xa m cc s phn x khc nh ca m thanh hay ca nh sng l
qu yu khng nh v.
Tuy nhin, sng radio khng truyn xa c trong mi trng nc, do ,
di mt bin, ngi ta khng dng c radar nh v m thay vo l my
sonar dng siu m.

o khong cch, radar xung s dng nguyn l nh sau: dng sng in t

siu cao tn (sng radio) pht vo khng gian di dng xung radio v thu li sng
phn x t mc tiu tr v.

Cng thc tnh:

C *t
D
2
trong : - D: khong cch t radar n mc tiu
- C: tc truyn sng (3*108 m/s)
- t: thi gian truyn sng (i v phn x tr v)

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 Tnh cht ca sng radio:
Lan truyn trong khng gian theo ng thng.
Tc lan truyn khng i: C = 3*108 m/s
Mang nng lng ln, gp mc tiu s phn x tr v.
M t nguyn l chung ca radar theo s khi:

Din gii: my pht to ra 1 xung in t siu cao tn, qua chuyn mch, ti
anten, bc x vo khng gian. Xung radio gp mc tiu phn x tr v, qua mch
vo my thu, qua b khuch i v sa i tn hiu cho ta tn hiu quan st c
trn mn hnh.

1.3 S phn x
c trng vt l cho kh nng m mt vt phn x hay tn x sng radio l din
tch phn x hiu dng.
Sng in t phn x (tn x) t cc b mt ni c s thay i ln v hng s
in mi hay hng s nghch t. C ngha l mt cht rn trong khng kh hay chn
khng, hoc mt s thay i nht nh trong mt nguyn t ca vt th vi mi
trng ngoi, s phn x sng radar. iu c bit ng vi cc vt liu dn
in nh kim loi hay si cacbon, lm cho radar c bit thch hp nh v cc
my bay hay tu thuyn. Cc vt liu hp th radar, gm c cc cht c in tr v
c t tnh, dng trong cc thit b qun s gim s phn x radar, gip cho
chng kh b pht hin hn trn mn radar. Phng php trong k thut sng v
tuyn ny tng ng vi vic sn vt th bng cc mu ti trong sng nh sng.

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 Sng radar tn x theo nhiu cch ph thuc vo t l gia kch thc ca vt
th tn x vi bc sng ca sng radio v hnh dng ca vt. Nu bc sng ngn
hn nhiu so vi kch thc vt, tia sng s di li tng t nh tia sng phn chiu
trn gng. Nu nh bc sng ln hn so vi kch thc vt, vt th s b phn
cc, ging nh mt ngten phn cc. iu ny c miu t trong hin tng tn
x Rayleigh (mt hiu ng lm bu tri c mu xanh lam). Khi 2 tia c cng cng
th c hin tng cng hng. Bc sng radar cng ngn th phn gii hnh
nh trn mn radar cng r. Tuy nhin cc sng radar ngn cn ngun nng lng
cao v nh hng, ngoi ra chng d b hp th bi vt th nh (nh ma v sng
m....), khng d dng i xa nh sng c bc sng di. Cc radar th h u tin
dng sng c bc sng ln hn mc tiu v nhn c tia phn hi c phn
gii thp n mc khng nhn din c, tri li cc h thng hin i s dng
sng ngn hn (vi xentimt hay ngn hn) c th ha li hnh nh mt vt nh nh
bt cm hay nh hn.
Sng radio phn x t b mt cong hay c gc cnh, tng t nh tia sng phn
chiu t gng cu. V d, i vi tia sng radio ngn, hai b mt to nhau mt gc
90 s c kh nng phn chiu mnh. Cu trc bao gm 3 mt phng gp nhau ti 1
gc, nh l gc ca hnh hp vung, lun phn chiu tia ti trc tip tr li ngun.
Thit k ny p dng cho vt phn chiu gc dng lm vt phn chiu vi mc ch
lm cc vt kh tm tr nn d dng nh dng, thng tm thy trn tu tng s
d tm trong tnh hung cu nn v gim va chm. Cng mt l do , trnh
vic b pht hin, ngi ta c th lm cho cc b mt c cong thch hp gim
cc gc trong v trnh b mt v gc vung gc vi hng nh v. Cc thit k
kiu ny thng dn n hnh dng k l ca cc my bay tng hnh. Cc thn trng
nh th khng hon ton loi b s phn x gy ra bi s nhiu x, c bit vi cc
bc sng di. gim hn na tn hiu phn x, cc my bay tng hnh c th
tung ra thm cc mnh kim loi dn in c chiu di bng na bc sng, gi l
cc ming nhiu x, c tnh phn x cao nhng khng trc tip phn hi nng
lng tr li ngun.

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1.4 Phn cc
S phn cc th hin hng dao ng ca sng; vi sng in t, mt phng
phn cc l mt phng cha vector dao ng t trng. Radar s dng sng radio
c phn cc ngang, phn cc dc, v phn cc trn ty theo tng ng dng c
th nh v tt hn cc loi phn x. V d, phn cc trn dng lm gim
thiu nhiu x to bi ma. Sng phn x b phn cc phng thng cho bit
sng c di li t b mt kim loi, v gip radar tm kim vt tr ngi ma.
Cc sng radar c tnh phn cc ngu nhin thng l cho bit b mt phn x nh
t , v c s dng bng radar cho tu b.

1.5 Hin tng nhiu sng

H thng radar phi vt qua mt s ngun sng khc tp trung trn mc
tiu tht s. Cc sng lm nhiu bt ngun t cc ngun bn trong v bn ngoi,
gm ch ng v b ng. Kh nng vt qua cc sng khng mong i c nh
ngha l t s tn hiu trn nhiu (signal-to-noise ratio hay SNR). Trong cng mt
mi trng nhiu, t s SNR cng ln, th h thng radar cng d nh v vt.

1.6 Nhiu
Sng nhiu lun c pht ra km theo tn hiu t ni ngun ca sng, thng
gy ra bi thit k in t khng thc s ng b s dng cc linh kin in t
cha ti u. Nhiu ch yu xut hin nh l sng di nhn c t u thu vo thi
im tht s khng c sng radar no c nhn. V th, hu ht cc nhiu u xut
hin u thu v cc n lc gim thiu yu t ny tp trung trong thit k u
thu. lng ha nhiu, ngi ta a ra ch s nhiu, l t s gia cng
sng nhiu thu c trn u nhn so vi mt u nhn l tng. Ch s ny cn
c gim thiu.

1.7 Bc sng
Tn Di tn s Bc sng Ghi ch
h thng radar ven bin, ng chn
HF 330 MHz 10100 m tri,over-the-horizon radar (OTH),
'high frequency'

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 phm vi rt di, xm nhp, xm nhp
VHF 30300 MHz 110 m
mt t, 'very high frequency'
P < 300 MHz >1m HF + VHF
cng bo sm tn la n o, 'ultra
UHF 3001000 MHz 0.31 m
high frequency'
kim sot khng lu v gim st,
L 12 GHz 1530 cm
'long'
kim sot khng lu, tm xa thi tit,
S 24 GHz 7.515 cm
radar hng hi, 'short'
truyn hnh v tinh, gia X v S, kim
C 48 GHz 3.757.5 cm dn s v qun s, thi tit, theo di
tm xa radar.
dn hng tn la, radar bin, thi
tit, bn v gim st mt t; M
thu hp phm vi 10,525 GHz
X 812 GHz 2.53.75 cm 25 MHz c s dng cho radar sn
bay; theo di phm vi ngn. t tn X
band v tn s l mt b mt trong
TC2.
phn gii cao, cng s dng cho
Ku 1218 GHz 1.672.5 cm
cc b thu v tinh.
T Kurz ca c, c ngha l 'ngn';
hn ch s dng do s hp th bi hi
nc, v vy Ku v Ka c s
dng thay cho gim st. K-band c
K 1824 GHz 1.111.67 cm s dng pht hin nhng m my,
kh tng hc, v cnh st pht
hin ngi li xe qu tc . Sng
radar K-band hot ng 24,150
0,100 GHz.

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 lp bn , tm ngn, gim st sn
bay; tn s ngay trn K (thm 'a') nh
radar, c s dng kch hot my
Ka 2440 GHz 0.751.11 cm
nh m chp nh bin s xe t chy
n , hot ng 34,300
0,100 GHz.
Millimetre band, Cc di tn s ph
mm 40300 GHz 1.07.5 mm
thuc vo kch thc ng dn sng.
hp th rt mnh bi xy trong kh
V 4075 GHz 4.07.5 mm
quyn, ting vang 60 GHz.
c s dng nh mt b cm bin
hnh nh cho xe th nghim t ng,
W 75110 GHz 2.74.0 mm
phn gii cao quan st kh tng,
v hnh nh.

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 CHNG 2 K THUT SAR
2.1 Gii thiu
Vin thm radar l h thng ch ng, b cm ch ng pht v thu nhn nng
lng tn x ngc trong vng sng siu cao tn. Vin thm radar hot ng vi h
thng anten c nh c lp t trn my bay hoc v tinh vin thm. Nguyn tc
hot ng ca h thng ny c m t nh hnh di y.

Do vic thu nhn d liu nh radar theo phng xin, v vy nh radar c mt

s c trng hnh hc ring bit: c trng v bin dng v t l nh do chp
nghing, c trng v x dch v tr im nh do chnh cao a hnh, th sai nh,
m nh, v bin i sng trn nh. phn gii ca nh radar c c trng
bi phn gii phng v ( phn gii dc theo hng bay Azimuth) v
phn gii theo hng thu pht tn hiu ( phn gii ngang vi hng bay
Range). phn gii theo hng thu pht tn hiu l kh nng phn cch gia 2 i
tng khng gian nm gn nhau theo hng tm. N c xc nh bng chiu di
xung ca nng lng sng radar truyn i v gc nhn (gc ti).

( ) =
2
Trong : R(x) l phn gii theo hng thu pht tn hiu, l thi gian cho 1
di ca 1 xung, d l gc h. phn gii theo phng v ph thuc vo chiu
di anten. Anten di hn, bc sng ngn hn th phn gii s cao. V d, t
c phn gii theo phng v 10 m vi di bng C (bc sng = 5.6 cm) t

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v tinh c cao 800 km th chiu di ca anten i hi phi trn 3 km, iu ny l
khng th.
khc phc nhc im ny hay nng cao chnh xc trong vic thu
nhn nh c phn gii cao, ngi ta s dng h thng radar m tng hp
(SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar). Trong cc h thng Radar, SAR thng c s
dng trong lnh vc vin thm.
Radar khu tng hp (SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar) l mt k thut cho
php thu nh vi phn gii cao t mt anten nh, y l mt k thut th hin s
tin b vt bc ca x l tn hiu s. SAR l h thng thu nh gi li thng tin c
v pha v cng ca tn hiu sng phn x ca tt c cc i tng nm trong
phn gii ca 1 pixel tng ng trn mt t. Thng tin trong mi nh SAR bao
gm mt ma trn u th hin cc gi tr tng hp (gi tr phc), chng gm 2
thnh phn l bin A v pha . Bin cung cp thng tin v mc g gh b
mt ca cc i tng phn x, trong khi pha bao gm mt phn cc xung tn x v
mt phn truyn qua cha ng cc thng tin hu ch v b mt v hng ng
truyn ca xung.
Nu chng ta c hai nh SAR cng ph mt vng din tch hi khc mt cht
v v tr thu nhn, gi tr pha ca nh ny c th em i tr i gi tr pha ca nh kia
c c lch pha ca 2 nh SAR. nh cha lch pha ny c gi l nh
giao thoa. Gi tr cn li l lch pha t nh ny so vi nh kia. K thut da trn
lch pha tnh ton trn c gi l k thut SAR giao thoa (SAR - SAR
interferometry). K thut da trn vic loi b nhng khong giao thoa trng gia
hai nh giao thoa to ra khong giao thoa cui cng th hin s thay i ca b
mt gi l k thut SAR vi phn. Cc v tinh SAR bao gm cc v tinh nh ERS-1
v ERS-2, RADARSAT, JERS-1, ALOS, ENVISAT,...

2.2 nh v tinh SAR

D liu s dng l nh ERS-1 (Earth Resources Satellite-1) v ERS-2 c
cung cp bi C quan khng gian Chu u (ESA), hai v tinh ny c phng vo
qu o thng 07/1991 v 04/1995. Mi scence nh bao ph mt khu vc c b
rng 100 km2 vi phn gii khong 30m. Hai v tinh ny h tr cho nhau trong
vic thu nh ti cng mt khu vc ch cch nhau 1 ngy. y l mt u im ni
10 | P a g e
bt so vi nh nhn t cc h thng v tinh khc do s tng quan gia hai nh thu
c ti mt khu vc rt ln, to iu kin tt cho cc ng dng trong giao thoa
SAR.
D liu th nghim th hai c s dng l nh ENVISAT, y l v tinh thm
st tri t ln nht so vi cc th h trc, c phng vo qy o nm 2002. V
tinh mang gm 10 b cm bin quang hc v rada, nhm tip tc nhng s mnh
thm st v b mt tri t, kh quyn, i dng v bng tri phc v gim st mi
trng v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc b cm bin ny cung cp d liu
hu ch p ng nhu cu cho nghin cu khoa hc v cc ng dng trong thng
mi.
ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) l b cm bin SAR ln nht, hot
ng tn s C-band, c thit k nhm thay th cho ERS-2. Tuy nhin, cc kh
nng v bao ph, gc nhn, phn cc v kiu vn hnh c ci tin ng k so
vi ERS-2. Envisat c qy o ng b mt tri, cao bay 800 km, chu k lp 35
ngy.
Cc mc tiu chnh ca Envisat ASAR:
Cung cp tip kh nng thm st mt t c bt u t s mnh ERS
Ci tin s mnh ERS, tp trung cho s mnh nghin cu i dng v
bng tri
M rng nhiu tham s thm st, phc v cho nhu cu nghin cu v cc
tham s tc ng mi trng
To ng gp quan trng cho nghin cu mi trng, tp trung lnh vc
ha kh quyn v i dng.

2. 3 K thut SAR
K thut SAR l cng ngh x l tn hiu c th lin kt hai nh c ghi nhn
hai thi im khc nhau ca cng mt khu vc to thnh pha giao thoa. Pha

11 | P a g e
giao thoa s bao gm pha a hnh, pha tham chiu v pha bin ng. V vy
c th xc nh c s bin i ca a hnh ta cn phi tm cch no tch
ring pha bin ng ra. C mt s phng php tch ring pha bin ng (hay
cn gi l pha dch chuyn ca a hnh) v d nh cc phng php Two-pass,
Three-pass hay Four-pass. Phng php Two-pass s dng 1 DEM v 1 cp nh
giao thoa (thi im trc khi bin ng v thi im sau bin ng), phng php
Threepass l phng php s dng 3 nh 3 thi k khc nhau trong c hai nh
to thnh cp giao thoa dng to DEM, cn phng php Fourpass s dng 4
nh 4 thi im khc nhau. Trong phn thc nghim chng ti s dng phng
php SAR vi phn Three-pass.
Radar giao thoa (SAR) l k thut x l tn hiu s t t nht 2 nh SAR (hoc
nhiu hn) chp cng mt khu vc cc thi im khc nhau. SAR hot ng da
trn nguyn tc chit tch lch pha gia hai nh chp cng mt khu vc 2 v
tr khc nhau xc nh s chnh lch di ng truyn ca cc sng radar. S
chnh lch di ng truyn ca cc sng radar c lin quan n cc thng s
quan trng nh cao a hnh, s bin dng b mt tri t v nhiu ca kh quyn
(Goldstein et al., 1988).

12 | P a g e
 Hnh trn minh ha cu trc hnh hc c bn ca k thut SAR. Hai h thng
radar S1 (Master) v S2 (Slave) ch ng pht sng xung cng mt khu vc trn
mt t. B l khong cch gia 2 anten hay gi l ng y (Baseline), l gc ti
(gc nhn), r1 v r2 l c ly nghing t anten ti im P trn mt t v l gc to
bi ng y v ng chn tri. Nu khng c bin dng b mt xy ra gia hai
h thng thu nhn nh radar, cc gi tr pha ghi nhn c 1 v 2 trong 2 nh
chp t hai h thng radar i vi im P c th c xem l tng ng vi tng
ca cc thnh phn khc nhau.

2r1 2r2
Trong : v l i lng gy ra chm (tr) pha do khong cch ng

truyn 2r1 v 2r2 t b cm bin S1 v S2 n mc tiu P trn mt t v phn x

ngc li.
atm1 v atm2 l i lng hiu chnh pha do s thay i iu kin kh
quyn gia hai ln nhn nh.
scat1 v scat2 l h s tn x do s tng tc gia sng radar vi cc
thnh phn tn x phc tp trn b mt.
H s nhiu ph noise
Gi s hai nh c chp trong iu kin kh quyn v sng phn x ngc tr
li ca cc i tng trn mt t l nh nhau, atm1 = atm2 v scat1 =
scat2, khi gi tr pha giao thoa s c vit nh sau:

Trong r l lch thay i theo phng xin (Light of sight - LOS) gia r1
v r2. p dng nh lut cosin cho tam gic S1S2P, chng ta c:

T phng trnh (5), ta c:

13 | P a g e
 Vi r1 + r2 2r1 v r1>> B, t phng trnh (6) chng ta c phng trnh gn
ng sau:

Khi , phng trnh (4) tr thnh:

o hm tng phn ca pha theo r ta c:

T cng thc ta thy lch pha ph thuc vo 2 yu t: thnh phn vung gc

ca ng y B B cos( ) v o hm ca gc ti theo r ( / r ), trong
ng y trc giao lun thay i theo xin ca gc ti i vi mi nh SAR
khc nhau. S thay i ca gc ti thng tng ln vi nghing ca hng qut,
do vy / r >0. Tuy nhin, khi dc ca a hnh ln hn gc ti, vic tng gc
ti s khng to ra nghing hng qut (Price and Sandwell, 1998). thy
c mi quan h gia pha giao thoa vi a hnh, chng ta xem xt im P0 nm

14 | P a g e
v tr cng phng vi im P trn mt elipxoit tham chiu. p dng nh lut
cosin cho tam gic S1PO trong Hnh trn , gc ti cho im P mt t c biu
din nh sau:

Trong hnh trn, r l khong cch nghing t b cm bin S1 n im P, H l

khong cch t b cm bin S1 n tm tri t v x l khong cch t im P n
tm tri t, x0 l bn knh tri t ca elipxoit tham chiu, 0 l gc ti. Khi , s
dng nh lun cosin chng ta tm ra:

S dng cng thc (11) v (8), chng ta tnh pha giao thoa 0 theo im P0,
gi l pha phng (flat earth phase) nh sau:

Khong cch thc t x lun ln hn bn knh elipsoid tham chiu x0, lch x -
x0 cung cp gi tr cao hnh hc. Pha do nh hng ca a hnh thc t (x) c
th c trin khai theo dy s Taylor theo x0:

S hng th nht l pha phng cho bi phng trnh (12), v gi tr s hng th

hai c th nhn c t phng trnh (8) v (10). T phng trnh (8), chng ta c:

V t phng trnh (10), chng ta c:

Thay phng trnh (15) v (16) vo phng trnh (14), chng ta c cao h t
elipsoid tham chiu:

15 | P a g e
2.4 Quy trnh x l nh SAR

tin hnh x l theo k thut SAR, cn phi c hai nh SAR c tng

quan tt. Cn c la chn cc nh thch hp ch yu da trn chiu di ng
y (khong cch gia hai ng ten khi chp nh v khong thi gian gia hai ln
chp), iu kin thi tit. Chiu di ng y c chn ph thuc vo tng ng
dng v phn gii ca d liu. Chng hn, i vi nh ERS-1 v ERS-2, chiu
di ng y t 150 m - 300 m thch hp cho vic xy dng m hnh s cao; t
30 m - 50 m ph hp cho cc ng dng pht hin bin dng b mt v khong 5 m
ph hp cho cc nghin cu chuyn ng b mt nh bin dng lp v tri t,
chuyn ng a cht, chuyn ng bng tri, Mt khc, khong thi gian thu
nhn gia hai nh khng qu ln nhm trnh s mt tng quan. Trong k thut
ny, mt nh s c coi l nh ch (nh Master), nh cn li s l nh ph thuc
(nh Slave). Quy trnh cng ngh thnh lp DEM t cp nh radar giao thoa c
th hin nh trong hnh trn, trnh t cc bc thc hin c tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 1: ng k nh
Mc ch ca vic ng k nh l tm nhng im nh cng tn trn 2 tm nh
radar (Master v Slave).
Thc hin chng ln nhau vng ph chung ca hai nh thu nhn t hai anten
ca b cm SAR. D liu nh cn cho bc x l ny l nh SAR SLC, SLC l d

16 | P a g e
liu nh phc bao gm hai band: band cha thng tin bin v band cha thng
tin pha.
ng k nh c thc hin theo hai bc: ng k s b vi chnh xc 1
pixel v ng k chnh xc vi chnh xc khong 1/8 pixel.

Bc 2: To nh giao thoa, lc b pha phng v nhiu, to nh tng quan

Sau khi tin hnh ng k nh, ta s s dng thnh phn pha ca cp nh Sar
to nh giao thoa. Pha giao thoa c to ra ngoi pha do chnh cao a hnh cn
c pha do nh hng ca nhiu v pha do cong tri t, bi vy cn lc, loi b
nhng nh hng ny. Vic tnh ton tng quan gia hai nh nhm xc nh
cc i tng trn hai nh c b thay i trong khong thi gian nht nh no
hay khng. T a ra gii hn lch pha gia 2 nh m bo chnh xc
cho vic gii m pha sau ny.
Hai nh SAR kt hp to nh SAR giao thoa cung cp thng tin v chiu th
ba ( cao) ca vt th v o s dch chuyn ca vt th gia hai nh thu nhn.

17 | P a g e
 Sau khi ng k, nh giao thoa phc c to bng php nhn lin hp mi
pixel phc ca nh th nht vi cng pixel phc tng ng ca nh th hai. Cng
ca nh giao thoa o lng mc tng quan cho ca cc nh pha d dng
hn. Thc hin gim nhiu bng cch dng mt php lc cho ton nh, php lc
ny tng t nh php lc trung bnh, ngoi tr chng c dng cho hm phc
thay v ch l trn bin .
cc vng c cao thay i t ngt (khu vc ni) tn s b ng pha cng
cao. Thng thng, tn s ng cng cao th cng kh thc hin m pha. Do cn
phi c mt bc thc hin lm gim tn s ng ny lm phng pha (phase
flattening). Lm phng pha loi tr tn s pha b ng gy ra do bn cht thu nhn
nh ca SAR.

Bc 3: Gii m pha

y chnh l bc then cht, gip xc nh s chu k b mt i trong qu

trnh to pha giao thoa.

18 | P a g e
 u im ca giao thoa SAR trong cc nghin cu ng dng l kt qa chnh
xc ca cc phng php gii bi ton m pha. Khi giao thoa lm mt i mt s
nguyn ln chu k trong gi tr pha o c, nn vic hi phc chnh xc s chu k
b mt l then cht cho cc nghin cu v bin dng, thnh lp m hnh cao s,
thnh lp bn a hnh,
Nhiu thut ton c a ra gii quyt vn hi phc li gi tr pha,
phng php ph bin gii bi ton m pha bao gm: cc tiu nh nht, theo bi
ton mng, theo ng i (Path-following) v nm 1998 Costantini bin i bi
ton m pha thnh bi ton mng cc tiu ha ton cc. Trong m hnh mng ca
Costantini, mi vng xoay theo kim ng h tnh tng gi tr pha gradien ca 2x2
pixel xung quanh c m t l mt node. Node tng ng vi phn d dng
hoc m th c nh du tng ng + hoc -. Hai node k ni nhau to thnh mt
arc. Bi ton ti u ha bng cch dng phng php cc tiu chi ph dng mng
(MCF Minimum Cost Flow) xc nh cc rng buc cho php t li gii pha
chnh xc (phn mm SAR ToolKit s dng duy nht mt thut ton ny).

19 | P a g e
 Bc 4: To DEM v Geocoding
Sau khi xc nh c s chu k b mt i, kt hp vi gi tr pha giao thoa
cng nh cc thng s khc nh cnh y nh B, bc sng v gc ti tnh ra
cao cho cc im, t xy dng c DEM. DEM c thnh lp c cao so
vi mt Elipsoid, v vy chng ta phi s dng m hnh d thng cao EGM96
tnh chuyn v cao so vi mt Geoid.
Sau khi gii m pha, chng ta chuyn i gi tr pha thnh gi tr cao
thnh lp DEM. Cui cng, DEM to ra c chuyn t h ta ca SAR thnh
h ta WGS84, mi chiu 49 so snh vi d liu DEM ca nh ASTER .

nh gi chnh xc ca DEM c thnh lp t cp nh radar giao thoa,

tc gi c s dng DEM c thnh lp t cp nh lp th hng khng (DEM c
ni suy t ng v c bin tp trn trm o nh s Intergraph). Hnh nh 2D v
3D ca cc DEM c th hin nh Hnh 7. Hai mt ct khu vc ng bng v
khu vc i ni c s dng nh gi cht lng ca DEM SAR (Bng 2). Kt

20 | P a g e
qu cho thy chnh xc ca DEM SAR c th t chnh xc kh cao c khu
vc i ni v ng bng. Tuy nhin, khu vc i ni s khc bit gia DEM
SAR v DEM lp th ln hn khu vc ng bng, iu ny c th c gii thch
bi cht lng DEM SAR ph thuc vo gi tr tng quan nh, khu vc c tng
quan tt s cho DEM c cht lng tt hn so vi khu vc c tng quan thp.
Khu vc ng bng c tng quan cao hn do cc yu t b mt t thay i (nh
ca, ng x,...), trong khi khu vc i ni c tng quan thp hn do cc yu
t b mt ch yu l thc ph (rng), do chnh cao a hnh ln, do khut ni.
Ngoi ra, chnh xc ca kt qu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau nh b
cm bin thu nhn nh, khong cch ng y, s tng quan ca cp nh, thut
ton cho bi ton gii m pha. c bit, bi ton m pha cn c gii mt cch
chnh xc v i hi cc im khng ch c o c trc tip trn thc a.

21 | P a g e
 PHN KT LUN
K thut InSAR l mt k thut t ph trong lnh vc cng ngh vin thm v
m ra mt k thut hin i cho vic xy dng DEM. Tuy nhin, y l mt k
thut kh nn trong qu trnh x l i hi chnh xc cao, ngay t bc ng k
nh (i hi chnh xc n 1/10 pixel). Cht lng ca DEM xy dng t cp
nh SAR giao thoa ph thuc vo tnh tng quan gia 2 nh. Trong cng mt cp
nh, khu vc no c tng quan tt s cho DEM c cht lng tt hn so vi khu
vc c tng quan thp.
Kt qu t c cho thy chnh xc ca DEM to t cp nh SAR c th t
chnh xc kh cao khu vc min ni v khu vc ng bng. Tuy nhin, mc
chnh xc ca kt qu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau nh b cm bin
SAR thu nhn, khong cch ng y, s tng quan ca cp nh, thut ton cho
bi ton gii m pha, c bit, bi ton m pha cn c gii mt cch chnh
xc v i hi cc im khng ch c o c trc tip trn thc a.
Nhng kt qu bc u t c trong ti ny hy vng gp phn ng k
trong ng dng k thut mi v nhng vn cn lu khi xy dng DEM t cp
nh radar giao thoa th bc khp nh v gii pha mang tnh quyt nh.
Xy dng m hnh s cao DEM cng ch l mt trong nhng ng dng ca
cp nh radar giao thoa, quan trng hn l nhng ng dng ca chng trong vic
quan trc v pht hin bin dng b mt a hnh nh ln t, hot ng ca ni
la, chuyn ng bng tri, bng k thut DInSAR (k thut giao thoa vi phn),
k thut PSInSAR (giao thoa tn x c nh), k thut Sar Tomography
Do khong thi gian v kin thc cn hn hp, nhm c phn hn ch vi ti.
Mong thy v cc nhm cng ng gp kin ti thm hon thin.
Nhm xin chn thnh cm n!

22 | P a g e
 TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] H Tng Minh nh, ng dng k thut InSAR trong xy dng m hnh cao
s (DEM), Lun vn thc s, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp. HCM, (2005).
[2] Buckley, S., and Paul Rossen and Patricia Persaud, ROI_PAC Documentation
Repeat Orbit Interferometry Package, Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory, (2000).
[3] Carande, R. E., Overview and Future of Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology,
Vexcel Corporation, (2000).
[4] Costantini, M., A Novel PhaseUnwrapping Method Based on Network
Programming, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, (1998).
[5] Curlander, J. C., and R. N. McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and
Signal Processing, Wiley, New York, (1991).
[6] L Vn Trung, H Tng Minh nh v Vn Cng Quc Anh. The Ability of
Application of ERS SAR images in Generating DEM using InSAR technique. The
16th APEC Workshop on Ocean Models and Information System for the APEC
Region. (2005)

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