7ME2A: REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING
GWECA
Ajmer, India (305002)

UNIT I

Dr. Jai Gopal Gupta

Head and Asst. Prof.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GOVERNMENT WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
Unit I:
Introduction: Refrigeration and second law of Thermodynamics, Refrigeration
effect and unit of Refrigeration, Heat pump, Reversed Carnot cycle.
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Analysis of simple vapour
compression Refrigeration cycle by p-h and T-S diagram. Effect of operating
conditions
Multiple Evaporator and compressor system: Application, air compressor
system, Individual compressor, compound compression, cascade system.
Application, air compressor systems, individual compressor, compound
compression, cascade system.

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 Introduction
Refrigeration:
The process of removing heat. Refrigeration may be defined as the process of
achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings.
Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its
temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and circulation, as required
by occupants, a process, or products in the space.
Natural Refrigeration
Artificial Refrigeration
Refrigeration produced by artificial means.
Based on the working principle, refrigeration systems can be classified as
Vapour compression refrigeration systems,
Vapour absorption systems,
Gas cycle systems etc.

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 Introduction
In a vapour compression refrigeration system refrigeration is
obtained as a refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures. The system input is
in the form of mechanical energy required to run the compressor.
Vapour absorption refrigeration systems belong to the class of vapour
cycles similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems. Unlike vapour
compression refrigeration systems the required input absorption systems is
mainly in the form of low grade thermal energy.
In the gas cycle refrigeration systems, the cooling is obtained because
sensible cooling, there is no phase change involved here. first compress the gas
to a high pressure and then low it to flow through a turbine where it can do
external work and in that process it can reduce its temperature and pressure
and this low temperature low pressure gas can then be used for producing
refrigeration.

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 Introduction
Second law of thermodynamics: This states that heat only flows from a
higher temperature to a lower temperature. More formally, Clausis statement:
it is impossible for a system working in a cycle to have, as its sole effect, the
transfer of heat from a system at a low temperature to a system at a high
temperature.

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 Introduction
Refrigeration effect:
The quantity of heat that each unit mass of refrigeration absorbs from the
refrigerated space is known as the refrigeration effect.
Unit of refrigeration
TON OF REFRIGERATION ( TR )
1 TR = 12000 Btu/hr BRITISH UNITS

1 TR = 3.517 KW SI UNITS

The refrigeration cycle efficiency is known as

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COPREF)
(COPREF) = Refrigeration Effect KJ/Kg

Work Done KJ/Kg

(COPHP) = Condenser Heat Rejection KJ/Kg

Work Done KJ/Kg

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 Refrigerator used for Cooling

energy sought Qin

E COPC
energy that costs Wcycle
TH

Observation: E may be >1 E 100%

The concept of an efficiency being greater than 100%

makes people uneasy. Therefore, the conversion

TL
efficiency for a refrigerator is called the Cooling
Coefficient of Performance (COPC). A refrigeration
system that is used for cooling is called a refrigerator.

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 Refrigerator used for Heating

energy sought Qout

E COPH
energy that costs Wcycle
TH

Observation: E may be >1 E 100%

The concept of an efficiency being greater than 100%

makes people uneasy. Therefore, the conversion
TL
efficiency for a refrigerator is called the Heating
Coefficient of Performance (COPH). A refrigeration
system that is used for cooling is called a heat pump.

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 Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator

For the Refrigeration cycle

Qin Qin 1
th COPR
Wcycle Qout Qin Qout / Qin 1
TH
1 1 TL
COPR,Carnot COPR,Carnot
Qout / Qin rev 1 TH / TL 1 TH TL

For the Heat Pump cycle

Qout Qout 1
th COPH
TL Wcycle Qout Qin 1 Qin / Qout
1 1 TH
COPH,Carnot COPH,Carnot
1 Qin / Qout rev 1 TL / TH TH TL

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 Air cycle refrigeration systems
Air cycle refrigeration systems belong to the general class of gas cycle
refrigeration systems, in which a gas is used as the working fluid.
The gas does not undergo any phase change during the cycle.
all the processes in this cycle are essentially sensible heat transfer processes.
Applications of gas cycle refrigeration systems
Aircraft cabin cooling and
Liquefaction of various gases.
Reverse Carnot cycles for gases is an ideal cycle for constant temperature heat
source and sink.
It is a completely reversible cycle.

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 Reverse Carnot cycle
Process 1-2: Reversible, adiabatic compression in a compressor
Process 2-3: Reversible, isothermal heat rejection in a compressor
Process 3-4: Reversible, adiabatic expansion in a turbine
Process 4-1: Reversible, isothermal heat absorption in a turbine

Schematic of a reverse Carnot refrigeration system

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 Reverse Carnot cycle
The heat transferred during isothermal processes 2-3 and 4-1 are given by:

Applying first law of thermodynamics to the closed cycle,

the work of isentropic expansion, w3-4 exactly matches the work of isentropic
compression w1-2.
the COP of the Carnot system is given by:

Thus the COP of the Carnot system depends only on the refrigeration (Tl) and
heat rejection (Th) temperatures only.
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 Reverse Carnot cycle
With a heat pump, the useful effect is the heating effect because of the rejected
heat q#2, so COPhp is
the ratio of heat rejection to the work input, or

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 Reverse Carnot cycle
This is an ideal cycle so normally Carnot cycle cannot be built in practice but
this is used as a reference.
Carnot cycle is an idealization and it suffers from several practical limitations.
First limitation is that the isothermal compression and expansion are difficult to
achieve in practice.
The second limitation is Carnot gas cycle offers very small volumetric
refrigeration capacity.
All actual processes are irreversible, hence completely reversible cycles are
idealizations only.

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 Reversed Carnot Cycle
Carnot refrigeration cycle is a completely reversible cycle.
It is used as a model of perfection for a refrigeration cycle operating between a
constant temperature heat source and sink.
It is used as a reference against which the real cycles are compared.
Carnot refrigeration cycle depends consists of four basic components the
compressor condenser turbine and an evaporator.
The cycle as shown on the T S diagram. Here consists of four basic processes,
process one to two is isentropic compression process, two to three is isothermal
heat rejection process, three to four is isentropic expansion in the turbine and
finally process four to one is isothermal heat extraction.

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