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Page 144-161 Kancharla and Hegde - Final Print
Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
Vishwanath G. Hegde
California State University, Hayward, USA
Each year Gartner Inc releases a list of top 25 supply chain performers, where three financial
ratios get 50% weightage in the ranking process. Establishing the best practices from which other
companies can learn has been the motivation of this listing. However, deriving insights about the
supply chain practices from the financial data has not been looked into in academic literature. In
this research, we inquire what companies across industry sectors can learn about the supply chain
practices of the leaders by analyzing publically available financial data. We were able to draw
valuable inferences about the structure of supply chains using the financial ratios.
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
However, the primary focus of this stream of Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flows and
research has been linking the supply chain Statement of Stockholders Equity. The Table
performance (operational) measures to the 1 lists the components of the financial
financial performance. Our literature search statements and how the supply chain
did not find any article that draws insights on performances impact them, whereas the Table
the supply chain practices using financial 2 lists and describes the financial ratios used
performance; this research was motivated by in the analysis of supply Chain performances.
this gap in the literature. We inquire whether The basic income statement components are
the financial performance data can be used to revenues, product costs, and administrative
derive insights about the supply chain overhead costs. The net income figure is
practices and performance. Specifically, we arguably the most focused-upon performance
would like to inquire what other companies metric in the business community. Another
across industry sectors can learn about the salient feature of the income statement is that
supply chain practices of the leaders using it highlights the profitability of the firm.
publicly available financial data. This Supply chain decisions and performance have
approach would help companies to analyze direct impacts on income through each of the
and learn about the supply chain practices of three primary components of the income
the leaders (as published by Gartner), compare statement.
and contrast the supply chain leaders and peers The balance sheet summarizes
who come from different industry sectors. components such as assets, liabilities and
Learning from the supply chain leaders, stockholders equity. Within the balance sheet,
establishing the best practices and raising a key component to recognize an
debate about the supply chain excellence have organizational success (or failure) is the
been the focus of this ranking. This research control of working capital. Working capital is
thus contributes towards this debate and defined as current assets minus current
discussions about the supply chain structures liabilities, which plays a major role in keeping
and the practices across industry. the organization healthy and viable. The
Remaining part of this paper is primary components of current assets are cash
organized as follows. In the next section, we (and cash-like investments), accounts
review academic literature pertaining to the receivables, and inventories. The primary
link between supply chain and financial component of current liabilities is accounts
performances. Then we describe the payables. Not only do supply chain decisions
methodology and postulate research questions have a direct impact on working capital, but
in the context of the data in section 3. This is also working capital flows and balances have a
followed by the data analysis and inferences in direct impact on the financial viability and
section four. Finally, we conclude with performance of a firm.
summary the findings, contributions and An organization with insufficient
discuss the future research directions. working capital will then have to borrow funds
to meet its needs but on the other hand, an
II. LITERATURE REVIEW organization with excess working capital will
have the ability to fund expansion without
2.1. Financial Ratios increasing borrowings. One useful supply
chain performance measure that can evaluate
The financial statement released by an working capital performance is the cash
organization at the end of every fiscal year and conversion cycle (C-C-C), which is defined as
quarters, consists of Income Statement, Days of Inventory + Days of Accounts
Journal of Supply Chain and Operations Management, Volume 14, Number 1, February 2016
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
Receivable - Days of Accounts Payable. One investors can see the sources and uses of cash
of the goals of cash conversion cycle is to in three primary areas of the firm: operations,
balance the investments a company makes in investing, and financing. The information on
inventory and extending credit to customers this statement is important to analyze the
with payments that a company makes for health of an organization, because a company
purchases. In addition to working capital, the requires positive operational cash flows to
balance sheet helps measure utilization of the endure over time. The supply chain
organizations physical assets. Plant, Property organization impacts cash flow statement
and Equipment (PP&E) productivity is through actions that influence the income
measured by dividing sales revenues by the statement or balance sheet of the firm. The
amount recorded for net PP&E. This measure Statement of Shareholders Equity summarizes
gives an indicator of how productive the the ownership portion of the firm capital
physical assets of the organization are. stock sales and purchases, income generation
The Statement of Cash Flows contains and payment of dividends, and other related
information generated through the Income items. The supply chain management function
Statement and Balance Sheet, but it states the impacts the Shareholders Equity by impacting
information in a form where managers and the net income generated for the firm.
Financial
Components How Financial Performances are impacted by the supply chain
Statement
Lead time, Time to market for new products, Response time to
Revenues customer requests, On-time delivery, Product quality, Product returns,
Income statement
Proof of receipt
Accounts Payable Discounts not taken, Late payments; subsequent orders delayed,
Days Correct invoicing terms, Payment penalties
A long-term investment a company benefits from such as equipment,
Fixed Assets buildings, supply chain technologies, machinery, land and other
intangible assets.
Cash, accounts receivables, fixed assets and all other assets that are
Total Assets expected to provide benefits for over a year or long term in general
are presented as total assets in the Balance sheet.
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
Type of the
Name of the Ratio Description
ratio
Cost of Goods Sold (% Efficiency The COGS formula is important as it helps analyze purchase
Revenue) ratio costs and payroll costs are being controlled.
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
most popular model used in the industry today. metrics can be linked to financial metrics;
The Supply-Chain Council (SCC) developed supply chain performance metrics used were
the SCOR model, which is based on five core based on the SCOR model and the financial
processes (plan, source, make, deliver, and metrics used were based on the concept of
return) and three levels of process details (top Economic Value Added (EVA). The book by
level, configuration level, and process element Camerinelli (2009) describe the link between
level). This model attempts to integrate the financial performance and supply chain
concepts of business process reengineering, decisions based on the level 1 and level 2
benchmarking, process measurement, and best metrics of the SCOR model. Hutchison et al.
practice analysis, which allows the (2009) describes how cash-to-cash (C2C)
management of an organization to make strategies can be used in a supply chain to
connections between strategies and processes realize opportunities for improving efficiency,
that have a significant impact on the overall profitability, cash flow management, and
performance of the supply chain (Lockamy communication channels among supply chain
and McCormack, 2004; and Huang et al., members. The C2C calculation includes three
2004). The SCOR model thus provides financial variables: inventory, accounts
standard descriptions of supply chain receivable, and accounts payable.
processes that make up the supply chain and, a Kremers (2010) describe how supply
process framework for defining relationships chain operational performances can be
among these processes. evaluated in terms of its impact on cash flow,
Using this model, companies can select market value, and internal financial
the matrics to measure the supply chain performance metrics using the SCOR model.
process performance such as order fulfillment Wisner (2011) describes how supply chain
cycle time, upstream supply chain flexibility, functions influence companys financial
upstream supply chain adaptability, statements (income statement, balance sheet,
downstream supply chain adaptability, supply statement of cash flows, and statement of
chain management cost, cost of goods sold stockholders equity). Their framework
(COGS), cash to cash cycle time, return on identified the supply chain performance
supply chain fixed assets and return on measures that are relevant to each financial
working capital. These supply chain statement component, which is helpful in
performance measures fall into five categories: ensuring supply chain actions and decisions
reliability, responsiveness, flexibility, cost, and are compatible with the companys financial
asset metrics. These performance metrics are goals.
designed to provide a view of overall supply Elgazzar et al. (2012) proposed a
chain performance at level 1 (top level), and method to link supply chain processes
level 2 (configuration level) and level 3 performance to the priorities of the companys
(process element level) matrics to support to financial strategy using multi-criteria decision
the level 1 (Huang et al., 2004). making approach called as fuzzy analytic
hierarchy process (FAHP). According to this
2.4. Supply Chain and Finance Link method, SC operations performance is
measured based on the SCOR models
Now we want to review important standard performance metrics, while the
articles that have examined the link between companys financial performance priorities are
the supply chain operational performances to determined using Du Pont ratio analysis. To
financial performances. Presutti and link supply chain operations performance to
Mawhinney (2007) describe how supply chain the financial performance priorities, the
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
relative importance weights of supply chain 15%, and revenue growth makes up 10%.
processes performance measures are They indicate that Inventory turns offers an
determined with respect to the priorities of the indication of cost management, and ROA
companys financial strategy using the FAHP provides a general proxy for overall
technique. This paper presents a six-steps operational efficiency and productivity.
procedure and provide illustrations using a Revenue growth, while clearly reflecting
numerical example. The authors state that this myriad market and organizational factors,
approach helps convert the connection offers some clues to innovation. A three-year
between supply chain operational performance weighted average for the ROA and revenue
and financial performance into an growth metrics, and a one-year quarterly
implementable performance measurement average for inventory turns are used. Financial
system. data from the past three years are used and
We would like to highlight two different weights are used for the three years.
observations that we made by reviewing the For example, the following yearly weights are
articles pertaining to supply chain and finance used to rank companies in 2014: 50 percent for
link. First, all the articles are conceptual in 2013, 30 percent for 2012, and 20 percent for
nature and do not involve any empirical 2011. The remaining 50 percent of the total
analysis. Second, the emphasis has been to score is based on opinion from selected panel
describe how supply chain measures can members. 25 percent of which is contributed
impact the financial measurements. We did not by the pioneering work of Gartners analysts
find any article that tries to describe the supply who are selected to contribute opinions based
chain practices based on the financial on their research. Another 25 percent is
measurements. derived from a peer opinion panel, which
consists of supply chain professionals across
2.5. The Gartner TOP Supply chain Top 25 various segments of businesses.
In summary, the academic researchers
As discussed in the introduction, have presented frameworks and approaches to
Gartner releases a list of companies that are connect the supply chain performance
perceived to be the best operating supply chain measures to the companys financial
for that year (Aronow et al. 2015; Aronow et performances. The emphasis has been to
al. 2014, Hoffman et al. 2013; Hoffman et al. explain how the supply chain practices and the
2012 ). Gartner analysts derive a master list of resulting performance measures impact the
companies from the Fortune Global 500 and financial performances. The Gartners
the Forbes Global 2000, with a revenue cutoff methodology on the other hand uses three
of $12 billion. Gartner then pares the financial ratios: Return on Assets (ROA),
combined list down to the manufacturing, inventory turns and revenue growths to infer
retail and distribution sectors, thus eliminating the supply chain performances. In effect,
certain industries, such as financial services Gartner is using the financial ratios to capture
and insurance. Then, Gartner, ranks companies and make inferences on companys supply
based on a composite scoring method where chain practices and excellence. This research
50 percent of the total score is based on the was motivated by this observation, making
publicly available financial data published by inferences about supply chain structure and
every organization at the end of every performance using financial ratios, has been
financial year. The following three financial not reported in the academic literature.
ratios make up the 50% of the total score: Specifically, we would like to inquire what
ROA makes up 25%, inventory turns makes up other companies across industry sectors can
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Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
learn about the supply chain practices of the competitors were identified based on SIC
leaders by analyzing only the financial data, codes, industry sectors and revenue cap as the
which is publically available. We accomplish list of competitors was vast and exhaustible.
this research objective by posing specific We selected top 10 companies by revenue in
research questions in the following section. each industry sector, which include the supply
chain leaders, thus 130 companies are selected
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND for our research. Each of the companys
OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY financial data was obtained from Compustat
database for this research. We were able to
We started the selection of various obtain financial data for 115 companies from
companies for this study from the Gartners Compustat, remaining 15 companies were
TOP 25 listing for the year 2014, which uses removed from the list because of the
data from the calendar years 2013, 2012 and incomplete or missing data.
2011. We used Nasdaqs online database to As stated above, the objective of this
identify the SIC codes and the industry sector research is to inquire what other companies
the supply chain leaders belong to. The Table across industry sectors can learn about the
3 includes seventeen Supply Chain leaders out supply chain practices of the leaders by
of the twenty five announced by Gartner; the analyzing only the financial data. Specifically,
remaining seven companies are not traded in we want to investigate what inferences about
US markets or data is not available. These the supply chain structure and the performance
seventeen supply chain leaders fall into can be drawn using the financial ratios. We
thirteen industry groups. would like to accomplish this research
Nasdaqs online database was used to objective by analyzing the following research
select the competitors/peers to the supply questions in the context of the data:
chain leaders in each industry sector. Primary
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1. Inter-Group Comparison: What are the We computed financial ratios for all
characteristics of the supply chains of the companies and averaged them by group.
companies in each industry sector. What Table 4 presents the average efficiency ratios
are the similarities and differences among (COGS, Gross profit margin and inventory
the industry sectors? turnover) by Industry Group and they are
2. Intra-Group Comparison: What are the sorted in the descending order of cost of goods
differences between the supply chain sold (COGS). The primary significance of cost
leader(s) with their competitors in each of goods sold (COGS) is to demonstrate the
sector? Specifically, what are the incurred costs in providing services or
differences between the group and the manufacturing goods. Supply chain companies
leaders? continually strive to optimize the COGS by
As stated above, we used data from incorporating demand driven operations,
calendar years 2013, 2012 and 2011; incorporating IT-based solutions and
computed all the financial ratios for the three streamlining operations.
years and calculated weighted average using The following are the key observations
the same weights used by Gartner. that can be derived from COGS ratio:
Specifically, 50% weight for 2013, 30% for
2012, and 20% for 2011. The results are Auto manufacturing has the highest COGS
presented and observations are discussed in the due to its labor intensiveness and high
next section. operational costs. Retail industry has
similar percentage as goods are generally
IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND bought from a manufacturer.
INFERENCES Semiconductors, major pharmaceuticals
and packaged goods/cosmetics industries
4.1. Inter-group Comparisons have significantly lower COGS as they
have lower material costs and its
corresponding transportation costs.
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and working capital usage by industry sector 736 days. The high DIO is due to the size
and observations are sorted in descending of the inventories distribution companies
order of C-C-C. In general lower C-C-C leads carry.
to lower working capital requirements as Comparatively restaurants have lowest
depicted in the table for the four industry DSO (customer side) and quick inventory
sectors that are at the bottom of the table and turnover while they have a high bargaining
remaining sectors high C-C-C leads to higher power among suppliers.
working capital. However working capital Auto manufacturers fall on the higher side
does not sort in the same order as C-C-C of working capital requirements, as their
because of industry sector specific differences. DPO (supplier side) is much lesser than
The following are the key observations DIO and DSO (customer side).
that can be derived from C-C-C and Working Semiconductor industry has a high cash
Capital ratios: conversion cycle, due to larger inventory
holdings (DIO).
Retail stores exhibit a higher DPO(supplier Department/Specialty Retail Stores have
side), as they tend to have a strong low DIO and DSO (customer side),
bargaining power with their suppliers and whereas DPO (supplier side) is high,
dealers alike; Retail stores tend to be which leads to negative C-C-C.
consistently profitable as they receive
accounts payable from customers earlier Analyzing profitability and efficiency
than, they invest in inventory and ratios of the described industry sectors
relatively have a lower accounts payable. provides an opportunity to evaluate key
Working capital is well managed in the performance metrics of the industry sectors.
retail industry as a result of effective cash The Table 6 presents the key performance
conversion cycle. ratios, the observations are sorted in
Catalog/specialty distribution companies descending order of ROA.
have the highest cash conversion cycle at
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
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The following are the key observations the company for the benefit of both the
that can be derived from ROA, ROCE, Asset company and its shareholders.
Utilization and Operating Margin ratios: In the lower band of the spectrum lies the
mighty auto manufacturing sector, which
Industrial machinery/components and the has a low ROCE, ROA, and low operating
beverage industry have the lowest asset margins as they have been ailing in the
utilization among the various industry saturated industry. Sales are low compared
sectors. This gives us valuable insight into to other sectors and auto manufacturers are
the inefficient or often outdated supply still adapting to efficient supply chain
chain practices in place. management techniques to improve their
In the retail: building materials sector, the asset utilization and reduce varying
managements approach to mobilize its fluctuations in demand.
assets to generate more revenues is An average ROCE (10 15 %) for
systematically in place, and its asset majority of the industry sectors signify that
utilization ratio is a staggering 2.37. This their capital management in financial terms
means the sector approximately makes and asset management in supply chain
twice the revenues invested. terms are performing at optimum.
Gross profit margin, which measures a
company's manufacturing and distribution 4.2. Comparison of Leaders and
efficiency during the production process. It Leader/Sector Average
is a profitability measurement of how
much from each dollar of a company's Now we want compare supply chain
revenue is available to cover overhead, leaders across industry sector and also
other expenses and profits are the highest compare the leader with industry sector
in the pharmaceutical industry. averages. Essentially we want to see how the
Being the early adopters of many efficient supply chain leaders differ from the industry
supply chain techniques, this industry sector average. The Table 7 presents key
sector continues to demonstrate and performance indicators for the supply chain
innovate. leaders and contrasted with industry sector
An effective supply chain also tends to average. The following are the key
have a higher operating margin. Lean observations that can be derived from the
practices in industry sectors such as comparison of supply chain leaders and leader
restaurants, beverage manufacturers and and sector averages:
pharmaceuticals as discussed earlier in this
chapter correlate to the higher operating Apple Inc. leads the list for 2015 according
margins shown below. to Gartner survey data. They have set
The ROCE measures a companys ability certain benchmarks for SC processes and
to generate more earnings out of every management in several aspects. The COGS
dollar of capital employed. A high ROCE is 58.42 % of annual revenue, which has
(20 % and above) for industry sectors such gradually decreased over a period,
as restaurants, retail and building materials enhancing the profitability of the tech
and packaged/cosmetic goods, indicates a giant. The cash conversion cycle is about 3
successful and a growing company. A times lower than the group average. This
higher ROCE also means that a larger means a more efficient and profitable
chunk of profits can be invested back into supply chain operations are in place.
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Intel Corporation has been tackling various contrasting COGS ratio between them. The
issues with inventory management and earlier has a lower cost of goods sold than
rising operational expenses. With, the the later, with reasons related to fixed costs
highest cost of goods sold among all of the and assets. Both these SC leaders exhibit a
industry sectors at 91 % cost of goods sold comparably shorter cash conversion
as percentage of revenue, Intel continues to cycles. While, McDonald has a higher
be a leader in their industry sector with a ROA and ROCE, the Starbucks was
higher ROA and ROCE compared to its barely profitable based on the ROA. This
group average. was directly impacted by the low net
McDonalds and Starbucks are the SC income it generated in 2013.
leaders in the restaurant sector with a
Gross
COGS Inventory C-C-C
Industry Sector Profit ROA ROCE
(% Revenue) Turnover (Days)
Margin
Auto Manufacturing 76.31 0.24 9.82 168.95 3.30% 5.30%
Leader: Toyota Motor (76.1) (0.10) (1.99) (50.37) (1%) (1%)
Retail: Building Materials 71.48 0.29 10.39 53.67 9.30% 20.80%
Leader: Home Depot (65.25) (0.35) (4.65) (-24.75) (13.3%) (30.8%)
Department/Specialty Retail Stores 69.94 0.3 5.26 -33.12 4.90% 12.90%
Leader: Wal-Mart (73.63) (0.26) (7.78) (-26.99) (8%) (19%)
Computer Manufacturing 62.08 0.38 17.88 118.59 6.50% 14.60%
Leader: Apple (58.42) (0.42) (56.6) (37.77) (18%) (30%)
Restaurants 61.86 0.38 80.82 56.03 8.90% 21.40%
Leader 1: McDonalds (55.88) (0.44) (126.95) (22.57) (15%) (25%)
Leader 2: Starbucks (74.71) (0.25) (10.01) (16.05) (0%) (36%)
Industrial Machinery/Components 59.45 0.41 7.16 198.35 7.40% 12.70%
Leader: Cummins (72.33) (0.28) (5.26) (95.27) (10.1%) (15.4%)
Electronic Components 57.03 0.43 7.65 126 7.80% 16.20%
Leader: Seagate Technology (67.1) (0.33) (11.26) (62.57) (20%) (32%)
Shoe Manufacturing 54.54 0.45 4.36 66.15 7.60% 17.40%
Leader: Nike (53.37) (0.47) (3.76) (82.09) (14%) (27%)
Catalog/Specialty Distribution 53.46 0.47 11.38 735.35 7.90% 8.90%
Leader: Amazon (69.42) (0.31) (6.97) (-70.98) (1%) (4%)
Beverages (Production/Distribution) 43.14 0.57 6.11 82.42 10.90% 18.00%
Leader 1: Coca-Cola (35.24) (0.65) (5.04) (102.95) (10%) (18%)
Leader 2: Pepsi (43.32) (0.57) (8.44) (64.61) (9%) (17%)
Package Goods/Cosmetics 41.28 0.59 4.6 63.33 8.10% 21.40%
Leader 1: Procter & Gamble (46.44) (0.54) (5.66) (7.04) (8%) (15%)
Leader 2: Unilever (56.42) (0.44) (7.14) (1.22) (11%) (27%)
Leader 3: Colgate-Palmolive (38.83) (0.61) (4.75) (50.09) (16.2%) (44%)
Semiconductors 37.25 0.58 4.14 592.27 7.50% 11.20%
Leader: Intel Corporation (90.34) (0.1) (1.99) (50.37) (16.2%) (44%)
Major Pharmaceuticals 30 0.7 4 272.89 8.70% 15.90%
Leader: Johnson & Johnson (25.57) (0.74) (2.32) (168.96) (10%) (18%)
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Amazon.com leads the catalog and has a lower cash conversion cycle time.
specialty distribution segment with The ROA and ROCE are lower than the
managing a complex network of group average, and Toyota continues to set
warehouses and a high inventory. Their benchmarks in the SC practices with its
supply chain model stands out offering just-in-time manufacturing system in
customers high value and choices. With 70 place.
% of revenues towards cost of goods sold, From the packaged goods & cosmetics,
which is a nominal ratio for any retail P&G, Unilever and Colgate-Palmolive
industry, they are striving in setting have been listed as top SC companies
benchmarks for supply chain operations consistently for years now. While, their
that are offering better returns than classic key performance indicators have
brick & mortar companies. Although, the comparable numbers compared to their
key performance indicators are not on par industry and usually outperform. Colgate-
with the industry average. Since, Gartner Palmolive has an average inventory turn
uses a composite score to identify top SC but relatively has a high ROA and ROCE.
performs, Amazon was ranked No.1 Although, P&G and Unilever top the list in
overall. this segment their performance in cash
Pharmaceutical industry represented by conversion cycle time while, the other key
Johnson & Johnson has the lowest COGS performance indicators were lower than
among its counterparts across different Colgate-Palmolive Inc.
industry sectors. This explains the Nike has comparable performance ratios to
relatively lower direct raw material costs their industry average. The high return on
as opposed to retail industry, where COGS capital employed shows how strategic and
was much higher. profitable the companys assets are
Wal-Mart stores have been continually performing based on operational decisions.
challenged with fierce competition from The higher time taken to convert the
other industry sectors such as online retail inventory directly correlates to the higher
industries such as Amazon. Although they cash conversion time.
have similar COGS ratios, Wal-Mart is Seagates performance indicators
tackling higher operational costs and demonstrate the strong SC leadership in
logistics costs when compared. this industry segment. A higher inventory
In the beverage industry, Coca-Cola and turnover means the company is efficiently
Pepsi have contrasting ratios among them selling its inventory and is generating
with approximately 8% difference in their healthy profits from a lower cash
financial structure. This industry sector has conversion cycle.
invested primarily in automated operations Cummins has a higher COGS compared to
systems, which account to high fixed the industry sector and subsequently, a
assets. The number of inventory turns for lower gross profit margin. This is also
Coca-Cola is lower and subsequently a directly related to the lesser inventory
high cash conversion cycle than Pepsi and turnover but it fares better at other
also the group average. performance indicators.
Toyota Motors COGS is comparable to In general, supply chain leaders tend to
the group average but has a lower gross outperform their competitors in their
profit margin. A lower inventory turnover segment on many financial aspects. To
than the industry average but, interestingly analyze this and verify the validity of this
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statement, the top SC companies are following three industry groups because they
presented in a descending order of their exhibit unique patterns in terms variability in
cost of goods sold (as percentage of the financial ratios.
revenue). The initial analysis on COGS
shows, Intel and Cummins Inc. are the Industry Group: Auto Manufacturing
only SC organizations that have a higher
COGS compared to their group average. The average car manufacturing has
This translates to a much lower gross profit three times the levels of inventory of any other
margins and eventually a lower inventory process industry with only slight
turns when compared.. improvements in inventory. Table 8 provides a
The above table also, helps to recognize detailed auto manufacturing industry analysis
the variability of supply chain performance with comparing the companies in the peer
of the leaders based on key performance group. Due to high margins and a focus on
indicators. Furthermore, the discussion new product launch, the industry has been
continues in comparing and contrasting the slow to adopt supply chain practices. As the
leaders with their peers in the next section. rate of new products slow, supply chain
The difference in their financial structures excellence will matter more than ever to the
was studied in the earlier section which has industry.
provided a basis for exploring the By comparing Toyota motors key
differences in their supply chains and its financial metrics with its peers, gives a deeper
performance. insight into individual supply chain strategies
and performance. While, Toyota motors cost
4.3. Intra-Group Comparisons of sales is lesser than Fords, GMs and Paccar
Incs, and also inventory turns are higher.
We would like to now compare the SC Honda, Tata and Tesla have much lesser
leader and the competitors in each industry COGS % than Toyota but have comparatively
group and understand the commonality and lesser ROCE.
differences among them. An insight into the The cash conversion time for Toyota is
variability among the leader and unranked around 222 days, which is lower than some of
companies would be help supply chain its competitors. The just-in-time
manager operational decisions. We have manufacturing method has made the supply
analyzed all thirteen groups; however chain more fluid and allowing a balance
presenting three industry groups for space between accounts payable and accounts
limitation. We decided to include the receivable.
COGS Gross
Company Inventory Working Asset Operating
(% C-C-C ROCE ROA Profit
Name Turnover Capital Utilization Margin
Revenue) Margin
Toyota motor
76.1 10.32 222.2 10070 8.6% 4.4% 0.62 0.24 8.92
(Leader)
Ford motor 82.5 15.72 421.1 77438 4.1% 3.5% 0.73 0.18 5.65
General motors 84.2 9.32 51.3 19089 6.4% 3.2% 0.93 0.16 4.31
Honda motor 67.4 6.13 150.5 10292.6 6.7% 3.7% 0.76 0.33 6.16
Paccar 79.8 16.79 435.7 8689 8.8% 5.7% 0.83 0.20 10.67
Tata motors 72.2 6.20 -43.0 718.7 5.8% 6.0% 1.07 0.28 3.15
Tesla motors 72.1 4.26 -55.2 590.8 -3.5% 3.1% 0.83 0.28 -3.04
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based on the composite score where 50% of companies have adopted market-driven
the weight is from opinion and peer review practices like demand sensing, test and learn
components. practices, and demand orchestration in order to
drive themselves off of the current supply
Industry Group: Package Goods/Cosmetics chain plateau. Companies within this industry
group have shown more resilience than
In general, the package goods and companies in other industry sectors, with more
cosmetics industry is considered as a leader reliable results in both operating margin and
within supply chain management, according to days of inventory.
key performance indicators progress has Table 10 provides a detailed industry
stalled. The companies in this industry sector analysis which compares the companies in the
peer group grew topline revenue by 7%, peer group for this sector. In the packaged
increased the number of days of inventory by goods industry sector, Colgate Palmolive
3%, and fought an uphill and then a downhill consistently outperforms its peers on operating
battle to manage operating margins. The margin and ROCE. In terms of COGS as
efforts towards supply chain excellence have percentage of revenue, the industry sector has
been more project-based than systemic, and the lowest among others. Estee Launder Inc
the industry has been slow to manage the end- has the lowest among its peers, followed by
to-end value chain. Barriers exist to design Avon products and Colgate-Palmolive.
supply chains across sales and marketing to Subsequently, these companies have a lower
improve the end-to-end flows, and costs and inventory turns and a higher cash conversion
waste are being pushed backwards in the chain cycle.
towards suppliers. These companies tend to be The industry leader for 2013, Unilever
more sales-driven (opportunistic) or has recorded the highest inventory turnover
marketing-driven (focused on share) than and the lowest cash conversion cycle of 1.22
driving long-term value which result in a days. This means a reduced usage of working
lower cost of goods sold compared to other capital to fund operations, which is taken care
industry sectors. Packaged goods/cosmetics by interest-free money that was generated.
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Colgate-Palmolive has a higher cash for three industry sectors to demonstrate the
conversion cycle among its peers resulting in a variability exists among the leader and peers
greater need for efficient working capital within groups. In the Catalog/Specialty
management. The key observation from this Distribution sector, Amazon.com
group is that the three leaders achieve better outperformed the industry average. However,
supply chain excellence using different intra-group comparisons demonstrated that
financial matrics, which indicates significant some of its peers were performing better than
differences in their supply chain structure. Amazon. This indicates that Amazon got
elevated to the Top 25 list because of peer
V. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS AND opinion panel and poll scores (which counts
CONCLUSIONS for 50% of the ranking).
In case of Package Goods/Cosmetics
As discussed in the data analysis and sector, we had three companies from Gartners
inference section, we have been able to make Top 25 list; the three leaders outperform the
several observations in this research. First, we peers in two different dimensions each. Hence,
can draw valuable insights into the supply these three companies exhibit different supply
chain practices using the financial ratios that chain practices and excel on different
are computed from the publicly available data. dimensions. On the other hand, Auto
We deployed a number of financial ratios that Manufacturers sector, the leader performed
can be used for this purpose; and our analysis well overall compared to peers.
shows that just three financial ratios (ROA, This research thus demonstrates how
inventory turns and revenue growth) used by the publically available financial data can be
Gartner do not provide adequate understanding leveraged to analyze and learn about the
of the supply chain practices and performances supply chain practices and performances of
of the leaders. leaders and their competitors. As discussed in
Second, the supply chain leaders the literature review section, there are many
identified by Gartner fall into thirteen industry articles that provided the description on how
sectors and the supply chain structure of these supply chain performance measures impact the
industry sectors exhibit different supply chain financial measures with illustrative examples.
characteristics. Supply chain characteristics of Deriving the inferences on the supply chain
the supply chain leaders vary and the structure and performances using financial
differences in their supply chain practices are data (empirical research) has not been
largely attributed to the industry sector reported. This reverse modeling approach is
differences. Hence, supply chain leaders from important to derive insights from the supply
different industry sectors are not comparable. chain leader listing such as Gartners 25.
Rather a company may carefully look into the One of the limitations of this study is
leaders in their sector to benchmark the supply the sample size; we have used analyzed 115
chain practices. companies that fall into 13 industry segments
Third, interesting variability emerges and data from 2011-2013. This study can be
between leader and peers in the respective expanded with wider sample size and also
sectors when intra-group comparisons are more granular SIC codes (three or four digits).
made. In general the supply chain leaders Another extension to this study is the
outperform compared to their respective longitudinal analysis to characterize the trends
industry sector averages; however, this in supply chain management practices and
observation is not generalizable to all the performances. Nevertheless, this research
sectors. We presented intra-group comparisons demonstrates how publically available
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Suraj P. Kancharla, Vishwanath G. Hegde
Inferences about Supply Chain Practices using Financial Ratios
financial data can be used to learn about the Hofman, D. and Aronow, S., The Supply
supply chain characteristics and performances. Chain Top 25: Raising the Bar, Supply
This approach is very valuable for industry Chain Management Review,16(5),
professionals. Often detailed description on Sep/Oct 2012, 10-12,14,16-19.
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internal and not available. In such cases, the review and analysis of supply chain
approach developed in this this research would operations reference (SCOR) model,
provide valuable insights that help them in Supply Chain Management, 9(1), 2004,
their supply chain decisions. We hope this 23-29.
research spurs further research and theoretical Hutchison, P.D., Farris, M.T. and Gary, M.F.,
development on this approach which is Supply chain cash-to-cash: a strategy for
valuable for managers. the 21st century, Strategic Finance,
91(1), 2009, 41-48.
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