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Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu
State
Official logo of Tamil Nadu
Emblem of Tamil Nadu
Anthem: "Tamil Thai Valthu"#
Location of Tamil Nadu in India
Location of Tamil Nadu in India
Coordinates: 13.09N 80.27ECoordinates: 13.09N 80.27E
Country India
Formation 26 January 1950
Capital Chennai
Districts 32
Government
Body Government of Tamil Nadu
Governor Banwarilal Purohit
Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Chief Justice Indira Banerjee
Chief Secretary Girija Vaidyanathan IAS[1]
Director General of Police T. K. Rajendran IPS[2]
Area
Total 130,060 km2 (50,220 sq mi)
Area rank 11th
Population (2011)[3]
Total 72,147,030
Rank 6th
Density 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Tamil
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code IN-TN
HDI Increase 0.570 (medium)[4]
HDI rank 6th (2015)[5]
Literacy 80.33% (2011)[6]
Official languages Tamil and English[7]
Website www.tn.gov.in
^# Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem, while "Invocation to Tamil Mother" is the
state song/anthem.
^ Established in 1773; Madras State was formed in 1950 and renamed as Tamil Nadu
on 14 January 1969[8]
^^ Tamil is the official language of the state. English is declared as an
additional official language for communication purposes.[7]
Symbols
Emblem TamilNadu Logo.svgSrivilliputhur Andal temple
Language Word Tamil.svgTamil
Song Neerarum Kadaludutha.jpg "Invocation to Goddess Tamil"
Dance Bharathanatyam By Ranjitha.jpgBharathanattiyam
Animal Niltahr.jpgNilgiri tahr
Bird Emerald dove444.jpgEmerald dove
Flower Gloriosa Superba.jpgGloriosa lily
Tree Palm Tamil Nadu.jpgPalm tree
Sport A Kabaddi match at 2006 Asian Games.jpgKabaddi
Tamil Nadu (Tamil pronunciation: [t?ami? n?a??u] (About this sound listen); Tami?
Na?u; literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of
India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil
Nadu[9] lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by
the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka,
and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the
Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the
east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian
Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri
Lanka.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most
populous. The state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human
Development Index in 2011, and is the second largest state economy in India with ?
13,842 billion (US$220 billion) in gross domestic product after Maharashtra.[5][10]
[11] Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based
on a "Multidimensional Development Index" in a 2013 report published by the Reserve
Bank of India.[12] Its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-
surviving classical languages in the world.
Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources. In addition, its people have
developed and continue classical arts, classical music, and classical literature.
The state is also home to a number of historic buildings and religious sites
including Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, historic hill stations, multi-
religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[13][14]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Prehistory
1.2 Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BCE
1.3 Sangam period (300 BCE 300 CE)
1.4 Bhakti Movement
1.5 Medieval period (6001300)
1.5.1 Chola Empire
1.6 Vijayanagar and Nayak period (13361646)
1.7 Power struggles of the 18th century (16921801)
1.8 During British rule (18011947)
1.9 India (1947present)
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Flora and fauna
4 National and state parks
5 Governance and administration
6 Administrative subdivisions
7 Politics
7.1 Pre-Independence
7.2 Post-Independence
8 Demographics
9 Religion
10 Language
11 Education
12 Culture
12.1 Literature
12.2 Festivals and traditions
12.3 Music
12.4 Art and dance
12.5 Film industry
12.6 Television industry
12.7 Cuisine
13 Economy
13.1 Agriculture
13.2 Textiles and leather
13.3 Automobiles
13.4 Heavy industries and engineering
13.5 Electronics and software
14 Infrastructure
14.1 Transport
14.1.1 Road
14.1.2 Rail
14.1.3 Airports
14.1.4 Seaport
14.2 Energy
15 Sports
16 Tourism
17 See also
18 Notes
19 References
20 External links
History
Main article: History of Tamil Nadu
Prehistory
Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous
habitations in the Indian peninsula.[15] In Adichanallur, 24 km (15 mi) from
Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) unearthed
169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice,
charred rice and celts of the Neolithic period, 3,800 years ago.[16] The ASI
archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is "very
rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi.[17] Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological
site for further excavation and studies.[18] About 60 per cent of the total
epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and most
of these are in the Tamil language.[19][20][21][22] [23][24][25][26][27]
A new study of Indigenous Australian DNA suggests there was some form of migration
from India to Australia about 4,000 years ago.[28] Genetic evidence suggests that
just over 4 millennia ago a group of Indian travellers landed in Australia and
stayed. The evidence emerged a few years ago after a group of Aboriginal mens Y
chromosomes matched with Y chromosomes typically found in Indian men. The study
found a pattern of SNPs that is found in genetics of Dravidian speakers from South
India. [29] [30] [31] [32]
Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day
Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of
western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode
districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur (thought to be modern day Karur). The
Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their
capital, Uraiyur; and the Pandya dynasty ruled southern Tamil Nadu, from capitals
at Korkai and Madurai.
All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt,
Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities
such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads and gems. Chera traded extensively from
Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai
port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
(c. AD 60 100) gives a description of the Tamil country and its ports.
Besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam (Tamil homeland) was also
divided into various provinces named 'nadu', meaning 'country'. Sangam literature
refers these provinces as "koduntamil mandalam" which were not exactly political or
socio-cultural units but linguistic agglomerations like Kongu Nadu, Puzhinadu,
Thondai Nadu, Nanjilnadu, Ay Nadu and Venadu.
Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the three Tamil kingdoms were overwhelmed by
the Kalabhras. The period of their rule is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Age"
in Tamil history and little is known about it. The Kalabhras were expelled by the
Pallavas, Mutharaiyar, Badami Chalukyas and Pandyas in the 6th century.
Bhakti Movement
Main article: Bhakti Movement
Shore Temple built by the Pallavas at Mamallapuram during the 8th century, now a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallava dynasty
under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I.[41] The Pallavas
ruled parts of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. Tamil architecture
reached its peak during Pallava rule. Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple
which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Chola Empire
Main article: Chola dynasty
The Chola Empire at its greatest extent, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I in
1030
During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by Vijayalaya
Chola, who established Thanjavur as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil
Nadu from Mutharaiyar and the Pandya king Varagunavarman II. Aditya I and his son
Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating
the last Pallava king, Aparajitavarman. Parantaka Chola II expanded the Chola
empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under
the great Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose to a notable
power in south east Asia. Now the Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal and Sri
Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi).
Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular south India and parts of Sri Lanka.
Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now ) to
Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya,
Philippines[43] in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king
of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it
Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval
king Vijayalaya Chola. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under
the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam
regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most
imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and
buildings of the Pallavas, acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural
heritage. The celebrated Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Sri Ranganathaswami
Temple at Srirangam held special significance for the Cholas which have been
mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. Rajaraja Chola I and his
son Rajendra Chola built temples such as the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur and
Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the Airavatesvara Temple of
Darasuram and the Sarabeswara (Shiva) Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar
Temple at Thirubhuvanam, the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The
first three of the above four temples are titled Great Living Chola Temples among
the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
In the south, Nawabs granted taxation rights to the British which led to conflicts
between British and the Palaiyakkarar, which resulted in series of wars called
Polygar war to establish independent states by the aspiring Palaiyakkarar. Puli
Thevar was one of the earliest opponents of the British rule in South India.[49]
Thevar's prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam, who later
rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s. Rani Velu Nachiyar,
was the first woman freedom fighter of India and Queen of Sivagangai.[50] She was
drawn to war after her husband Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar (17501772), King of
Sivaganga was murdered at Kalayar Kovil temple by British. Before her death, Queen
Velu Nachi granted powers to the Maruthu brothers to rule Sivaganga.[51]
Kattabomman (17601799), Palaiyakkara chief of Panchalakurichi who fought the
British in the First Polygar War.[52] He was captured by the British at the end of
the war and hanged near Kayattar in 1799. Veeran Sundaralingam (17001800) was the
General of Kattabomman Nayakan's palayam, who died in the process of blowing up a
British ammunition dump in 1799 which killed more than 150 British soldiers to save
Kattapomman Palace. Oomaithurai, younger brother of Kattabomman, took asylum under
the Maruthu brothers, Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and raised an army[53].
They formed a coalition with Dheeran Chinnamalai and Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja
which fought the British in Second Polygar Wars. Dheeran Chinnamalai (17561805),
Polygar chieftain of Kongu and feudatory of Tipu Sultan who fought the British in
the Second Polygar War. After winning the Polygar wars in 1801, the East India
Company consolidated most of southern India into the Madras Presidency.
Srivilliputhur Andal Temple Gopuram has been adopted as the official Seal of Tamil
Nadu
During British rule (18011947)
Main article: Madras Presidency
At the beginning of the 19th century, the British firmly established governance
over the entire Tamil Nadu. The Vellore mutiny on 10 July 1806 was the first
instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British
East India Company, predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century.[54]
The revolt, which took place in Vellore, was brief, lasting one full day, but
brutal as mutineers broke into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British
troops, before they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot.[55][56] The
British crown took over the control governance from the Company and the remainder
of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance until the beginning of
20th century Indian Independence movements. During the administration of Governor
George Harris(18541859) measures were taken to improve education and increase
representation of Indians in the administration. Legislative powers given to the
Governor's council under the Indian Councils Act 1861 and 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms
eventually led to the establishment of the Madras Legislative Council. Failure of
the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari system resulted
in two severe famine in the Madras Presidency, the Great Famine of 187678 and the
Indian famine of 189697. The famine led to migration of people as bonded labours
for British to various countries which eventually formed the present Tamil
diaspora.
India (1947present)
When India became independent in 1947, Madras presidency became Madras state,
comprising present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in
Odisha, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was
subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed
Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".[57]
Geography
The western, southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation.
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western
Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of
the rain bearing clouds of the south west monsoon from entering the state. The
eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills
and plains. The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive
less rainfall than the other regions.
Tamil Nadu has the country's third longest coastline at about 906.9 km (563.5 mi).
[58] Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami when it
hit India, which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state. Tamil Nadu falls mostly
in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas
that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of
this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.[59]
Climate
Tamil Nadu is mostly dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts
when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-
arid. The state has two distinct periods of rainfall:
south west monsoon from June to September, with strong southwest winds;
North east monsoon from October to December, with dominant north east winds;
The annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in) of which 48 per cent is
through the north east monsoon, and 32 per cent through the south west monsoon.
Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources,
monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought.[60] Tamil Nadu is
divided into seven agro-climatic zones: north east, north west, west, southern,
high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Kaveri Delta (the most fertile agricultural
zone).
Indian Angiosperm diversity comprises 17,672 species with Tamil Nadu leading all
states in the country, with 5640 species accounting for 1/3 of the total flora of
India. This includes 1559 species of medicinal plants, 533 endemic species, 260
species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230 red-listed species. The
Gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four
indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. The Pteridophytes diversity of
India includes 1022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers
of bryophytes, lichen, fungi, algae and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity
of Tamil Nadu.
Common plant species include the state tree: palmyra palm, eucalyptus, rubber,
cinchona, clumping bamboos (Bambusa arundinacea), common teak, Anogeissus
latifolia, Indian laurel, grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum,
ardisia, and solanaceae. Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium,
ebony (Diospyros nilagrica), Habenaria rariflora (orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens
elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and royal fern.[61]
Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a
unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The term length of the
government is five years. The present government is headed by Edappadi K.
Palaniswami, after the demise of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J.
Jayalalithaa of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The Tamil Nadu
legislative assembly is housed at the Fort St. George in Chennai. The state had
come under the President's rule on four occasions first from 1976 to 1977, next
for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991.
Administrative subdivisions
Main articles: Districts of Tamil Nadu and Local bodies in Tamil Nadu
Fort St. George hosts the Chief Secretariat of the government of Tamil Nadu
Pre-Independence
Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of
the Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian
National Congress (INC). Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916.
One of the earliest regional parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a
forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was
called after its English organ, Justice Party, by its opponents. Later, South
Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name. The reason for victory
of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding
complete independence of India.
The Justice Party which was under E.V.Ramaswamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in
1944. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an
independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its
two leaders EVR and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party
to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in
1956.
Post-Independence
Political
Alliance Assembly
(2016) Lok Sabha
(2014)
AIADMK+ 134 37
DMK+ 98 0
Independent/Other 0 2
Source: Election Commission of India.[76][77]
Re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has
moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian
Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in the mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and a
more powerful political force in the state. The DMK routed the INC in the 1967
elections and took control of the state government, ending INC's stronghold in
Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's first Chief Minister. M Karunanidhi
took over as Chief Minister and party leader after Annadurai's death in 1969.
Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by MG Ramachandran, popularly known as
MGR. In 1972, he split from DMK and formed the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(ADMK) and later renamed the party as All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He
was the Chief Minister of the state from 1977 until his death in 1987. After the
death of MGR, AIADMK was defeated in 1989 assembly polls because of the split of
the party into two factions headed by Janaki (wife of MGR) and Jayalalithaa. Later
on J. Jayalalithaa took control of the party. She was elected as the General
Secretary of the unified AIADMK. There have been several splits in both the DMK and
the AIADMK, but since 1967 one of those two parties has held power in the state.
Demographics
Historical population
Year Pop. %
1951 30,119,000
1961 33,687,000 +11.8%
1971 41,199,000 +22.3%
1981 48,408,000 +17.5%
1991 55,859,000 +15.4%
2001 62,406,000 +11.7%
2011 72,138,958 +15.6%
Source:Census of India[78]
Main article: Demographics of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India. 48.4 per cent of the
state's population live in urban areas, the second highest percentage among large
states in India. The state has registered the lowest fertility rate in India in
year 200506 with 1.7 children born for each woman, lower than required for
population sustainability.[79][80]
At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030.[81] The sex
ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a
total of 23,166,721 households.[81] The total children under the age of 6 is
7,423,832. A total of 14,438,445 people constituting 20.01 per cent of the total
population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 794,697 people constituting 1.10
per cent of the population belonged to Scheduled tribes (ST).[82][81]
The state has 51,837,507 literates, making the literacy rate 80.33 per cent. There
are a total of 27,878,282 workers, comprising 4,738,819 cultivators, 6,062,786
agricultural labourers, 1,261,059 in house hold industries, 11,695,119 other
workers, 4,120,499 marginal workers, 377,220 marginal cultivators, 2,574,844
marginal agricultural labourers, 238,702 marginal workers in household industries
and 929,733 other marginal workers.[83]
v t e
Largest cities or towns in Tamil Nadu
As of the 2011 Census
Rank Name District Pop.
Chennai
Chennai
Coimbatore
Coimbatore 1 Chennai Chennai 70,88,000 Madurai
Madurai
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli
2 Coimbatore Coimbatore 16,01,438
3 Madurai Madurai 15,61,129
4 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 9,16,674
5 Tiruppur Tiruppur 8,77,778
6 Salem, Tamil Nadu Salem 8,29,267
7 Erode Erode 4,98,129
8 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 4,73,637
9 Ambattur Tiruvallur 4,66,205
10 Avadi Tiruvallur 3,45,996
List of most populous towns in Tamil Nadu
Among the cities in 2011, the state capital, Chennai, was the most populous city in
the state, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Tiruppur respectively.[84]
India has a human development index calculated as 0.619, while the corresponding
figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, placing it among the top states in the country.[85]
[86] The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is
67.6 years.[87] However, it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural
areas. In 20042005, the poverty line was set at ? 351.86/month for rural areas and
? 547.42/month for urban areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7 per cent in
1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001[88] For the period 20042005, the Trend in Incidence
of Poverty in the state was 22.5 per cent compared with the national figure of 27.5
per cent. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty, High
drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of
training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district
and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP Consumption for the period 20042005,
percentage of the state's population Below Poverty Line was 27.5 per cent. The
Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a
Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of Ghana among the
developing countries.[89] Corruption is a major problem in the state with
Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of
India.[90]
Religion
Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)[91]
Hinduism (87.58%)
Christianity (6.12%)
Islam (5.86%)
Jainism (0.12%)
Sikhism (0.02%)
Buddhism (0.01%)
Other or not religious (0.3%)
As per the religious census of 2011, Tamil Nadu had 87.6% Hindus, 6.1% Christians,
5.9% Muslims, 0.1% Jains and 0.3% following other religions or no religion.[92]
The state is home to the core schools of medieval and modern Hinduism as well as
several non-mainstream Hindu movements. These include Nayanmars Saivism, Saiva
Siddhanta, Alvar Vaishnavism, Sri Vaishnavism and Ayya-Vazhi. In modern times, well
known figures for Hinduism in the state include Ramana Maharishi and the Kanchi
Sankaracharya. All Hindu deities in various forms and a large number of village
deities are worshiped by Hindus in Tamil Nadu. Murugan is considered to be the God
of Tamil people. Tamil Nadu dominates the list of largest Hindu Temples in the
world which include the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple, Madurai Meenakshi Amman
Temple, Ekambareswarar Temple at Kanchipuram, Chidambaram Nataraja Temple,
Tiruvannamalai Arunachaleswar Temple, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Tanjore among
others. The emblem of Government of Tamil Nadu depicts the Gopuram (gateway tower)
of the Andal Temple at Srivilliputhur.
Meenakshi Amman Temple, Madurai has one of the largest temple complexes
Christians form 6 per cent of the population. Christians are mainly concentrated in
the southern districts of Kanyakumari, Thoothukudi, Sivagangai and Tirunelveli. St.
Thomas Mount in Chennai, the place where St. Thomas's death is believed to have
occurred when he came to India, The Santhome Basilica, built atop the site of the
tomb of St. Thomas, and the Vailankanni Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health are
churches revered by Christians in India. The Church of South India and the
Pentecostal Mission Church are headquartered in Chennai.
Muslims constitute close to 6% of the population of the state and are mainly
concentrated in Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Nagappattinam, Vellore, Thoothukudi,
Madurai and Tirunelveli districts. Among Muslims, 97.5 per cent are Sunni and the
rest are Shias. The Sunnis adhere to either Hanafi or Shafi schools of thought.
Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district and Nagore in Nagapattinam district are important
pilgrimage sites for Muslims. Kazimar Big Mosque in Madurai and Karpudaiyar masjid
in Kayalpatnam are among the earlier mosques in Tamil Nadu.
Samanars or Tamil Jains have a legacy dating back to 250 BC. They made significant
contributions to Tamil literature. According to the 2001 census there were 83,359
Jains in Tamil Nadu. Jains make up 0.13 per cent of the population. Scheduled
castes and Scheduled tribes comprise 19 per cent and 1 per cent of the population
respectively. An anti-conversion law came into force in 2002 which law was repealed
later in June 2004.
Education
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India.[94] Tamil Nadu has
performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 20012011.
A survey conducted by the Industry body Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian
states with about 100 per cent Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in primary and upper
primary education. One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the
state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4 per cent
is significant.[95] The analysis of primary school education in the state by
Pratham shows a low drop-off rate but poor quality of state education compared to
other states.[96] Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges[97] 449
Polytechnic Colleges[98] and 566 arts and science colleges, 34335 elementary
schools, 5167 high schools, 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals. Some
of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, College of Engineering, Guindy, Indian Institute of Management
Tiruchirappalli, Indian Maritime University, National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Madras Medical College,
Loyola College, Chennai, Ethiraj College for Women, Stella Maris College, Chennai,
Anna University, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore and Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University.
Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational institutions for socially
backward section of the society, the highest among all Indian states.[99] The
Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by Kamaraj, then it
was expanded by M G Ramachandran in 1983.
Culture
Main articles: Tamil people, Temples of Tamil Nadu, and Tamil literature
Literature
Tamil written literature has existed for over 2000 years.[105] The earliest period
of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca. 300 BC AD 300.[106]
[107] It is the oldest Indian literature amongst all others.[108] The earliest
epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd
century BC.[109][110]
Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more
common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems
composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.[111] Sangam literature is
primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context.[112] The
Sangam literature also deals with human relationship and emotions.[113] The
available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th
century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are:
Pathinenmaelkanakku (The Major Eighteen Anthology Series) comprising E??uttokai
(The Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Pathinenkilkanakku (The
Minor Eighteen Anthology Series).
Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for
Tamil, the Tolkappiyam. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 1000 B.C
grammar Na??ul which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkappiyam, with some
modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely e?uttu,
sol, poru?, yappu, a?i. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.[114]
Notable example of Tamil poetry include the Tirukkural written by Tiruvalluvar
before 2000 years.
In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named
'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed
and published.[115] Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, is the
first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language.[116] During the
Indian freedom struggle, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national
spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably
Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan.
Music
See also: Ancient Tamil music and Carnatic music
M. S. Subbulakshmi, was the first musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's
highest civilian honour
The kings of ancient Thamizhagam created sangams for Iyal Isai Nadagam (Literature,
Music and Drama). Music played a major role in sangams. Music in Tamil Nadu had
different forms. In villages where farming was the primary occupation, women who
worked in the fields used to sing kulavai songs. Odhuvars, Sthanikars or
Kattalaiyars offer short musical programmes in the temples by singing the
devotional Thevaram songs. In sharp contrast with the restrained and intellectual
nature of Carnatic music, Tamil folk music tends to be much more exuberant. Popular
forms of Tamil folk music include the Villuppa??u, a form of music performed with a
bow, the urumee mellam or Naiyandi mellam which incorporates the use of the urumee
and the Na??uppur_appa??u, ballads that convey folklore and folk history.
The most celebrated of these dances is the karakattam. In its religious form, the
dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamman. The dancer bears
on his or her head a brass pot filled with uncooked rice, decorated with flowers
and surrounded by a bamboo frame, and tumbles and leaps to the rhythm of a song
without spilling a grain. Karakattam is usually performed to a special type of song
known as temmanguppa??u a folk song in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved,
to the accompaniment of a nadaswaram and melam.
Other Tamil folk dances include mayila??am, where the dancers tie a string of
peacock feathers around their waist; oyilattam, danced in a circle while waving
small pieces of cloth of various designs colors; poikkal kuthiraiyaa??am, where the
dancers use dummy horses; manattam, where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping
of deer; paraiya??am, a dance to the sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and thippanda??
am, a dance involving playing with burning wooden torches.
Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Prior to the
colonial period, it used to be performed in Hindu temples by Devadasis. In this
form, it as also been called sadir or chinna melam. Many of the ancient sculptures
in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a
traditional dance-form known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque
poses. It continues to be a popular dance style at present times and is practised
by male and female dancers all over India. Terukkuttu or Kattaikkuttu is a
traditional form of Tamil street theatre folk dance/drama.
Film industry
Main article: Tamil cinema
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which
released the most number of films in India in 2013.[126] The term Kollywood is a
portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[127] Tamil cinema is one of the largest
industries of film production in India.[128] In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices
are regulated by the government. Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of ?
50, while theaters with more than three screens may charge a maximum of ?120 per
ticket.[129] The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916.[130]
The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October
1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[131] Swamikannu
Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced
the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land
close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was
established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the
fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.[132]
Television industry
There are more than 30 television channels of various genre in Tamil. DD Podhigai,
Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.[133]
The first private Tamil channel, Sun TV was founded in 1993 by Kalanidhi Maran. In
Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the
channels are owned by politicians or people with political links.[134] The
government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an
estimated cost ?3.6 billion (US$56 million) of which has led to high penetration of
TV services.[135][136] Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes
controlled by government run operator Arasu Cable.[137] From the early 2010s,
Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.
[138] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and
are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often
several directors and writers work together.[139]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Tamil Nadu, List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu, and List
of rivers of Tamil Nadu
TIDEL Park, Coimbatore; Coimbatore is one of the leading BPO centres in India
For the year 201415 Tamil Nadu's GSDP was ?9.767 trillion (US$150 billion), and
growth was 14.86.[142] It ranks third in foreign direct investment (FDI) approvals
(cumulative 19912002) of ? 225.826 billion ($5,000 million), next only to
Maharashtra and Delhi constituting 9.12 per cent of the total FDI in the country.
[143] The per capita income in 20072008 for the state was ? 72,993 ranking third
among states with a population over 10 million and has steadily been above the
national average.[144]
Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state; Two
government-sector banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank in Chennai, and Four
private-sector banks City Union Bank in Kumbakonam, Karur Vysya Bank, Lakshmi Vilas
Bank in Karur, and Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited in Tuticorin.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of
agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth biggest
producer of rice. The total cultivated area in the State was 5.60 million hectares
in 200910.[147] The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.
[148][better source needed] In terms of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per
cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables, in India.[149] Annual food grains
production in the year 200708 was 10035,000 mt.[147]
The state accounts for 70 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India and 38 per
cent of leather footwear and components.[citation needed] Leather and tannery
industries are located around Dindigul Erode and Vellore, its nearby towns such as
Ranipet, Melvisharam, Pernambut, Ambur, Vaniyambadi and Perundurai.[citation
needed]
Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades
manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles,
automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Chennai is known
as the Detroit of India.[163] Major global automobile companies including BMW,
Ford, Robert Bosch, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors, and
Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok
Leyland, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Royal Enfield, MRF, Apollo
Tyres, TAFE Tractors, DaimlerChrysler AG Company also invested (?) 4 billion for
establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu.[164] Karur is a hub for Bus body building
industries. The giants like Ashok Leyland, TVS, LMW, MRF and ELGI are headquartered
in Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software
exports from Tamil Nadu grew from ? 76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 200304 to ? 207
billion {$5 billion} by 200607 according to NASSCOM[168] and to ? 366 billion in
200809 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to STPI. Major
national and global IT Companies such as Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL, Tata
Consultancy Services, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard, Robert Bosch, Amazon.com, eBay,
PayPal, IBM, Accenture, Ramco Systems, DXC Technology, Cognizant Technology
solutions, Tech Mahindra, Polaris, Aricent, MphasiS, Mindtree, Hexaware
Technologies and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering
colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According
to estimates, about 50 per cent of the HR required for the IT and ITES industry was
being sourced from the State.[169] Coimbatore is the second largest software
producer in the state, next to Chennai.[170]
Infrastructure
Transport
Road
Pamban road (left) and rail (right) bridges, connecting the Indian mainland with
the Pamban Island
Rail
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway.
Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of
India's southern peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry,
a small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Express trains
connect the state capital Chennai with Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Chennai Central
is gateway for train towards north whereas Chennai Egmore serves as gateway for
south. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km (3,698 mi) and there
are 532 railway stations in the state. The network connects the state with most
major cities in India. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is one of the UNESCO World
Heritage Site connecting Ooty on the hills and Mettupalayam in the foot hills which
is in turn connected to Coimbatore city. The centenary old Pamban Bridge over sea
connecting Rameswaram in Pamban island to mainland is an engineering marvel. It is
one of the oldest cantilever bridges still in operation, the double-leaf bascule
bridge section can be raised to let boats and small ships pass through Palk Strait
in Indian Ocean. Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network and is
constructing a Chennai Metro with phase1 operational since July 2015 . Major
railway junctions( 4 & above lines ) in the state are Chennai, Coimbatore, Katpadi,
Madurai, Salem, Erode, Dindigul, Karur, Nagercoil, Tiruchirapalli and Tirunelveli.
Chennai Central, Madurai Junction, Katpadi Junction, Chennai Egmore, Salem
Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Coimbatore Junction are upgraded to A1 grade
level. Loco sheds are located at Erode, Arakkonam, Royapuram in Chennai and
Tondaiyarpet in Chennai, Ponmalai (GOC) in Tiruchirappalli as Diesel Loco Shed. The
loco shed at Erode is a huge composite Electric and Diesel Loco shed. MRTS which
covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery, and metro rail also running between Alandur
and koyambedu station.
Airports
Tamil Nadu has four international airports namely Chennai International Airport,
Coimbatore International Airport, Tiruchirapalli International Airport and Madurai
International Airport. Salem Airport and Tuticorin Airport are domestic airports.
Chennai International Airport is a major international airport and aviation hub in
South Asia. Besides civilian airports, the state has four air bases of the Indian
Air Force namely Thanjavur AFS, Tambram AFS, Coimbatore AFS and two naval air
stations INS Rajali and INS Parundu of Indian Navy.
Seaport
Tamil Nadu has three major seaports located at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin, as
well as seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.[147] Chennai
Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second
principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port handles all the
coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per
cent during 2005.[175]
Energy
Sports
Main article: Sports in Tamil Nadu
Kabbadi, a team contact sport originated in Tamil Nadu and is recognised as the
state game.[182] The traditional sport of Tamil Nadu include Silambam,[183] a Tamil
martial arts played with a long bamboo staff, Cockfight, Jallikattu,[184] a bull
taming sport famous on festival occasions, ox-wagon racing known as Rekkala,[185]
[183] Kite flying also known as Pattam viduthal,[184] Goli, the game with marbles,
[184] Aadu Puli, the "goat and tiger" game[184] and Kabaddi also known as Sadugudu.
[184] Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like
Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas.[184] In urban areas of Tamil Nadu,
modern sports like bat and ball games are played.[184] Mrs. Ilavazhaki World carrom
Champion from 20022016
Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players
including Ramesh Krishnan,[193] Ramanathan Krishnan,[193] Vijay Amritraj[194] and
Mahesh Bhupathi. Nirupama Vaidyanathan, the first Indian women to play in a
grandslam tournament also hails from the state. The ATP Chennai Open tournament is
held in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu
(SDAT) owns Nungambakkam tennis stadium which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup
play-off tournaments.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of Hockey in the state.
Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won gold medal in 1980
Olympics at Moscow. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international
hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the
best in the world for its infrastructure.[195]
The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), a government body, is vested
with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the
state.[196] The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting
events.[197] It also accommodates sporting events, both at domestic and
international level, organised by other sports associations at its venues. The YMCA
College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and
was the first college for physical education in Asia. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting football and track & field events.
The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are
headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted India's first ever International Beach
Volleyball Championship in 2008. The SDAT TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai is one
of the very few academies in south Asia hosting international squash events.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Tamil Nadu
Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur is a UNESCO world heritage site
See also
Chronology of Tamil history
List of countries where Tamil is an official language
Outline of Tamil Nadu
Coastline of Tamil Nadu
Tamil culture
Tamil diaspora
Tamil Eelam
Tamil Muslim
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%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ramaswamy 2007, pp. 7374.
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Jump up ^ MA Chidambaram Stadium 2012.
Jump up ^ Srinivas Venkataraghavan 2012.
Jump up ^ Kris Srikkanth 2012.
Jump up ^ Laxman Sivaramakrishnan 2012.
Jump up ^ Lakshmipathy Balaji 2012.
Jump up ^ Murali Vijay 2013.
Jump up ^ Ravichandran Ashwin 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Garg 2010, p. 316.
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%20English.pdf
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Jump up ^ UNESCO Mahabalipuram temples 2012.
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