K 6

- TAYLOR

6.1

6.1.1 n x, x0
. :

a (x x )
n
n 0 , (1)
n=0

x0. x0 = 0
McLaurin:

a x
n=0
n
n
. (2)

O 0,,n, x0
.

E : x (1) ;

6.1.2 To x \ (1)
.

6.1.3 To 0 x \ (1)
,

| a
n=0
n || x x0 |n < +

a (x x0 ) = a0 ,
n
x0 n 0
n=0

. x
.

f : I \ : f ( x) = an ( x x0 ) n .
n=0

.
(1) Mc Laurin
y = x-x0,
Mc Laurin.

96

6.1.1 (bel) (i) a x
n=0
n
n

x
( | |,| |) .

(ii) a x
n=0
n
n

x ( , | |) (| |, + ) .

an +1
6.1.1 a x
n=0
n
n
. lim n+
an
= , :

1

0 < < +  an x n

 | x |<

n =1

 = 0  an x n 
  x

n =1

 = +  an x n

 x = 0
n =1

A. ( . 5)
6.1.1.

6.1.2 a x
n=0
n
n
. lim n+ n | an | = , :

1

0 < < +  an x n

 | x |<

n =1

 = 0  an x n 
  x

n =1

 = +  an x n

 x = 0
n =1

A. ( . 5)
6.1.1.

1 6.1.1 6.1.2
(-1/,1/)
(-,-1/)(1/,+).
x = 1/;

( 1)
n

1
a
n=0
n
n
, a
n=0
n
n

97
 x = 1/, x = -1/,
.

2 6.1.1 6.1.2,

( . 5)
.

3n n
x .
n =1 n

3n n
. an ( x) = x
n
:

3n +1 | x |n +1
| an +1 ( x) | n + 1 = lim 3| x | n
lim n+ = lim n+ n n n + = 3| x |.
| an ( x) | 3 | x| n +1
n

1 1 1 3n n
3 | x |< 1 | x |<
3
< x < ,
3 3
n =1 n
x

, .

1 1 1 1 1
3 | x |> 1 | x |> x >  x < x , , + ,
3 3 3 3 3

3n n

n =1 n
x .

|x| = 1/3, .
.

1. x = 1/3, :

n
3n 1 1

n =1
=
n 3 n =1 n
= + .

2. x = -1/3, :

n

3n 1
(1) n

n =1

=
n 3 n =1 n
< + , (K Leibnitz),

98
 n
3n 1 1
n =1

n 3

=
n =1 n
= + .

,
1 1
3 , 3 ,
1 1
, .
3 3

6.1.3 ( ) a x
n=0
n
n


(-,), na x
n=0
n
n 1

(-,). :

f : ( , ) \ : f ( x) = an x n ,
n=0

x(-,) f ( x) :

f : ( , ) \ : f ( x) = nan x n 1 .
n =0

6.1.4 an
n =1
b
n =1
n . ()

Cauchy c
n =1
n , :

n
cn = ak bn +1 k .
k =1

6.1.4 a x
n=0
n
n
, b x
n=0
n
n

(-,), Cauchy

(-,) . f ( x) = an x n , g ( x) = bn x n , x(-,), :
n =0 n=0

f ( x) g ( x) = cn x n , x ( , ) ,
n=0

cn 6.1.4.

99
 6.2 aylor

Pn ( y ) = a0 + a1 y + ... + an y n , ai \ .

i
Pn(y) y = 0. , :

Pn( y ) = a1 + 2a2 y + ... + nan y n 1

Pn( y ) = 2a2 + 6a3 y + ... + n(n 1)an y n 2
Pn( y ) = 6a3 + 24a4 y + ... + n(n 1)(n 2)an y n 3 ,
...
Pn( n ) ( y ) = n(n 1)(n 2)...1an = n !an

y = 0, :

Pn (0) = a0
Pn(0) = a1
Pn (0) = 2a2
,
Pn (0) = 6a3
...
Pn( n ) (0) = n !an

Pn(y) :

Pn(0) 2 Pn (0) 3 P ( n ) (0) n

Pn ( y ) = Pn (0) + Pn(0) y + y + y ... + n y . (3)
2 6 n!

A y = x-x0,
:

Pn ( x) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) , ai \
n

Pn( x0 ) Pn( n ) ( x0 )
Pn ( x) = Pn ( x0 ) + Pn( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 ) .
2 n
(4)
2 n!

(4) Taylor Pn(x)

x-x0.

f o
x0I n-.

100
 n

Pn ( x) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 )
n

Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) , Pn ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) ,..., Pn( n ) ( x0 ) = f ( n ) ( x0 ) . (5)

(4), (5) :

f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
Pn , f , x0 ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 ) .
2 n
(6)
2 n!

(6.6) f x0
Taylor f x0.

f , :

f ( x) Pn , f , x0 ( x) = Rn , f , x0 ( x) ,

Rn, f , x0 ( x) .

6.2.1 f o [a, b] , x0 [a, b]

f n- x0, :

f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
Pn , f , x0 ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 )
2 n

2 n!

Taylor Taylor f x0.

Rn , f , x0 ( x) x
x0, Taylor Pn , f , x0 ( x)
f(x) x0 .
Rn, f , x0 ( x) .

1 Taylor f x0 .

6.2.1 E f :[a, b] \ n- [a, b]

(n+1)- f (,b). x0 [a, b] ,
x [a, b]

f ( n +1) ( )
( x x0 ) ,  x0 x ( Lagrange)
n +1
Rn , f , x0 ( x) =
(n + 1)!

101
 f ( n +1) ( )
( x ) ( x x0 ),  x0 x ( Cauchy).
n
Rn , f ( x) =
n!

6.3 aylor

6.3.1 f :[a, b] \ x0 [a, b] ,

f ( n ) ( x0 )
T f , x0 ( x) = ( x x0 )
n

n=0 n!

Taylor x0 ,
.

f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) = ( x x0 ) , x I [a, b]
n

n=0 n!

f I [a, b] aylor
x0 [a, b] .

6.3.1 E f : [ a, b ] \
[a,b] x0 [a, b] . A Taylor T f , x0 ( x) ,
f I [a, b] Taylor x0 [ a, b ]
Rn , f , x0 ( x)

Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0, n +, x I [a, b] .

6.3.1 Taylor T f , x0 ( x) .
f :[a, b] \ I [a, b] ,
:

M > 0 : n N , x I [a, b] | f ( n ) ( x) | M ,

Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0, n +, x I [a, b] ,

f I [a, b] Taylor x0 [a, b] .

2 lim n+ Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0 , Taylor
f x0
f(x).

102
 TAYLOR

xn
ex = , x\
n =0 n!

x 2 n +1
x = ( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n + 1)!

x2n
x = ( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n)!

1
= x n , |x |< 1
1 x n=0

xn
ln(1 + x) = (1) n 1
, x ( 1,1]
n =1 n

1. N (0.2) 0.001.

103
2. f(x) = xe x . n-
f(x). N Mclaurin f(x)
. Mclaurin f(x);

f ( x) = e x + xe x = (1 + x)e x
f ( x) = e x + (1 + x)e x = (2 + x)e x
.
....
f ( n ) ( x ) = e x + ( n 1 + x )e x = ( n + x )e x

f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x .
n = 1. Y f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x
f ( n +1) ( x) = (n + 1 + x)e x . f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x :

f ( n +1) ( x) = ( f ( n ) ) ( x) = ( ( n + x ) e x ) = ( n + x ) e x + e x = ( n + 1 + x ) e x ,

f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x n.

x0 = 0 f ( n ) ( x0 ) = f ( n ) (0) = n , McLaurin f(x) :

f ( n ) ( x0 )
n
1
( 0) ( )
n n
x x = x 0 = xn .
n=0 n! n=0 n ! n = 0 ( n 1)!

1
McLaurin (n 1)! x
n=0
n

x \ .

1
, McLaurin (n 1)! x
n=0
n

f(x) Rn , f ,0 ( x) 0, n + x \ .
(Lagrange):

f ( n +1) ( ) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , (0, x)  ( x, 0)
(n + 1)!

f ( n +1) ( x) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , | |< 1 .
(n + 1)!

(n + 1 + x)e x n +1 1 n +1 xe x n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x = x + x .
(n + 1)! n! (n + 1)!

104
 x n +1 a ( x) x
E n(x)= , : n +1 = 0, n + ,
n! an ( x) n

1 n +1 xe x n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x + x 0, n +, x \ ,
n! (n + 1)!

Mclaurin f(x).

3. f(x) = x . n- f(x). N
Mclaurin f(x) Mclaurin
f(x) x. f
x2 x4 1
[-1,1] p( x) = 1 + .
2 24 6!

f ( x) = x = x +
2
f ( x) = x = ( x + )
3
f ( x) = x = x +
2 .
f (4) ( x) = x = ( x + 2 )
....
n
f ( n ) ( x) = x +
2

n
f ( n ) ( x) = x + .
2

n 
0, n
x0 = 0 f ( n ) (0) = = 1 n , Mclaurin
2 
f(x) :

f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( n ) (0)
n x
2n

( 0) ( )
n n
x x = x 0 = ( 1) .
n=0 n! n=0 n! n=0 (2n)!

\ . ,
Mclaurin f(x) f(x)
Rn , f ,0 ( x) 0, n + x \ .
(Lagrange):

105
 f ( n +1) ( ) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , (0, x)  ( x, 0)
(n + 1)!

f ( n +1) ( x) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , | |< 1 .
(n + 1)!

n
x + n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = 2 x n +1 , | R ( x) | | x | .
n, f
(n + 1)! (n + 1)!

1 a ( x) | x |
E n(x) = x n +1 , : n +1 = 0, n + x \ , :
(n + 1)! an ( x) n

| Rn, f ( x) | 0, n +, x \ ,

Mclaurin f(x). Taylor

2 (x) x0 = 0 :

x2 x4 x2 x4
P2, f ,0 ( x) = 1 + = 1 +
2 4! 2 4!

( x) = P2, f ,0 ( x) + R2, f ,0 ( x)

( x + 3 )
R2, f ,0 = , | |< 1 , :
6!

x 2 x 4 ( x + 3 ) 1
( x) 1 + = .
2 4! 6! 6!

106


x x2
3. 1 + x 1 + , x 0.
2 8

4. Mclaurin f(x) = x

x 2 n +1
( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n + 1)!

Mclaurin f(x) f(x).

1
5. Mclaurin f(x) =
1+ x
.

1
: X : = xn .
1 x n=0

2
ex 1
6. Mclaurin f(x) =
x
.

xn
: X : e = . x

n =0 n !

8. f(x) = ( x 1) 2 e x . n- f(x).
N Mclaurin f(x)
. Mclaurin f(x);

10.

( x 1) n
n!
(i)
n =1 n + 1
, (ii) n
n =1
n
x n , (iii)
n =1
nx n .

107