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Δυναμοσειρες Σειρες Taylor
Δυναμοσειρες Σειρες Taylor
- TAYLOR
6.1
6.1.1 n x, x0
. :
a (x x )
n
n 0 , (1)
n=0
x0. x0 = 0
McLaurin:
a x
n=0
n
n
. (2)
O 0,,n, x0
.
E : x (1) ;
6.1.2 To x \ (1)
.
6.1.3 To 0 x \ (1)
,
| a
n=0
n || x x0 |n < +
a (x x0 ) = a0 ,
n
x0 n 0
n=0
. x
.
f : I \ : f ( x) = an ( x x0 ) n .
n=0
.
(1) Mc Laurin
y = x-x0,
Mc Laurin.
96
6.1.1 (bel) (i) a x
n=0
n
n
x
( | |,| |) .
(ii) a x
n=0
n
n
x ( , | |) (| |, + ) .
an +1
6.1.1 a x
n=0
n
n
. lim n+
an
= , :
1
0 < < + an x n
| x |<
n =1
= 0 an x n
x
n =1
= + an x n
x = 0
n =1
A. ( . 5)
6.1.1.
6.1.2 a x
n=0
n
n
. lim n+ n | an | = , :
1
0 < < + an x n
| x |<
n =1
= 0 an x n
x
n =1
= + an x n
x = 0
n =1
A. ( . 5)
6.1.1.
1 6.1.1 6.1.2
(-1/,1/)
(-,-1/)(1/,+).
x = 1/;
( 1)
n
1
a
n=0
n
n
, a
n=0
n
n
97
x = 1/, x = -1/,
.
2 6.1.1 6.1.2,
( . 5)
.
3n n
x .
n =1 n
3n n
. an ( x) = x
n
:
3n +1 | x |n +1
| an +1 ( x) | n + 1 = lim 3| x | n
lim n+ = lim n+ n n n + = 3| x |.
| an ( x) | 3 | x| n +1
n
1 1 1 3n n
3 | x |< 1 | x |<
3
< x < ,
3 3
n =1 n
x
, .
1 1 1 1 1
3 | x |> 1 | x |> x > x < x , , + ,
3 3 3 3 3
3n n
n =1 n
x .
|x| = 1/3, .
.
1. x = 1/3, :
n
3n 1 1
n =1
=
n 3 n =1 n
= + .
2. x = -1/3, :
n
3n 1
(1) n
n =1
=
n 3 n =1 n
< + , (K Leibnitz),
98
n
3n 1 1
n =1
n 3
=
n =1 n
= + .
,
1 1
3 , 3 ,
1 1
, .
3 3
6.1.3 ( ) a x
n=0
n
n
(-,), na x
n=0
n
n 1
(-,). :
f : ( , ) \ : f ( x) = an x n ,
n=0
x(-,) f ( x) :
f : ( , ) \ : f ( x) = nan x n 1 .
n =0
6.1.4 an
n =1
b
n =1
n . ()
Cauchy c
n =1
n , :
n
cn = ak bn +1 k .
k =1
6.1.4 a x
n=0
n
n
, b x
n=0
n
n
(-,), Cauchy
(-,) . f ( x) = an x n , g ( x) = bn x n , x(-,), :
n =0 n=0
f ( x) g ( x) = cn x n , x ( , ) ,
n=0
cn 6.1.4.
99
6.2 aylor
Pn ( y ) = a0 + a1 y + ... + an y n , ai \ .
i
Pn(y) y = 0. , :
y = 0, :
Pn (0) = a0
Pn(0) = a1
Pn (0) = 2a2
,
Pn (0) = 6a3
...
Pn( n ) (0) = n !an
Pn(y) :
A y = x-x0,
:
Pn ( x) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) , ai \
n
Pn( x0 ) Pn( n ) ( x0 )
Pn ( x) = Pn ( x0 ) + Pn( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 ) .
2 n
(4)
2 n!
f o
x0I n-.
100
n
Pn ( x) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 )
n
(4), (5) :
f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
Pn , f , x0 ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 ) .
2 n
(6)
2 n!
(6.6) f x0
Taylor f x0.
f , :
f ( x) Pn , f , x0 ( x) = Rn , f , x0 ( x) ,
Rn, f , x0 ( x) .
f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
Pn , f , x0 ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 )
2 n
2 n!
Rn , f , x0 ( x) x
x0, Taylor Pn , f , x0 ( x)
f(x) x0 .
Rn, f , x0 ( x) .
1 Taylor f x0 .
f ( n +1) ( )
( x x0 ) , x0 x ( Lagrange)
n +1
Rn , f , x0 ( x) =
(n + 1)!
101
f ( n +1) ( )
( x ) ( x x0 ), x0 x ( Cauchy).
n
Rn , f ( x) =
n!
6.3 aylor
f ( n ) ( x0 )
T f , x0 ( x) = ( x x0 )
n
n=0 n!
Taylor x0 ,
.
f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) = ( x x0 ) , x I [a, b]
n
n=0 n!
f I [a, b] aylor
x0 [a, b] .
6.3.1 E f : [ a, b ] \
[a,b] x0 [a, b] . A Taylor T f , x0 ( x) ,
f I [a, b] Taylor x0 [ a, b ]
Rn , f , x0 ( x)
Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0, n +, x I [a, b] .
6.3.1 Taylor T f , x0 ( x) .
f :[a, b] \ I [a, b] ,
:
M > 0 : n N , x I [a, b] | f ( n ) ( x) | M ,
Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0, n +, x I [a, b] ,
2 lim n+ Rn , f , x0 ( x) 0 , Taylor
f x0
f(x).
102
TAYLOR
xn
ex = , x\
n =0 n!
x 2 n +1
x = ( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n + 1)!
x2n
x = ( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n)!
1
= x n , |x |< 1
1 x n=0
xn
ln(1 + x) = (1) n 1
, x ( 1,1]
n =1 n
1. N (0.2) 0.001.
103
2. f(x) = xe x . n-
f(x). N Mclaurin f(x)
. Mclaurin f(x);
f ( x) = e x + xe x = (1 + x)e x
f ( x) = e x + (1 + x)e x = (2 + x)e x
.
....
f ( n ) ( x ) = e x + ( n 1 + x )e x = ( n + x )e x
f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x .
n = 1. Y f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x
f ( n +1) ( x) = (n + 1 + x)e x . f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x :
f ( n +1) ( x) = ( f ( n ) ) ( x) = ( ( n + x ) e x ) = ( n + x ) e x + e x = ( n + 1 + x ) e x ,
f ( n ) ( x) = (n + x)e x n.
f ( n ) ( x0 )
n
1
( 0) ( )
n n
x x = x 0 = xn .
n=0 n! n=0 n ! n = 0 ( n 1)!
1
McLaurin (n 1)! x
n=0
n
x \ .
1
, McLaurin (n 1)! x
n=0
n
f(x) Rn , f ,0 ( x) 0, n + x \ .
(Lagrange):
f ( n +1) ( ) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , (0, x) ( x, 0)
(n + 1)!
f ( n +1) ( x) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , | |< 1 .
(n + 1)!
(n + 1 + x)e x n +1 1 n +1 xe x n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x = x + x .
(n + 1)! n! (n + 1)!
104
x n +1 a ( x) x
E n(x)= , : n +1 = 0, n + ,
n! an ( x) n
1 n +1 xe x n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x + x 0, n +, x \ ,
n! (n + 1)!
Mclaurin f(x).
3. f(x) = x . n- f(x). N
Mclaurin f(x) Mclaurin
f(x) x. f
x2 x4 1
[-1,1] p( x) = 1 + .
2 24 6!
f ( x) = x = x +
2
f ( x) = x = ( x + )
3
f ( x) = x = x +
2 .
f (4) ( x) = x = ( x + 2 )
....
n
f ( n ) ( x) = x +
2
n
f ( n ) ( x) = x + .
2
n
0, n
x0 = 0 f ( n ) (0) = = 1 n , Mclaurin
2
f(x) :
f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( n ) (0)
n x
2n
( 0) ( )
n n
x x = x 0 = ( 1) .
n=0 n! n=0 n! n=0 (2n)!
\ . ,
Mclaurin f(x) f(x)
Rn , f ,0 ( x) 0, n + x \ .
(Lagrange):
105
f ( n +1) ( ) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , (0, x) ( x, 0)
(n + 1)!
f ( n +1) ( x) n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = x , | |< 1 .
(n + 1)!
n
x + n +1
Rn , f ,0 ( x) = 2 x n +1 , | R ( x) | | x | .
n, f
(n + 1)! (n + 1)!
1 a ( x) | x |
E n(x) = x n +1 , : n +1 = 0, n + x \ , :
(n + 1)! an ( x) n
| Rn, f ( x) | 0, n +, x \ ,
x2 x4 x2 x4
P2, f ,0 ( x) = 1 + = 1 +
2 4! 2 4!
( x) = P2, f ,0 ( x) + R2, f ,0 ( x)
( x + 3 )
R2, f ,0 = , | |< 1 , :
6!
x 2 x 4 ( x + 3 ) 1
( x) 1 + = .
2 4! 6! 6!
106
x x2
3. 1 + x 1 + , x 0.
2 8
4. Mclaurin f(x) = x
x 2 n +1
( 1)
n
, x\
n=0 (2n + 1)!
1
5. Mclaurin f(x) =
1+ x
.
1
: X : = xn .
1 x n=0
2
ex 1
6. Mclaurin f(x) =
x
.
xn
: X : e = . x
n =0 n !
8. f(x) = ( x 1) 2 e x . n- f(x).
N Mclaurin f(x)
. Mclaurin f(x);
10.
( x 1) n
n!
(i)
n =1 n + 1
, (ii) n
n =1
n
x n , (iii)
n =1
nx n .
107