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1 6stress Strain PDF
1 6stress Strain PDF
February 6, 2007
1-6stressstrain.tex,
ij = pij + ij (1.6.1)
The second part is called the viscous stress ij and must depend on gradients of velocity,
qi 2 qi
, .
xj xj xk
where !
1 qi qj
eij = + (1.6.5)
2 xj xi
is the rate of strain tensor, and
!
1 qi qj
ij = (1.6.6)
2 xj xi
is the vorticity tensor. Note also that (1.6.4) depends only on the rate of strain but not on
vorticity. This is reasonable since a fluid in rigid-body rotation should not experience any
viscous stress. In a rigid-body rotation with angular velocity , the fluid velocity is
~i ~j ~k
~q =
~ ~r qi = 1 2 3
x1 x2 x3
The governing equations for an incompressible Newtonian fluid may now be summarized:
D
= 0, (incompressibility) (1.6.9)
Dt
qi
= 0, (continuity) (1.6.10)
xi
Dqi p 2 qi
= + + fi , (momentum conservation) (1.6.11)
Dt xi xj xj
3
after using continuity. The last equation (1.6.11) and sometimes the set of equations (1.6.11),
(1.6.9) and (1.6.10), is called the Navier-Stokes equation(s). Now we have just five scalar
equations for five unknowns , p, and qi . Boundary and initial conditions must be further
specified. For example on the surface of a stationary rigid body, no slippage is allowed, so
that
qi = 0, on a rigid stationary surface (1.6.12)
In other words,
u
= 0, if |xy | < c , (1.6.18)
y
!
u u
xy = + c sgn , if |xy | c .
y y