Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disha Publication Concept Notes Indian History
Disha Publication Concept Notes Indian History
Indian History
ISBN : 9789386323002
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Indian History
TOP HISTORICAL TRENDS/ EVENTS/ DEVELOPMENT
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
MEDIEVAL
Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagar Bhakti & Sufi Movement
Mughal Dynasty Advent of Europeans Kingdom of Great Marathas
MODERN
Trade Initiation of British East India Company British Rule before 1857
Sepoy Mutiny 1857
Freedom Struggle :
Rowlatt Act (1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
Chauri Chaura (1922) Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit-India Movement (1942)
Partition of India (1947), etc.
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ANCIENT INDIA
There is an evidence of livestock breeding at the end of middle stone age period.
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IMPORTANT SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Name of Sites Year of Excavators Features
Excavation
Harappa Punjab 1921 Daya Ram Sahni, City followed grid planning
(Pakistan) River Madho Sarup Row of six granaries
Ravi Vatsa, Wheeler Only place having evidences of coffin
burial
Evidence of fractional burial and coffin
burial
Cemetery-H of alien people.
Virgin-Goddess (Seal)
Stone symbol of Lingam and Yoni
Painted Pottery
Mohenjodaro 1922 R.D. Banerjee, Great Granary, Great Bath Assembly
Sindh (Pakistan) Mackay, hall
River Indus Wheeler Pashupati Mahadeva Seal
Bronze image of nude woman dancer
Human Skeltons huddled together
Clay figures of Mother Goddess
A fragment of woven cotton
Brick Kilns and Dice
Chanhu-daro 1931 N. Gopal A city without citadel
Sindh (Pakistan) Majumdar, Inkpot, Lipstick
River Indus Mackay Shell ornament makers shop and
bead makers shop
Footprint of dog on a brick
Terracotta model of a bullock cart,
Bronze toy cart
Town was flooded more than seven times.
Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh, Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan
Rajasthan (India) B.V. Lal, phase
River Ghaggar B.K. Thapar Evidence of furrowed land
Evidence of seven fire altars and camel
bones
Many houses had their own well
Kalibangan stand for black bangles
Evidence of wooden furrow
Lothal Gujarat 1953 S.R. Rao A titled floor which bears intersecting
(India) River design of circles
Bhogava Remains of rice husk
Evidence of horse from a terracotta
figurine
A ship designed on a seal
Beads & trade ports
An instrument for measuring angles,
pointing to modern day compass
Dockyard
Barley was the first grown crop by human in the Middle East around 8000 B.C.
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Banwali Hisar 1974 R.S. Bisht Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan
Haryana phase
Good quantity of barley found here
Amri Sindh 1935 N.G. Majumdar Evidence of antelope
Dholavira Gujarat 1985-90 R.S. Bisht Seven cultural stages
Largest site
Three part of city
Unique water management
Rangpur Gujarat 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. Rice was cultivated
River Mahar Lal & S.R. Rao
Ropar Punjab 1953 Y.D. Evidence of burying a dog below the
River Sutlej Sharma human burial
One example of rectangular mudbrick
chamber was noticed
Five fold cultures - Harappan, PGW, NBP,
Kushana - Gupta and Medieval
Alamgirpur 1958 Y.D. Sharma The impression of cloth on a trough is
Ghaziabad discovered
Usually considered to be the eastern
boundary of the Indus culture
Early Vedic Period/ Aryan (1500 Samgrama meant that gram clashed
500 BCE) with one another and caused war.
The Aryans were pastoral people and
The earliest specimen of Indo-European fought most of the war for it. Rig Veda
language is Rig Veda. Aryans were
is gavisihthi or search for cows as
the people who spoke Indo-European
they were the most important form of
languages basically belonging to wealth.
Central Asia, migrated to India.
The concept of women slave was most
They settled themselves in Sapta
common. Women and cows were gifted
Sindhu the land of seven rivers in
to the priests in those days.
north-western region of India which
Voluntary offering to the chief was
included Kubha river of Afghanistan
known as bali.
along with Indus and its five tributaries.
Two priests who played important role
According to the oldest Vedic literature
during this time were Vasishtha and
(Rig Veda) the Aryan king came into
Vishvamitra.
conflict with Dasa (branch of early
The people of Vedic period were theists.
Aryans) and Dasyus (original inhabitants
Vedic literature shows the existence
of the country). They were soft to Dasas
of god. The religion of the Vedic Aryan
but strongly hostile to Dasyus.
Gradually the region came to be known worshipped nature with one in many
as Bharatavarsha named after the concepts.
tribe Bharata. This clan consists of 5 Indra (rain god) was important as he
Aryan chiefs and 5 non-Aryan chiefs. played role of a warlord. 250 hymns
Dasrajna Yudha or Battle of ten Kings were devoted to him.
has been mentioned in hymns of Rig Agni (fire god) was devoted 200 hymns.
Veda. Varuna, Soma (plant god), female
The battle was fought on the bank of divinities like Aditi and Usha were
river Parusni, identical to river Ravi also worshipped but were not given
and was won by Bharatas. importance as the male gods.
First evidence of human in India was found in western Narmada region in Madhya Pradesh.
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The administrative machinery worked Yajur Veda: Shatapatha (The oldest and the
under tribal chief called as Rajans. Clan largest Brahmana) and Taittariya.
based assemblies were found such as Atharva Veda: Gopatha
sabha, samiti, vidatha, gana. Women
attended sabha and vidatha. Jainism
Social structure of the society was based There were 24 Thirthankaras according
on the kinship. Common term for nephew, to Jain tradition. Rishabha Adinath
grandson and cousin was naptri. (symbol-Bull) was the first and Mahavira
Later Vedic Period (symbol-Lion) was the last Thirthankara.
There is historical proof of only the last two
Vedic Literature Thirthankaras, Parshwanath (23rd) and
(1500 BC - 500 BC) Mahavira (24th) while rest are obscure.
It is believed that the Rig Veda was
Parshvanatha
composed while the Aryans were still in
Punjab. He was a prince of Benaras who led the life
Vedic Literature comprises of four of a hermit and died at Shikharji, Giridih,
literary productions: Jharkhand. His four main teachings were
1. The Samhitas or vedas called chaturthi.
2. The Brahamans 1. Ahimsa (Non-injury)
3. The Aranyakas 2. Satya (Non-lying)
4. The Upanishads
3. Asteya (Non-stealing)
There are four vedas- Rig Veda, Sama
4. Aparigraha (Non-possession)
Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.
The first three vedas are jointly called Mahavira
Vedatrayi (trio of vedas).
Rig Veda (collection of lyrics) is the oldest He adopted all these four teachings and
text in the world. It contains 10,500 verses added Brahmacharya (Chastity) to it.
and 1028 hymns, divided into 10 mandalas. Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village
The hymns of Rig Veda were recited by called Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar.
Hotri. It is the tenth mandalas which He renounced his family at the age of 30
explains the four varnas. and became an ascetic.
Sama Veda (Book of chants) is important He attained kaivalya (perfect knowledge)
for Indian music. The hymns of sama veda at the age of 42 under a sal tree at
were recited by Udgatri. Jambhika grama on the bank of river
Yajur Veda (book of sacrificial prayers) is Rijupalika.
a ritual veda. It has both verses and prose in He came to be known as Kevalin (perfect
contrast with the fist two vedas. Its hymns
learned), Jina (one who conquered his
were recited by Adhveryus. It is divided into
senses), Nirgrontha (free from all bonds),
two parts- Krishna Yajur and Shukla yajur.
Arhant (blessed one) and Mahavira (the
Atharva veda (book of magical formulae)
contains charms and spells to word of evils brave).
and diseases. He delivered his first sermon at Pava to his
Every veda has several Brahmanas attached 11 disciples who were called Gandharas.
to it: He passed away at Pavapuri near Bihar
Rig Veda: Aitareya and Kaushitiki Sharif, Bihar at the age of 72 in 468 BC.
Sama Veda: Panchvisha, Shadvinsh, Sudharma was the only Gandhara who
Chhandogya and Jaiminaya survived after his death.
Lahuradeva in Uttar Pradesh are the site for oldest agricultural region in the Indian sub-continent.
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Jain Council Year Venne Chairman Result
1st 300BC Patliputra Sthulabhadra Compilation of 12 Angas
2nd 512 AD Vallabhi Devardhi Final compilation of 12 Angas
Kshmasramana and 12 Upangas
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi sultanate begins with Turkish invasion in India by Muhammad Ghori in 1173 to
1202. He nominated his faithful slave Qutub ud-Din Aibak as the governor of the newly
possessed region called India. During this period Delhi became the centre of Turkish and
Afghan Power.
Dynasty Sultan / Agent Event Highlights
Muhammad Qutub-ud-din Aibak (12061210) Construction of world famous
Ghori slave Aram Shah (12101211) monument Qutub Minar by Qutub-
dynasty Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), ud-din Aibak and finished by his
(1193-1290) Rukn ud din Firuz (1236) successors. They attacked temples
Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (12361240) of Ajmer, Samana, Kuhram, Delhi,
Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242) Kol, Benaras
Alauddin Masud (12421246), Construction of Quwat ul-Islam at
Nasiruddin Mahmud (12461266), Delhi, Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ajmer.
Ghiyas uddin Balban (12661286),
Muiz uddin Qaiqabad (12861290),
Khilji Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (12901296) Known for their cruelty as they
(1290-1320) Alauddin Khilji (12961316) levied taxes on the defeated
Umar Khan Khilji (1316) community. During the period of
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316- Alauddin Khilji the famous Koh-i-
1320) noor Diamond of Warangal was
Khusro Khan (1320) looted somewhere around 1310
Tughluq Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320-1325) Geographically the largest dynasty;
(1320-1395) Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351) Muhammad bin Tughluq was
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351) one of the powerful sultans who
Firuz Shah Tughluq (13511388) changed the capital from Delhi
Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II (1388 to Daulatabad (present Deogir in
1389) Maharashtra) to rule the empire
Abu Bakr Shah (13891390) more proficiently thus ordered
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III for forceful migration of common
(13901393) masses. Though a good idea but he
Sikander Shah I (March-April 1393) failed to execute.
Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq Secondly his ideas to introduce
(13931413) bronze coin instead of silver coin
Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq also failed as the bronze coins were
(13941414), easy to forge
Sayyid Khizr Khan (14141421) The vast Tughlaq dynasty shrunk
(1400-1442) Mubarak Shah (14211434) within 10 miles of Delhi during this
Muhammad Shah (14341445) period.
Alam Shah (14451451)
Lodi Bahlul Lodi (14511489) The dynasty had fought one of the
(1457-1518) Sikandar Lodi (14891517) greatest battles in India- Battle
Ibrahim Lodi (15171526), of Panipat in 1526 with Babur
who was invited by Daulat Khan
Lodi to enter India and at the end
Ibrahim Lodi lost the battle.
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE
Dynasty Emperors Important Highlights
Sangama Harihara Raya I(13361356) The rise of Vijayanagar dynasty was
Dynasty Bukka Raya I (13561377) the result of political and cultural
Harihara Raya II (13771404) movement against the Tughlaqs.
Virupaksha Raya (14041405) Presumably Harihar I and Bukka I were
Bukka Raya II (14051406) the founders of this dynasty.
Deva Raya I (14061422) This dynasty had to face the invasion
Ramachandra Raya(1422) from Bhamani Sultan Ahmed Lin.
Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya (14221424) The kings of this dynasty were generous
Deva Raya II (14241446) and worked for the social welfare of the
Mallikarjuna Raya (14461465) people.
Virupaksha Raya II (14651485) Some of the kings were great patronage
Praudha Raya(1485) of literature.
Great philosopher and political thinker Chanakya was known with other names such as Kautilya and Vishnugupta.
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Saluva Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya ( 1 4 8 5 The Saluva started ruling soon after
Dynasty 1491) Saluva Narasimha had a fight with
Thimma Bhupala (1491) the Sambetas of Peranipadu and the
Narasimha Raya II (14911505) Paligers of Ummattur but they couldnt
sustain power for a very long period
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (14911503) Founded by Tuluva Narasa Nayak, the
Vira Narasimha Raya (15031509) third Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagar
Krishna Deva Raya (15091529) Empire seemed to be the most powerful
Achyuta Deva Raya (15291542) dynasties.
Tuluva Venkata I 1542 Krishan Deva Raya the most powerful
Dynasty Sadasiva Raya (15421570) king of this dynasty.
Believed to be the golden period of
Telugu literature
Worshipped Nagaraja Vasuki hence
called as Nagavanshis
Aliya Rama Raya 15421565 The last dynasty of Vijayanagar empire
Tirumala Deva Raya 15651572 founded by Tirumal Deva Raya
Sriranga I 15721586 The battle of Raksa Tangadi happened
Aravidu Venkata II 15861614 hence the Aravidu dynasty as well as
Dynasty Sriranga II 1614 Vijayanagar empire came to an end by
Rama Deva Raya 16171632 the combined forces of Bijapur muslims
Venkata III 16321642
Sriranga III 16421646
Shah Jahan
(1628-1658)
Started ruling the dynasty as its sixth emperor.
Was a ruler with religious orthodoxy and used to support Islam
Was not much passionate about art and culture, so during his tenure
only few monuments have been developed - the exquisite Moti (Pearl)
Mosque at Delhi.
Reintroduced Jaziya, i.e. taxation on non-muslims.
Aurangzeb
(1658-1707)
Bodhisatva Avalokiteshwara of Mahayana Buddhism is also known as Padmapani.
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LITERATURE OF MUGHAL PERIOD
Book Author Contents
Tuzuk-i-Baburi Babur Describes military tactics and
administrative organisation during
Baburs reign
Qanun-i-Humayu Khwand Amair Describes Humayuns administration,
festivities and buildings of that period
Humayun Nama Gulbadan Begum Biography of Humayun
Akbar Nama Abul Fazl Gives a history of Akbars reign
Tobaqat-i-Akbari Khwajah Nizamuddin -do-
Ahmad Baksh
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Jahangir Memoirs of his own reign
Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri Muhammad Khan History of Jahangir's reign
Chahar Chaman Chandra Bhan History of Shah Jahan's rule
Brahman
Alamgir-nama Munshi Mirza Gives an account of Aurangzeb's first 10
Muhamma Kazin years of rule
Massir-i-Alamgiri Saqi Mustaid Khan Official history of Aurangzebs reign
written after his death
Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazl History of Akbar's reign
Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh Badauni History of Akbar's rule
Tawarikh-i-Alfi Mulla Daud -do-
Nuriyya-i-Sultaniyya Abdul Haq Theory of Kinship during Mughal Period
Waqt-i-Hyderabad Nimat Khan Ali Aurangzeb's Golconda conquest
Futuhat-i-Alamgiri Ishwar Das Aurangzeb's history
Nuskha-i-Dilkusha Bhimsen Saxena Analysis of Aurangzeb's rule and character
Khulasat-ul-Tawarikh Sujan Raj Khatri History of Aurangzeb's rule
Padshah Namah Abdul Hamid Lahori History of Shah Jahan's reign
Padshah Namah Muhammad Waris -do-
Shahjahan Namah Muhammad Salih -do-
Shahjahan Namah Inyat Khan -do-
Hamlai-Haidri Muhammad Rafi Khan History of Aurangzeb's rule
Namah-e-Alamgiri Aquil Khan Zafar -do-
Sirr-i-Akbar Dara Shikoh Urdu translation of Upanishad
Safinat-ul-Auliya -do- Biographies of Sufi Saints
Majma-ul-Bahrain -do- Philosophical ideas discussed
Raqqat-e-Alamgiri Aurangzeb A compendium of his letters
Hasmat-ul-Arifin Dara Shikoh Religious ideas discussed
Rajaram
Sahuji the son of Sambhaji was released from Mughals captivity in 1707.
He attacked Tarabai and Sambhaji II from the throne of Maratha with the
help of Peshwa Balaji Biswanathan and won the battle. Soon had his own
territory.
Didnt posses a strong affinity towards politics he settled down in Satara.
Sahuji
Gautam Buddha was raised to the position of God during the reign of Kanishka.
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He was appointed as Prime Minister of Sahuji and assisted him on
political issues.
This was the beginning of another great dynasty in 1718 known as
Peshwa dynasty.
He died in 1721.
Balaji
Vishwanath
As the eldest son to his father Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao Peshwa I took
the charge of Peshwa dynasty after his death in 1721.
During his tenure, Pune regained the status of capital Maratha Kingdom
from Raigad.
In 1734, captured the Malwa territory in the north, and in 1739, drove out
the Portuguese from nearly all their possessions in the Western Ghats.
He died in 1740.
Bajirao Peshwa I
Succeeded as Peshwa after his father Bajirao Peshwas Death.
Fought the third war of Panipat with Ahmad Shah Abdalli in 1761 but
lost the war.
Was shattered by the loss of his elder son and brother in the war and died
soon after the war ended.
Balaji Bajirao
(Nanasaheb)
Nana Phadnavis
Chamundarai, minister under Ganga ruler Rachmalla constructed Jain statue of Bahubali (Gomat) in 983 A.D.
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MODERN HISTORY
British India (16121947) The border dispute between Nepal and
In 1617, the British East India Company British India, which sharpened after 1801,
was given permission by Mughal Emperor had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War
Jahangir to trade in India. As a result of of 181416 and brought the defeated
three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854,
Company gained exclusive control over Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh
the entire Carnatic region of India. The was added two years later. Their policy was
Anglo-Mysore Wars (17661799) and sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule,
later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772 taking advantage of the enmity festering
1818) led to control of the vast regions of between various princely states and social
India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India and religious groups.
first fell to Burmese invasion and then to
In 1757, Clive was appointed by the
British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.
company as its first Governor of Bengal.
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and
Kashmir were annexed after the Second In same year Treaty of Allahabad was
Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir concluded by which the Mughal Emperor
was immediately sold under the Treaty of granted the Diwani rights to the English
Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu East India Company. Thus, the British
and thereby became a princely state. power in India was thoroughly established.
GOVERNORS (17571854)
Robert Clive 17571760 Henry Vansittart 17601764
Robert Clive 17651766 Harry Verelst 17671769
John Cartier 17691772 Warren Hastings 17721774
Charles Cornwallis 17861793 Richard Wellesley 17981805
Charles Cornwallis 18051805 James Broun-Ramsay 18481854
INTERIM GOVERNMENT
External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations : Jawahar Lal Nehru
Defence : Baldev Singh
Home (including Information and Broadcasting) : Vallabhbhai Patel
Finance : Liaquat Ali Khan
Posts and Air : Abdur Rab Nishtar
Food and Agriculture : Rajendra Parsad
Labour : Jagjivan Ram
Transport and Railways : M. Asaf Ali
Industries and Supplies : John Matthai
Education and Arts : C. Rajagopalachari
Works, Mines and Power : C.H. Bhabha
Commerce : I.I. Chundrigar
Law : Jogindar Nath Mandal
Health : Ghazanfar Ali Khan
Mountbatten Plan
The Indian Independence Act 1947 also called 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan,
declared that power would be handed over by 15 August 1947. It gave India and Pakistan
a dominion status. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947. The boundaries
between the two dominion states were determined by a Boundary Commission which
was headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff.
Katyayana, a smriti writer of Gupta period, was the first to use the expression Asprashya to denote the untouchables.
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SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
The Founding Years (1885-1900)
Session Place Date President
1st Session Bombay Dec. 28-30, 1885 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
2nd Session Calcutta Dec. 27-30, 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji
3rd Session Madras Dec. 27-30, 1887 Badruddin Tyabji
4th Session Allahabad Dec. 26-29, 1888 George Yule
5th Session Bombay Dec. 26-28, 1889 William Wedderburn
6th Session Calcutta Dec. 26-30, 1890 Pherozeshah Mehta
8th Session Allahabad Dec. 28-30, 1892 Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
10th Session Madras Dec. 26-29, 1894 Alfred Webb
11th Session Poona Dec. 27-30, 1895 Surendranath Banerjee
12th Session Calcutta Dec. 28-31, 1896 Rahimatullah M. Sayani
13th Session Amraoti Dec. 27-29, 1897 C. Sankaran Nair
14th Session Madras Dec. 29-31, 1898 AnandaMohan Bose
15th Session Lucknow Dec. 27-30, 1899 Romesh Chunder Dutt
16th Session Lahore Dec. 27-29, 1900 N.G. Chandavarkar
7th Session Nagpur Dec. 28-30, 1891 P. Ananda Charlu
9th Session Lahore Dec. 27-30, 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins and adopted the title Sakari.
114
34th Session Amritsar Dec. 26-30, 1919 Motilal Nehru
35th Session Nagpur Dec. 26-31, 1920 C. Vijayaraghavachariar
36th Session Ahmedabad Dec. 27-28, 1921 Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting Presi-
dent for C.R. Das)
37th Session Gaya Dec. 26-31, 1922 C.R. Das
(Special Session) Delhi Abul Kalam Azad
39th Session Belgaum Dec. 26-27, 1924 M.K. Gandhi
40th Session Kanpur Dec. 26-28, 1925 Shri B.K. Hariprasad
41st Session Gauhati Dec. 26-28, 1926 S. Srinivasa Iyengar
42nd Session Madras Dec. 26-28, 1927 M.A. Ansari
43rd Session Calcutta Dec. 29, 1928-Jan. 1, 1929 Motilal Nehru
45th Session Karachi Mar. 29-31, 1931 Vallabbhai J. Patel
46th Session Delhi Apr.24,1932 (Banned) Ranchod Lal Amrit Lal
47th Session Calcutta March,1933(Banned) Nellie Sen Gupta
48th Session Bombay Oct. 24-28, 1934 Rajendra Prasad
51st Session Haripura Feb. 19-21, 1938 Subhash Chandra Bose
52nd Session Tripuri Mar. 10-12, 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose
53rd Session Ramgarh Mar. 19-20, 1940 Abul Kalam Azad
54th Session Meerut Nov. 23-24, 1946 J.B. Kripalani
Pallavi ruler Narshimhavarman Mammala invaded chalukyas and captured vatapi and adopted the title vatapikonda.
116
Al-Hilal Abul Kalam Azad
Al-Balagh Abul Kalam Azad
Independent Motilal Nehru
Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
New India(Daily) Annie Besant
Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy
Mirat-ul-Akbhar Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian Newspaper)
Young India M.K Gandhi
Harijan M.K Gandhi
Hindustan Times K.M. Pannikar
Megasthenes
Identity: A Buddhist Monk who came from China.
Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshvardhana.
Duration of Stay: 405-411 AD.
Contribution: Wrote Record of Buddhist kingdoms.
Fa Hsien
Identity: Chinese Buddhist monk.
Time of Visit to India: Reign of Harshavardhan.
Duration of Stay: 630-645 AD.
Contribution: Wrote Si-yu-ki or the Records of Western World.
Hiuen Tsang-tsang/
Xuanzang
Identity: Muslim scholar and polymath from Persia
Time of Visit to India: Came along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
Duration of Stay: 1024-1030 AD
Contribution: Wrote Taharikh-al-Hind, about social religious,
political nature of India during that time.
Al-Biruni/Abu
Rayhan Muhammad
Identity: Italian merchant and traveller
Time of Visit to India: Came during the Period of Rudramani Devi
of Kakatiya Dynasty.
Duration of Stay: 1292-1294 AD
Contribution: Wrote The book of Sir Marcopolo, describing
about Indian Economy at that time.
Marco Polo
Nicolo Conti
Identity: Ambassador of James II, king of England
Time of Visit to India: Came in India at the reign of Jahangir, the
great mogul along with William Finch.
Duration of Stay: First Visit: 1421, Revisited: 1430
William
Hawkins
Identity: Italian Traveller
Time of Visit to India: Came during the rule of Devaraya I of
Sangam dynasty of Vijaynagar empire.
Duration of Stay: First Visit : 1421 Revisited: 1430
Contribution: Author of Voyage aux Indes.
Afanasy Nikitin
Identity: Persian traveller
Abdur Razzaq Time of Visit to India: Came to India during Bahmani Sultanate.
Duration of Stay: 1443-1444 AD
Identity: Arab navigator
Sulaiman Al Mahri Time of Visit: Middle of Ninth Century during the age of Palas and
Pratiharas
Contribution: Wrote an account on Pala Empire
Identity: Arab historian & geographer
Al-Masudi Time: Visited Gujarat in 915-16 during Pratiharas Kinghom.
Contribution: Testified the great power and prestige of the
Pratihara rulers.
Pallavas were instrumental in spreading Indian culture in South-East Asia. The Pallava types of Shikhara can be found
in temples of Java, Cambodia and Annam.
118
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia.
3500 BC Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year
to be evolved in full cuneiform script.
2300 BC The first akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities
2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third dynasty
of Mesopotamian.
1792-49 BC Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along
Euphrates River.
1530 BC Kassite came into being in Hammurabis rule in 1750 BC and categorized
into minorities of Mesopotamia.
1500 BC Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called
Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor.
1200 - 900 BC Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing
Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant coast.
Fahien, the Chinese pilgrim visited India during Chandragupta II and Hiuen-Tsang during Harshavardhana.
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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
5000 BC Farming started along the bank of Nile river.
3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent
settlement.
2650 BC Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic
development of Egyptian art.
2575-2465 BC Pharaoh Khufu built Great pyramid of Giza having a height of 481 feet.
2381-2345 BC The Old Kingdom ended during the realm of Unas.
2055 BC-1650 BC The era of middle kingdom started with reunion of Egypt.
1539 BC With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became
the leading power in the Middle East.
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the
religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton.
1336-1327 BC The realm of Tutankhamen.
1279-1213 BC The existence of Ramses Realm when Egypt experienced the height of
its power.
728 BC Nubian kings took over the power of Egypt.
639 BC The period of revival started with the expulsion of Assyrians by
Egyptians.
525 BC Persians started ruling the Egypt.
332 BC Alexander the great conquered Egypt.
305 BC A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of
Alexander the Great.
30 BC The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied
Egypt.
Jai Chand was the last Rajput king who was killed by Mohammad Ghori in the Battle of Chandawar.
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164 BC The revolution broke out against the Seleucid kings under the leadership of
the Maccabbees brothers by Jews.
63 BC Judaea was conquered by Romans and the family of Herod the Great started
ruling.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
490-479 Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from
the huge Persian Empire.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
753 BC Rome was founded.
509 BC Roman republic was built.
390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls.
264-241 BC First Punic War between Carthage and Rome took place.
218-202 BC Second Punic War consisting of several small battles took place where Rome
was the ultimate winner.
83-31 BC Decline of Roman Republic due to the continuous phase of civil wars.
27 BC Augustus established himself as the first of the Roman emperors.
117 AD Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time.
312 AD Constantine the great got converted to Christianity.
410 AD Goths sacked Roman Empire.
476 AD The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes.
Christianity
It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e. Merriah).
He was born on 25th December to Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Jerusalam)
Bible is the holy book of Christians.
His crucifixion (hanging) on cross happened in about AD 33.
So, sign of cross is considered holy for Christians.
Kanbana, Kuttana and Pugalendi are considered as three gems of Tamil poetry.
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Feudalism was a socio-political hierarchy which started in 8th century AD in Europe and
ended in 14th century AD.
Crusades were the series of military campaign organized under the banner of the cross so
as to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation.
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
830AD Ghana Empire was created.
1050-1100AD Expansion of Almoravid kingdom from Ghana to southern Spain.
1100-1150AD Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for producing gold and copper
artifacts and long distance trade.
1200-1250 AD Christian churches established in Ethiopia.
Kingdom of Mali was established in West Africa, with Timbuktu as a
centre of learning.
1375 AD Gao rebelled against and Songhai started to expand its realm.
1465 AD Songhai conquered Mema and after three years seized Timbaktu.
158891 AD Songhai was attacked by Moroccan forces with firearms and they kept on
conquering Tondibi, Timbuktu and Gao one after the other.
Qutubuddin Aibak patronised Hasan-un-Nizami, author of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhruddin, author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi.
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MONGOL EMPIRE
Time Period Events
1206 AD Temjin from the Orkhon Valley received the title Genghis Khan, and
started ruling the unified nomads of Mongolia homeland.
1227 AD Death of Genghis Khan.
12501350 AD Pax Mongolica or stabilization of Mongol empire.
1260-1294 AD Fragmentation of Mongol Empire into Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty, Chagatai
Khanate, Golden Horde.
1368 AD Fall of Yuan dynasty.
1687 AD Collapse of Chagatai Khanate.
ARAB CIVILIZATION
Time Period Events
571AD The great Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca
With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab civilization started
expanding its realm
632AD After the death of Mohammad his successors continued to spread his
teachings and were known as Caliphs or Khalifas
13th Century AD The Islamic Empire came to end with the defeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turks
Harshavardhana called for a religious assembly at Kannauj which was joined by many learned people and presided over by Hiuen-Tsang.
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Hiuen-Tsang spent about eight years (635-643 AD) in India and wrote a text called- Si Yu ki.
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Causes Immediate Immediate
Murder of Austrian King Archduke Germanys ultimatum and
Ferdinand at Serajevo by a Serbian which Polands rejection for surrender
resulted in strong hostility between Austria- of Port Dazing.
Hungary and Serbia Refusal of Poland to establish rail
Associated link between Germany and West
Militarism Prussia through Polish corridor.
Nationalism or Competitive Patriotism Associated
Economic Imperialism The treaty of Versailles (1919)
Anglo-German Rivalry and the charter of Nationalist movement of
William II Germany & Italy.
Lack of International Organization Ideological conflict between
Dictatorship and Democracy
Inefficiency of League of Nation
Colonial and commercial rivalry
Aggressiveness of Berlin-Rome
Tokyo axis
Conse- End of the German, Russian, Ottoman and Collapse of Nazi Germany
quences Austro-Hungarian empires Fall of Japanese and Italian
Formation of new countries in Europe and Empires
the Middle East. Creation of the United Nations
Transfer of German colonies and regions Emergence of the United
of the former Ottoman Empire to other States and the Soviet Union as
powers superpowers
Establishment of the League of Nations Beginning of the Cold War
Sher Shah Suri was known as Hazarat-i-Ala and he defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539.
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Outcome of War: The Romans won the war. Russo-Japan War
Second Participants: Russia vs. Japan
Participants: Greek vs. Trojan Duration of War: 1904 05 AD
Duration of War: 218 BC- 201 BC Causes of War: The war fought for having
Causes of War: The war occurred when imperial authority over Manchuria and
Korea.
Carthage started expanding its power in
Spain and striving for the coastal city of Outcome of War: Japanese won the war.
Saguntum (the present day Sagunto) which Vietnam War
was allied with Rome. Participants: Democratic Republic of
Outcome of War: Finally Rome won over Vietnam allied with Soviet Union vs. China.
Carthage in the battle of Zama forcing the Duration of War: 1955 75 AD
Carthaginians to give up Spanish territories Causes of War: The war was fought for
and its navy. checking communism spread all over
South-Asia.
Third
Outcome of War: The war ended with the
Participants: Greek vs. Persian
victory of North Vietnam by empowering
Duration of War: 149 BC- 146 BC the Communist government in South
Causes of War: The fear of Carthaginian Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia with annexure
resurgence led to the war in the city streets of South Vietnam. The American-led forces
of Carthage had to back out from Indochina.
Outcome of War: Ultimately Romans IraqIran War
destroyed the city of Carthage Participants: Islamic Republic of Iran and
Hundred Years War the Republic of Iraq
Duration of War: 1980 88 AD
Participants: France vs. England
Causes of War: The war started with the
Duration of War: 1337 BC -1453 BC
invasion of republic of Iran resulting from a
Causes of War: The war broke out after border dispute of two Republics.
King Edward III of England invaded the Outcome of War: Iraq failed to take over
country of France and continued to seize its the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab and
land and became its ruler. strengthen Arab separatism in the region of
Outcome of War: At the end France Khuzestan. The Iranian invasion failed and
managed to defy the Englands reign with the idea of deposing Saddam Hussein was
the help of Scotland. shattered.
Krishna Deva Rai took the titles of Yavanaraja Sthapancharya and also known as Andhra Bhoj and Andhra Pitamaha.