It wasn't Jawaharlal Nehru's 'Forward Policy' of 1961 that caused the war with

China in 1962. Instead, fresh documents, evidence and insight make it clear
that China was planning to attack India since 1959.

For over half a century, India has tortured itself over the disastrous loss to
China in 1962, and many internalised British author Neville Maxwell's criticism
in his book India's China War that argued that India, instead of being the
victim of Chinese aggression, was in fact responsible for the war.

Swedish journalist and strategic consultant, Bertil Lintner, in a reversal of

Maxwell's theory shows in a new book, China's India War, that the boot had
always been on the other foot, casting more light on Henry Kissinger's
mention in On China of Mao's determination to give India a bloody nose.

In an exclusive chat with TOI, Lintner said, "Nehru's Forward Policy was
conceived and put forward in November 1961. You cannot possibly imagine
that in less than a year China would be able to mobilise tens of thousands of
troops, heavy equipment, and move them over the most difficult terrain in the
world." His comments echo late B Raman's account of RAW when he pointed
out the intelligence failure in piecing together months of Chinese movements,
including mule trails, ahead of the war.

Why did China want to go after India? Lintner points to two reasons. "Mao
Zedonghad launched the Great Leap Forward, and it was a tremendous
failure. A huge famine started, maybe 30-40 million people died, there was
cannibalism. Mao's own position was probably at its weakest since the start of
the Communist rule in China. No country in the world would go to war over a
border issue at a time like that. But China did. Mao wanted to reconsolidate
his grip on power. The best way to do that is to find an outside enemy. India
was the perfect outside enemy." The other reason which fed into the first was
the Tibet question and the flight of the Dalai Lama to India in 1959. "Suddenly
after 1959 the border issue becomes no. 1 on the Chinese agenda. The
decision was taken in 1959 to "teach India a lesson" in Deng Xiaoping's
words."