Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Ch.

14
goal: maintain internal homeostasis
I. Intro
A. COMPARISON OF ANS & SNS
1. Effectors
14-1 SNS - _____________
ANS - _____________
- _____________
- _____________

2. Efferent Pathways & Ganglia

SNS - __ neuron, cell body in ______ _______ of ___
ANS - __ neuron chain:

preganglionic neuron postganglionic neuron

- cell body where?
______________ - cell body in _______
- myelinated - nonmyelinated
- has preganglionic axon - has postganglionic axon
(fiber) (fiber)

3. Neurotransmitter (NT) Effects

somatic NT = ________ ; always ___________
14-2 ANS NT = ______ or norepinephrine; can excite or inhibit

B. DIVISIONS OF ANS
sympathetic - "fight or flight"
(thoracolumbar) - "E": __________, excitement, emergency,
division: embarrassment

parasympathetic = "rest & digest", "housekeeping"

(craniosacral) - "D": ___________, defecation, diuresis
division:
 2

II. Anatomy
**Table 14-1** 14-3
A. PARASYMPATHETIC
ganglia = terminal ganglia
- ____________ or close to target organ

1. Cranial Outflow
CN III - __________ pupils
lens bulges for ________ vision

CN VII - glands: (nasal, lacrimal, submandibular,

sublingual)

CN IX - _________ gland
CN X - organs of thorax & abdominal cavity

2. Sacral Outflow
- S2-S4
14-4
distal _______ intestine, _______,
ureters, reproductive organs

B. SYMPATHETIC (T1L2)
- innervates _________ organs (as does the parasymp. N.S.)
14-7 - also innervates (sympathetic only):
- _________ glands
- arrector pili muscles
- **all arteries & _____** (except to ext.
genitalia)
1. sympathetic trunk ganglia = chain ganglia
14-5 - paired, run on either side of spinal _______
- part of sympathetic trunk (chain)
- _____ganglionic fibers: - myelinated
- ______ganglionic fibers: - nonmyelinated
 3

- a preganglionic axon may synapse in a _______ ganglion

- at ____________ level (1)
- at different level (2) see 14-6
- not at all (go thru to.....) (3)

2. collateral ganglia = prevertebral ganglia

- single (not ____________)
- in abdomen or pelvis
14-7
3. adrenal medulla
- a modified symp. ganglion, is an ____________ gland
- secretes _____________:
20% norepinephrine
80% epinephrine (= adrenaline) _________

C. VISCERAL REFLEXES
14-8 - arc: _______ components as somatic reflex
- Where are visceral afferents?
- in _________ n. and all autonomic nerves
- Where are cell bodies of visceral afferents?
- in __________ root ganglia
- in sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
- in autonomic ganglia

II. Physiology of ANS

A. NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NT) AND RECEPTORS (R)
cholinergic fibers - use __________ as NT
- include:
- all _______________ n.
(= somatic efferent)
- all _____________ axons
- postganglionic parasympathetic
(see 14-2)
 4

adrenergic fibers
- release _______________
- all symp. postganglionic neurons are adrenergic except
those supplying:
- __________ glands

1. Subtypes of Cholinergic Receptors Table 14-3

nicotinic R. - always excitatory
location:
- junctional folds of __________ muscle
- all ____________ neurons (cell bodies)
- __________ _________
muscarinic R. - all effectors stim. by postgangl. cholinergic
- can excite or inhibit
- e.g., heart: ________vs GI tract:_______
Homework: In Fig. 14.2, indicate for each target of Ach,
which type of receptor would be found at that target
2. Subtypes of Adrenergic Receptors
alpha and beta receptors (1, 2, 1, 2, 3)

B. INTERACTIONS OF SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC

1. Dual Innervation
- most organs innervated by ______ branches of ANS
- mostly antagonistic (e.g., heart, ___ tract)
- co-operate in external genitalia (erection = parasymp,
ejaculation = symp)

2. Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Tone

- each has _____ = some low level (tonic) firing at rest
- dominant at rest:
symp. tone: maintains ____ pressure by keeping
blood vessels partially constricted at
___ times ( = vasomotor tone)
parasymp. tone: heart, digestive tract
 5

3. Symp. Only (Exceptions to Dual Innervation)

- ___________ medulla
- ___________ glands
- ____________ pili m.
- ___________ (release hormone renin)
- ***blood vessels*** (thermoreg. response to heat = dil'n
of blood vessels to dissipate heat)
- metabolic effects (e.g., blood ____________)

4. Localized Versus Diffuse Effects

- parasymp. - localized, ________-lived
- symp. - long-lasting, more _______-spread (massive
discharge)

C. CONTROL OF ANS
(1) __________ spinal cord & brain stem
14-9 (2) ________________
(3) _____________ centers - via ____________ system

D. EXAMPLES OF EFFECTS complete this table using Table 14-5 p. 541

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Heart _ heart rate; _ force of _ heart rate
contraction
Blood vessels _________ most blood vessels No effect
GI tract _ activity _ activity
Lungs __________ bronchioles* __________ bronchioles
Adrenal Medulla Stim. secretion of _________ No effect
and ___________
Urinary bladder Relaxation of muscle of wall, Contraction of muscle of
inhibits _______ wall, promotes _______
External genitalia Causes ______________ Causes __________
* This effect is mediated by epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
 6

See also Table 14-1

SYMPATHETIC N.S. PARASYMPATHETIC
Origin of Preganglionic
Fibers (region of s.c.)
Origin of Postganglionic
Fibers (Where are cell
bodies? be specific!)
Length of Fibers _______ pregangl. ______ pregangl.
(long or short) _______ postgangl. ______ postgangl.
Type of Fibers (Cholinergic _________ Pregangl. ________ Pregang.
or Adrenergic) ________ Postgangl. ________ Postgangl.
Subtypes of Receptors at
Effector
Situation of Dominance
Types of Discharge (local
versus massive discharge)

Objective #1, Figure 14.2

AUTONOMIC SOMATIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM
Site of Origin __________of spinal _______ horn of
cord ( ____ matter) spinal cord
# of Neurons From CNS
to Effector
Effectors - -
-
-
Dual Innervation (yes/no)
Neurotransmitter at
Effector
Effect on Effector
(excite or inhibit or both)
Voluntary or Involuntary