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    The Perception Process:: I. How Our Perceptions Affect Our Communication With Others. We Are

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    1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

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    The Perception Process:: I. How Our Perceptions Affect Our Communication With Others. We Are

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    ah
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    1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

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    1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

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    18 views4 pages

    The Perception Process:: I. How Our Perceptions Affect Our Communication With Others. We Are

    Uploaded by

    ah
    1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

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    I.ThePerceptionProcess:howourperceptionsaffectourcommunicationwithothers.

    weare

    awareofonlyasmallpartofwhatisgoingonaroundus

    1. Realityiscreatedbycommunicatingwithothers.

    A. Firstorderrealitiesarephysicallyobservablequalitiesofthingsorsituations.

    B. Secondorderrealitiesinvolveattachingmeaningtofirstorderthingsorsituations.

    2. Thereare4stepstoourperceptionprocess(howwedeterminesthemeaningofthings)

    A. Selection:weprioritizeintense,powerfulstimulithatusuallyattract.ourattentionfirst.

    B. Organization:wearrangeselectedinformationtomakesenseoftheworld,thisinvolves

    classifyinginformationandpunctuation,anddeterminingcausesandeffects.

    Physicalconstructs:classifyingusingphysicalappearances.

    Roleconstructs:usingsocialpositions.

    Interactionconstructs:usingobservedsocialbehavior.

    Psychologicalconstructs:indicatinginternalpersonalitiesandbiases.

    C. Interpretation:howwechoosetounderstandinterpersonalactsafterwehaveselectedand

    organizedourperceptions.Severalfactorsaretakenintoconsiderations:

    Relationalsatisfaction.

    Expectations.

    Assumption.

    4. Negotiationistheprocessbywhichweinfluenceeachothersperceptionsasweexchange

    words,thoughts,andinformation.Negotiationcanbeexplainedinregardtointerpersonal

    communication.
    II. Howweselect,organize,interpret,andnegotiateinformationaboutothersisinfluencedbya

    varietyoffactors.

    1. Physiologicalinfluencescomefromthephysicalenvironmentandthewaysthatour

    bodiesdifferfromothers.

    A. Thedifferencesinhoweachpersonreceivessensoryinformationcanaffect

    interpersonalrelationships.

    B. Ageallowsforagreaterscopeandnumberofexperiences,and

    developmentaldifferencesshapeperceptions.

    C. Healthandfatiguecanhaveastrongimpactonhowonerelatestoothers.

    D. Hungercanaffectperceptionandcommunication.

    E. Biologicalcycles,includingvariationsinbodytemperature,sexualdrive,

    alertness,tolerancetostress,andmood,affectthewaywerelatetoeach

    other.

    F. Neurobehavioralchallengesrefertodifferencesinperceptionthatarerootedin

    neurology,andsuchconditionsasADHDandbipolardisorderinfluence

    perceptions.

    2. Psychologicalinfluencesaffectthewayweperceiveothers.

    A. Ouremotionalstate,ormood,stronglyinfluenceshowweviewpeopleand

    eventsandthereforehowwecommunicate.

    B. Ourselfconcept,orthewaywethinkandfeelaboutourselves,strongly

    influenceshowweinterpretthebehaviorofothers.
    3. Socialinfluencesaredescribedinthestandpointtheory,whichstatesthataperson's

    positioninasocietyshapesherorhisviewofsocietyingeneralandofspecific

    individuals.

    A. Sexandgenderrolestheoreticallydescribehowaperson,regardlessofhisor

    herbiologicalsex,canactinamasculineorfemininemannerorcanexhibit

    bothtypesofcharacteristics.Thesearereferredtoaspsychologicalsex

    types.Theandrogynoustypecombinesmasculineandfemininetraits,and

    genderisashorthandtermforpsychologicalsextype.

    B. Ouroccupationalrole,orthekindofweworkwedo,alsogovernsourviewof

    theworld.

    C. Relationalrolessuchasdaughter,spouse,andfrienddefinewhoweare.

    Theserolesalsoaffectperception.

    4. Culturalinfluencessuchasculturalselection,organization,interpretation,and

    negotiationexertapowerfulinfluenceonthewayweviewcommunicationofothers.

    III. Attributiondescribestheprocessofattachingmeaningtobehaviorseveralperceptual

    tendenciesmayleadtoinaccurateattributions.

    1. Wemakesnapjudgments,whichcanbecomeproblematicwhentheyarebasedon

    stereotypingorexaggeratedbeliefsassociatedwithacategorizingsystem.

    2. Weclingtofirstimpressions,becauseonceweformanopinionofsomeonewetend

    tohangontoitandmakeanyconflictinginformationfitourimage.

    A. Thehaloeffectdescribesthetendencytoformanoverallpositiveimpression

    ofapersononthebasisofonepositivecharacteristic.
    B. Theconfirmationbiasisthetermtodescribetheprocessofseekingoutand

    organizingourimpressionstosupportourinitialopinion.

    3. Wejudgeourselvesmorecharitablythanwedoothers,whichisatendencycalled

    selfservingbias.

    4. Weareinfluencedbyourexpectations,andthisinformationisimportantwhenmaking

    decisionsaboutothers.

    5. Weareinfluencedbytheobvious,whichcanbeproblematicwhenthemostobvious

    factorisnotnecessarilytheonlycause.

    6. Weassumeothersarelikeuswefrequentlymistakenlyassumethatothers'views

    aresimilartoourown.

    IV. Mismatchedperceptionshinderinterpersonalcommunications,causeconflictandharm

    relationships.Wehaveaneedtosynchronizeperceptionswitheachothertopromoteharmony

    andunderstanding.

    1. Perceptioncheckingprovidesmethodtocheckandshareinterpretations.

    2. Empathy:understandingothersviewpoint,recreatinganotherpersonsperspective,and

    tryingtomakedecisionsbaseonhisorheropinion.

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