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GSM Link Budget Welcome!: Additional Resources List
GSM Link Budget Welcome!: Additional Resources List
Welcome!
Hello Duncan
Welcome to the GSM Link Budget course. In any communications system, a link budget
describes the path loss and/or power budget needed to ensure reliable and contiguous coverage
with a minimum number of holes. This module discusses how the standard Lucent link budget is
established and the recommended default values used as design parameters.
Topic List
This course covers the following topics:
1. Introduction to Link Budget
2. Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Contributions
3. ETSI Specifications and Transmitter Power Classes
4. Calculating a Link Budget
5. Receivers Field Strength
A more detailed list of topics and pages can be found by selecting one of the topics at the left and
clicking on the icon that appears in the toolbar at the top of the page.
Objectives
This course was designed to enable you to:
State the purpose/goal of creating a link budget.
Define receiver sensitivity.
Identify the noise contribution for a radio receiver to include thermal and amplifier noise.
Identify and compare the ETSI specifications and Lucent implementation for both GSM-gOQ and
GSM-1 800/GSM1 gOO.
Name the transmitter power classes supported by Lucent.
Calculate the maximum path loss.
Given the maximum path loss, calculate the transmit power of the BTS.
Given the calculated maximum path loss, use Okumura-Hata tables to find the maximum cell
range.
Given the power level at the receiver input, calculate the field strength of the receiver according to
GSM recommendations.
.
Prerequisites
The following courses are recommended before taking the GSM Link Budget course. If you have
not already taken these courses, please return to the course list and review them.
RF Design Engineering Objectives
RF Propagation Concepts
Frequency Reuse
Traffic Engineering
Select Antennas
GSM Antenna Coupling Equipment
GSM Measurement Techniques
Interference Concepts
Effective Radiated Power
Lets Begin!
We hope you enjoy this learning experience, and that you use the information in this module to its
fullest extent.
If you are taking a Wireless University web module for the first time then click on Learninc~ on
WirelessU. This topic teaches you to navigate through a web module. If you feel like you
already know how to navigate this course, lets begin with Introduction to Link Budciet
Note: The information in this module is proprietary to Lucent Technologies. Please do not share it
with friends or customers.
Coverage types,
For duplex (2-way) systems, the mobile-base path is called the reverse link (or uplink) path and
base-mobile is called the forward link (or downlink) path.
The link budget is the maximum loss allowed in the respective path. For example, the reverse link
budget represents the maximum loss allowed in the mobile to base path. More often than not, the
reverse link is the limiting case.
The figure shows the typical link budget elements of a GSM network. Values for each are defined
separately. Note the arrows represent the RF signal path from either the base station to the
mobile (forward link) or the mobile to the base station (reverse link).
.
Link Budget Elements of a GSM Network
T +
~ D ownlink
~ Uplink
8TS
Mobile
Who Determines the Link Budget?
At Lucent, system engineering usually handles the specific parameter issues for-each customer.
This is because each customer may have a specific value to use for different equipment that
affects a link budget. For example, instead of having a balanced link budget, some operators
prefer to have the downlink a few dB stronger than the uplink to prevent the mobile from going
out of coverage, thereby causing constant searches that consume more battery power. However,
the standard link budget recommended in this course is established on a balanced scenario only.
After a link budget is established and finalized, the desired coverage levels are specified. The
link budget dictates what coverage level is needed for a particular system. Most existing
systems have already determined a transparent link budget, and designing a new cell site is
simply a matter of providing the correct height/EIRP/antenna to fill in a coverage gap.
[ectiveisotropic radiated power (EIRP) represents the gain of a transmitting
~nain a given direction multiplied by the power the antenna accepts
~omthe connected transmitter. In simple terms, the EIRP value is the sum of
ie antenna power input and the antenna gain expressed to an isotropic
eference.
EIRP = antenna input power (dBm) + antenna gain (dB1)
Definitions
Term Definition
ACE Loss In general, Antenna Coupling Equipment (ACE) includes all
diplexers, combiners and connectors. The value of ACE
loss is dependent on the ACE configuration. There are
various ACE configurations depending on the number of
TRXs and combiners used. For more information on this
topic, locate the GSM Antenna CounhinQ E~ui~ment module
available on the Wireless University web site.
Antenna Diversity Gain Antenna diversity gain is used to reduce the effects of
multipath fading on the uplink path. Two common
techniques include space and polarization diversity.
Body Loss When a hand-held phone is held up to the users head,
antenna pattern distortion and body absorption takes
places. This is referred to as body loss. A value of 2 dB is
typically given to this loss.
BTS Antenna Gain The value of antenna gain can vary according to the
manufacturer and is specified as dBd or dBi depending on
the reference.
Combiner Loss Insertion loss at the 3:1, 4:1, and 9:1 combiners on the
transmit path.
Downlink Power The downlink power budget is determined after the
Budget maximum path loss is calculated (i.e. after the uplink power
budget). The BTS transmit power is determined using the
downlink power budget.
Eb/NO A digital metric (bit energy/noise density) comparable to
signal to noise ratio in the analog world (interference). The
impact of Rayleigh fading is taken into account by
implementing a multipath fade margin of 8 to 12.5 dB
nominally EL/NO.
Fade Margin Extra signal power reserved to overcome potential fading
caused by diffraction, shadowing, multi-pathing, and so
forth.
Fading Variations in the average field strength of a signal due to the
motion of the user and the addition of multipath waves of
various path lengths.
Feeder Loss Feeder loss is dependent on the feeder type and length of
the BTS to the antenna. For example:
ANDREW coaxial cable loss (LDF5-50A, 7/8
Freauencv A*tu~rnu~fi,~u.i
~ ~ . u
(dR/i OOm~
- - -
1000MHz 4
2000 MHz 7
Gain The gain of an antenna is the maximum signal intensity as
referenced to a standard antenna (like a dipole). The gain of
an antenna is related to the 3 dB beamwidths of the
antenna. In effect, the narrower the beamwidths, the higher
the antenna gain is.
Information Data Rate How fast bits are transmitted for the technology.
Link Budget A link budget describes the path loss and/or power budget
needed to ensure reliable communication.
Low Noise Amplifier A receiver amplifier that does not add any appreciable noise
to the signal than is already there.
Maximum Path Loss The maximum path loss is normally determined by the
relatively fixed values applied in the uplink power budget.
These depend on the equipment used and the specified
performance levels (for example, frame error rate, signal to
noise ratio, etc.).
Maximum Transmitter Power from the base station/traffic channel.
Power Per Traffic
Channel
Path Loss The loss in power experienced by a signal as it travels
between the transmitting and receiving antennas separated
by a distance d (also called space loss).
Penetration Loss The loss associated with the penetration of a signal from an
outdoor environment to an indoor environment. Actual
penetration losses for any given market depend on
numerous factors, including building material, number of
walls that neet to be penetrated, frequency, and so forth.
However, typical values used are 20 dB or more for urban,
10 to 20 dB for suburban, 8 to 15 dB for rural, and 6 to 8 dB
)
.
for in-vehicle loss.
Receiver Noise Density White noise; frequency independent noise.
Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity is the weakest signal strength that the
receiver can distinguish from noise.
Transmission Line The transmission line connects the signal from the
transmitter to the receiver. The transmission line can be
Up and Downlink cable or an electrical medium.
The uplink and downlink radio link power budgets need to
Balance be in balance to avoid coverage differences in the up and
downlink directions.
Uplink Power Budget The uplink power budget is calculated to determine the
maximum path loss.
This is the end of Introduction to Link Budget. Select the next topic on the left to continue.
Noise contributions
The diagram below shows the thermal noise at the input of the receiver and the amplifier noise of
the receiver it serves.
(SIN) ~
kTB
(SIN)
0~
N
1=k~T~B
N1=1.38~10 23 (17 + 273)~200~10 3
16
N=8.10 Watt = -151 dBW = -121 dBm
Noise figure
The noise figure F is the ratio between:
the total output signal-to-noise ratio generated by the thermal noise and the amplifier
noise
Si Na
F= N.
GKTB
N
Inaformula: a
kTB (SIN)0~
1 or
(EbINO) ~
In Digital
S~ lOIog(K*PB) + F + (EbINO)O~
EdNO threshold
The mobile radio channel is characterized by wideband multipath propagation effects such as
delay spread and Doppler shift as defined in GSM 05.05 annex C. The reference signal-to-noise
ratio in the modulating bit rate bandwidth (271 kHz) is EdNO. The typical value used is 8 dB which
includes a 2 dB implementation margin for the GSM system at the minimum service quality
without interference.
23 3 16
You Try It! Answer: N=1.38~10 . (50 + 273) ~200~10= 8.9110 Watt = -150.5dBW = -
120.5dBm
Exercise Answer
Check the following to see if you answered the exercise question on the previous page correctly:
This is the end of Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Contributions. Select the next topic on the leftto
continue.
ETSI Specifications and Transmitter Power
Classes
ETSI Specifications
What are the ETSI specifications?
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is a non-profit organization whose
mission is to determine and produce telecommunications standards or specifications.
ETSI produces voluntary standards, but some of these may go on to be the technical base for
European directives or regulations. You will use the ETSI specifications to identify the minimum
transceiver performance (i.e. receiver sensitivity and transmit power) for mobile stations and base
stations.
Use the tables in the next sections to identify and compare the ETSI specifications and Lucent
implementation for both GSM-900 and GSM-1800/GSM1900.
Specification Tables
There are varieties of mobiles with varying performance in the network. The link budget design must
cover the worst case sensitivity as defined by the GSM (ETSI) specifications.
ETSI MS receiver sensitivity
the minimum receiver sensitivity of Mobile Stations as by the ETSI:
Ml
M2
M3
I -97 dBm
-92 dBm
-87 dBm
Lucent Tecnnologies SRFU receiver sensitivity
-102 dBm
-97 dBm
-92 dBm
Lucents SRFU has a guaranteed static receiver sensitivity defined in this table. Under different
even better:
I I I I
vvnere:
TU5O typical case for a typical urban area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 50 Km/h
HT1 00 typical case for a hilly terrain with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 100 Km/h
RAl 30 typical case for a rural area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 130 Km/h (Only for
DOSi 800)
RA250 typical case for a rural area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 250 Km/h (Only for
GSM900)
The most common model used in cell planning is the TU modeL which is used in approximately 95% of
HT conditions.
~ iuii~t ~
- ~ w~ IIIU~L LdN~ the given receiver
sensitivity value and subtract 4 db to account for the more severe shadow fading environment that occurs
with a stationary mobile. Value = -108 + 4 = -104 dBm. If you did not reach this answer, did you subtract 4
db to account for the greater influence of fading on the stationary mobile?
Lucent Supported Transmitter Power Classes
What are the transmitter power classes that Lucent supports?
This section discusses the base station and mobile station transmitted power requirements.
)
20 (43)-40 (46)
10 (40)-20 (43) 1
5 (37)-b (40)
2.5 (34)-S (37)
Micro BTS transmission power
The micro BTS provides lower transmitter ranges that are measured at the antenna connector
after all stages of combining. The transmit powers are given in the following table:
MICRO BTS Wattd~~
GSM-900 Watt (dBm)
0.08 (1 9)-0.25 (24)
0.03 (15)-0.08 (19)
1
j
GSM-1800/1900
0.5 (27)-i .6 (32
0.16 (22)-0.5 (27)
0.01 (10)-0.03 (15) j 0.05 (17)-0.16 (22
Lucent BTS transmission output power
The following table shows the Lucent supported TRX power classes:
4 4 40 (45) 40 (4S)
/2C 7 3 5(37) 5(37)
Ml 0.2(23) 1.25 (31)
I M2 0.08 (19) 0.5 (27)
I M3 M3 0.02 (13) 0.125 (21)
BTS type 6/12 includes 6id, l2id, 60dB, and l2od.
The TX power of BTS 6/12 is measured at the SFRU output.
The TX power of the /2C is measured at the antenna
connector.
MS Transmitted power
The mobile stations maximum output power is specified in GSM Rec.05.05. The power levels are
given in the table below:
)
6. achieve a maximum cell area covered using selected equipment, and
Signal Leuel
UPLINK ~dBmi
MS transmit power (GSM-900 class 4) 33 dBm +33
+33
Cable loss 0 dOm
+33
Antenna gain MS 2 dBi
+35
Body Loss 2 d8
Pr +33
Maximum path lass 140 dO
iding can be a result of several things, for example shadowing, diffraction, and
iulti-pathing. These factors help you identify the fade margin and shadow
needed to complete your RF design plan and calculate the maximum j
)ath loss. To review the fade margin topic, go to the RF Propagation Concepts
nodule in the RF Design Engineering curriculum available on the course list
)age.
DOWNLINK __________
Signal Leuel
(dBm)
BTS transmit power L 38 dOm +38
Feeder loss 2 dB
+36
ACE loss (combiner, duplexer) 2 dB
+34
Antenna gain BTS 16 dBi
Now print the attached tables in Arrendix A and use them to calculate the maximum cell
range. Continue to the next page to check the correct answer for this example. If you need
additional information, try the Help links below and use your browsers Back button to return to
this page.
HeI~ 1
HeIr 2
Help 1: The maximum path loss (MAPL) is calculated by knowing the values of each element in link
budget. These will depend on the equipment used and the signal strength required. The MAPL is
normally calculated automatically using the RF planning tool, but for this example, use 140 dB as the
MAPL.
Please use your browsers Back button to return to the previous page.
Help 2: The adjustment for an S3 clutter class is defined as an L~(dB) of 8. For more information on how
to calibrate clutter classes, see the Surface Clutter Effects section in the RF Propagation Concepts
module on the Wireless University website.
Please use your browsers Back button to return to the previous page.
I I I I I I I I I
Range
D(km)
~. .~
.13 2.6013.6012.96
. *4* .~
4.38 3.84 7.39 7.39 10.25 114.21
...28 2.7713.841316
4
468 4107894 789 1094115.17
~ ~ 438842 842 11 68 116.19
2.60 3.16 4.38 360 533 468899 899 1247 17.28
2.77 3.37 4.68 384 569 499960I_ 960 1331 18.45
Exercise
Use the resources, information, and coverage requirements noted to determine the answers-to
questions 1 through 3.
I
A~~endix A tables
UDlink worksheet
Down link worksheet
Note: Use the Back icon on your browser to return to this page.
Uplink Worksheet
Signal Level
UPLINK (dBm)
MS transmit power (GSM-1900 class 1)
Cable loss
Antenna gain MS
Body Loss
Feeder loss
Diversity Gain
Downlink Worksheet
Signal Level
DOWNLINK ~dBm)
8TS transmit power
Feeder loss
ACE loss (combiner, duplexor)
Oody loss
Antenna gain MS
Cable loss
Diversity Gain
MS receiver sensitivity(GSM1900 class 1)
ExerCise Answers
Review these answers to see if your responses to questions 1 through 3 are correct.
Answer 1: Power budgets for
Signal Leuel
UPLINK (dDm)
Signal Leuel
DOWN LINK (dBm)
BIS transmit power 35 dOm
+35
Feeder loss 2 dO
+33
ACE loss (combiner, duplexor) 1 dO
+32
Antenna gain OTS 11 dOi
+43
Maximum path loss 138 dO
-95
Fade margin (75% cell edge) S dO
-100
Oody loss 2 dO
-98
Antenna gain MS 2 dOi
-100
Cable loss 0 dO
-100
Diversity Gain 0 dO
MS receiver sensitivity (GSM1 900 class 1) -100 dOm -100
Continue ~
This is the end of the GSM Link Budget material. Select Quiz Me! from the topics on the left to answer the
quiz questions and see how well you understand the concepts presented in this course.
RACE Model: Propagation curves
Frequency f (MHz): 900
BTS antenna height hb (in): 15
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul 53 52 Si F2 Fl 02 01 W
Corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(km)
120 0.52 0.63 0.85 0.71 1.03 0.91 1.69 1.69 2.30 3.13
121 0.55 0.67 0.91 0.75 1.09 0.97 1.79 1.79 2.44 3.33
122 0.59 0.71 0.97 0.80 1.16 1.03 1.91 1.91 2.60 3.54
123 0.63 0.75 1.03 0.85 1.24 1.09 2.03 2.03 2.77 3.77
124 0.67 0.80 1.09 0.91 1.32 1.16 2.16 2.16 2.94 4.01
125 0.71 0.85 1.16 0.97 1.40 1.24 2.30 2.30 3.13 4.27
126 0.75 0.91 1.24 1.03 1.49 1.32 2.44 2.44 3.33 4.54
127 0.80 0.97 1.32 1.09 1.58 1.40 2.60 2.60 3.54 4.83
128 0.85 1.03 1.40 1.16 1.69 1.49 2.77 2.77 3.77 5.14
129 0.91 1.09 1.49 1.24 1.79 1.58 2.94 2.94 4.01 5.47
130 0.97 1.16 1.58 1.32 1.91 1.69 3.13 3.13 4.27 5.81
131 1.03 1.24 1.69 1.40 2.03 1.79 3.33 3.33 4.54 6.19
132 1.09 1.32 1.79 1.49 2.16 1.91 3.54 3.54 4.83 6.58
133 1.16 1.40 1.91 1.58 2.30 2.03 3.77 3.77 5.14 7.00
134 1.24 1.49 2.03 1.69 2.44 2.16 4.01 4.01 5.47 7.45
135 1.32 1.58 2.16 1.79 2.60 2.30 4.27 4.27 5.81 7.92
136 1.40 1.69 2.30 1.91 2.77 2.44 4.54 4.54 6.19 8.43
137 1.49 1.79 2.44 2.03 2.94 2.60 4.83 4.83 6.58 8.97
138 1.58 1.91 2.60 2.16 3.13 2.77 5.14 5.14 7.00 9.54
139 1.69 2.03 2.77 2.30 3.33 2.94 5.47 5.47 7.45 10.15
140 1.79 2.16 2.94 2.44 3.54 3.13 5.81 5.81 7.92 10.80
141 1.91 2.30 3.13 2.60 3.77 3.33 6.19 6.19 8.43 11.49
142 2.03 2.44 3.33 2.77 4.01 3.54 6.58 6.58 8.97 12.22
143 2.16 2.60 3.54 2.94 4.27 3.77 7.00 7.00 9.54 13.00
144 2.30 2.77 3.77 3.13 4.54 4.01 7.45 7.45 10.15 13.83
145 2.44 2.94 4.01 3.33 4.83 4.27 7.92 7.92 10.80 14.71
146 2.60 3.13 4.27 3.54 5.14 4.54 8.43 8.43 11.49 15.65
147 2.77 3.33 4.54 3.77 5.47 4.83 8.97 8.97 12.22 16.65
148 2.94 3.54 4.83 4.01 5.81 5.14 9.54 9.54 13.00 17.72
149 3.13 3.77 5.14 4.27 6.19 5.47 10.15 10.15 13.83 18.85
150 3.33 4.01 5.47 4.54 6.58 5.81 10.80 10.80 14.71 20.05
Frequency f (MHz): 900
BTS antenna height hb (in): 30
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul S3 S2 Si F2 Fl 02 01 W
3 8 5 1119 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.66 0.80 1.11 0.91 1.35 1.18 2.28 2.28 3.16 4.38
121 0.70 0.85 1.18 0.97 1.44 1.27 2.43 2.43 3.37 4.68
122 0.75 0.91 1.27 1.04 1.54 1.35 2.60 2.60 3.60 4.99
123 0.80 0.97 1.35 1.11 1.64 1.44 2.77 2.77 3.84 5.33
124 0.85 1.04 1.44 1.18 1.75 1.54 2.96 2.96 4.10 5.69
125 0.91 1.11 1.54 1.27 1.87 1.64 3.16 3.16 4.38 6.07
126 0.97 1.18 1.64 1.35 2.00 1.75 3.37 3.37 4.68 6.48
127 1.04 1.27 1.75 1.44 2.13 1.87 3.60 3.60 4.99 6.92
128 1.11 1.35 1.87 1.54 2.28 2.00 3.84 3.84 5.33 7.39
129 1.18 1.44 2.00 1.64 2.43 2.13 4.10 4.10 5.69 7.89
130 1.27 1.54 2.13 1.75 2.60 2.28 4.38 4.38 6.07 8.42
131 1.35 1.64 2.28 1.87 2.77 2.43 4.68 4.68 6.48 8.99
132 1.44 1.75 2.43 2.00 2.96 2.60 4.99 4.99 6.92 9.60
133 1.54 1.87 2.60 2.13 3.16 2.77 5.33 5.33 7.39 10.25
134 1.64 2.00 2.77 2.28 3.37 2.96 5.69 5.69 7.89 10.94
135 1.75 2.13 2.96 2.43 3.60 3.16 6.07 6.07 8.42 11.68
136 1.87 2.28 3.16 2.60 3.84 3.37 6.48 6.48 8.99 12.47
137 2.00 2.43 3.37 2.77 4.10 3.60 6.92 6.92 9.60 13.31
138 2.13 2.60 3.60 2.96 4.38 3.84 7.39 7.39 10.25 14.21
139 2.28 2.77 3.84 3.16 4.68 4.10 7.89 7.89 10.94 15.17
140 2.43 2.96 4.10 3.37 4.99 4.38 8.42 8.42 11.68 16.19
141 2.60 3.16 4.38 3.60 5.33 4.68 8.99 8.99 12.47 17.28
142 2.77 3.37 4.68 3.84 5.69 4.99 9.60 9.60 13.31 18.45
143 2.96 3.60 4.99 4.10 6.07 5.33 10.25 10.25 14.21 19.70
144 3.16 3.84 5.33 4.38 6.48 5.69 10.94 10.94 15.17 21.03
145 3.37 4.10 5.69 4.68 6.92 6.07 11.68 11.68 16.19 22.45
146 3.60 4.38 6.07 4.99 7.39 6.48 12.47 12.47 17.28 23.97
147 3.84 4.68 6.48 5.33 7.89 6.92 13.31 13.31 18.45 25.59
148 4.10 4.99 6.92 5.69 8.42 7.39 14.21 14.21 19.70 27.31
149 4.38 5.33 7,39 6.07 8.99 7.89 15.17 15.17 21.03 29.16
150 4.68 5.69 7.89 6.48 9.60 5.81 16.19 16.19 22.45 31.13
Frequency f (MHz): 900
BTS antenna height hb (in): 45
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul S3 S2 51 F2 Fl 02 01 W
corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.76 0.94 1.31 1.07 1.61 1.40 2.76 2.76 3.87 5.43
121 0.82 1.00 1.40 1.15 1.72 1.50 2.95 2.95 4.14 5.81
122 0.88 1.07 1.50 1.23 1.84 1.61 3.16 3.16 4.43 6.21
123 0.94 1.15 1.61 1.31 1.97 1.72 3.38 3.38 4.74 6.65
124 1.00 1.23 1.72 1.40 2.11 1.84 3.62 3.62 5.07 7.11
125 1.07 1.31 1.84 1.50 2.25 1.97 3.87 3.87 5.43 7.61
126 1.15 1.40 1.97 1.61 2.41 2.11 4.14 4.14 5.81 8.14
127 1.23 1.50 2.11 1.72 2.58 2.25 4.43 4.43 6.21 8.71
128 1.31 1.61 2.25 1.84 2.76 2.41 4.74 4.74 6.65 9.32
129 1.40 1.72 2.41 1.97 2.95 2.58 5.07 5.07 7.11 9.97
130 1.50 1.84 2.58 2.11 3.16 2.76 5.43 5.43 7.61 10.67
131 1.61 1.97 2.76 2.25 3.38 2.95 5.81 5.81 8.14 11.42
132 1.72 2.11 2.95 2.41 3.62 3.16 6.21 6.21 8.71 12.21
133 1.84 2.25 3.16 2.58 3.87 3.38 6.65 6.65 9.32 13.07
134 1.97 2.41 3.38 2.76 4.14 3.62 7.11 7.11 9.97 13.98
135 2.11 2.58 3.62 2.95 4.43 3.87 7.61 7.61 10.67 14.96
136 2.25 2.76 3.87 3.16 4.74 4.14 8.14 8.14 11.42 16.00
137 2.41 2.95 4.14 3.38 5.07 4.43 8.71 8.71 12.21 17.12
138 2.58 3.16 4.43 3.62 5.43 4.74 9.32 9.32 13.07 18.32
139 2.76 3.38 4.74 3.87 5.81 5.07 9.97 9.97 13.98 19.60
140 2.95 3.62 5.07 4.14 6.21 5.43 10.67 10.67 14.96 20.97
141 3.16 3.87 5.43 4.43 6.65 5.81 11.42 11.42 16.00 22.44
142 3.38 4.14 5.81 4.74 7.11 6.21 12.21 12.21 17.12 24.01
143 3.62 4.43 6.21 5.07 7.61 6.65 13.07 13.07 18.32 25.69
144 3.87 4.74 6.65 5.43 8.14 7.11 13.98 13.98 19.60 27.48
145 4.14 5.07 7.11 5.81 8.71 7.61 14.96 14.96 20.97 29.40
146 4.43 5.43 7.61 6.21 9.32 8.14 16,00 16.00 22.44 31.46
147 4.74 5.81 8.14 6.65 9.97 8.71 17.12 17.12 24.01 33.66
148 5.07 6.21 8.71 7.11 10.67 9.32 18.32 18.32 25.69 36.01
149 5.43 6.65 9.32 7.61 11.42 9.97 19.60 19.60 27.48 38.53
150 5.81 7.11 9.97 8.14 12.21 10.67 20.97 20.97 29.40 41.22
Frequency f (MHz): 1800
BTS antenna height hb (in): 15
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul S3 S2 51 F2 Fl 02 01 W
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.28 0.34 0.47 0.39 0.56 0.50 0.92 0.92 1.25 1.71
121 0.30 0.36 0.50 0.41 0.60 0.53 0.98 0.98 1.33 1.82
122 0.32 0.39 0.53 0.44 0.63 0.56 1.04 1.04 1.42 1.93
123 0.34 0.41 0.56 0.47 0.67 0.60 1.11 1.11 1.51 2.06
124 0.36 0.44 0.60 0.50 0.72 0.63 1.18 1.18 1.60 2.19
125 0.39 0.47 0.63 0.53 0.76 0.67 1.25 1.25 1.71 2.33
126 0.41 0.50 0.67 0.56 0.81 0.72 1.33 1.33 1.82 2.48
127 0.44 0.53 0.72 0.60 0.86 0.76 1.42 1.42 1.93 2.63
128 0.47 0.56 0.76 0.63 0.92 0.81 1.51 1.51 2.06 2.80
129 0.50 0.60 0.81 0.67 0.98 0.86 1.60 1.60 2.19 2.98
130 0.53 0.63 0.86 0.72 1.04 0.92 1.71 1.71 2.33 3.17
131 0.56 0.67 0.92 0.76 1.11 0.98 1.82 1.82 2.48 3.37
132 0.60 0.72 0.98 0.81 1.18 1.04 1.93 1.93 2.63 3.59
133 0.63 0.76 1.04 0.86 1.25 1.11 2.06 2.06 2.80 3.82
134 0.67 0.81 1.11 0.92 1.33 1.18 2.19 2.19 2.98 4.06
135 0.72 0.86 1.18 0.98 1.42 1.25 2.33 2.33 3.17 4.32
136 0.76 0.92 1.25 1.04 1.51 1.33 2.48 2.48 3.37 4.60
137 0.81 0.98 1.33 1.11 1.60 1.42 2.63 2.63 3.59 4.89
138 0.86 1.04 1.42 1.18 1.71 1.51 2.80 2.80 3.82 5.20
139 0.92 1.11 1.51 1.25 1.82 1.60 2,98 2.98 4.06 5.54
140 0.98 1.18 1.60 1.33 1.93 1.71 3.17 3.17 4.32 5.89
141 1.04 1.25 1.71 1.42 2.06 1.82 3.37 3.37 4.60 6.27
142 1.11 1.33 1.82 1.51 2.19 1.93 3.59 3.59 4.89 6.67
143 1.18 1.42 1.93 1.60 2.33 2.06 3.82 3.82 5.20 7.09
144 1.25 1.51 2.06 1.71 2.48 2.19 4.06 4.06 5.54 7.54
145 1.33 1.60 2.19 1.82 2.63 2.33 4.32 4.32 5.89 8.03
146 1.42 1.71 2.33 1.93 2.80 2.48 4.60 4.60 6.27 8.54
147 1.51 1.82 2.48 2.06 2.98 2.63 4.89 4.89 6.67 9.08
148 1.60 1.93 2.63 2.19 3.17 2.80 5.20 5.20 7.09 9.66
149 1.71 2.06 2.80 2.33 3.37 2.98 5.54 5.54 7.54 10.28
150 1.82 2.19 2.98 2.48 3.59 3.17 5.89 5.89 8.03 10.94
Frequency f (MHz): 1800
BTS antenna height hb (in): 30
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul S3 S2 51 F2 Fl 02 01 w
Corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
120 0.28 0.34 0.47 0.39 0.56 0.50 0.92 0.92 1.25 1.71
121 0.30 0.36 0.50 0.41 0.60 0.53 0.98 0.98 1.33 1.82
122 0.32 0.39 0.53 0.44 0.63 0.56 1.04 1.04 1.42 1.93
123 0.34 0.41 0.56 0.47 0.67 0.60 1.11 1.11 1.51 2.06
124 0.36 0.44 0.60 0.50 0.72 0.63 1.18 1.18 1.60 2.19
125 0.39 0.47 0.63 0.53 0.76 0.67 1.25 1.25 1.71 2.33
126 0.41 0.50 0.67 0.56 0.81 0.72 1.33 1.33 1.82 2.48
127 0.44 0.53 0.72 0.60 0.86 0.76 1.42 1.42 1.93 2.63
128 0.47 0.56 0.76 0.63 0.92 0.81 1.51 1.51 2.06 2.80
129 0.50 0.60 0.81 0.67 0.98 0.86 1.60 1.60 2.19 2.98
130 0.53 0.63 0.86 0.72 1.04 0.92 1.71 1.71 2.33 3.17
131 0.56 0.67 0.92 0.76 1.11 0.98 1.82 1.82 2.48 3.37
132 0.60 0.72 0.98 0.81 1.18 1.04 1.93 1.93 2.63 3.59
133 0.63 0.76 1.04 0.86 1.25 1.11 2.06 2.06 2.80 3.82
134 0.67 0.81 1.11 0.92 1.33 1.18 2.19 2.19 2.98 4.06
135 0.72 0.86 1.18 0.98 1.42 1.25 2.33 2.33 3.17 4.32
136 0.76 0.92 1.25 1.04 1.51 1.33 2.48 2.48 3.37 4.60
137 0.81 0.98 1.33 1.11 1.60 1.42 2.63 2.63 3.59 4.89
138 0.86 1.04 1.42 1.18 1.71 1.51 2.80 2.80 3.82 5.20
139 0.92 1.11 1.51 1.25 1.82 1.60 2.98 2.98 4.06 5.54
140 0.98 1.18 1.60 1.33 1.93 1.71 3.17 3.17 4.32 5.89
141 1.04 1.25 1.71 1.42 2.06 1.82 3.37 3.37 4.60 6.27
142 1.11 1.33 1.82 1.51 2.19 1.93 3.59 3.59 4.89 6.67
143 1.18 1.42 1.93 1.60 2.33 2.06 3.82 3.82 5.20 7.09
144 1.25 1.51 2.06 1.71 2.48 2.19 4.06 4.06 5.54 7.54
145 1.33 1.60 2.19 1.82 2.63 2.33 4.32 4.32 5.89 8.03
146 1.42 1.71 2.33 1.93 2.80 2.48 4.60 4.60 6.27 8.54
147 1.51 1.82 2.48 2.06 2.98 2.63 4.89 4.89 6.67 9.08
148 1.60 1.93 2.63 2.19 3.17 2.80 5.20 5.20 7.09 9.66
149 1.71 2.06 2.80 2.33 3.37 2.98 5.54 5.54 7.54 10.28
150 1.82 2.19 2.98 2.48 3.59 3.17 5.89 5.89 8.03 10.94
Frequency f (MHz): 1800
BTS antenna height hb (in): 45
MS antenna height hm (in): 1.5
clutter class: U2 Ul S3 52 Si F2 Fl 02 01 W
corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
120 0.39 0.48 0.68 0.55 0.83 0.72 1.42 1.42 2.00 2.80
121 0.42 0.52 0.72 0.59 0.89 0.53 1.52 1.52 2.14 3.00
122 0.45 0.55 0.78 0.63 0.95 0.56 1.63 1.63 2.29 3.21
123 0.48 0.59 0.83 0.68 1.02 0.60 1.74 1.74 2.45 3.43
124 0.52 0.63 0.89 0.72 1.09 0.63 1.87 1.87 2.62 3.67
125 0.55 0.68 0.95 0.78 1.16 0.67 2.00 2.00 2.80 3.93
126 0.59 0.72 1.02 0.83 1.24 0.72 2.14 2.14 3.00 4.20
127 0.63 0.78 1.09 0.89 1.33 0.76 2.29 2.29 3.21 4.49
128 0.68 0.83 1.16 0.95 1.42 0.81 2.45 2.45 3.43 4.81
129 0.72 0.89 1.24 1.02 1.52 0.86 2.62 2.62 3.67 5.14
130 0.78 0.95 1.33 1.09 1.63 0.92 2.80 2.80 3.93 5.50
131 0.83 1.02 1.42 1.16 1.74 0.98 3.00 3.00 4.20 5.89
132 0.89 1.09 1.52 1.24 1.87 1.04 3.21 3.21 4.49 6.30
133 0.95 1.16 1.63 1.33 2.00 1.11 3.43 3.43 4.81 6.74
134 1.02 1.24 1.74 1.42 2.14 1.18 3.67 3.67 5.14 7.21
135 1.09 1.33 1.87 1.52 2.29 1.25 3.93 3.93 5.50 7.72
136 1.16 1.42 2.00 1.63 2.45 1.33 4.20 4.20 5.89 8.26
137 1.24 1.52 2.14 1.74 2.62 1.42 4.49 4.49 6.30 8.83
138 1.33 1.63 2.29 1.87 2.80 1.51 4.81 4.81 6.74 9.45
139 1.42 1.74 2.45 2.00 3.00 1.60 5.14 5.14 7.21 10.11
140 1.52 1.87 2.62 2.14 3.21 1.71 5.50 5.50 7.72 10.82
141 1.63 2.00 2.80 2.29 3.43 1.82 5.89 5.89 8.26 11.58
142 1.74 2.14 3.00 2.45 3.67 1.93 6.30 6.30 8.83 12.39
143 1.87 2.29 3.21 2.62 3.93 2.06 6.74 6.74 9.45 13.25
144 2.00 2.45 3.43 2.80 4.20 2.19 7.21 7.21 10.11 14.18
U
145 2.14 2.62 3.67 3.00 4.49 2.33 7.72 7.72 10.82 15.17
146 2~29 2.80 3.93 3.21 4.81 2.48 8.26 8.26 6.27 16.23
147 2.45 3.00 4.20 343 5.14 2.63 8.83 8.83 6.67 17.36
148 2.62 3.21 4.49 3.67 550 2.80 9~45 945 7.09 1858
149 2.80 3.43 4.81 3.93 589 2.98 10.11 10.11 7.54 19.88
150 3.00 3.67 514 420 6.30 5.50 10.82 1O~82 803 21.27
6
Clutter class: U2 Ul S3 S2 Si F2 Fl 02 01 w
Corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.27 0.33 0.44 0.37 0.53 0.47 0.88 0.88 1.19 1.63
121 0.29 0.35 0.47 0.39 0.57 0.50 0.93 0.93 1.27 1.73
122 0.31 0.37 0.50 0.42 0.60 0.53 0.99 0.99 1.35 1.84
123 0.33 0.39 0.53 0.44 0.64 0.57 1.05 1.05 1.44 1.96
124 0.35 0.42 0.57 0.47 0.68 0.60 1.12 1.12 1.53 2.08
125 0.37 0.44 0.60 0.50 0.73 0.64 1.19 1.19 1.63 2.22
126 0.39 0.47 0.64 0.53 0.77 0.68 1.27 1.27 1.73 2.36
127 0.42 0.50 0.68 0.57 0.82 0.73 1.35 1.35 1.84 2.51
128 0.44 0.53 0.73 0.60 0.88 0.77 1.44 1.44 1.96 2.67
129 0.47 0.57 0.77 0.64 0.93 0.82 1.53 1.53 2.08 2.84
130 0.50 0.60 0.82 0.68 0.99 0.88 1.63 1.63 2.22 3.02
131 0.53 0.64 0.88 0.73 1.05 0.93 1.73 1.73 2.36 3.21
132 0.57 0.68 0.93 0.77 1.12 0.99 1.84 1.84 2.51 3.42
133 0.60 0.73 0.99 0.82 1.19 1.05 1.96 1.96 2.67 3.64
134 0.64 0.77 1.05 0.88 1.27 1.12 2.08 2.08 2.84 3.87
135 0.68 0.82 1.12 0.93 1.35 1.19 2.22 2.22 3.02 4.11
136 0.73 0.88 1.19 0.99 1.44 1.27 2.36 2.36 3.21 4.38
137 0.77 0.93 1.27 1.05 1.53 1.35 2.51 2.51 3.42 4.66
138 0.82 0.99 1.35 1.12 1.63 1.44 2.67 2.67 3.64 4.95
139 0.88 1.05 1.44 1.19 1.73 1.53 2.84 2.84 3.87 5.27
140 0.93 1.12 1.53 1.27 1.84 1.63 3.02 3.02 4.11 5.61
141 0.99 1.19 1.63 1.35 1.96 1.73 3.21 3.21 4.38 5.96
142 1.05 1.27 1.73 1.44 2.08 1.84 3.42 3.42 4.66 6.35
143 1.12 1.35 1.84 1.53 2.22 1.96 3.64 3.64 4.95 6.75
144 1.19 1.44 1.96 1.63 2.36 2.08 3.87 3.87 5.27 7.18
4
145 1.27 1.53 2.08 1.73 2.51 2.22 4.11 4.11 5.61 7.64
146 1.35 1.63 2.22 1.84 2.67 2.36 4.38 4.38 5.96 8.13
147 1.44 1.73 2.36 1.96 2.84 2.51 4.66 4.66 6.35 8.65
148 1.53 1.84 2.51 2.08 3.02 2.67 4.95 4.95 6.75 9.20
149 1.63 1.96 2.67 2.22 3.21 2.84 5.27 5.27 7.18 9.79
150 1.73 2.08 2.84 2.36 3.42 3.02 5.61 5.61 7.64 10.41
4 4
Clutter class: U2 Ul S3 52 51 F2 Fl 02 01 W
Corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.33 0.40 0.56 0.46 0.68 0.59 1.14 1.14 1.58 2.19
121 0.35 0.43 0.59 0.49 0.72 0.63 1.22 1.22 1.69 2.34
122 0.38 0.46 0.63 0.52 0.77 0.68 1.30 1.30 1.80 2.50
123 0.40 0.49 0.68 0.56 0.82 0.72 1.39 1.39 1.92 2.67
124 0.43 0.52 0.72 0.59 0.88 0.77 1.48 1.48 2.05 2.85
125 0.46 0.56 0.77 0.63 0.94 0.82 1.58 1.58 2.19 3.04
126 0.49 0.59 0.82 0.68 1.00 0.88 1.69 1.69 2.34 3.25
127 0.52 0.63 0.88 0.72 1.07 0.94 1.80 1.80 2.50 3.46
128 0.56 0.68 0.94 0.77 1.14 1.00 1.92 1.92 2.67 3.70
129 0.59 0.72 1.00 0.82 1.22 1.07 2.05 2.05 2.85 3.95
130 0.63 0.77 1.07 0.88 1.30 1.14 2.19 2.19 3.04 4.22
131 0.68 0.82 1.14 0.94 1.39 1.22 2.34 2.34 3.25 4.50
132 0.72 0.88 1.22 1.00 1.48 1.30 2.50 2.50 3.46 4.80
133 0.77 0.94 1.30 1.07 1.58 1.39 2.67 2.67 3.70 5.13
134 0.82 1.00 1.39 1.14 1.69 1.48 2.85 2.85 3.95 5.47
135 0.88 1.07 1.48 1.22 1.80 1.58 3.04 3.04 4.22 5.84
136 0.94 1.14 1.58 1.30 1.92 1.69 3.25 3.25 4.50 6.24
137 1.00 1.22 1.69 1.39 2.05 1.80 3.46 3.46 4.80 6.66
138 1.07 1.30 1.80 1.48 2.19 1.92 3.70 3.70 5.13 7.11
139 1.14 1.39 1.92 1.58 2.34 2.05 3.95 3.95 5.47 7.59
140 1.22 1.48 2.05 1.69 2.50 2.19 4.22 4.22 5.84 8.10
141 1.30 1.58 2.19 1.80 2.67 2.34 4.50 4.50 6.24 8.65
142 1.39 1.69 2.34 1.92 2.85 2.50 4.80 4.80 6.66 9.24
143 1.48 1.80 2.50 2.05 3.04 2.67 5.13 5.13 7.11 9.86
144 1.58 1.92 2.67 2.19 3.25 2.85 5.47 5.47 7.59 10.53
4
145 1.69 2.05 2.85 2.34 3.46 3.04 5.84 5.84 8.10 11.24
146 1.80 2.19 3.04 2.50 3.70 3.25 6.24 6.24 8.65 12.00
147 1.92 2.34 3.25 2.67 3.95 3.46 6.66 6.66 9.24 12.81
148 2.05 2.50 3.46 2.85 4.22 3.70 7.11 7.11 9.86 13.67
149 2.19 2.67 3.70 3.04 4.50 3.95 7.59 7.59 10.53 14.60
150 2.34 2.85 3.95 3.25 4.80 4.22 8.10 8.10 11.24 15.58
4
clutter class: U2 Ul 53 S2 51 F2 Fl 02 01 W
Corr.factorLc(dB) 0 3 8 5 11 9 19 19 24 29
L(db) d(kin)
120 0.37 0.46 0.64 0.52 0.79 0.69 1.35 1.35 1.89 2.65
121 0.40 0.49 0.69 0.56 0.84 0.73 1.44 1.44 2.03 2.84
122 0.43 0.52 0.73 0.60 0.90 0.79 1.55 1.55 2.17 3.04
123 0.46 0.56 0.79 0.64 0.96 0.84 1.65 1.65 2.32 3.25
124 0.49 0.60 0.84 0.69 1.03 0.90 1.77 1.77 2.48 3.48
125 0.52 0.64 0.90 0.73 1.10 0.96 1.89 1.89 2.65 3.72
126 0.56 0.69 0.96 0.79 1.18 1.03 2.03 2.03 2.84 3.98
127 0.60 0.73 1.03 0.84 1.26 1.10 2.17 2.17 3.04 4.26
128 0.64 0.79 1.10 0.90 1.35 1.18 2.32 2.32 3.25 4.56
129 0.69 0.84 1.18 0.96 1.44 1.26 2.48 2.48 3.48 4.88
130 0.73 0.90 1.26 1.03 1.55 1.35 2.65 2.65 3.72 5.22
131 0.79 0.96 1.35 1.10 1.65 1.44 2.84 2.84 3.98 5.58
132 0.84 1.03 1.44 1.18 1.77 1.55 3.04 3.04 4.26 5.97
133 0.90 1.10 1.55 1.26 1.89 1.65 3.25 3.25 4.56 6.39
134 0.96 1.18 1.65 1.35 2.03 1.77 3.48 3.48 4.88 6.84
135 1.03 1.26 1.77 1.44 2.17 1.89 3.72 3.72 5.22 7.31
136 1.10 1.35 1.89 1.55 2.32 2.03 3.98 3.98 5.58 7.83
137 1.18 1.44 2.03 1.65 2.48 2.17 4.26 4.26 5.97 8.37
138 1.26 1.55 2.17 1.77 2.65 2.32 4.56 4.56 6.39 8.96
139 1.35 1.65 2.32 1.89 2.84 2.48 4.88 4.88 6.84 9.58
140 1.44 1.77 2.48 2.03 3.04 2.65 5.22 5.22 7.31 10.25
141 1.55 1.89 2.65 2.17 3.25 2.84 5.58 5.58 7.83 10.97
142 1.65 2.03 2.84 2.32 3.48 3.04 5.97 5.97 8.37 11.74
143 1.77 2.17 3.04 2.48 3.72 3.25 6.39 6.39 8.96 12.56
144 1.89 2.32 3.25 2.65 3.98 3.48 6.84 6.84 9.58 13.44
145 2.03 2.48 3.48 2.84 4.26 3.72 7.31 7.31 10.25 14.38
146 2.17 2.65 3.72 3.04 4.56 3.98 7.83 7.83 10.97 15.38
147 2.32 2.84 3.98 3.25 4.88 4.26 8.37 8.37 11.74 16.46
148 2.48 3.04 4.26 3.48 5.22 4.56 8.96 8.96 12.56 17.61
149 2.65 3.25 4.56 3.72 5.58 4.88 9.58 9.58 13.44 18.84
150 2.84 3.48 4.88 3.98 5.97 5.22 10.25 10.25 14.38 20.16