Hi thio qua gia lin the NX: Mo sd win dé chon loe eva Cog mee thang tin ws travén thon Quy Non, 25.24p him 017 Phan loai lép phi anh vé tinh dya trén mat do va thuat toan k-Means Mai Dinh Sinh Dang Trong Hop Trimg Dai hoe Cong nghié dangtronghop@gmail.com Tom wit: Phan cum dit ligu 1A phan chia mét tip dit ligu cho truée vé cic cym khae nhau, sao cho dit liu trong mgt cum c6 su twong dong nhau vé thuge tinh. C6 nhigu phuong phip dé phan cum anh vé tinh, trong 46 pho bién nh cde thuft toan k-Means, e- Means, Iso-data, Minimun distance. Mai phuong phap £6 nbimg wu nhuge diém nhit dinh, song nhin chung éu dyra vio mau sic dé phan chia céc digm anh vé cae cum tuong ting. Trén thye té mit d9 cia ede digm anh ¢6 anh hong nhét djnh dén két qua phan cum Anh 6 mit do lén thi chang c6 kha ning gin voi tim cum hon. Trong bai bao nay ching tai dé xuat phuong phap phan cum anh ¥¢ tinh dya trén mat d9, gom 2 bude chinh: Tim trong tam cum dya trén mit dé va phan cum dit ligu voi cae trong tim vira tim duge sir dung thuit ton k-Means, Két qu nh§n duge trong fn ciru 6 thé sir dung nhim nang cao d) chin xc khi phiin logi cae doi twyng trén anh v@ tinh, Tir khda: anh vién tham; k-means; mat 4; phan cym 1 GIGI THIEU Hién nay qua trinh d6 thj héa dién ra nhanh chong 6 hau hét cac noi, phuong phap phin cum truyén thong dua trén do dae thye dia cho do chinh xe cao, tuy nhién chi phi cao va tn rit nhiéu thoi gian, véi tée dé dé thj héa nhanh chéng nhir hign nay, néu chi ding phuong phép wuyén thong thi khng thé dap img duge khi can phai do dae trén pham vi trong 16n cap tinh tré lén trong théi gia ngn. Phan doan anh vién tham 14 mot khau hét site quan trong trong xtr ly anh vé tinh [1]. Két qua pha cum anh vé tinh 6 thé duge sir dung phye vu cde muc dich khac nhau, tir quy hoach 46 thi, quan ly va nghién ctu tai nguyén thién nhién — khoding sin, gidm sat méi trudng dén quée phong ~ an ninh, Do dac diém vé chat lugng cua anh vé tinh thudng chiu anh huong boi dieu kign thai tiét va d6 chinh xéc cua thiét bj do dac nén viée phan loai cae déi tugng, uén anh thuong kha kh khan va d6 chinh xéc khong cao [2]. 208 Ng6 Thanh Long Hoe vign KY thuit Quin sy ngotlong@gmail.com Truong Quéc Hing Hoe vién KY thuat Quan sy truongghung@gmail.com C6 nhigu phuomg php phan cum anh v6 tinh op 4p pha Mt phuong phap phan nguéng (manual thresholds phuong phap phin cum tw dong khéng gidm Be (unsupervised classification), phuong_phip ps cum tyr dong cé gidm sat (supervised classification) phong phip sir dung logic mé [2....Trong ei, phuong phip phin cum nay thuimg sit dung mots, thuat toan pho bien nhu Kkhoang eich ngin nit (minimum distance), k — Means, ¢ ~ Means, Iso. data, fuzzy c-means,.... Céc thuat toén phin com nay nay cho yéu déu cling chién luge dua vio my sic dé phan chia thinh ede cum ma khong quan tin dén mat 49 ca cée diém anh, trong khi d6 hing diém c6 mat d6 cdng cao thi eng gin véi trong tim cum hon Tiéu biéu trong phuong phap phan cym dua trén at dd Ki thugt toan DBSCAN (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise), thuit tozin ny c6 thé khaim pha cde cum e6 hinh dang bit, kj, phan chia khu vue ¢6 mat do cao cho ede cum vi khéng phu thudc vao kich thude ctia dit ligu. Tuy nhién kh khan cia thudt todn nay Li kho tim duge ban kinh t6i uu cua ham mat dé xung quang mii diém anh, bén canh dé théi gian thye hign cia thult totin nay Li kha chim, dae bigt khi thir nghigm tra cdc tip dit ligu lén nhu dit ligu anh vé tinh, Co. nhieu nghién citu cai tién phuong phap dua trén mit dd. nhu ctia Benjamin va cong su [5] da sir dung vor long mat 46 dya trén lui, trong khi nhom nghié ciru ctta Chen [6] eai tién thuat toin DBSCAN bing eich mé rong cdc cum boi vige sit dung biér (BDBSCAN) etia cae di targng nla ki mot diém anh n gidm thdi gian tinh toan. Cae cai tién nly 6° giam dang ké thoi gian phan cum nhumg lai hung dén d6 ehinh, xae ca két qui phan eum Dé giai quyét van dé trén, trong bai bao de a Phuong phap tinh ton trong tim gan ding dva Us mat dO cua diém anh, tir trong tim gan ding na thé dé dang phan cum bang thudt toan k-Meanspoithio qudc han loai anh vg tinh, Bai a june v0 phi oak an i bdo we ie chinh: Phan I gidi thigu, phan 2 co 38 koa igo FF phone phip dé xudt, phan 3 thye nghigm va piv 4 KEE Tu 11, COSO KHOA HOC VA PHUONG PHAP. DE XUAT 4. Casi Khoa hoe Mat d9: Khai nigm mat dO ¢6 thé duge hiéu la dgi luong thé hign Iuong vat chat trén mdi don vj do (chigu dai, dign tich the tich,...). Nhu vay, mit do giém anh chinh Ia tin xudt xuat hign diém anh trén ‘mdi don vi do, théng thuing trong phin cum anh trong tm cia cée cum 1a gid tri trung binh cu iain anh, vi vay néu diém anh nao e6 tin xuat xuat hign cing nhigu thi diém anh dé cing gan véi trong tam hon. Thuat ton k-Means: Tw tuéng chinh cia thuit toin k-Means 1a tim eich phan nhom cae déi twang di cho vio C cum (duge xie dinh true) sao cho ting binh phurong khoaing cach J gitta cde déi tong, én tam cum 1a nho nha: y=SD x, I is IP a la diém anh thir i, v Trong dé 2 i tim eum thir C la tap cée diém anh thude cum thie j tai bude lap thir t. Cae diém anh s8 duge gin vé cde cum dya vao him kho’ng cich trong khong gian miu theo cng thite sau: 5 =S!" fx, sx, —y) wn e) Iistx, iy Véi * =1,6 Cép nhat lai trong tim cae cum theo céng thive sau 1 y= _ DP», (3) 1 a ir ; Thuat ton k_Means sé dimg lai khi di s6 vong ip hodc khong c6 sy thay doi cua tong binh phuong lhoing céch gita cde diém anh dén cde tim cum, Ket qua cudi cung sé la céc cym dit ligu. 8. Phuong phép dé xudt Mot tong nhimg khé khan cua Phin cum la vige khai tao cde trong tim « dau, vige Khoi tao cdc trong tam cum ban dau ¢6 anh bing dén 6 bude thye hign vi HEU nhw tam cum khéi tio qué gan nhau hoe qua ‘hau se d& din dén hoi ty cue BG, diéu nay lam cho “hudt toan phn cum hoa la 46 chinh xde thap hoa fc thudt toan m cum ban Bia lin thie XX: Mot s5 vin dé-chon toe eg m, # chon loc ctia Cong (6 ea Cong ne hong tin vs truyén thing - Quy Nhu, 23-24/11/2017 | khong dn dinh. Vi vay, edn phai co mot céch tiép Cin dé khoi to trong tam ca cic eum gitip eho cde thuat ton phan cum dn dinh va higu qua. Chinh vi vay, 161 dé xuit phurmg php phan cym dya trén mat 46 ciia diém anh va thuat todn k-Means (D-kMeans) 4p dung vao phan loai lap pha trén anh v6 tinh. , Xuit phat tir ¥ twdng, trong tim cae cum s@ nm gan cde miu dir ligu mi c6 mat 46 1m, tuy hi vigc Iva chon mot lin can dé tinh mat 46 cho céc mau dir ligu thudmg kha kh6 khan va ¢6 anh huang on t6i qua trinh tinh todn. Ching toi dung khai niém Phuong sai mau trong thing ké toan hoc dé giai uyét cho van dé chon lan cn ca mot diém dit ligu. Ta xét tap dir ligu dau X vao gom n mau di ligu: X=(x,.x,) va xR’. Khi do, ky vong mau: 4) (6) Ta xét lin can cia méi diém anh nam trong hinh cdu ban kinh r duge dinh nghia theo dé léch tia |. voi r=mins, trong khéng gian k chiéu, raed Mat dé ciia méi diém anh x, €X duge dinh nghia hu sau: D,=>Ter-|x,-x,|) 7(2 Goi "la tap cée diém anh xép theo thir ty ¢6 mat d@ ti ca xudng thip. Tim diém anh x, thoa man diéu kign: D.= max D, Isjsm 0 Dua x, vao tip két qua y, theo cong thie sau: V=V bt (8) Sau khi tim durge diém anh c6 mat dé lon nhat, cin phai loai bo anh huong cia tp cic diém anh nim trong hinh céu cé bin kinh 7 6 trén ra khoi tap cae diém anh ban dau boi vi cée diém anh nay c6 xu hy é cum ma c6 tim cum LA x, goi ¥ la tip chia céc diém anh nim trong hinh cdu ban kinh 7. Tinh y ={x,.r—[x, —x, I= 0} ¥a thy mg sé thude hign loai cde diém anh trong tap Y khoi tap X: X=XVY Sau dé lai lap lai trén tap tp X 48 tim p theo, nu * =$ hoae da s6 céc trong tam cum 209HB tho que gia in thie XX: Mit s6 win dé chon loc tug trong tim cym thi dimg. Cudi cing ta sé cb tip céc tim cum V6i cach tigp cn trén 6 thé tinh ton durge trong tam gin ding cia ede eum, tir tryng tim gin ding nay f@ ho’ todn ¢6 thé sir dung nhing thugt todn phan cum thing thirimg dé gin cic diém dinh vé cde cum tong img. trong bai bao nay chung tdi sit dung thuit ton k-Means. Cac bunie cia thust tain D-kMeans nhur sau: Input: Ta xét tip di ligu dau vio X gém n miu a ligu: Y= (x,,) va xR, sé lop can phan cum C. diéu kign dimg © Output: Tp cdc lop dit ligu. . Buoc 1: Tinh ky vong mau va d6 léch tiéu chudn theo céng thire (4) va (5), ban kinh hinh cau r=mins, . je" trong khong gian k chigu Buse 2: Tinh toan mat 46 2 theo céng thitc (6). Buse 3: Tim X, theo cng thite (7), va dua X; vao tip két qua theo (8). Buse 4: Tinh y x,r—lix,—x, 20} 4 thyc hign X= X\Y, néu y=¢ thi chuyén sang bude 5 nguge lai chuyén vé bude 1. Buse S: Dua ra tip cdc trong tim cum v=ty} . Buse 6: Gan cc diém anh vé cdc cum theo céng thitc (2). Buse 7: Cép nhat Iai trong tam cée cum theo céng thite (3). Buse 8: Didu,kign dimg: M"-/"IS* | aéy thda man thi chuyén sang bude 9, nguge lai quay vé bude 6. Buéc 9: Gan cac diém anh vé cdc cum theo (2) va dua ra két qua phan cum. Thudt toan dé xudt gdm c6 9 bude, trong dé tir bude 1 dén bude 5 duge thyc hién dé tinh ton trong tam gin ding cita cdc cum, cde bude 6 dén 9 Ap dung thuat ton k-Means dé phin loai lop phii dua trén trong tim 43 tinh toan truée 46. Thuat ton nay 6 thé duge ap dung cho céc loai anh da phd khéc ‘nhau, trong dé s6 kénh 1a sé chiéu ctia mai anh, C. Chisé danh gid DE danh gid hiéu qua ciia thuit todn va chat lugng céc cum, véi phan cum ¢6 gidm sit s? dya vio tap dir ligu mau, trong phan cum khéng gidm sat vi Up di ligu mu khong duge biét trude, vi vay dé anh gid chat lwong cac cum, ching tdi sir dung mét 86 chi s6 duge dung phé bién trong phan cym dir ligu hign nay. 210 ‘iia Céng nghé thang tin vis trayén théng ~ Quy Nhon, 2424/1 iy mn Sai sé toan phuong trung binh Ms Squared Error index) (8) SE Mey SExy) = LS (x ~ eg) Ye wy 6 Trong 6, X={x}= (x2, 7 . y={v} ={%oe “ Jah two ing vi dau va anh két qua. Gid tri MSE cing nhs 14, ban Tong phan cum cing tot. chit Chi s6 chat lung hinh anh 1QI (Image on Index) [7]: _ lity 1ol=— 222% (o} +07 6 if Trong 6, X={x} ={x, a FW Darn} a nh ban du va anh bit Gia tri tét nhat ctia 1QT 1a 1 khi * ‘gid tri kém nat la -1 khi 9) =2* 4-7 = Ul. THUC NGHIEM ‘Dé thir nghiém phuong phép trén, nh6m tic gid sir dung tu ligu anh vé tinh Landsat-7 TM chup ngiy 30 — 09 — 2009 Khu vyc trung tim Thu do Ha Ngi- Hinh 1a) véi tga do (105° 38° 38.8289" E, 21° 07 5.3254" N dén 105° 58" 53.5268" E, 20° 38 14.9711" N). Hin 1b) li anh NDVI, tu ligu én Landsat duge tién xir ly va xde dinh gid tri phin x8 Trong nghién ciru nay thir nghigm phan logi voi ép phi bao gém: séng ngoi, a0, ho (lop dat xay dung (I6p 2); ding 6, thye ve thira (lop 3); cdy gé thap (I6p 4); rimg trong (lop 3) va thye vat day, cay lau nam (lép 6). Thuit win duge thir nghiém trén may tinh Dell Inspiron Cort iS-1.7GHz, RAM 6Gb, GPU NDVIA Geforce 26%. Ap dung thuat toan d@ xuat trén anh ve Landsat-7 véi 7 kénh anh, Céc kénb anh may s& due vao 6 lop vai 6 kiéu thy phi durge m4 1g nhur sau: . Lép 1: Song ngoi, ao hd. £48 Lop 2: Dat tring, dit xay dung. Lép 3: Déng cd, thye vat tha. Lap 4: Cay gé thip. Lop 5: Rimg tréng. MH 1 sp 6: thyc vat day, cay lau nim. Phan tram cia méi lop sé duge tinh nhu sau:agi ehio guile gta Lin the XX: Mrs vd nIN ay trong 46 “1a dign tich eta ving thie," jy sb giém anh cia ving thir /", N 1a tng s6 diém anh cua anh ban dav. inh 2. Két qua phan loa Lip phi tung tim Ha Noi _ Két qua phan loai theo cac thuft toan khéc nhau thé hign trong hinh 2, trong d6 Ln rat cée hinh 2a, 2b, 2c va 2d li két qua khi phan loai sit dung thuat toan k-Means, DBSCAN, BDBSCAN va thuat toan 4 suit D-kMeans, ching t6i di thir nghigm méi ‘thuat toan k-Means, DBSCAN va BDBSCAN 30 Jin Va lay két qua tét nhdt, trong khi voi phuong phap Ciia ching t6i thuat ton chi can chay 1 lin, Nhin hinh 2a nhan théy voi thudt todn k-Means két qué Phan loai bj nhim lin ri Vi trong tam khoi tao n ua xa nhan din dén két qua phan loai gi ©° 49 chinh xe thip, nhiéu lop bi nha ‘e Su. Voi hinh 2b 1a két qua phan loai sit dung thudt ‘bin DBSCAN, nin vao hinh anh ching ta 6 thé 'y ring két qua phan loai con rat nhiéu nbigu lm Sm mau den g khu vue trung tam anh vi khu ve nhigu, diéu niy xiy ra bai chon lee cia Cing nghg ‘hong tin vas trayén thong ~ Quy Nha, 23-2411 1/2017 phia Bic cua song Hong, thudt toin BDBSCAN cho ket qua it nhigu hon so vGi 2 thuat toan trén, tuy nhién khu vue Hé Tay van con nhiéu nhiéu (xem hinh 2c), Véi hinh 2d la két qua phan logi sit dung thuat toan dé xudt, két qua én din véi | lan thyc: hign duy nhat, trén hinh 3d cdc vét nhiéu den va nhiéu khu vyc hd Tay gidm 13 rét so voi 3 phuong Phap edn Iai. Bang 1. TY LE DIEN TICH CAC LAI LOP PHU KHU VUC TRUNG TAM HA NOI(9%) SAU KHI PHAN LOAL [| Zoutabi | iteans | DBSCAN | BDBSCAN D-kMeand }__fugng } ‘Song ngoi, ao ho s7si% | rosa | 7055% | 6.955% Biking ait xayding | 1aaares | ieasses | 19.4430 | 19,4420 Bing co, sige vatthua | 13.208% | 15.2156 | 2 21,206 [Cay gb hip Rig tony The vt diy, cay liu nam’ 16,270% | 18,967% | 19,067%) Bing 2. DO CHINH XAC CUA KET QUA PHAN LOAI Chi : a >. S77 DESCAN) DBSCAN | kMeans i Bang 1 la phan tram vé dign tich cia 6 I6p sau hi phin loai voi 4 thuit todn _kMeans, DBSCAN, BDBSCAN va D4 g thuat toan sy sai k nhat 1 thuit toan kMeans voi thudt toan BDBSCAN. va D-kMeans, trong khi két qua phan loai theo 2 thuit todn nay ©6 sy sai Iéch kha it, Bang 2 la gid tr cae chi so MSE va IQI, dé nhan thay chi sé MSE va 1Q1 giita thudt toan D-kMeans va BDBSCAN cé sy chénh Igch nho véi 0,0001 va 0,0012, trong khi dé ‘cae chi s6 nay véi thudt todn kMeans Id kém nhat véi 0.2413 va 0,2843 tuung ing véi chi sé MSE va IQI, voi thuit toan DBSCAN tuong img 1a 0,1721 va 0.4184 twong img cho MSE va IQL. Didu’ nay cho thay thuat toan D-kMeans cho két qua tét nhit trong s6 3 thuat ton kMeans, DBSCAN va BDBSCAN, Ching t6i thir nghigm trén mét sé anh véi kich thie khie nhau (Bang 3) tn 4 thuét toin kMeans, DBSCAN, BDBSCAN va D-kMeans cho thdy, thay ian thye hign trén thugt toén D-kMeans li nhanh hat véi 1,873s; 3,562s; $,213s lin lugt véi céc anh 66 kich thude 512x512; 1024x1024; 2048x3048, ‘wong tmg. Trong khi 46 thdi gian thye hign etg DBSCAN [a lén nhat véi 24,7845, 1083236 192,873s va kMeans lin Iuot li 10,4535; 57'3875 cdc lop lon 211Hii thao qude gia In tht XX: Mbt x6 vdn dé chon foe ea CO 112,644s véi anh cing kich thude, thugt todn BDBSCAN e6 thi gian thye hign nhanh hon so voi kMeans va nhanh hon ahigu so visi DBSCAN va voi kkich thuée anh ting din thi sy chénh Ich ve thei gian thyc hign ciing kin dan. Bang 3. THO! GIAN (3) TINH TOAN TREN 4 THUAT ‘TOAN B D- DBSCAN | kMeans kMeans | DBSCAN tucire an Sioxsi2_ | 10ae2 | 24784 | 2561 | 1,873 Torsx1024 | 57.387 | 108323 | 9.104 | 3.562 oasx2048 | 112,644 | 192.873 | 21,082 | 5213 Nhu vay trén cing mét logi dir ligu véi cdc thir nghiém trén, cé thé nhin thay ring thugt toan D- kMeans ma chiing t6i dé xuat cho ket qué phan cum t6t bing hoac hon so véi thuat toan BDBSCAN va tét hon nhiéu so v6i cac thuat toan kMeans va DBSCAN. Mat khéc thdi gian tinh toan cing nhanh hon 3 thuat todn con lai. Diéu nay cé thé ly gidi ring, phuong php ciia chting tdi bén canh viéc tim ra cac trong tim cym gan ding giup cho viée phan cum Khéng bi roi vio h6i tu cuc b6 thi viée dp dung thuat to’n kMeans véi tap tim cum gan ding da gidm thiéu duge sé bude lap do dé gidm thiéu dugc thai gian ciia thuat todn phan cum. IV. KET LUAN Bai bao da trinh bay phuong phap cai tién thuat toan kMeans dia trén mt 46 diém anh (D-kMeans), cdc thir nghiém cho thay phuong phap ma tac gid dé xuat c6 d6 chinh xdc cao hon so véi cdc thuat toan Means, DBSCAN va BDBSCAN. Khi thir nghigm trén céc anh cé kich thude khéc nhau thi gian thye hign cia thuat toin D-kMeans nhanh hon ca 3 thuat toan trén, dic biét 1a nhanh hon thudt_todn BDBSCAN dén 1,5 lan, day a thuit toan cai tién ti thuat toan DBSCAN. Nhu vay co thé két lun rang phuong phép ma ching tdi dé xuat cho ét qua tét ca vé chat lugng cdc cym Jan thi gian thyc hién thuat todn, trong trudng hgp yéu cu 46 chinh xéc Khng cao va khu vye thir nghigm rdng Ién thi 212 nghé thang tin va truyén thong ~ Quy Nha, 23. zany 207 phuong phip nay c6 thé duge sit dung gg bién dong lép phi mét céch han oh tinh a thigu durge thi gian va cong sire, Bid, LOI CAM ON Nehién fru nay duge tai to b6i Qu ‘ khoa hoc va cong nghé Quéc gia (Nar ne trong dé tai m& so 102.05-2016.09. STED) TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1] Trinh Lé Hing, Mai Dinh Sinb, “Pbathign va pha 1) Tee adore eu anh ENVISAGE et en dung pi Be thch mghi Va Fuzzy logic™ Topeak bs, 2014, trang 49-55. Ph Dla [2] Mai Dinh Sinh, Trinh Lé Hing, Bao in “Uhsupervised Classification using Furs) py A furry Cusiering for LANDSAT Sut ee? H@i thao Ung dung GIS ton quéc 2015, trang 7-11 7 {3} All Asghar Torahi, Suresh Chand Rei, “Land Co faery =A Case Study in. Dehdee Aen af Dass Mreein im tran, Journal of Geographic tions, Spare, Vol 3/2011, 1-11, doi 1042365201310 [4] Davies, DL, Bouldin, D.W., “A. chste spn Pessure”, IEEE Transactions ‘on Pater Ans ea Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1 No" 219%, ax TO IT09/TPANLI979 4766909, (5) Benjamin Peherstorer, Dirk Pfoger, Hansa Danaus, “Clustering Based on Densty Estate ni Spun Grids KI2012: Advances in Arial tiene ree Notes in, Computer Seiene, pp I3T-H2, a pou dovorg10.10019978-3-642-33347-7 12 {61 Dongming Chen, Yun Yan, Donggi, Wang, “Daasy Chtcring Based on. Border Expanding’. 206 10 Irtonutithal Confrence on Natural Computton, IEE PmeTO-678, do 10 1T09TCNC-20186975916, 17) Wang Z. and Bovik A. C. “A ‘universal image quality Index "IEEE signal processing ltrs, vl 9, 20.3 Mish S002: 81-88, dor 10. 110997 998823, [8] Wang 2. and Bovik A. C, “Mean squared evr. i tt Teave inv look a signal acy mewsues” Sonal processing. magarne, January 208, 5888/09/$25.00©2009IEEE: 98-117, oi 10.1109MSP 2008-930049. sot [9] R. Geerken, B, Zatchik, J.P, Evans, “Classifving ome Segeation ype and coverage fm NDVL te et Foner Eitetea Cycle Simarity, neoationl SONS Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, No. 2+ (2005, 5535-5554 ‘http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/0143 1 160500300297 (10) htp:/glovis.usgs.gov oN