Fluid Mechanics II

Chapter 4: Viscids Flow

Dr. Esteban Valencia

July 7, 2016

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 1/1

Syllabus developed

Inviscid flow theory

Equations governing fluid
Inviscid and incompressible flow
Viscos flow: Part 2
Boundary layer
Von Karman integral to boundary layer

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 2/1

Syllabus developed

Inviscid flow theory

Equations governing fluid
Inviscid and incompressible flow
Viscos flow: Part 2
Boundary layer
Von Karman integral to boundary layer

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 2/1

Outline

Theory
The navier-stokes equations
Special Flows
Coutte Flow
Poiseuille Flow

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The navier-stokes equations
This model let us apply Newtos law in the form F=ma.
Velocity
Components
v y

( yx +( yx/ y) dy)dx dz
u
h
g

w
(p + ( p/ x) dx)dy dz
dy dx dy
zx
e ( xx +( xx/ x) dx)dy dz
p dy dz dx f
dy dz d c x
dz

dx dz ( + ( zx/ z) dz)dx dy
yx
zx
a b

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The navier-stokes equations

Write the net force in the x direction acting on the fluid element:
     
p xx
Fx = p p + dx dydz + xx + dx xx dydz
x x
     
yx zx
+ yx + dy yx dxdz + zx + dz zx dxdy
y z

 
p xx yx zx
Fx = + + + dxdydz
x x y z

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 5/1

The navier-stokes equations

The mass of the fluid element is fixed and is equal to:

m = dx dy dz

The substantial derivative is:

Du
ax =
Dt
Combining two Equations, we obtain:

Du p xx yx zx
= + + +
Dt x x y z

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The navier-stokes equations

Similar for y and z components:

Dv p xy yy zy
= + + +
Dt y x y z

Dw p xz yz zz
= + + +
Dt z x y z

With the expressions for xy = yx , yz = zy , zx = xz , xx , yy , and zz ,

the Navier-Stokes equations, can be written as:

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The navier-stokes equations
Equation for x-direction
 
u u u u p u
+ u + v + w = + .V + 2
t x y z x x x
     
v u u w
+ + + +
y x y z z x
Equation for y-direction
  
v v v v p v u
+ u + v + w = + +
t x y z y x x y
    
v w v
+ .V + 2 + +
y y z y z
Equation for z-direction
  
w w w w p u w
+ u + v + w = + +
t x y z z x z x
    
w v w
+ + + .V + 2
y y z z z

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Special Flows

Couette Flow
Moving plate

ue

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Couette Flow

, on plate

y=D Moving plate ue

At y=D: u=ue,T=Te
qe
e, on luid
y
D Parallel streamlines

x qw
w, on luid
At y=0: u=0,T=Tw
y=0
Fixed surface w, on surface

Where:
ue : Flow velocity at y=D
Te : Flow Temperature at y=D
e : Shear Stress at y=D
qe : Heat Transfer at y=D
D: Distance of two plates
Tw : Flow Temperature at y=0
w : Shear Stress at y=0
qw : Heat Transfer at y=0

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Couette Flow

The plates in general will be at different temperatures, thus causing

temperature gradients in the flow.
T
qy = k
y
The kinetic energy of the flow will be partially dissipated by the
influence of friction and will be transformed into internal energy
within the fluid.

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 11 / 1

Couette Flow-2D

x-momentum equation  
u
=0
y
y-momentum equation
p
=0
y
Energy equation
   
T u
k + u =0
y y y y

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics II July 7, 2016 12 / 1

Incompressible Couette Flow

The variation of velocity for incompressible Couette flow is given by:

y 
u = ue
d

And the Shear Stress is given by:

u 
e
=
D

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Two-Dimensional Poiseuille Flow

The walls are not moving, there is no shear stress to drive the flow.

D
y

Velocity, u, is independent of x; i.e., u = u(y).

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Poiseuille Flow

The Navier-Stokes equations, for an steady, incompressible flow.

u v
+ =0
x y
From the y-momentum equation,we have:
p
=0
y

Hence, p varies only in the x direction (x-momentum equation):

 
p u
= = conts
x y y

Note:The pressure gradient is constant along the flow direction.

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Poiseuille Flow
The velocity profile across the flow is:
 
1 dp
y 2 Dy


u=
2 dx

He location of the maximum velocity can be found by:

u
y
Differentiating Equation in boxed are:
 
u 1 dp
= (2y D) = 0
y 2 dx
Where:
D2
 
dp
umax =
8 dx
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Poiseuille Flow
The shear stress at the walls is obtained from:
 
u
w =
y w

where:  
u 1 dp
= (2y D)
y 2 dx
At y = 0:    
u D dp
=
y w 2 dx
Hence, the wall shear stress is:
   
u D dp
w = =
y w 2 dx

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