‘30 CHAPTER? FUNDAMENTAL CONCEFTS AND TERMS TABLES2 Controls jes for Hazard Controls: the Hierarchy of liminate hazards by changing processes so the hazards do no exist Reduce the hazard level through subsiutions, process changes and redesigns. Provide safety devices, such as enclosing a hazard or applying cher engineering contol Provide wamings, which may be visual or auditory Provide administrative conole that inshude: = safety procedres and job changes + safety training, ute of personal protective equipment Concept-Driven Strategies (One can use accident theories and accident sequence models presented earlier in this chapter to help formulate accident ‘prevention strategies. For example, one can apply Haddon’s energy theory to prevent accidents and reduce their conse- quences or one can apply the 4 Ms model :o help think though the elements that may lead to accidents in pasticular simations, The Three Es of Safety Another concept for accident prevention bulls on the Three Es of Safey. The thee Es ae engineering, education, and enforcement. This approach links tothe idea presented earlier that unsafe acis and unsafe conditions resll in accidents, Figure 3-4 shows how the Unee Es Tinks to that idea. Engineering primarily seaks to prevent unsafe conditions. Engineering can also deal with unsafe acs, Later chapters will cover ergonomics and human, behavior as part of safety engineering Education primarily addresses unsafe acts. However, there are many training needs in safety that go beyond unsale acts themselves. Engineers need to know how to recognize and control hazards in their designs. Workers and supervisors need to know how to recognize hazards on the job. They need Accent -— ‘ACCIDENT } INVESTIGATION | ANALYSIS. ¥ PREVENTIVE. ACTION Figure 3-5 actions from accidents, ‘A reactive approach for deriving preventive to know which controls can help prevent accidents. Everyone needs to know which prevention strategies. policies and methods are in place, Enforcement applies to all aspects of accident preven- tion, It ensures implementing and complying with laws, regulation, standards, and policies. A fourth E, enthusiasm, is sometimes added to the first, three Es, It refers to motivating people to follow safe practices and contribute effectively to safety Case-Driven Strategies: A Reactive Approach A reactive approach can be used to develop strategies for preventing accidents illustrates how that Figure 3-5 ¥ ¥ UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE CONDITION ¥ ¥ EDUCATION ENGINEERING —+[enrorcewentJ-— Figure 3-4. A traditional approach for safety improvement that applies the Three Es of Safety