Pleural effusion

Aetiology
Transudates Exudates Classic exudates that can be
transudates
Common causes: Common causes: Malignancy
CCF Pneumonia (bacterial, fungal, TB)
Malignancy PE (80% exudates, 20% transudates)
Cirrhosis Pulmonary infarction (from PE)

Hypoalbuminaemia Other causes:

GI disease -
Peritoneal dialysis Oesophageal rupture (Boerhaaves
syndrome)
Less common causes: Pancreatitis
Hypothyroidism Intra-abdominal abscess
Diaphragmatic hernia
Nephrotic syndrome
Post variceal sclerotherapy
Post liver transplant
Mitral stenosis
(PE)
Collagen vascular diseases -
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rare causes:
Constrictive pericarditits SLE
Drug-induced lupus
SVC obstruction Wegeners syndrome
Churg-Strauss
Ovarian hyperstimulation
Post coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Meigs syndrome (benign ovarian tumour,
ascites, pleural effusion) Asbestos exposure

Sarcoidosis

March 2014
ACI/D14/445
 Uraemia

Radiation therapy

Complication of acute MI (Dresslers

syndrome)

Yellow nail syndrome

Adverse drug reactions (MTX, amiodarone,

nitrofurantoin, phenytoin)

Haemothorax Chylothorax Pseudochylothorax

Post op Malignancy TB
Lymphoma
Trauma Metastatic carcinoma Rheumatoid arthritis

Malignancy Trauma Poorly treated empyema

Penetrating injuries
Pulmonary infarct Post op

TB

Sarcoidosis

Cirrhosis

Amyloidosis

March 2014