Innovative Multi Storey2008 TN

The Doctoral School in Engineering of Civil
and Mechanical Structural Systems
Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering
Course: Advances in Timber Engineering
INNOVATIVE MULTI-
STOREY TIMBER BUILDINGS
Massimo FRAGIACOMO*
*Associate Professor, University of Sassari, Italy,
Email: fragiacomo@uniss.it
Innovative multi-storey buildings
OUTLINE
Damage Avoidance Design

Prestressed LVL moment-resisting
frames and walls
Cross-laminated walls and slabs,
including full-scale building test results
1
CURRENT SEISMIC DESIGN
Old (current) seismic design philosophy:
avoid life losses at any cost
design for reduced seismic forces by
allowing the structure to enter the plastic
phase and to dissipate energy in a number of
plastic hinges (use the behaviour factor q)
Drawback: structure strongly damaged

after the seismic event (economical loss)
DAMAGE AVOIDANCE DESIGN

New (future) seismic design philosophy:
avoid life losses at any cost
design for reduced seismic forces by
allowing the structure to dissipate energy
reduce/avoid residual damage at the end
of the seismic event
Advantage: structure ready for use after
the earthquake (no downtime, no cost of
repair, no economical losses)
2
Traditional New generation
residual
F F
Typically Accepted Damage

(courtesyofDr.A.Palermo) fib 2004 Bulletin n. 27
STRUCTURAL INNOVATION
CENTRE
Research consortium among the Univ. of
Canterbury, the Univ. of Auckland, and the Univ.
of Technology of Sidney with the participation of
the Univ. of Sassari and the Technical
Univ. of Milan for the development
of new generations of multi-storey
timber buildings (prestressed LVL
frames and walls, concrete-timber
composite floors).
Coordinator: prof. Buchanan
3
LVL HYBRID SYSTEMS
New philosophy under development in New
Zealand for seismic resistant timber construction,
in accordance with the Damage Avoidance Design:
the LVL members (shear walls, columns, beams)
are prestressed using unbonded tendons. Some
dissipaters are also placed in the beam-to-
column/wall, column/wall-to-foundation joints.
This results in a structure capable to resist
seismic actions, able to dissipate energy, and
with almost no damage after the seismic event.
LVL HYBRID SYSTEMS
This concept has already been applied for precast concrete

structures (the U.S. PRESSS 5-storey precast concrete test
building, Univ. of California, San Diego, Prof. Priestley)
4
COLUMN-TO-FOUNDATION JOINT
LVL hollow square section prestressed with
unbonded tendons
Steel plates
for external
dissipaters
Cyclic quasi-static test with

no dissipaters
5
M>Mdecompr.:
Post Tensioned only - 50% P.T.
40
30
20
MMdecompr.:
Force [kN]
10
0 Prestress
-100 -50 0 50 100 effect Sum
-10
Load
-20 effect
-30
- -
-40
- + =
Top displacement [mm]
+
The rocking motion of the prestressed LVL

column on the foundation results in a non-
linear elastic force-deflection (and moment-
rotation) relationship.
Advantage: no residual deformation (and,
therefore, no residual damage) at the end of
the seismic event.
6
Disadvantage: no energy dissipation,

therefore high displacement demand (and
non-structural damage) during the seismic
event and behaviour factor close to 1.
How to improve the seismic performance?
By installing an elasto-plastic dissipater in
parallel with the LVL column (hybrid
system).
External dissipaters: made of mild steel

bars with necked and taped fuses
7
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE
HYBRID SYSTEM
Energy dissipation Self-centering
F F
+
D D
F
Mild Steel Yielding Unbonded Post-tensioned (PT)
tendons
(or energy dissipation devices)
(+ axial load)
D
Flag-Shape (FS)
Hysteresis
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE

HYBRID SYSTEM
Advantages of the hybrid system:
some energy dissipation will take place thanks
to the flag-shape hysteresis loops, which reduces
the displacement demand and non-structural
damage (increases the behaviour factor q)
at the end of the seismic event the system will
be re-centred thanks to the effect of the unbonded
tendons. This means that there will be almost no
residual deformation and damage at the end of
the seismic event Innovative multi-storey buildings
8
60
40
20
Force [kN]
Post Tensioned only - 50% P.T.

0 Hybrid - 50% P.T.
-100 -50 0 50 100
-20
-40
-60
Top displacement [mm]
BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINT
An LVL moment resisting frames can be

constructed using the hybrid system.
9
Only prestressing: Prestressing + dissipaters:

bilinear behaviour with flag-shape hysteresis loop
recentring no damage, no damage + energy
but no energy dissipation dissipation
8 Pure unbonded post-tensioned specimens 20 Hybrid specimen with internal dissipaters
6 15
T op-lat eral Force [kN]
Top-lateral Force [kN]

4 10
2 5
0 0
-2 -5
fp0 = 0.4fpy
-4 -10
fp0 = 0.6fpy
-6 -15
fp0 = 0.8fpy
-8 -20
0,03 0,02 0,01 0 -0,01 -0,02 -0,03 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Drift Drift
a) b)
Internal dissipaters External dissipaters
10
SOLID SHEAR WALL
Using LVL, with prestress tendons and

external (or internal) dissipaters
COUPLED SHEAR WALLS:

The choice of possible dissipators include U-
shaped steel devices connected in the gap
between the walls and plywood sheets nailed
on the wall.
Another possibility is Unbonded
post-tensioned
to use steel fuses tendons
Energy
connected on the base Dissipation

Devices
of the walls.
11
12
CASE STUDY:
The use of this new technology for

earthquake-resistant timber buildings has been
applied, in conjunction with concrete-timber
composite floors, to a case study: the new
School of Biological Science under
construction at the University of Canterbury.
This building is currently under construction
using reinforced concrete.
How would it work?
13
14
15
16
DONE !
Architectural Rendering of UoC Biological Science Building (Case Study)
17
CROSS-LAMINATED SYSTEM:
This innovative system is based on the use

of heavy cross-laminated panels for walls
and floors.
The panels are prefabricated off-site and
then connected on site to each other using
nails, self drilling screws, steel angles and
hold-downs.
18
CROSS-LAMINATED SLABS:
They are prefabricated solids slabs obtained
by laminating together planks of low quality
timber. Glue or nails can be used
Depth = 142 mm
Breadth = 2.30 m
CROSS-LAMINATED SLABS:
Connection between adjacent panels and
with vertical panels: with self-drilling
screws 10180 mm
19
CROSS-LAMINATED WALLS
Solid shear walls: using 82 mm thick
cross-laminated timber panels
LVL strip and 880mm nails used 4 nails used to
to connect the adjacent panels connect the panels
to angles
Steel angles (to Hold-down anchors

resist shear) (to resist uplift)
CROSS-LAMINATED PANELS:
Advantages:
high stiffness and resistance
better acoustic separation than joisted floors
good fire resistance
prefabrication
Shortcomings:
large volume of wood required (may lead to
high cost) Innovative multi-storey buildings
20
After 2 days work After 4 days work
After 6 days work After 10 days work
21
22
7-storey timber
building
Hotel LAMM
Castelrotto (BZ)
Alto Adige
Vertical splice joint
Wall-to-foundation between adjacent
connection with panels with LVL strips
hold-downs at the and screws
ends and steel
angles throughout
the wall length
Screwed
corner
connection
Screwed
connections
between
perpendicular
walls
23
24
The floor panels
are also connected
with screws
the walls of the
second floor are
installed above the
first floor always with
the same hold-downs
and steel angles
25
DETAIL OF THE FLOOR-TO-

WALL CONNECTION
26
COMPARISON XLAM-PLY
SHEAR WALL BUILDINGS
3-storey building 3-storey building
7x7x10m 7x7x10m
Self weight Self weight
XLAM: 20 ton Ply shear wall: 7 ton
(3rd cat. wood) (1st cat. wood)
Ultimate shear Ultimate shear
strength strength
XLAM: 35 kN/m Ply shear wall: 7 kN/m
Stiffness
Stiffness
Ply shear wall:
XLAM: 2.5 kN/mm/m
1 kN/mm/m
THE SOFIE PROJECT
This is an extensive research project funded

by the province of Trento and coordinated by
prof. Ceccotti aimed to investigate the
performance of the Xlam system for multi-
storey timber buildings
Research has been undertaken on earthquake resistance,
fire resistance, building physics, and durability
www.progettosofie.it
27
THE SOFIE PROJECT
In plane
Cyclic Tests
on walls and
connections
Shaking Table Tests on:

Pseudo-
dynamic - a full-scale 3-storey
tests on 7mx7mx10m XLam building;
one storey - a full-scale 7-storey
specimen Univ. of Trento
15mx8mx24m XLam building.
SHEAR TESTS
28
SHAKE-TABLE TEST (3-
STOREY BUILDING)
Shake-table test of a 3-storey building: under
15 large earthquakes (NIED Laboratory in
Tsukuba, Japan)
3-STOREY BUILDING KOBE

EARTH. (courtesy prof. Ceccotti)
29
3-STOREY BUILDING KOBE
EARTH. (courtesy prof. Ceccotti)
3-STOREY BUILDING NOCERA

UMBRA (courtesy prof. Ceccotti)
30
3-STOREY BUILDING TESTS
Shake-table test results:
Record PGA [g] Restoring intervention (before the test) Observed damage (after the test)
Nocera Umbra 0.35 Tightening of hold-down anchor bolts None
El Centro 0.50 Tightening of hold-down anchor bolts. None

Replacing of screws in vertical joints
between panel
Kobe 0.50 Idem None
Kobe 0.80 Idem Slight deformation of screws in vertical
joints between panels
Kobe 0.50 Idem None
Kobe 0.50 Tightening of hold-down anchor bolts None
Kobe 0.80 Replacing of hold-down anchors and Slight deformation of screws in vertical
tightening of bolts. Replacing of screws in joints between panels
vertical joints between panel
Nocera Umbra 1.20 Tightening of hold-down anchor bolts. Hold-down failure and deformation of
Replacing of screws in vertical joints screws in vertical joints between
between panel panels
BEHAVIUOR FACTOR Q
5
4,5
3,5
q 2,5
2
1,5
0,5
0
Kobe El Centr o Nocer a Nor thr i dge Joshua Loma Pr i eta Mexi co Ci ty Kocael i
Umbr a
31
SHAKE-TABLE TEST
RESULTS
failure of the hold-down (nailed connection)
behaviour factor q=3 for
seismic design
very limited
damage (DAD)
SEISMIC TEST IN MIKI, JAPAN

23/10/2007
E-Defence shaking table testing facility

23. 5m
13. 5m
7. 5m
Input :
JMA Kobe 3D x,y,z 0.60, .82, 0.34 g
32
Some numbers:
seven-storey house of 13.5m x 7.5m floor plan area and 23.5m total height
with a one-pitch roof.
building walls made of X-Lam panels with a thickness of 142mm at the first
two floors, 125mm on floor 3 and 4 and 85mm at the last three floors.
several inner walls with the same thicknesses as the outer walls as further
load carrying walls or as simple partition walls.
walls connected to each other with self-drilling screws.
floors made from X-Lam panels with a thickness of 142 mm connected to the
walls by means of steel brackets and screws.
floors with an additional layer of sand for acoustic separation.
total volume of wood required for the panels is approximately 250m3.
additional masses added to each floor to account for the weight of finishings
and for the 30% of live load.
33
7-STOREY BUILDING: CONSTR.
(courtesy prof. Ceccotti)

34
7-STOREY BUILDING: TEST

(CHUETSUOKI EARTH.)
35
7-STOREY BUILDING: TEST
(KOBE EARTHQUAKE)
BEFORE... AND AFTER THE EARTH.
36
OUTCOMES OF THE 7-
STOREY BUILDING TEST
The building performed satisfactorily after
a very strong earthquake (Kobe)
No visible damage other than in some nails
(very easy to repair) was detected at the end of
the earthquake (Damage Avoidance Design)
Excellent performance and bright

future of the cross-laminated system
CONCLUSIONS
LVL prestressed construction very

promising system for earthquake resistant
open space buildings with limited residual
damage, however research is still needed
Cross-laminated panel construction was
demonstrated to perform satisfactorily under
strong earthquakes with behaviour factor of 3
or more and almost no residual damage
37
REFERENCES
Ceccotti et al. Which seismic behaviour factor for multi-

storey buildings made of cross-laminated wooden panels?
Proc. of the 39th CIB W18 Conference, Florence 2006.
Buchanan, A., Deam, B., Fragiacomo, M., Pampanin, S.,
and Palermo, A. Multi-storey prestressed timber buildings
in New Zealand. Structural Engineering International,
IABSE, Special Edition on Tall Timber Buildings.
Palermo, A., Pampanin, S., Fragiacomo, M., Buchanan,
A.H., and Deam, B.L. (2006). Innovative seismic solutions
for multi-storey LVL timber buildings. 9th World
Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2006, Portland.
38

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The Doctoral School in Engineering of Civil

and Mechanical Structural Systems

Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering

Course: Advances in Timber Engineering

Damage Avoidance Design

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Drawback: structure strongly damaged

DAMAGE AVOIDANCE DESIGN

Typically Accepted Damage

LVL HYBRID SYSTEMS

This concept has already been applied for precast concrete

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Cyclic quasi-static test with

The rocking motion of the prestressed LVL

Disadvantage: no energy dissipation,

External dissipaters: made of mild steel

Innovative multi-storey buildings

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE

Post Tensioned only - 50% P.T.

Innovative multi-storey buildings

An LVL moment resisting frames can be

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Only prestressing: Prestressing + dissipaters:

Top-lateral Force [kN]

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Using LVL, with prestress tendons and

Innovative multi-storey buildings

COUPLED SHEAR WALLS:

to use steel fuses tendons

connected on the base Dissipation

Innovative multi-storey buildings

COUPLED SHEAR WALLS:

Innovative multi-storey buildings

The use of this new technology for

How would it work?

Architectural Rendering of UoC Biological Science Building (Case Study)

This innovative system is based on the use

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Steel angles (to Hold-down anchors

Innovative multi-storey buildings

After 6 days work After 10 days work

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

Innovative multi-storey buildings

DETAIL OF THE FLOOR-TO-

Innovative multi-storey buildings

THE SOFIE PROJECT