DigitalNumberSystem

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A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different
valuesdependingonthepositiontheyoccupyinthenumber.

Avalueofeachdigitinanumbercanbedeterminedusing

Thedigit

Thepositionofthedigitinthenumber

Thebaseofthenumbersystem(wherebaseisdefinedasthetotalnumberofdigitsavailableinthenumbersystem).

DecimalNumberSystem
Thenumbersystemthatweuseinourdaytodaylifeisthedecimalnumbersystem.Decimalnumbersystemhasbase10asituses10digitsfrom0
to9.Indecimalnumbersystem,thesuccessivepositionstotheleftofthedecimalpointrepresentsunits,tens,hundreds,thousandsandsoon.

Eachpositionrepresentsaspecificpowerofthebase(10).Forexample,thedecimalnumber1234consistsofthedigit4intheunitsposition,3inthe
tensposition,2inthehundredsposition,and1inthethousandsposition,anditsvaluecanbewrittenas

(11000)+(2100)+(310)+(4l)

(1103)+(2102)+(3101)+(4l00)
1000+200+30+1
1234

AsacomputerprogrammeroranITprofessional,youshouldunderstandthefollowingnumbersystemswhicharefrequentlyusedincomputers.

S.N. NumberSystem&Description

1 BinaryNumberSystem
Base2.Digitsused:0,1

2 OctalNumberSystem
Base8.Digitsused:0to7

3 HexaDecimalNumberSystem
Base16.Digitsused:0to9,Lettersused:AF

BinaryNumberSystem
Characteristics

Usestwodigits,0and1.

Alsocalledbase2numbersystem

Eachpositioninabinarynumberrepresentsa0powerofthebase(2).Example:2 0

Lastpositioninabinarynumberrepresentsanxpowerofthebase(2).Example:2 xwherexrepresentsthelastposition1.

Example
BinaryNumber:10101 2

CalculatingDecimalEquivalent

Step BinaryNumber DecimalNumber

Step1 101012 ((124)+(023)+(122)+(021)+(120))10

Step2 101012 (16+0+4+0+1)10

Step3 101012 2110

Note:10101 2isnormallywrittenas10101.

OctalNumberSystem
Characteristics

Useseightdigits,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

Alsocalledbase8numbersystem

Eachpositioninanoctalnumberrepresentsa0powerofthebase(8).Example:8 0

Lastpositioninanoctalnumberrepresentsanxpowerofthebase(8).Example:8 xwherexrepresentsthelastposition1.

Example
OctalNumber12570 8

CalculatingDecimalEquivalent

Step OctalNumber DecimalNumber

Step1 125708 ((184)+(283)+(582)+(781)+(080))10

Step2 125708 (4096+1024+320+56+0)10

Step3 125708 549610

Note:12570 8isnormallywrittenas12570.

HexadecimalNumberSystem
Characteristics

Uses10digitsand6letters,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

Lettersrepresentsnumbersstartingfrom10.A=10,B=11,C=12,D=13,E=14,F=15.

Alsocalledbase16numbersystem.

Eachpositioninahexadecimalnumberrepresentsa0powerofthebase(16).Example16 0.

Lastpositioninahexadecimalnumberrepresentsanxpowerofthebase(16).Example16 xwherexrepresentsthelastposition1.

Example
HexadecimalNumber:19FDE16

CalculatingDecimalEquivalent

Step BinaryNumber DecimalNumber

Step1 19FDE16 ((1164)+(9163)+(F162)+(D161)+(E160))10

Step2 19FDE16 ((1164)+(9163)+(15162)+(13161)+(14160))10

Step3 19FDE16 (65536+36864+3840+208+14)10

Step4 19FDE16 10646210

Note19FDE16isnormallywrittenas19FDE.

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