Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Telfor2016 00S 02
Telfor2016 00S 02
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311011737
CITATIONS READS
0 354
6 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Randjic Sinisa on 28 November 2016.
Abstract A review of advanced wireless sensor nodes, net- Taking into account numerous studies published in the
works, and applications in precision agriculture has been last decade [1]-[25], wireless sensor networks (WSN) are
presented. Features of several commercial and prototype the most promising information technology for agricultural
sensor node platforms designed and implemented for agricul- applications.
tural applications have been described. Basics of sensor net- This paper presents hardware and software tools, as well
work protocols and topologies have been reviewed together as network protocols and data processing techniques that
with numerous applications. Advanced machine learning ap- can be applied in different fields of the precision agriculture:
proaches in this field (especially, Kernel Methods, Gaussian
irrigation, nutrition and hydrozoning of plants, crops, food
Processes, and Deep Neural Networks) have also been dis-
cussed. and feed inspection, and animal health monitoring.
Section II introduces sensor nodes as hardware platforms
Keywords Sensor network, agriculture, data processing required for sensing and measurement of the monitored
parameters, and preprocessing and wireless transmission of
I. INTRODUCTION the prepared data. Section III describes network protocols,
mainly, the data link layer and programmability features.
D ue to the limited farming capacity, climate changes and
various stress factors affecting agricultural production,
increasing the quality and yield of feed and food will
Selected applications are presented in Section IV. Section V
deals with data processing algorithms that identify the key
only be possible by using advanced agro-meteorological dependences in observed sensor node data. Conclusions are
measures. In such a process, the real-time control and drawn in Section VI.
treatment of crops or terrestrial animals (so-called precision
II. WIRELESS SENSOR NODES
agriculture) is provided by an information technology based
on smart sensor monitoring of parameters relevant for their Sensors are compact, highly-accurate, power-efficient,
development: and reliable electrical devices that have to be integrated with
1. Meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, other electronic components in a sensor node (Figure 1). A
carbon-dioxide and pollutant content, insolation, wireless sensor node is equipped with a microcontroller, a
wind direction and speed, etc.) are the most crucial radio device, and a number of dedicated sensors. The
input in agriculture. Their monitoring on short-term complete system is powered on with a rechargeable battery.
basis or in real time is necessity. Recharging is provided by some of the energy harvesting
2. Harmful organisms (or pests) like insects, plant devices, usually, solar panels or wind mill generators.
pathogens, and weeds affect the plant and animal
health causing numerous diseases. Pesticides are
used to suppress (reduce or eliminate) the attack of
different pests and diseases, and secure the quality
and yield in plant production. At the same time, there
are many concerns regarding their effects on the
environment, animals, and human health.
3. Disorders in plants and animals substantially impact
the agricultural productivity and public health
(vector-borne diseases). Therefore, all components
of management (data-monitoring, video-surveillance,
epidemiology, diagnostics, prevention, and risk es-
Figure 1: Architecture of a wireless sensor node
timation) should be included.
As sensor nodes in precision agriculture applications are
deployed in thousands, their two most important features
Zoran Stamenkovi and Goran Pani are with the IHP, Im Technolo- should be:
giepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany (e-mail: stamenkovic, High readiness as a maturity for field deployment in
panic@ihp-microelectronics.com), terms of economic and engineering efficiency, and
Sinia Randji and Uro Peovi are with the Faculty of Technical
Sciences aak, Svetog Save 65, 32000 aak, Serbia (e-mail: High scalability to distributed agricultural monitoring
sinisa.randjic, uros.pesovic@ftn.kg.ac.rs), tasks and, consequently, small size and low price to scale up
Ignacio Santamaria is with the Department of Communications Engi- to many distributed systems.
neering, University of Cantabria, Plaza de la Ciencia s/n, 39005 Santan- These nodes can communicate with a gateway, which has
der, Spain (e-mail: i.santamaria@unican.es),
Sneana Tanaskovi is with the Faculty of Agronomy aak, Cara the capability of communicating with other networks, such
Duana 34, 32000 aak, Serbia (e-mail: stanasko@kg.ac.rs). as a LAN, WLAN, WPAN, and cellular network. Wireless