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Windmill 141216102316 Conversion Gate01
Windmill 141216102316 Conversion Gate01
WINDMILL
POWER GENERATION USING WIND ENERGY
GUIDED BY:-DR. TRILOCHAN ROUT
2014
ABHISEK DAS
ABHISEK PANIGRAHI
ARDHENDU S. JENA
ASHUTOSH MAHAPATRA
BANDAN S. PRADHAN
SURYA P. LENKA
CERTIFICATE
2014-2015.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our proud privilege to epitomize my deepest sense of gratitude and
indebtness to DR. TRILOCHAN ROUT for his valuable guidance, keen
and sustained interest, intuitive ideas and persistent endeavor. His
inspiring assistance, laconic reciprocation and affectionate care enabled
us to complete our work smoothly and successfully.
At the nib but neap tide, we bow our head in gratitude at the
omnipresent almighty for all his kindness. we still seek his blessings to
proceed further.
DECLARATION
among the green society. The effective usage and application of this
and can help in the national progress. In this model we are showing
project.
Contents
Introduction
Design principle
Generator
Types of generator
Generator torque
Blades
Materials of blades
The Hub
Blade counts
Yawing
Tower height
Foundation
Cost
Specification of design
Safety concerns
Introduction
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from
generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the
British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today:
industry.
as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other
wind is considerably more than present human power use from all
powered generators was 197 giga watts (GW). Wind power now has the
worldwide electricity usage. Over the past five years the average annual
growth in new installations has been 27.6 percent. Wind power market
energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas
welcomed, but any effects on the environment from wind power are
generally much less problematic than those of any other power source.
Design principle
There are a lot of them out there in an amazing variety of designs and
1. A generator
2. Blades
time, the project didn't seem too terribly difficult. We decided to start
like a simpler way to go. A Plastic blade attached with the motors sharp
and fixed it on a wood stick. The o/p terminal of the motor is connected
generates and that stored in the battery. That battery o/p is connected
to LED lights through a switch. This led works here as a street light.
Working principle
A simple DC motor has a coil of wire that can rotate in a magnetic field.
The current in the coil is supplied via two brushes that make moving
contact with a split ring. The coil lies in a steady magnetic field. The
process is done with a magnetic field and a coil. The more turns in the
coil the higher the dynamo voltage. The o/p of the motor is connected to
Generator
provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids. The
incorporated) system.
Mechanical:
machine
Electrical:
stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical
History
moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge
voltage.
of current in regions that were not under the influence of the magnetic
field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the
influence of the magnetic field. This counter flow limited the power
output to the pickup wires, and induced waste heating of the copper
disc. Later homo polar generators would solve this problem by using an
array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a
Another disadvantage was that the output voltage was very low, due to
the single current path through the magnetic flux. Experimenters found
that using multiple turns of wire in a coil could produce higher, more
electric starter (finished between 1852 and 1854) both the stationary
realize this.
Direct current generators
volts. Dynamos are no longer used due to the size and complexity of the
commutator needed for high power applications. The dynamo was the
was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832.The modern dynamo, fit for use in
generation for the first time. This invention led directly to the first
windings which turn within that field. On larger machines the constant
Large power generation dynamos are now rarely seen due to the now
Before the adoption of AC, very large direct-current dynamos were the
Power Station for the London Electric Supply Corporation in 1887 using
was then "stepped down" for consumer use on each street. This basic
system remains in use today around the world.A small early 1900s
hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric
motors.
Generator torque
wind speed is below rated, generator torque is used to control the rotor
captured when the tip speed ratio is held constant at its optimum value
(typically 6 or 7). This means that as wind speed increases, rotor speed
torque captured by the blades and the applied generator torque controls
the rotor speed. If the generator torque is lower, the rotor accelerates,
and if the generator torque is higher, the rotor slows down. Below rated
wind speed, the generator torque control is active while the blade pitch
is typically held at the constant angle that captures the most power,
fairly flat to the wind. Above rated wind speed, the generator torque is
strategy composed of two current controllers (an inner loop and outer
loop cascade design) necessary for controlling the torque, and one speed
controller.
In this control strategy the d axis current is kept zero, while the vector
current is align with the q axis in order to maintain the torque angle
equal with 90 o. This is one of the most used control strategy because of
the simplicity, by controlling only the Iqs current. So, now the
the electromagnetic torque for Ids = 0 (we can achieve that with the d-
So, the complete system of the machine side converter and the cascaded
the control inputs, which are the duty rations m ds and mqs, of the PWM-
regulated converter. Also, we can see the control scheme for the wind
The ratio between the speed of the blade tips and the speed of the wind
turbines can accelerate quickly if the winds pick up, keeping the tip
speed ratio more nearly constant. Operating closer to their optimal tip
improve energy capture from sudden gusts that are typical in urban
heavier steel blades, which have higher inertia, and rotated at speeds
buffered the changes in rotation speed and thus made power output
blade tip speeds. To increase tip speed without increasing noise would
allow reduction the torque into the gearbox and generator and reduce
airliner.
The Hub
In simple designs, the blades are directly bolted to the hub and hence are stalled. In
other more sophisticated designs, they are bolted to the pitch mechanism, which
adjusts their angle of attack according to the wind speed to control their rotational
speed. The pitch mechanism is itself bolted to the hub. The hub is fixed to the rotor
location of the blades upwind or downwind of the tower and the speed of
the rotor. Given that the noise emissions from the blades' trailing edges
and tips vary by the 5th power of blade speed, a small increase in tip
Wind turbines developed over the last 50 years have almost universally
used either two or three blades. However, there are patents that
Increasing the number of blades from one to two yields a six percent
efficient, operating at a high value of the tip speed ratio. But other
Component costs that are affected by blade count are primarily for
Generally, the fewer the number of blades, the lower the material and
blades, the higher the rotational speed can be. This is because blade
thin the blades can be manufactured, but only for upwind machines;
costs.
dynamic loading of the rotor into the drive train and tower systems.
While aligning the wind turbine to changes in wind direction (yawing),
each blade experiences a cyclic load at its root end depending on blade
position. This is true of one, two, three blades or more. However, these
cyclic loads when combined together at the drive train shaft are
during turbine yaw. Turbines with one or two blades can use a pivoting
teetered hub to also nearly eliminate the cyclic loads into the drive shaft
two-bladed rotor.
Blade materials
Wood and canvas sails were used on early windmills due to their low
the airfoil shape to a flat plate, which has a relatively high ratio of drag
conductors.
blade design.
As of 2013, production wind turbine blades are as large as 120 meters
blades.
Since blade mass scales as the cube of the turbine radius, loading due to
fluctuates cyclically and the edgewise moments (see below) are reversed
every 180 of rotation. Typical rotor speeds and design life are ~10rpm
loading. Lift causes bending in the flapwise direction (out of rotor plane)
while air flow around the blade cause edgewise bending (in the rotor
edge.
Wind loads are cyclical because of natural variability in wind speed and
the rotor blades are designed. The wind speed that causes bending of
the rotor blades exhibits a natural variability, and so does the stress
response in the rotor blades. Also, the resistance of the rotor blades, in
use variations on this technique, some including carbon and wood with
wet systems are the emissions associated with the volatile organics
provides a path for airflow and, once heat and pressure are applied,
advantages over other resin systems. Epoxies also allow shorter cure
Injection forces resin through a thicker ply stack, thus depositing the
estimated to reduce total blade mass by 38% and decrease cost by 14%
sections. Wind turbines may also benefit from the general trend of
Modern large wind turbines are typically actively controlled to face the
direction varies quickly the turbine will not strictly follow the direction
and will have a small yaw angle on average. The power output losses
drag (by land or water surfaces) and the viscosity of the air. The
Typically, in day the variation follows the wind profile power law, which
wind speeds by 10% and the expected power by 34%. To avoid buckling,
least four.
At night time, or when the atmosphere becomes stable, wind speed close
not decrease that much or may even increase. As a result the wind
speed is higher and a turbine will produce more power than expected
from the 1/7 power law: doubling the altitude may increase wind speed
when there is a (partly) clear sky at night. When the (high altitude)
neutral (no net radiation; usually with strong winds and heavy
sun). Here again the 1/7 power law applies or is at least a good
wind capacity of 30,000 MW, but by raising the expected turbine height
For HAWTs, tower heights approximately two to three times the blade
length have been found to balance material costs of the tower against
to have the bottom wing tip at least 30 m above the tree tops, but a
increase output from 5,000 MWh to 7,700 MWh per year by going from
shells has been erected at the wind turbine test center Hvsre in
100 metre tall tower supporting a 1.5 MW turbine has been erected in
the segmented steel shell tower, but without the steel resource
consumption.
Connection to the electric grid
All grid-connected wind turbines, from the first one in 1939 until the
Early wind turbine control systems were designed for peak power
pull the maximum possible electrical power from a given wind turbine
systems deliberately pull less electrical power than they possibly could
when some other generator suddenly drops from the gridup to the
than the current wind conditions can support, by storing some wind
the AC to direct current (DC) with a rectifier and then back to AC with
connection to the grid. In that way the wind turbine will not consume
reactive power, which is the most common problem with wind turbines
that use induction machines. This leads to a more stable power system.
operation with unity power factor (i.e. Q grid = 0 ). It is obvious that IdN has to be
We can see the complete system of the grid side converter and the cascaded PI
Wind turbines, by their nature, are very tall slender structures,this can
vertical load (dead weight) to the ground, this generally allows for a
case of wind turbines, due to the high wind and environmental loads
be appropriately restrained.
to be given when designing the footings to ensure that the turbines are
Veritas (DNV) guidelines for the design of wind turbines the angular
Structural elements comprise the majority of the weight and cost. All
lighter and last longer will lead to reducing the cost of wind energy.
modern turbine may cost (percentage of total) : tower 22%, blades 18%,
lowest velocity at which the turbine develops its full power is known as
power output can be produced from wind turbine. There are limits on
both the minimum and maximum wind velocity for the efficient
Design specification
and guaranteed availability. With the data from the wind resource
It can make anemometer readings inaccurate and which can cause high
equivalent to a few percent of its rated power, for internal heating. For
All wind turbines have a maximum wind speed, called the survival
speed, at which they will not operate above. When winds over this
maximum occur, they have an internal brake and lock to prevent them
from going faster than this survival speed. For turbines operating in
rated output or less). Wind turbines tend to vibrate and transmit the
renewable resources that are needed to be widely used for the power
The sea beach and the coastal zones can affably accommodate the