-

,

()
.
,

.

-
 -

:

= + j

: (
-
)
: (
)
j: (
- )

-
 -

,

(
).

, Nernst:
RT O 2,303RT
E=E - O
ln =E - log
nF nF

0,05916
E = EO log
n
-
 -

.







.

-
 -
,


.
:
,
,
,

.

-
 - : | n+
n+
() .
:
0,05916
E =E O
M n+
,M + log M n +
n

, ,
(
).
.
,
( ).
-
 -
| MmXx, m
To
m.
Ag|AgCl.
:

E = EO Ag+ ,Ag + 0,05916logAg+

Ksp AgCl = Ag +
Cl
E = E O Ag + ,Ag + 0,05916 log K sp 0,05916 log Cl

,
.
(
) .
(
) " "
.

-
 | MX, NX, Nn+
-

()
n+.
Ag | Ag2C2O4, CaC2O4, Ca2+.
:
E = E O Ag + , Ag + 0 ,05916 log Ag +
Ksp Ag2C2O4 = 2
Ag C O 2
+
2 4

Ksp CaC2O4 = Ca 2+ C 2
2O 4

0,05916 K spAg2C2O4 0,05916

E=E O
Ag+ ,Ag + log + log Ca2+
2 K spCaC2O4 2


.
-
 -

(Pt, Au, Pd
Pt )
,
,

O 0 ,05916
E = E log
n

.
.
,
.

-
 -

(
) .



,
,
,
.

-
 -





>
:
2 ,303 RT A
EM = log
z AF 'A
zA:
.

-
 -

1 1 () 2 () 2
1 + j 1 EM 2 + j 2
H
E = = (EM + 2 + j 2) ( 1 + j 1) =
= ( 2 + j 2 1 j 1 2,303 (RT/zA F) log ) +
2,303 (RT/zA F) log
E = E + S log E =
S = 2,303 RT/zA F

-
 -

:

,

( n)
(..
)
( )
(.. s),
, ,
,

.

-
 -

,

-

-
 - Pt, H2 (p atm) | H+ (y M)

Pt
Pt ( -
),
.
,

.

.
:
2+ (aq) + 2e 2 (g)

-
 -

()

P H2 = 1 atm, H+ = 1 M
0
.

, .

,

( p).

-
 - Hg | Hg2Cl2 (.), KCl (x M)

Pt Hg Hg -
Hg2Cl2
.
, KCl. To

(
)
,
KCl
.
Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2 Hg + 2 Cl

-
 -

KCl 1
M
()
KCl KCl 4,2 M.


KCl .

-
 - - g | gCl
(.), KCl (x M)

Ag,
AgCl,
KCl , AgCl.

gCl + e g + Cl
( <
275 C)
.
().

-
 -

().

E = E + S log
E:
S = 2,303 RT/zA F

-

-
1. ().
(HE) log .
2. O .

18/zA mV
3. Nernst. Nernst, ,

S = 2,303 RT/zAF volts (0,05916/ volts
25 C). S (slope)
4. .
Nikolskii.

. ,


5. .
- 1 mV
,

.

( 0,1 mV) (
- ).
, .
pH,
.
-
 - 1

()

AgNO3
0,01000
()
.
0Ag, Ag+ = 0,7994 V 0 = 0,2412 V
Ej = 0

-
 -

0,05916 1 1
E Ag, Ag+ = E0 Ag,Ag+ log = 0,7994V 0,05916 log = 0,6811V
1 Ag+ 0,01000

E = E = Ag EKHK =
0,6811 V 0,2412 V = 0,4399 V

-
 - 2

()
()
0,7740.
Ag,AgCl (KCl 1
M)
();
0Ag, AgCl = 0,2280 V 0 = 0,2412 V
Ej = 0

-
 -

= 0 = + 0 =
0,7740 V + 0,2412 V = 0,5328 V
Ag,AgCl = 0Ag,AgCl = 0,5328 V
0,2280 V = 0,7608 V
EY = 0KHY = 0,5328 V 0 =
0,5328 V