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Structural Bracings: Presentation by V. G. Abhyankar For Knowledge Sharing Sessions
Structural Bracings: Presentation by V. G. Abhyankar For Knowledge Sharing Sessions
Presentation by V. G. Abhyankar
For Knowledge sharing sessions
26.03.2008
Objectives
To understand various types of structures and bracing
systems and their behavior
Bare Frame
(Moment Resistant / Rigid jointed frame)
In-Filled frame
Braced frame
(Pin Jointed / Truss)
Types of Loads
Vertical / Gravity Loads
Self-weight
Imposed Load
Live loads
Snow load
Lateral Loads
Wind
Earthquake
Wave / Current forces
Friction
Special Loads
Lack of fit
Sinking supports
Tsunami
Blast Load / Vibrations / Dynamic Loads
Fatigue
Shrinkage / Creep
Behavior of Structural Framing Systems under various
types of loads
VERTICALLOAD LATERAL BEAM SWAY
RIGID JOINT
LOAD
BEAM
COLUMN
COLUMN
DEFLECTED DEFLECTED
SHAPE SHAPE
COLUMN
DEFLECTED
DEFLECTED SHAPE
SHAPE
Advantages
1. More free space (allows openings) 1. Full cross sectional area is utilized as
members are mainly axially loaded
2. Less numbers of Members
2. Simple connections, simple behaviors
3. More sway as compared to braced frame (direct load transfer)
3. Lesser sway
4. Easy to analyze
5. Capable of resisting accidental loads,
twisting etc.
6. Easy to modify
7. Aesthetically appealing
8. Economical
Disadvantages
1. The flanges only resist the moment. Stress 1. More number of members
diagram is triangular (less utilization of
2. Difficult to provided openings
area)
3. Heavy bracings are required for long
2. Connections are difficult to fabricate
spans
3. Bulky sections are required
4. Loads need to act essentially on joints
5. Design load for the Bracing design is
always debatable
Types of Braced Frames
1. Single Diagonal Brace (Tension / Compression Both)
4. A Chevron brace
5. Inverted chevron
8. Knee brace
A few facts regarding Bracings
1) Force in Bracings
Compression only Bracings Concrete
Tension only Bracings Steel
2) Slenderness of bracing
Effective length for In-Plane action
Effective length for out-of Plane action
Wind load for out-of-plane bending need not be checked (but the wind acting
on braces is transferred to the connected joints)
Stiff-bracings
Flexible bracings
Cont /- . . .
3) Torsion Control with bracings is effective
6) Bracings are effective in resisting Seismic forces than bare frame. Plays
major role in seismic retrofitting
8) In case of In-filled frame, the stiffness of Infill walls can be simulated in the
structural model by means of equivalent brace. This philosophy was
proposed by Mr. V. V. Bertero
Slotted connection
Slotted connections are provided if the
bracing is expected to resist the load in a
particular direction only.
RCC BEAM WP
GUSSET PLATE
SLOTTED
CONNECTION
STEEL BRACING
BRACING SYSTEMS
ELEVATIONAL BRACING
SECTIONAL BRACING
PLAN BRACINGS
Technical Reference
1. Structures by Daniel Schodeck
2. AISC Presentations
3. Tall steel Buildings
4. Steel Designers Manual
5. Steel Detailers Manual
6. SP-40
7. V. V. Bertors articles
8. Standard detail drawings - Toyo Engineering
Structural Bracings
Presentation by V. G. Abhyankar
For Knowledge sharing sessions
26.03.2008